Student’s Waste Disposal: A Disciplinary Problem

in Bontoc National School

Aniog, Rovelyn G.

Bongcales, Shara Jane D.

Espina, Rina May P.

Gesulga, Rotchel C.

Lampong, Karen B.

Magallanes, Eralyn Y.

Rin, Jericho N.

Tidalgo, Merlinda S.

Tindugan, Maria Antonette S.

Vallinas, James A.

Joseph M. Manlunas

Instructor
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Nowadays, Solid and Liquid waste management issue is the biggest

challenge to the authorities of both small and large cities' in developing

countries.In addition to the high costs, the solid waste management is associated

lack of understanding over different factors that affect the entire handling system.

Disciplinary problems act serious challenges to the attainment of the

desired educational objectives and yearnings of the society towards qualitative

education.

According to Mkandaire (1998) succinctly posits that ‘... some senior

scholars have complained about problems of ‘’discipline’’ among their juniors...’

This scenario presents the level of indiscipline that has permeated the tertiary

institution that would have been a citadel of learning and pedestal for credible

character formation in the society. Whenever discipline is lacking in the school,

the system gradually crumbles and the school environment becomes unsafe for

the teachers, learners and the society. The entire culture and climate of any

school portray the disciplinary tendencies of the students therein. Selfert and

Vomberg (2002) categorically stated that, Students’ discipline is a prerequisite to

almost everything a school has to offer students.

 Nakpodia (2010) defines discipline as training that develops self-control,

character, orderliness and efficiency. Similar to this are the views of Hardin

(2004) that discipline could be viewed as both a noun and a verb.

Reyes (2006) succinctly explained thus, ‘to be discipline is then, subject to

content, either a virtue , which may be referred to as discipline procedure or

euphemism for punishment, which may also be referred to as disciplinary

procedure.’

Students’ indiscriminate disposal of waste in school generally border on

indiscipline which pose health challenges and environmental degradation. Any

human habitation with attendant activities is bound to generate by-products

known as wastes. Glossary of environmental statistics (1997) defined waste as

‘materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market)

for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purpose of

production, transformation or consumption and of which he/she wants to

dispose.’

With that said, the researchers are very interested in determining the

disciplinary problems of Bontoc National High School, towards solid waste

disposal.
Statement of the Problem

The main goal of this is to identify the different solid and liquid wastes

indiscriminately disposed by the students and to determine the different waste

disposal methods of Bontoc National High School.

Specifically, this study will seek answer to the following question.

1. What is the demographic profile of the junior-senior hig school students-

respondents in terms of?

1.1 Sex

1.2 Age

2. What are the solid and liquid wastes indiscriminately disposed by the students

in Bontoc National High School?

3. What are the differences between male and female students method in Bontoc

National High School?

4. Is there a significant difference between male and female students method to

disposal of wastes in Bontoc National High School?

Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the people in the society and the future researchers,

the researchers are trusting that this findings would help other people in

understanding waste disposal in Bontoc National High School. This findings and

ideas are also relevant contributing to the future researchers study.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will take place inside the Campus of Bontoc National High

School at San Ramon, Bontoc, Southern Leyte. The respondents are grade 10-

12 students with population of 30. The scope of this study is only to determine

the disciplinary problem of waste disposal of Bontoc National High School. This

study will be conducted starting September until October for the School year

2019-2020.

CHAPTER II
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Plastic waste disposal

The plastics waste disposal is a major global environmental problem.

Disposal of these plastic wastes in landfill is considered a non-sustainable from

the environmental point of view. Moreover, landfill sites and their capacity are

decreasing rapidly. On the other hand, legislation is stringent worldwide. They

can also serve as an additional fuel to replace the fossil fuels in several

production processes such as blast furnaces and cement kilns. A complete

destruction of these plastics wastes can be achieved by such thermal

applications. This application of burning plastic waste; thus; is replacing fossil

fuels. However, this leads to additional advanced pollution control measures.

Nevertheless, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by an efficient waste

management. Several reports are published concerning the environmental

impact of incineration and/or landfill practice. These studies emphasized that

plastics and other non-biodegradable materials will persist in the landfill, whereas

the biological solids (bio-solids) will be transformed anaerobically into landfill

biogas, as energy resource. Therefore, the impact of incinerating the plastics and

other non-biodegradable materials is hazardous due to the release of more

greenhouse gasses than landfill.

Disposal of solid waste

 It has been reported that improper bin collection practices, collection,

transfer and/or transport systems have great effect on the characteristics of the

solid wastes. Besides, the poor route of planning, lack of information concerning

the collection schedule ,number of vehicles for solid waste collection and poor

roads and insufficient infrastructure can also effect of the characteristics’ of the

solid wastes. The effective ways and affordable waste collection services were

studied and reported by Sharholy. To organize the informal sector and promoting

micro-enterprises. Knowledge of treatment by authorities is one of the important

factors affecting the handling of solid waste]. Factors influence household waste

disposal were analyzed by Tadesse.

Management and recycling of solid waste

In terms of pricing for solid waste disposal, Scheinberg et al., reported that

there are indications that high rates of recovery for recycling are associated with

tipping fees at the site of disposal. High disposal pricing has the positive effect on

recovering the generated solid waste. This goes to the beneficial reuse or the

value chains of solid waste. Gonzalez-Torre and Adenso-Diaz mentioned that

social influences, altruistic and regulatory factor are important reasons why

certain communities can develop strong recycling habits. The author also

reported that people who frequently go to dispose their general refuse in the bins

are more likely to recycle certain products at home. In most cases, as the

distance to the recycling bins decreases, the number of fractions that people

separate, sort and collect their solid waste at home increases. Minghua et al.
added that in order to increase the recycling rates, the local government must

encourage the markets for the recycled materials and should increase the

professionals in the recycling companies. Further important factors were

mentioned by other scholars including a financial support for different recycling

projects, to support the infrastructure of the recycling companies in their country .

Other investigators suggested to drop-off and buy back centers. Sharholy et al.

suggested organizing informal sector for solid waste recycling. Indeed, MSW

collection and disposal is a one of the major problem of urban environment in

most countries worldwide today. MSW management solutions must be financially

sustainable, technically feasible, socially and legally acceptable as well as

environ-mentally friendly. European policy, presently, is pushing to adapt several

rational managements towards the natural resources. Today, waste vaporization

is a promising technological perspective. It becomes a process that is possible

through sorting the MSW at the source, and to combine with material recycling as

well as waste-to-energy generation methods. However, technologies like

disposal or mechanical sorting of the MSW in landfills do not improve the MSW

management efficiently. Therefore, landfills must be the ultimate disposal site of

the MSW. Nevertheless, construction of conventional landfills for MSW disposal

is still going on in many countries. It was reported by Hadjibiros et al. that site

selection of the landfill is extremely important due to the lack of public

acceptance that result several social problems. For sustainable management of

solid waste, effective planning and development strategies about the quantity

and categories of such wastes are of great importance. Thus the most important
pro-cesses are quantification and characterization of all the sustainable solid

waste management systems according to Senzige, et al.At a particular place,

studying the composition and the categories of solid waste is important for

integrating technologies including recycling and resource recovery in the

concerned solid waste management systems. The information also can certainly

assist in infrastructure, policy development, and planning for any sizing decisions

concerning the integrated solid waste management pro-gram. For preventing any

serious environmental health risks and treatment of these wastes management is

strongly required. The most used and cheapest disposal of solid waste is the

landfills as waste management techniques. From the beginning of civilization

people have produced solid waste. During these earliest times, solid wastes were

disposed of in large open land space areas. At that time the population density

was low. On the contrary, developing living standards, increasing population, and

rapid urbanization, todays have created huge amounts of solid waste in all

countries worldwide. MSW are originated from different activities carried out in

homes, in public and private service as well as buildings, and commercial

services. They all form an important portion of the solid waste now a day’s.

Waste management, in fact, addresses the use of multidisciplinary approaches

ranging from engineering, humanities, sociology and biology. The level of

development of a country reflects the impact on the management of solid waste

and the selection of such management. Riber et al. mentioned that many

developed countries employ various methods for waste management for

producing renewable energy and other new products including compost. These
countries invest in waste recycling for the benefit of agriculture activities. Choice

of solid waste management depends on the decisions taken by city leaders as

well as the structures related to the nature, quantity and quality of local waste

produced. Household waste is recognized as any waste produced from a

domestic source at home. It represents, usually, more than two-thirds of MSW

stream. In this respect, all potential hazard items must be identified and

assessed properly to achieve the maximum environmental protection against the

hazards and risks associated with open dumping. Increasing the amount of solid

waste induces various problems in collection, transportation, and disposal. It

complicates the management of this solid waste. Indeed, the MSW has great

economic potential and revenue. However, the efficiency of MSW management

effects on the potential economic value of this waste. A good knowledge of the

solid wastes characterization before disposal is important for the management of

MSW. During the management of solid wastes some problems could be arisen

due to their possible heterogeneous structure. The physical features of solid

wastes are important for selecting the method of collection, transportation,

recoverable matter, and energy transformation as well as selecting and designing

of the proper disposal methods. These 3R are waste prevention, circular

economy establishment, cleaner productions, and vaporization of the waste by

transformation into a source of energy and materials. The inadequate waste

management cause alteration the ecosystems including air, water, and soil

pollution, thus it represents a real threatening to human health. The impact of

dumping and incineration of MS Won the public health has not been fully studied.
Rushton mentioned that some studies gave evidence that local population

nearby MSW facilities have low weight at birth, congenital anomalies, and few

types of cancers. However, the impacts on this local population seem to vary

depending on the studied population. Clarification of this approach concerning

the epidemiologic surveys should receive more attention particularly the doubt

with human diseases. Problems related the inadequate waste treatment is a

serious problem mostly in the developing Countries, due to the limited financial

resources. Most of these Countries dump their MSW without proper control. This

results in air, soil, and water pollution, consequently. Waste management, thus,

represents one of the main issues that have to be faced by mankind now a days.

However, waste should not only be regarded as a source of materials recovery

(metals, glass, plastics, and fibers) and energy, but also because of oil saving

and as a tool for environmental protection. If we consider the global energy that

could be produced only from the agriculture organic waste including crop

residues, it is estimated to be around 50 billion tons of oil equivalents. According

to the UNEP, an adequate separation between organic and non-organic waste is

necessary as prerequisite for an effective energy generation. In fact, the organic

residues are responsible for the compromising of the thermal technology

effectiveness with respect to the produced energy as well as the GHGs

emissions. The manner in which this waste is handled is given.

Solid Waste Management (SWM)

 Solid waste management has become one of a major concern in

environmental issues (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). This is particularly true to urban

areas where population is rapidly growing and amount of waste generated is

increasing like never before (Kathiravale & Mohd Yunus, 2008). Waste

generation increase proportionally to this population number and income,

creating the needs of effective management (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008).

Urbanization and industrialization leads to new lifestyles and behaviour which

also affects waste composition from mainly organic to synthetic material that last

longer such as plastics and other packaging material (Idris et al., 2004). The

management of waste become complex and the facilities provided cannot cope

with the increasing demand and needs. Therefore, best approach need to be

implemented immediately while considering environmental, social and economic

aspects (Aye & Widjaya, 2006). The drivers of sustainable waste management

were clarified by Agamuthu et al. (2009), which include human, economic,

institutional and environment aspect. The study suggests that each driving group

should be considered in local context as managing solid waste for a particular

society may differ from the others. On the other hand, problems faced among

Asian countries differ with two distinct groups; developed and developing

countries. While some of the countries are having specific national policy on solid

waste management, some others experience problems such as increasing urban

population, scarcity of land, services coverage area, inadequate resources and

technology, and so on (Shekdar, 2009).

The differences in managing solid waste not only vary between countries but also

among areas in the same country. This is caused by the complex topography,

weak administrative structures and the low local’s income (Berkun et al., 2005).

Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) system was then introduced

in 1995 to improve earlier system that neglect unique characteristics of a given

society, economy and environment (van de Klundert,1999). (Pires et al., 2011).

The waste management system should be dynamic and continuous based on

new insights and experiences (van de Klundert, 1999). Thus, the improvement in

policy is needed while it will also benefit the country. As an example, based from

EU25 group, it was found that the generation of waste is increasing and is

expected to continue for many years ahead. After the implementation of the new

EU’s policy in waste recovery and incineration, the amount of waste landfilled

has been decreasing slowly (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). However, based from the

data from developed countries, the actual amount of waste been landfilled is

actually decreasing as more waste are incinerated, composted or recycled.

Looking at the positive angle, Lomborg (1998) believed that area needed is

sufficient to cater the total amount of waste generated by the world, but the

problem is the location since nobody wants to stay near landfills. He also

reported that air from incinerators and groundwater near landfills today are

cleaner and safer. Therefore, solid waste generation can be considered more of

a political or social issue than others (Lomborg, 1998). A lot of literature has

discussed current practices, challenges and future solutions on waste

management such as those for India (Hazra & Goel, 2009), Portugal (Magrinho

et a.,)

Solid Waste Disposal

Information on waste generation is important to determine the most

suitable waste disposal options. Improper waste disposal may cause pollution.

The main purpose in implementing best practice for solid waste management is

to prevent pollution. Pollution is a threat to human and other living organism

(Morra et al., 2009; Liu & Morton, 1998). It may also damage the ecosystem and

disrupt the natural cycle and climate on earth (Raga et al., 2001). There are

many disposal options available to suit the nature of waste and a country’s

preference and interest. Economics and environmental aspects of waste disposal

option are always the main issue in choosing the right technology (Aye &

Widjaya, 2006; Daskalopoulos et al., 1997). Incineration has been the choice for

developed country as they have sufficient financial input and are looking into

energy recovery from waste (Papageorgiou et al., 2009; Kleiss & Imura, 2006).

Even that, incineration is also associated with some other risks. This includes the

generation of carcinogenic and toxic compound. It will also produce end products

which need further treatment where it is highly toxic, collectively known as dioxin

(Hamer, 2003). Some reported that the impacts from incineration are over-

emphasized and the advancing technology had highly reduced the environmental

impacts (Morselli et al., 2008; Hamer, 2003).

 Conceptual Framework

Student’s Waste
Disposal

Students Discipline
towards throwing
garbage properly

Impact on the
Disciplinary of Impact on the
students on school environment
surrounded by the
indiscipline students

Student’s health
performance
Research Hypothesis

In order to answer the above research question, the following null hypothesis

was tested:

There is no significant relationship between the male students and female

students in methods to disposal of waste.

Definition or Term

Deciplinary- designed to correct or punish breaches of disciplined, took

disciplinary action.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will use a descriptive type of quantitative research since the

research want to know the student's Waste Disposal and the Disciplinary

Problem in Bontoc National High School. Descriptive research is a research that

objectively describes a particular characteristics or attributes of a person, grove,

institutions or phenomenon.

Research Respondents and Locale of the study

The researcher will randomly select 1 section from 3 consecutive year

levels starting from grade 10 to grade 12 once the selection is made ,the

researcher will then randomly select 10 students per level by using survey

questionnaires. Hence, there will be 30 respondents for the study.

This study will be conducted inside the Bontoc National High School.

Researcher Instruments

The researchers will distribute questionnaires to the respondents. The

questionnaires will only contain one part. This part will have a set of questions

that would gather the statements about the Student's Waste Disposal and

Disciplinary Problem in Bontoc National High School.

Data Collection Procedure

The respondents, particularly the students from grade 12 will answer the

questions in order to attain the Student's Waste Disposal and Disciplinary

Problem in Bontoc National High School.

Data Analysis Procedure

The researcher will count the overall results from there survey

questionnaire, they will formulate a conclusion. To determine the Student's

Waste Disposal and Disciplinary Problem in Bontoc National High School,the

researcher will use the frequency count as a tool in analyzing the gathered data.
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Bai, R. and Sutanto, M. (2002). The practice and challenges of solid waste management
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Glossary of Environmental Statistics (1997). Studies in methods (Series F, No 67),New

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Hamer, G. (2003). Solid waste treatment and disposal: effects on public health and
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Hardin, L. (2004).Theory and research in administration. New York: Macmillan

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 Survey Questionnaires

Name of the respondents (Optional): ___________________

Age:________
Sex: ________

Direction: Put a check

1. Do you know about solid and liquid waste management?

Yes No

2. How do you evaluate the state of solid waste and liquid waste in your school?

Good

Fair

Not good

Don't have

3.Do you ever notice burning waste in your school?

Yes No

4.Do you know about environment impact of soild waste?

Yes No

5.Do you ever heard of health problem due to solid waste?

Yes No

6.Have you ever heard about the important of recycling?

Yes No

7.If yes, do you agree to Solid waste recycling?

Yes No
8.Do you if there is a waste management center in your school?

9. Have you ever heard about Solid and liquid waste management?

Yes No

If yes in what way?(One or more answers)

1. Over radio

2. Over TV

3. In public meeting

4. In school

5. On poster

6. Other............

10. Have you ever been educated on proper waste disposal by the Teachers?

Yes No

1.Dropping of waste paper in class

2. Throwing away of corn cubs in unauthorised places within the school environment.

3. Indiscriminate disposal of empty can drinks eg. Water and minerals.

4.Littering of the school learning environment with wrappers from junk foods.

1.Spitting, sneezing and disposal of cough in school environmental illicitly.

2. Urination on the floor of toilets unwholesomely.

3. Indiscrimate urination around classroom blocks, halls administrative offices and laboratory.
4. Urinating indiscriminately in any space within the learning environment.