Reviewer
Hecatonchieres - 50 heads and 100 arms
English
Greek Mythology
Myths - traditional stories of gods, kings, and
heroes
- show the relations between gods and
people
- a form of early science to Greeks
because it helped explain the
unexplained
Background of Greek Mythology
 Fully developed by about 700 B.C
 Homer and Hesiod - considered the
earliest Greek poets whose work has
survived
Beliefs and Characteristics
 Death is inevitable and final, so
become a legend through good deeds.
 Greeks were tough, restless,
ambitious, hard-living and imaginative
 Honor was extremely important.
 The gods mirrored human feelings
and physical form.
 Pride, cruelty, stubbornness,
impulsiveness, lust for power are their flaws.
Creation Myth
Chaos - vast and unorganized space from
which all other things originated
Gaea - the earth ; child of Chaos
Uranus - the sky
 Gaea and Uranus gave birth to Cronus
and the other Titans, the Cyclopes and
the Hecatonchieres
Cyclopes - one-eyed giants
piece
Foundation of Greek Mythology
 Greek gods were divided into three
categories: heaven, earth, sea
 Titans ruled before the Olympians
 Titans were the children of Uranus
and Gaea and the parents of the Olympians
 Titans were overthrown by
Olympians
 Cronus overthrew his father
 Cronus and Rhea are married and
produced the Olympians:
Hestia
Demeter
Hera
Hades
Poseidon
 Cronus swallowed them to keep from
being overthrown. When Zeus was born,
Rhea gave her husband a rock to swallow.
 Zeus overthrew his father, Cronus.
Prometheus - wisest Titan of all
- stole the fire from gods and
gave it to humankind
Olympians - group of 12 gods who ruled
after the they overthrew the Titans
Mount Olympus - their dwelling place
The Olympians
Zeus
Roman Name : Jupiter
Realm : King of Gods, god of thunder and
lightning
Symbols :eagle, oak, tree, lightning bolt
 Married to Hera; had many affairs Ares
 Spiritual father of gods and men Roman Name: Mars
Realm : god of war
Hera Symbol: dogs of war, vulture, weapons
Roman Name: Juno  Son of Zeus and Hera
Realm : goddess of marriage  Very unpopular
Symbols : peacock, cow  No myths written about Ares
 Married to Zeus
 Jealous of Zeus’s affairs Artemis
 Because of her jealousy, she asked a Roman Name: Diana
100-eyed giant to watch him. She turned
Realm : goddess of the moon, hunt and
him into a peacock
witchcraft
Symbol: crescent moon, bow and arrow,
Hestia short hunting robes
Roman Name: Vesta  Apollo’s twin sister
Realm : goddess of hearth and home;  Avoided men
protector of the sacred fire
Symbol : torch , a distaff
 She turned Acton ( a hunter) into a stag
 Vestal virgins - six priestesses attended because he watched her bathe
her temple and protected the fire.
 Vestal - “pure” or “virginal”
Aphrodite
Roman Name : Venus
Poseidon
Realm : goddess of love, beauty, sexuality
Roman Name : Neptune
Symbol: shell, mirror, dove, swan
Realm: god of the sea and earthquakes
 Born of the foam when Cronus’ genitals
Symbol : trident hit the ocean
 Gave the horse to mankind  Married to Hephaestus
 Eros(Cupid) was her son
Hades
Roman Name: Pluto Hephaestus
Realm: god of the Underworld Roman Name : Vulcan
Symbol : Cerberus, cypress, bident Realm : god of forge
 Also called Dis, the rich one Symbol : forge
 Rarely visited Earth  Made Zeus’s lightning bolts and armor
for war
 Not friendly, but not evil either
 Son of Zeus and Hera
Charon - rowed people across the river Styx
 Threw him out of heaven
Cerberus - 3-headed dog who guarded the
underworld  Husband of Aphrodite
Demeter
Roman Name: Ceres
Realm : goddess of agriculture
Symbol : sheaves of wheat
 Zeus’s sister
 Mother of Persephone
 She created eternal winter on Earth
when Persephone was kidnapped by
Hades
Athena
Roman Name : Minerva
Realm: goddess of defensive warfare,
wisdom, handicrafts
Symbol : armor, owl, olive tree
 Also called Pallas
 Emerged from Zeus’s head fully grown
 City of Athens named for her after she
gave them olive tree
 Also created spider
Apollo
Roman Name: Apollo
Realm : god of light, music, shepherds
Symbol : bow and arrow, sun chariot, lyre
 Always shown in pictures as being
young, beardless and handsome
 His son Phaeton tried to drive the sun
chariot and burned part of the Earth
Hermes
Roman Name : Mercury
Realm: messenger of gods, god of
commerce, thieves, science
Symbol: winged helmet or sandals,
caduceus
 Caduceus - medical staff with 2 snakes
 Created the lyre that he gave to Apollo
when Apollo caught him stealing his
cows
Dionysus
Roman Name: Bacchus
Realm : god of wine, revelry, drama
Symbol : grapes
 Brought pleasure and insanity
 Followed by the Maenads, crazed
women who tore people apart
 Popular “party animal”
 Not typically considered an Olympian
god
Other Characters
The Muses
 Nine goddesses in charge of different
sciences and arts including music,
poetry, history, astronomy, dance
 Daughters of Zeus
 Meant to inspire
The Fates
 Daughters of Zeus
 Three blind sisters who determined
people’s lifespan
 Clotho - spun the thread of life
 Atropos - measured the thread
 Lachesis - cut the thread with
scissors of death
Mythology in nature and science
Mercury - messenger god
Mars - god of war
Venus - goddess of love
Jupiter - king of the gods
Saturn - god of agriculture
Neptune - god of the seas
Uranus - ancient Greek deity of heaven
Pluto - god of the Underworld
Cupid - son of the goddess of love, winged
god can be seen during Valentine’s Day.
Ancient Greece - where it came from
One shot from his bow is supposed to make
the victim fall in love Anne Terry White - author of The Gorgon’s
Head
Nike- Greek goddess of victory
Perseus - son of the mortal Danae and the
Cyclops - named after a mythological being
god Zeus
with only one eye
The Gorgon - monstrous creatures covered
with hair of living snakes
Daedalus and Icarus
The Gray Women - three monstrous sisters
who possessed a total of one eye and one
tooth
Daedalus - skilled worker
- Enyo , Pamphredo, Deino
Icarus - son of Daedalus
Medusa - face of a hideous female w/ living
Athens - Daedalus’ homeland
venomous snakes in place of hair
Perdix - nephew of Daedalus who invented
King Acrisius - king of Argos
saw
Danae - daughter of the King Acrisius
Partridge - a bird what Perdix transferred
into Dictys - fisherman who saved Danae and
Perseus from the chest
Talos - his nephew at the age of 12,
displayed a skill that nearly rivaled his Polydectes - ruler of Seraphos and fell in
mentor’s love w/ Danae
Areiopagus - ancient Greek court Andromeda - saved by Perseus
Crete - place where King Minos and Queen Cetus - sea serpent
Pasiphae ruled
Zeus - father of Perseus
Wooden bull - created by Daedalus for the
Hermes - son of Zeus and helped Perseus
Queen
Phineas - uncle of Andromeda
Labyrinth - maze
Minotaur - half-man/half-bull
Equipments he need:
Theseus - Athenian hero who came to
attempt to slay the Minotaur  Winged sandals
Princess Ariadne - daughter of King Minos  Magic wallet
and Queen Pasiphae who fell in love with
Theseus  Helmet of invisibility

Waxed Wings - creation of Daedalus so he

and his son can escape the tower Discrimination - unequal treatment provided
The Icarian Sea - where Icarus died to one or more parties

Sicily - place where Daedalus continued  Age

after his son’s death  Gender
Camicus - court of Cocalus  Marital Status
Cocalus’ daughters - they killed Minos  Physical Appearance
Nick Pontikis - author of Daedalus and  Religious Affiliation
Icarus
 Nationality

The Gorgon’s Head

Orpheus

Alice Low - author of Orpheus
Muses - nine goddesses who presided over
a different science or art.
- born out of Zeus and Mnemosyne
Calliope - one of the sisters and mother of
Orpheus
Orpheus - mortal
Eurydice - wife of Orpheus
- died because stepped on a
poisonous snake
Sisyphus - roll a rock uphill
Tantalus - stand in a pool of receding water
Ixion - tied as punishment
 In order for him to get Eurydice back,
Orpheus must not look back at her until they
get back on earth
Arachne
Publius Ovidius Naso - author of the story
Olivia Coolidge - she retold the tale of
Arachne
Arachne - young Greek woman
Athene - goddess of wisdom who disguised
as an old woman to challenge Arachne for
the weaving
Arachne’s father - dryer of wool
How Odin Lost His Eye
Catherine F. Sellew - retold the the tale of
Odin
Odin - primary character
- Ruler of Asgard
- God of wisdom , poetry, war, death,
divination & magic
Huginn and Munnin - two ravens of Odin
Geri and Freki - two wolves of Odin
Elves - tiny people who lived between
heaven and Earth
Dwarves - ugly creatures who lived in the
heart of the mountains
Frost Giants - huge men & enemies of Odin
Mimir - guardian of the well
- means memory
Baldr - son of the God Odin and the
Goddess Frig
Blue - the color of Odin’s cloak and eyes
 Elves took care of the bees and the
butterflies, brought gentle rain and
sunshine to Earth
 Dwarves use iron & metals to make
tools and weapons
 Frost Giants bring snow and hated
the Gods
 He went down wrapped in a blue
cloak and the first thing he saw is the
well
 Clear water from the well and can
see the past & future
 Mimir can give the drink but the price
must be a sacrifice
 He gave one of his eye and saw the
sorrow and joy
Sacrifice - one word to describe the whole
story
The Analects
Confucius - wrote the “The Analects”
Arthur Waley - translated the “The Analects”
Analects - collection of teachings and
sayings
Selected Sayings - other known for The
Analects
Confucius - was a Chinese philosopher
Arthur David Waley - was an English
orientalist and sinologist
 There are total of 17 sayings
Persuasive Essay So
ii. Subordinating Conjunction - used in
linking clauses
Persuasive writing - intends to convince
readers to believe in an idea or opinion Ex: Because
While
Persuasion - communication that can Since
transform a listener’s perspective
Though
When
Effective and Easy Techniques:
Before
 Adjectives
Even if
 Alliteration
iii. Correlative Conjunction -which are used
 Anecdotes to join equal sentence elements together
 Cliches Ex: either… or
neither… nor
 Emotive Words
not only… but also
 Exaggeration both… and
whether… or
 Inclusive Language so… as
 Repetition
Antecedent - reflect back through

Elements of the Story:

 Characters 1st p.o.v - myself ----- ourselves

 Setting 2nd p.o.v - yourself --- yourselves

 Plot 3rd p.o.v - himself

 Conflict - herself

 Resolution - itself -------- themselves

Implicit - imply Reflexive Pronouns - s + verb + pr ( there’s

a verb between)
Explicit - literal
Intensive Pronoun - pronoun near
antecedent
Conjunction - joiner or connector of words,
phrases and clauses
Three Types of Conjunction:
AP
i. Coordinating Conjunction - joins two
words, phrases and clauses
Ex: For Kontemporaryong Isyu - tumutukoy sa iba’t
ibang hamon o problem na hinaharap ng
And ating lipunan
Nor
But Kontemporaryo - nagmula sa Latin na
Or “contemporarius” na ibig sabihin ay
kapanahon
Yet
Isyu - mga paksa, tema o suliranin na
nakakaapekto sa lipunan na tinatalakay
Kontemporaryong Daigdig - panahon mula
ika-20 dantaon hanggang sa kasalukuyan
Kontemporaryong Kasaysayan - panahon
mula sa pagitan ng ika-20 dantaon
hanggang sa kasalukuyan
Hinuha - isang pinag-isipang hula
Paglalahat - hakbang kung saan binubuo
ang mga ugnayan
Kongklusyon - desisyon, kaalaman
Kalamidad - pangyayaring nagdudulot ng
malaking pinsala sa kapaligiran, ari-arian,
kalusugan at buhay ng tao

El Nino phenomenon - matinding tagtuyot

Charles Wright Mills - sosyolohista at
La Nina phenomenon - matagal na pag-
propesor na ayon sa kanya, ang buhay ng
ulan
isang indibidwal ay lubos na nakatali sa
kanyang lipunang ginagalawan

Iba’t ibang uri ng Kalamidad

Mga Saklaw ng Kontemporaryong Isyu 1. Bagyo - uri ng weather system na
inilalarawan ng malawakang low pressure
 Isyung Pangkapaligiran
center
 Pagtalakay sa climate change
Ibang katawagan ng bagyo:
 Isyung Pang-
a) Hurricane d) cyclonic storm
Ekonomiko/Pangkabuhayan
b) Typhoon e) tropical depression
 Globalisasyong ekonomiko
c) Tropical storm f) cyclone
 Isyung Politikal at
Pangkapayapaan Tropical - heograpikal na pinagmulan ng
mga bagyo
 terorismo
Cyclone - natural na pagkilos ng bagyo
 Isyung Karapatang Pantao
2. Baha - pag-apaw ng tubig
 Child trafficking
3. Pagputok ng Bulkan
 Isyung Pang-edukasyon
Bulkan - isang uri ng bundok na may
 Kalidad ng edukasyon
bunganga
 Isyu na may kaugnayan sa
Lateral Blast - uri ng pagsabog ng
kasarian at sekswalidad
bulkan na paglabas ng mga malalaking bato
 prostitusyon
4. Pagguho ng Lupa
 Isyung Pang-kalusugan
Landslide - kadalasang iniuugnay sa
 Pagkontrol sa pagkalat ng sakit paglindol, bagyo
 Isyung Pansibiko, panlipunan at 5. Daluyong - abnormal na pagtaas ng tubig
pagkamamamayan sa baybayin na dulot ng mga malalakas na
bagyo
 Gawaing pansibiko at politikal
6. Tsunami - serye ng malalaking alon sa
karagatan, dagat
Primarya Sanggunian - pinagkunan ng
impormasyon ay mga orihinal
Geohazard Map - matukoy ang mga lugar
Sekundaryang Sanggunian - mga
na madaling tamaan ng mga kalamidad
impormasyon o interpretasyon
Katotohanan - mga totoong pahayag
Mga Babala Mula sa PAGASA
Opinyon - nagpapahiwatig ng saloobin
Babala Bilang 1 Sa loob ng 36 na Department of Social Pagbigay ng
oras,hanging may Welfare (DSWD) serbisyong panlipunan
lakas na 30-60 kph sa mga Pilipino
Babala Bilang 2 Sa loob ng 24 na oras, Philippine Institute of Magsagawa ng
hanging may lakas na Volcanology and mitigsayon sa mga
61-100 kph Seismology sakuna na
(PHIVOLCS) pangyayaring may
Babala Bilang 3 Sa loob ng 12
kaugnayan sa plate
hanggang 18 oras,
tectonics
hanging may lakas na
121-170 kph Department of Namamahala sa
Transportation pampublikong
Babala Bilang 4 Sa loob ng 12 oras o di
(DOTr) transportasyon
kaya’y mas maaga pa,
may lakas na 171-220 Philippine Coast Nagpapatupad ng
kph Guard (PCG) seguridad at kaligtasan
sa dagat
Babala Bilang 5 Sa loob ng 12 oras o di
kaya’y mas maaga pa, National Grid Paghatid ng
hanging may na 220 Corporation of the elektrisidad sa bansa
kph o higit pa Philippines (NGCP)

Bureau of Fire Pambansang

Yellow Rainfall Maging alerto sa Protection (BFP) patakaran na may
Advisory kondisyon ng ulan kaugnayan sa
pagsugpo at pag-iwas
Orange Rainfall Nagbabadya na ang sa sunog
Advisory baha
Department of Namamahala sa mga
Red Rainfall Mapanganib na ang Interior and Local yunit ng lokal ng
Advisory baha at dapat nang Government (DILG) pamahalaan
agarang lumikas
Department of Public Pagpapagawa ng mga
Works and Highways proyekto gaya ng
Disaster Risk Mitigation - mapigil ang (DPWH) kalsada
nakapipinsalang epekto ng kalamidad Department of Health Paalala ukol sa mga
National Disaster and Risk Reduction and (DOH) sakit
Management Council - namumuno sa Department of May kinalaman sa
paghahanda at pagtugon sa mga kalamidad Education(DepEd) pagpapaunlad ng
Mga Ahensiya ng Pamahalaan batayang edukasyon

Philippine Nagbibigay
Atmospheric impormasyon tungkol Hazard - banta na maaaring dulot ng
Geophysical sa panahon kalikasan
Astronomical
Services  Anthropogenic Hazard - bunga ng
Administration mga gawain ng tao
(PAGASA)
 Natural Hazard - dulot ng kalikasan
National Disaster Namamahala sa Disaster/Kalamidad - pangyayari na
Risk Reduction paggawa ng nagdudulot ng panganib at pinsala sa tao
Management Council prevention at risk
(NDRRMC) reduction Vulnerability - may mataas na posibilidad
na maapektuhan ng mga hazard
Metropolitan Manila Nagbibigay balita sa
Development kondisyon at lagay ng Risk - inaasahang pinsala
Authority (MMDA) mga lansangan sa
Resilience - kakayahan ng pamayanan
Metro Manila
Dalawang Approach:
I. Bottom-up - hakbang sa pagtukoy at
paglutas ng mga suliranin
II. Top-down - lahat ng gawain sa
pagpaplano ay dapat gawin
Climate Change - tumutukoy sa mga
pagbabago sa pattern ng pag-ulan, bagyo,
tagtuyot, panahon, temperartura, halumigmig
at lebel ng tubig sa dagat
Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide at Methane
Greenhouse gases Greenhouse
effect
John Tyndall - isang physicist na
nagpanukala at nagpaliwanag na ang gas na
napapakawalan sa atmospera ay may mga
natural na epekto
Greenhouse Gases - nagpapanatili ng
kinakailangang temperatura upang mabuhay
ang mga bagay sa mundo
Mga Uri ng Greenhouse Gas:
1. Carbon Dioxide - bunga ng respirasyon
ng tao at hayop
2. Chlorofluorocarbon - pangunahing
sumisira sa ozone na chemical compound na
nagtataglay ng chlorine
3. Nitrous Oxide - mula sa produkto at
gawaing pang-agrikultura
4. Methane - hydrocarbon gas na
nagmumula sa mga nabubulok na solid
waste
5. Water Vapor - koneksyon sa temperatura
10 Countries most affected
1. Honduras
2. Myanmar
3. Haiti
4. Philippines
5. Nicaragua
6. Bangladesh
7. Vietnam
8. Pakistan
9. Thailand
10. Guatemala
Aspekto ng Climate Change
 Politikal na Aspekto
 Pang-ekonomiyang Aspekto
 Panlipunang Aspekto
Mga Patakaran, Programa at Polisya ng
Pamahalaan
 Republic Act 9729 o Local Climate
Change Action Plan (LCCAP)
 Philippine Climate Change
Commission
 Climate Change Act of 2009
 National Framework Strategy on
Climate Change
Bahagi ng Local Climate Change Action
Plan:
i. Food Security
ii. Water Sufficiency
iii. Ecological and Environmental Stability
iv. Human Security
v. Climate-Smart Industries and Services
vi. Sustainable Energy
vii. Knowledge and Capacity Development
Mga Pandaigdigang Organisasyon
1. United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
2. Kyoto Protocol
3. Asia Pacific Partnership
4. Kasunduan sa ilalim ng G8 Summit
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change - pangunahing sumusuri sa mga
banta na hatid ng climate change
 Intergovernmental Negotiating
Committee for a Framework Convention
on Climate Change
Solid Waste - basurang nagmula sa
tahanan at komersyan na establisimyento
Metro Manila - dito nanggagaling ang halos
25% ng basura sa Pilipinas
Tahanan - malaking bahagdan ng
itinatapong basura
Biodegradable - pinakamalaking uri ng
tinatapong basura
Leachate - katas ng basura mula sa
dumpsite
Republic Act 9003 (Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000) -
solusyon sa suliranin sa solid waste
Recycling - muling paggamit ng mga bagay
Composting- paggamit ng mga nabubulok
na basura
Materials Recovery Facility - saan
isasagawa and waste segregation bago
dalhin sa dumpsite
Mother Earth Foundation - tumutulong sa
pagtayo ng MRF sa mga barangay
Clean and Green Foundation - kabahagi ng
mga programa tulad ng Gift of Trees
Bantay Kalikasan - paggamit ng media
Greenpeace - naglalayong baguhin ang
kaugalian
Fuel Wood Harvesting - paggamit ng puno
bilang panggatong
Unemployment - isang sitwasyon na kung
saan ang mamamayan ay walang trabaho
Unemployment Rate - bahadgan ng mga
taong walang trabaho
Unemployment Rate sa Pilipinas ayon sa
Iba’t Ibang Organisasyon:
1. International Labour Organization
 Pilipinas ang may pinakamataas na
unemployment rate (7.0%) sa Asya
2. Pulse Asia
 55% na mga Pilipino
3. Eksperto sa Ekonomiya at Industrial
Relation
 May 1.3-1.5 milyonh\g Pilipino ang
dumadagsa na labor force bawat
taon
Underemployed - mga taong nagtatrabaho
nang mas mababa sa 40 oras sa isang
linggo
Uri ng Unemployment:
I. Fictional Unemployment - kawalan ng
kakayahang makahanap ng
manggagawa para sa tiyak na trabaho
II. Structural Unemployment - nahigitan
ng dami ng suplay ang pangangailangan
para sa paggawa
Saklaw ng Structural Unemployment:
 Geographical immobility
 Occupational immobility
 Pagbabago sa teknolohiya
III. Cyclical Unemployment - kapag
mahina ang ekonomiya
IV. Real Wage o Classical Unemployment
- kapag hinihiling ang pagtaas ng sahod
V. Voluntary Unemployment - kapag pinili
ng isang tao na hindi magtrabaho
VI. Seasonal Unemployment - pagbagu-
bago ang demand sa mga uri ng
negosyo at trabaho
Apat na Haligi para sa isan Disente at
Marangal na Paggawa:
 Employment Pillar - tiyakin ang
paglikha ng mga sustenableng trabaho
 Worker’s Rights Pillar - palakasin at
siguruhin ang paglikha ng mga batas
para sa paggawa
 Social Protection Pillar - hikayatin ang
mga kompanya, pamahalaan na lumikha
ng mga mekanismo
 Social Dialogue Pillar - palakisin ang
laging bukas na pagpupulong sa pagitan
 ng pamahalaan, manggagawa at
kompanya
Kalagayan ng mga Manggagawa sa iba’t
ibang sektor
A. Sektor ng Agrikultura
> bagsakan ng produkto mula sa
TNCs
B. Sektor ng Industriya
> import liberalizations
C. Sektor ng Serbisyo
> tax incentives
Iskemang Subcontacting - kung saan ang
kompanya ay kumokontra ng isang ahensiya
Labor-Only Contracting - ang
subcontractor ay walang sapat na puhunan
upang gawin ang trabahos
Job-Contracting- ang subcontractor ay may
sapat na puhunan para maisagawa ang
trabaho
Mura at Flexible Layer - isang paraan ng
mga kapitalista upang palakihin ang kanilang
kinikita
Globalisasyon - proseso ng mabilisang
pagdaloy ng mga tao, bagay, impormasyon
- proseso ng interaksyon at
integrasyon sa pagitan ng mga tao,
komapanya, bansa
Archaic Globalization - unang yugto ng
pandaigdigang palitan
Proto-Globalization - yugto ng pag-usbong
ng imperyong Europeo
Modern Globalization - mabilis and
ugnayan ng ekonomiya at kultura
Aspekto ng Globalisasyon
 Globalisasyong Ekonomiko - umiinog
sa kalakalan ng mga produkto at
serbisyo
 Globalisasyong Teknolohikal at Sosyo-
Kultural - tinatangkilik ng mga
mamamayan sa developing countries
ang paggamit ng cellular phones o
mobile phone
 Globalisasyong Politikal - mabilisang
ugnayan sa pagitan ng mga bansa
Transnational Companies - mga kompanya
o negosyong nagtatatag ng pasilidad sa
ibang bansa
Multinational Companies - namumuhunang
kompanya sa ibang bansa ngunit ang mga
produkto ay hindi nakabatay sa
pangangailangang lokal ng pamilihan
Outsourcing - pagkuha ng isang kompanya
ng serbisyo mula sa isang kompanya na may
bayad
Batay sa Serbisyo:
a. Business Process Outsourcing -
prosesong pangnegosyo ng isang
kompanya
b. Knowledge Process Outsourcing -
gawaing nangangailangan ng mataas na
antas ng kaalamang teknikal
Batay sa Layo o Distansya
A. Offshoring - pagkuha ng serbisyo ng
isang kompanya mula sa ibang bansa na
mas mababang bayad
B. Nearshoring - pagkuha mg serbisyo mula
sa kompanya sa kalapit na bansa
C. Onshoring - pagkuha ng serbisyo sa
isang kompanyang mula din sa loob ng
bansa
Offshore Outsourcing - talamak sa
Pilipinas sa kasalukuyan
BPO - pangalawa ito sa pinagkukunan ng
dolyar ng bansa
Mga Ahensiyang/Organisasyon na may
kaugnayan sa Globalisasyon

 World Trade Organization - isang
pandaigdigang organisasyon na may
tungkuling bumuo ng mga patakaran sa
kalakalan
 World Bank - tulungan ang mga
papaunlad na bansa at itaas ang antas
ng pamumuhay ng mga tao
 International Monetary Fund -
nagpapautang upang mapanatili ng mga
bansa ang halaga ng kanilang mga
salapi
Sustainable Development - natutugunan
ang kasalaluyang pangangailangan habang
hindi nasasakripisyo ang pangangailangan
ng mg susunod na henerasyon
- ayon sa kaniya,
maaaring maapektuhan ang pag-unlad ng
bansang Britanya kung mauubos ang suplay
ng coal nito
1962
Rachel Carson - sinulat ang akda na “Silent
Spring” na nagbibigay pansin sa ugnayan ng
pag-unlad ng ekonomiya at ang pagkasira
ng kapaligiran
1966
Kenneth E. Boulding - sinulat ang
sanaysay na “The Economics of the Coming
Spaceship Earth” na inilahad ang
pangangailangan sa mga sistemang
pangkabuhayan

1969
Aspekto ng Sustainable Development
National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA)
 Pang-Ekonomiya - nakatuon sa pangangalaga sa kapakanan
ng mga mamamayan
 Panlipunan
 Pangkapaligiran
1972
Stockholm Meeting - isang pagpupulong ng
Kasaysayan ng Sustainable Develoment
United Nations sa Stockholm, Sweden

17-18th Siglo
UN Environmental Program - ahensiyang
Jean Baptiste Colbert - isang politikong sumusuri sa mga umuusbong na isyung
Pranses na nagtaguyod ng konspeto ng pangkapaligiran
pangangalaga sa mga kagubatan
Aleman - unang gumamit ng salitang
1980
sustainability
International Union for the Conservation
Hans Carl von Carlowitz - “Father of
of Nature - naglathala ng pangkalahatang
Sustainable Yield Forestry”
estratehiya para sa pamantayan ng
Thomas Robert Malthus - ayon sa kaniya, sustainable development
nanganganib na hindi matustusan ang
pangaangailangan sa pagkain kung darami
ang tao 1982
United Nation World Charter for Nature -
nagbigay ng limang prinispyo para sa
19th Siglo
konserbsayon
William Stanley Jevons - inilathala ang
aklat na “The Coal Question: An Inquiry
Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and 1992
the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines”
Earth Carter - para sa pagtataguyod ng
isang tuwid, mapayapa, at sustainable na
Philippine Strategy for Sustainable
lipunan
Development (PSSD) - upang
masubaybayan ang pagpapatupad ng
Agenda 21
2012
Philippine Council for Sustainable
Sustainable Development Goals - makamit
Development - magsisilbing mekanismo
ang sustainable na pagbabago hanggang sa
upang makamit and limang prinsipyo
taong 2030
Memorandum Order No. 399 - operasyon
at pagsubaybay sa Philippine Agenda 21
Kaugnayan ng mga gawain at Desisyon ng
Executive Order No. 370 - palakasin ang
tao sa Pagbabagong Pangkapaligiran:
estruktura at mga katungkulan ng PCSD
 Agrikultura
Executive Order No. 62 - lalo pang
 Pagkonusmo ng Fosisil Fuel paigtingin ang mandato ng PCSD

 Pangingisda
Mga Hamon sa Sustainable Development
1. Consumerism - kultura ng labis na
pagkonsumo ng mga materyal na bagay na
hindi pangangailangan
Epekto:
 Labis na paggamit ng likas
na yaman
 Pagdami ng basura
2. Kahirapan - pangunahing hamon na
kinakaharap ng mundo
3. Non-Sustainable Energy Sources
Dalawang Aspekto:
 Renewable Energy - muling
napapalitan tulad ng biofuels
 Energy Efficiency -
pagbabawas sa konsumo ng
enerhiya nang hindi
isinasakripisyo ang bisa ng
kagamitang kinokonsumo
nito
Sustainable Development Goals:
Arsenio M. Balicasan - pinuno ng PCSD sa
ilalim ng administrasyong Aquino
Green Economy - pangangalaga sa
kalikasang kasabay ng pagtulong sa mga
taong mahihirap
Mapeh
Music
Impressionism -made use of the whole-tone
scale, also applied suggest, rather than
depicted reality
Composers of Impressionism:
a. Claude Debussy - gained reputation as
an erratic pianist and a rebel in theory and
harmony
Works:
 L’Enfant Prodigue - his
composition that won the top
prize that made him study for
2 years in Rome
 Prix de Rome - competition
Claude Debussy won in 1884
 La Mer - highly imaginative
and atmospheric symphonic
work about the sea
  Claire de Lune - other title of Neo-Classicism - partial return to Classical
his signature work form of writing music with modulated
dissonances
 Pelleas et Melisande -
famous operatic work that
drew mixed extreme
Composers of Neo-Classicism:
reactions
a. Bela Bartok -is a neo-classicist,
b. Joseph Maurice Ravel - his
primitivist and nationalist composer who
compositional style is mainly characterized
adopted Hungarian folk themes
by its uniquely innovative
Works:
 Virtuoso - person who excels in
musical technique  Kossuth - first nationalistic
poem of Bela Bartok
Works:
 Six String Quartets -
 Miroirs - work for piano
represent the greatest
known for its harmonic
achievement of Bela Bartok’s
evolution
creative life
 Pavane for a Dead
b. Sergei Prokofieff - regarded as a
Princess - slow but lyrical
combination of neo-classicist nationalist
requiem
and avant-garde composer
 Le Tombeau de Couperin -
Works:
commemoration of the
musical advocacies  Peter and The Wolf -
lighthearted orchestral work
intended for children
Expressionism - used atonality and the
 Symphony# 1 - most
twelve-tone scale, served as a medium for
accessible orchestral work
expressing strong emotions

Avant-Garde -associated with electronic

Composers of Expressionism:
music
a. Arnold Schoenberg - credited with the
development of twelve-tone system
Composers of Avant-Garde:
Works:
a. Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc -
 Verklarte Nacht - earliest
successful composer for piano, voice
successful piece which
and choral music
blends the lyricism
Works:
b. Igor Stravinsky - an expressionist and
neo-classical composer, who  Les Mamelles de Tiresias -
incorporated nationalistic elements in his explain his lighthearted
music character
Works:  Dialogues des Carmelites -
highlighted his conservative
 Petrouchka - feature shifting
writing style
rhythms and polytonality
 La Voix Humane - reflects
 The Rite of Spring - new
his own turbulent emotional
level of dissonance was
life
reached and sense of
tonality was abandoned b. George Gershwin - considered the
“Father of American Jazz”
Works:
  Porgy and Bess - remain to
this day the only American
opera
 La La Lucille - first
Broadway musical
composition
c. Leonard Bernstein - best known for his
compositions for the stage and his music
lectures
Works:
 West Side Story - American
adaptation of Romeo and Juliet
which displays a tuneful, off-beat
approach to the song
 Young People Concerts -
television series in which L.B is
fondly remembered
 Harvardian Lectures - six-
volume set of his papers on syntax
 Mass - wrote for the opening
of the John F. Kennedy Center for
Performing Arts
d. Philip Glass - commercially successful
minimalist and avant-garde composer
Les Six members:
 Germaine Tailleferre - like to used
dance rhythms and love children and
animlas
 Arthur Honegger - like chamber
music and the symphony
 Darius Milhaud - very talented
composer who wrote several different styles
 Louis Durey - used traditional ways
of composing and wrote in his own personal
way
Modern Nationalism - focused on the
nationalist composers who sought to
combine modern techniques with folk
materials
Electronic Music - make synthesizer,
amplifiers, tape recorders and loudspeakers
to create different students
Composers for Electronic Music :
a. Edgar Varese - “Father of Electronic
Music”
b. Karlheinz Stockhausen - from
Germany who further experimented with
electronic music and musique concrete
Works:
 Licht - seven-part opera for
a gigantic ensemble
Chance Music - piece sounds differently at
every performance
Composer of Chance Music:
a. John Cage - from United States , use
unconventional composition techniques
Works:
 Four Minutes and 33
Seconds - chance musical
work to merely open the
piano lid
Arts
Impressionism - art movement that
emerged in the second half of 19th Century
among a group of Paris-based artist
Eugene Delcroix - greatly admired and
emulated by the early impressionist
Practices:
 Color and Light
 Everyday Subjects
 Painting Outdoor
 Open Compositions
 Influence of Photography
Artist:
i. Edouard Manet - one of the artist to
depict modern-life subjects
ii. Claude Monet - best known for his
landscape paintings
iii. Auguste Renoir - his works were
snapshots of real life
 Giorgio de Chirico - one of the artist
who painted in dadaism style
Post-Impressionism - an outgrowth
movement emerged after the influential of Dada - new “non-style”
impressionism

Surrealism - style that depicted an illogical ,

Artist: subconscious dream
i. Paul Cezanne - a French artist and post- Salvador Dali - his works depicted
impressionist painter morbid or gloomy subjects
ii. Vincent Van Gogh - post-impressionist
painter from Netherlands
Social Realism - expressed the artist’s role
 Starry Night - popular work of Gogh in social reform
Ben Shahn - his work spoke out against
the hazardous conditions
Countries involved:
Pablo Picasso - one of the famous artist
 France
of this period
 Germany
 Netherlands
Abstractionism - same spirit of freedom of
expression and openness

Expressionism - works with more emotional Abstractionist - arose from the intellectual
force, rather than with realistic images points

To achieve this: Representational Abstractionism - still

recognizable subjects
 Distorted outlines
Pure Abstractionism - no recognizable
 Strong colors subjects
 Exaggerated forms

Cubism - subjects were basic geometrical

Neoprimitivism - from the native arts of
South Sea Islanders and wood carving of
African tribes
Amadeo Modigliani - uses oval faces
and elongated shapes of African art
Fauvism - used bold, vibrant colors and
visual distortions
Les Fauves - group of French
expressionist painters who painted this style
- means wild beast
shapes then broke it into a series of planes
Futurism - fast-paced. Machine-propelled
age
Mechanical Style - basic forms such as
planes, cones. spheres, and cylinders
Nonobjectivism - did not make use of
figures
Abstract Expressionism - creating their
own synthesis of Europe’s cubist and
surrealist styles

Henri Matisse - most known among les

fauves Form of Abstract Expressionism -
 Action Painting - vigorous gestures
Dadaism - characterized by dream  Color Field Painting - used different
fantasies , memory images, and visual tricks color saturation
and surprises
  Pictograph - filling the canvas
with repeating picture fragments
Neodadaism - make reforms in traditional
values
Pop Art - inspirations were celebrities,
advertisements, billboards and comic strips
Conceptual Art - arose in the mind of the
artist
Optical Art - precisely planned and
positioned to give the illusion of movement
Installation Art - contemporary art form that
uses sculptural materials
Performance Art - form of modern art in
which the actions of an individual at a place
and time constitute the work
Physical Education
Lifestyle - the way in which an individual
lives
Some of the aspects of your lifestyle that can
be modified to improve it:
 Food Choice
 Physical Activity
 Eating Habits
Risk factors - variables in your lifestyle that
may lead to certain diseases
Non-communicable diseases - not
transmitted from person to person
4 main types of NCD:
1. Cardiovascular diseases
2. Cancer
3. Chronic Respiratory Diseases
4. Diabetes
Weight Gain - energy consumed is greater
than energy expended
Weight Loss - energy consumed is less
than energy expended
Weight Maintenance - energy consumed
equals energy expended
Body Mass Index (BMI) - rough measure of
body composition that is useful for classifying
the health risks of body weight
Recreational Activities - activities held
during one’s leisure time
Active Recreational Activities - require
more amounts of energy to be expended
Physical Fitness - condition whereby the
systems of the body are able to function at
their optimal efficiency
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) - an
assessment of the intensity of exercise
based on the participant feels
Warm-up- preliminary activity done
Regular Moderate Physical Activity -
engaging in relatively vigorous bodily
movement
FITT Formula:
Frequency - number of training sessions
Intensity - individual’s level of effort
Time - duration of a workout
Type - mode of physical activity
Health-related Components - contribute to
the development of health and functional
capacity of the body
Skill-related Components - contribute to
the development of skills
Components of Physical Fitness:
 Cardiovascular endurance - ability to
perform prolonged works continuously
 Agility - ability to start, stop & change
directions quickly
 Coordination - ability to perform
complex motor skills
Eating Habits - patterns of behavior with
regards to eating
Health
Consumer Health - aims to develop a
person’s ability to evaluate and utilize health
information, products and services
3 Components of Consumer Health:
 Health Information - any concept ,
step or advice
 Health Product - food, drugs,
cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, in-
vitro diagnostic reagents
 Health Services - aim to appraise
the health conditions of individuals through
screening and examinations
 Health services are usually offered by
healthcare providers
2. Walk-In Surgery Center - offers surgery
without the patient being admitted
3. Health Center - cater to a specific
population
4. Extended Healthcare Facility -
provides treatment, nursing care and
residential services
Health Insurance - financial agreement
Types of Coverage:
 Medical Insurance - pays for the fees of
the health professionals, laboratory
 Major Medical Insurance - payment for
long-term or chronic diseases
 Hospitalization - pays for the stay of the
patient inside the hospital
 Surgical - pays for surgery fees
 Disability - provides financing for
members who meet accidents

Health Professionals - individuals who are

Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) -
licensed to practice medicine
offers medical services that are availed
Physician - an example of a health through prepaid
professional
Complementary Medicine - availed and
Healthcare practitioners - independent integrated together with traditional medicine
healthcare provider who is licensed to
Alternative Medicine - offered in place of
practice
traditional medicine
Allied Health Professional - trained
4 major domains of complementary and
healthcare provider who practices under the
alternative medicine:
supervision of a physician
i. Biology-based practices - taking herbal
medicine
Healthcare facilities - places or institutions
ii. Energy medicine - uses magnetic fields
that offer healthcare services
iii. Manipulative and body-based - bodily-
Different types of facilities:
kinesthetic in nature
1. Hospital - institution where people
iv. Mind-body - uses mental exercises
undergo medical diagnosis
a) Private - operated by individuals to
gain profit Republic Act No. 8423 or Traditional and
Alternative Act of 1997- provised the
b) Voluntary - owned by a community
creation of the PITAHC
or organization
c) Government - being run by the state
and fees are subsidized Philippine Institute of Traditional and
Alternative Healthcare (PITAHC) - law-
d) Teaching - school for medical
making body with regards to the effective
students
use of traditional and alternative medicine.
Naturopathic medicine - offers a wide 2. Exclusions - specific services that are
range of natural practices not paid by the issuer

Examples of Alternative Medicine 8 Rights of a Consumer:

1. Acupuncture - where long thin needles
are inserted
2. Ventosa cupping massage therapy -
done by placing inverted glasses that have
flames
3. Reflexology - treating disorders through
massaging of the soles of the feet
4. Acupressure - use hands to apply
pressure
5. Nutrition Therapy - providing a tailored
diet for the patient
Quackery - form of a health fraud
- any advertisement of products and
services
Quack - individual that has no professional
qualifications to practice medicine
M
1. The right to Basic Needs - guarantees
survival, adequate food, clothing, shelter,
healthcare
2. The right to Safety - be protected against
the marketing of goods
3. The right to Information - be protected
against dishonest or misleading
advertisement
4. The right to Choose - to choose products
5. The right to Representation - express
consumer interests
6. The right to Redress - to be compensated
for misrepresentation
7. The right to Consumer Education - to
acquire knowledge and skills
8. The right to a Healthy Environment - to
live in a network
Science

Geology - layer
Major Characteristics of Health Quackery:
Geography - surface
i. Big business Stars - have own light

ii. Multiplies and spreads fast

iii. Thrives on individuals who are Faces of the Moon:
diagnosed with illnesses that are known
to have no cure

Forms of Quackery:
a. Medical Quackery - includes cures,
treatment that are drugless
b. Nutrition Quackery - promotion of food
fads that claim to be all-natural
c. Device Quackery - makes use of New Moon Waxing Crescent Waxing
miraculous gadgets First Q.

Two types of Expenses Involved in Health

Insurance:
1. Covered Expense - can be paid by the
company

Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning
Gibbous
Waning Last Q. Waning Crescent
Plate Boundaries - set of moving plates;
edges of the plates
3 types of boundaries:
 Divergent boundary - plates move
apart
 Convergent boundary - plates collide
 Transform-fault boundary - plates
slide past one another
Crust - thinnest & outermost layer
Mantle - mainly made up of silicate rocks
Core:
Inner core - made up of solid iron &nickel
Outer core - thick and made up of iron &
nickel
Lithosphere - float above the
asthenosphere
Rigid - hard
Plate - rigid section of lithosphere
Tsunami - not will happen in continental and
oceanic plates
Continental Plate - from land
Oceanic Plate - below the water or sea
Continental Rise - where continental plate &
oceanic plate starts and ends
Subduction Process - one plate going into
the other one
Subduction Zone - where the subduction
process
Subduction - process where plate goes
under the plate (turn into magma)
Oceanic Ridges - most divergent
boundaries are situated along underwater
mountain ranges
Mantle Plume - molten materials from the
mantle
Fracture - any break in a rock in which no
significant movement has taken place
Mid-ocean Ridges - continuous mass of
land with long width and height on the
oceanic floor
Seismogram - record made by a
seismograph
Seismograph - device used to record
earthquake waves
Seismic Waves - energy radiates in all
direction
Two main types of Seismic Wave:
 Body wave - can travel through the
Earth’s inner layers
o P-wave (primary wave) - travels
quickly through the Earth and
through liquids; also called
compressional waves
o S-wave (secondary wave) -
travels slower than P-wave
through Earth and solid; also
called shear wave
 Surface wave - can travel through the
surface
o Love wave - faster than
Rayleigh wave
o Rayleigh wave - rolls along the
ground
Andrija Mohorovicic (moh-haw-roh-vuh-
chich) - Yugoslavian seismologist found that
the velocity of seismic waves changes
Mohorovicic discontinuity - boundary
between mantle and crust
Gutenberg discontinuity - mantle-core
boundary
Alfred Wegener - proposed a theory that the
continents were once one large landmass;
called Pangaea
Pangaea - all earth
Evidences:
 Jigsaw Puzzle
 Fossils - preserved remains or traces of
organisms
Mesosaurus & Lystosaurus -
freshwater reptiles
Continental Drift Theory - Alfred Wegener
invented this; around 1960’s, they accepted
the theory
Anthropology - study of past life humans
using fossils
Rocks - made up planets
Igneous rocks - exclusive; starts the
process of rock
Sedimentary rocks - found in the deepest
sea level
Metamorphic - mixture of igneous and
sedimentary
Magnetism - rock to be attracted; property;
magnetic reversal
Magma Lava rocks  Sea floor
ESP
Pagka-ano/ pagka-sino ng tao - tinutukoy
ang “madaling maging tao” sa kasabihang
“madaling maging tao, mahirap magpakatao”
Pagka-sino - tinutukoy ang “mahirap
magpakatao”
Pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibang tao -
nagpapahayag sa katangian ng tao bilang
indibidwal
Nilikha ng Tao ang kanyang pagkasino sa
pamamagitan ng pagsisikap - kahulugan
ng “ang tao bilang persona ay isang proseso
ng pagpupunyagi tungo sa pagiging ganap
na siya
Tao bilang personalidad - yugto ng pagka-
sino ng tao ang nagpapakita ng pagkamit ng
kaniyang kabuuan
Matibay na paniniwala at pagpapahalaga
sa kaniyang misyon - katangian ng ganap
na personalidad
Kakayahang kumuha ng buod - kakayahan
ng tao na magnilay
Tumutugon sa tawag ng paglilingkod -
kakayahang kumuha ng buod
Umiiral na nagmamahal -
pinakamahalagang katangian ng tao bilang
persona
Mga katangian ng pagpapakatao - dapat
paunlarin ng tao upang maisagawa ang
kaniyang misyon sa buhay
Mga Misyon:
 Bilang Anak - paggawa ng gawaing
bahay
 Bilang Mamamayan - pakikiisa sa
programang pangbarangay
 Bilang Mag-aaral - Mapataas ang
marka sa lahat ng asignatura
 Bilang Anak ng Diyos - pagtuturo ng
katekismo
Hindi maaaring maghiwalay ang isip at
kilos-loob - kahulugan ng “Ibinibigay ng isip
ang katuwiran bilang isang kakayahan
upang maimpluwensyahan ang kilos loob”
Pandama ang nagbibigay kaalaman sa
isip - kung ang pandama ay depektibo
nagkakaroon ito ng epekto sa isip
May katoto ako na nakikita maghusga sa
katotohanan - ibig sabihin ng “ang
katotohanan ay ang tahanan ng mga katoto”
Pagmamalasakit - nagtutulak sa taong
maglingkod at tumulong sa kapwa
Nagkakaroon ng kabuluhan ang mabuhay
sa mundo - kaisipan ng “nabibigyang
kahulugan ng isip ang isang sitwasyon dahil
sa kamalayan at kakayahang mag
abstraksiyon”
Pagmamahal - kapag tumugon ang tao sa
obhetibong hinihingi ng sitwasyon
Memorya- kakayahang kilalanin at
alalahanin ang nakalipas na pangyayari o
karansan.
Imahinasyon- kakayahang lumikha ng
larawan sa kanyang isip at palawakin ito.
Instinct- kakayahan ng tao na maramdaman
ang isang karanasan at tumugon nang hindi
dumaan sa katuwiran.
Kamalayan- pagkakaroon ng malay sa
pandama, nakakapag-uunawa.
Sukatan ng kilos - katangian ng Likas na
Batas Moral
Pangalawang Prinsipyo ng Likas na Batas
Moral:
 Bilang tao na nilikha ng diyos
 May puwang ang tao na magkamali
 Yumaman ang kaalaman at karanasan
ng tao
Makita ang Katotohanan - yugto ng
konsensiya
Maaaring magkamali sa paghatol ang
konsensiya kaya mahalagang mahubog
ito upang kumiling sa mabuti - ibig sabihin
ng “Malinaw sa atin ang sinasabi ng ating
konsensiya :gawin mo ang mabuti, iwasan
mo ang masama.”
Likas na Batas Moral - pinakamataas na
batayan ng kilos ng konsensiya
Pagbibigay ng Limos sa mga bata sa
kalye - maituturing na kamangmangan ng
madaigdig
Tinig - ito ang konsensiya sa loob ng tao na
nagbibigay ng payo sa tao
Responsibilidad - itinuturing na kakambal
ng kalyaan
Ang kalayaan ay matatagpuan sa sarili -
nais ipakahulugan ng “Ang pinakamalaking
hadalng sa kalayaan ay hindi nagmumula sa
labas ng tao kundi ang nagmumula mismo
sa loob ng tao
May kakayahan ang taong gamitin ang
kaniyang konsensiya - kakayahan ng tao
na kumilos ayon sa sariling kagustuhan at
ayon sa pagdedesisyon kung ano ang
gagawin
Kakayahan ng taong pumili ng mabuti -
tinutukoy na mabuti
Ikaw ay malaya kapag naipakita ang
pagmamahal at paglilingkod - mensahe ng
“higit na nagiging malaya ang tao kapag
ginagawa niya ang mabuti. Walang tunay na
kalayaan kundi sa pagmamahal at
paglilingkod
Para maging malaya ang tao sa
pansariling kahinaan - para saan ang
pagkakaroon ng kalayaan ng tao
Kalayaan - katangian ng kilos-loob na itakda
ng tao ang kaniyang kilos
Pananagutan - kaakibat nito ang kakayahan
ng taong tumugon sa obhektibong tawag ng
pangangailangan ng sitwasyon
Filipino
Mitolohiya
 kumpol ng mga tradisyonal na kuwento
 binubuo ng isang particular na relihiyon o
paniniwala
magkaugnay ang mitholohiya, alamat at
 kwentong bayan
di pangkaraniwang karakter
kadalasang may ugnayan ang tauhang
diyos sa mga tao
Mitolohiyang Filipino
 panahon bago dumating ang Kastila
 bahagi ng probinsya
 Bathala - pinakamataas na Diyos/Diyosa
 maraming anyo ng mito (etniko at
katutubo)
Mitolohiyang Griyego
 Diyos at Diyosa
 Mga tema : pagibig, pakikipagsapalaran,
pakikidigma,kapangyarihan
 nagsimula nung musmos pa ang mga
tao
Elemento ng Mitolohiya
 Tauhan
 Tagpuan
 Banghay - pagkasunod sunod
 Tema - upang malaman tungkol saan
 Simbolismo
 Signos - problema ng kwento
Katangian ng Mitolohiya
1. Walang pilosopiya
2. Walang tunay na kasaysayan
3. Walang pagagham na paglalarawan
4. Walang eksaktong bilang ng diyos at
diyosa
5. Walang tiyak na lugar
Sanaysay - pagsasalaysay ng isang sanay
Tatlong bahagi:
 Panimula - pangunahing kaisipan
 Gitna - suportahan ang inilahad
 Wakas - kabuuan ng sanaysay
 Punto de vista - pinakalaman o
pinakapunto
Mga Elemento:
1. Tema - sinasabi ng isang akda
tungkol sa isang paksa
2. Anyo at Estruktura - pagkasunod
suno ng idea o pangyayare
3. Kaisipan - ideyang nabanggit o
nagpapalinaw sa tema
4. Wika at Estilo - uri at antas ng wika
(simple)
5. Larawan ng Buhay - nailalarawan
ang buhay sa isang makatotohanang
salaysay
6. Damdamin - may kaangkupan at
kawastuhan
7. Himig - kulay o kalikasan ng
damdamin
Pormal- sinusuri pa
Impormal- opinion na may katibayan
Cupid at Psyche
Mga tauhan:
 Cupid
 Diyos ng pag-ibig
 Anak ni Venus
 mapagmahal na lalaki at asawa kay
Psyche
 handang gawin ang lahat para sa
kanyang pinakamamahal na si
Psyche
 Psyche
 babaeng kinahuhumalingan ng mga
kalalakihan
 babaeng inibig at minahal ni Cupid
 hindi sumuko sa mga pagsubok na
ibinigay ni Venus sakanya upang
makita lamang si Cupid
 Venus
 Diyosa ng kagandahan
 Ina ni Cupid at inutusan ito na
paibigin si Psyche sa isang halimaw
 nagbigay kay Psyche ng
napakaraming pagsubok
 Ama ni Psyche
 hari
 humingi ng payo sa Diyos na si
Apollo para kay Psyche
 Apollo
 Diyos ng Propesiya
 tumulong kay Cupid upang
makamtan nito si Psyche
 hiningan ng payo ng ama ni Psyche
 Zeus
 Diyos ng mga Diyos
 hiningan ng tulong ni Cupid upang
hindi sila gagambalain ng kanyang
ina
 Dalawang kapatid na babae
 nagplano ng masama kay Psyche
dahil sa nararamdaman nila
pagkainggit dito
 Zephyr  Ekspreyong nagpapahiwatig ng
pagbabago o pagiiba ng paksa at/o
 naghatid kay Psyche sa palasyo
pananaw - sa isang banda, sa kabilang
 naghatid sa mga kapatid upang dako, samantala
makarating kay Psyche
 Persophina
Tusong Katiwala
 Anak ni Demeter at Zeus
 asawa ni Hades at reyna sa ilalim ng
 Isang parabula
lupa
 Tungkol sa pagtitiwala
 nagbigay sa kahilingan ni Venus na
kumuha ng kaunting kagandahan
dito
Lukas 16:1-15 - bersa nito na galing sa
 Charon bibliya
Katiwala - naglulustay ng ari arian ng amo
 bangkero na maaring maghatid
patungo sa kaharian ni Hades

Alegorya ng Yugib Anapora - reperensiya na kalimitan ay

panghalip na tumutukoy sa mga nabanggit
na sa unahan ng teksto o pangungusap
Mga tauhan:
Katapora - reprensiya na bumabanggit at
 Mga Bilanggo tumutukoy sa mga bagay na nasa hulihan pa
ng teksto o pangungusap
 pagkawalang-malay sa mga bagay-
bagay na mas higit na
nagpabilanggo sa kanila
Ang Kuba ng Notre Dame

 Ito ay paghahalintulad ng mga

Mga tauhan:
tauhan na bilanggo sa kwento sa loob ng
yungib o kweba sa mga tao sa ngayon na  Quasimodo
ikinukulong ang kanilang sarili sa pagkaisa.
 protagonist
Sinasabi ng marami na nararapat lamang
ang isa na mamuhay hindi lang sa  kinukutyang “papa ng kahangalan”
kaniyang comfort-zone kundi sa labas nito. dahil sa taglay na hindi kaaya -aya
ang kanyang itsura para sa mga tao
sa nobela
Ningning at Liwanag
 Pierre Gringoire
 paring antagonista o kontrabida
 Ningning ay nakakasilaw, liwanag ang
 La Esmeralda
kailangan ng mata. huwag magpabulag
sa ningning.  kilalang dalagang mananayaw
 Phoebus
Ekspresiyon  kapitan ng mga tagapagtanggol sa
kaharian ng Paris
 Sister Gudule
 Ekspresiyong nagpapahayag ng
pananaw - ayon, batay, para, sang-  babaeng dating mayaman pero
ayon, sa/kay, ganoon din sa nasiraan ng bait nang mawala ang
paniniwala/pananaw/akala ko, ni/ng, kanyang anak na babae; anak nya si
atbp; ito ang iniisip o sinasabi ng isang La Esmeralda
tao.

Ang Tinig ng Ligaw na Gansa
 Ang gintong aral na mapupulot mula sa
akda ay tungkol sa tunay na
pagmamahal
Epiko ni Gilgamesh
Mga tauhan:
 ANU - ang diyos ng kalangitan,ang diyos
ama
 EA-diyos ng karunungan,kaibigan ng
mga tao
 ENKIDO-kaibigan ni
gilgamesh,matapang na tao na nilikha
mula sa luwad
 ENLIL- diyos ng hangin at ng mundo
 GILGAMESH- hari ng uruk at bayani ng
epiko
 ISHTAR- diyosa ng pag ibig at
digmaan,ang reyna ng mundo
 NINURTA-ditos ng digmaan at pag
aalitan
 SHAMASH- diyos na may kaugnayan sa
araw at sa mga batas ng tao
 SIDURI- diyos ng alak at mga inumin
 URSHANABI- mamamangkang
naglalakbay araw araw sa dagat ng
kamatayan patungo sa tahanan ni
Utnapishtim
 UTNAPISHTIM- iniligtas ng mga diyos
mula sa malaking baha upang sirain ang
mga tao,binigyan ng mga diyos ng buhay
na walang hanggan
TLE
NETWORK CABLING
Common Network Cable Types
 Coaxial Cable- has an inner
conductor surrounded by a tubular
insulating layer
 Unshielded Twisted Pair- has no
metallic shield that makes the cable
small in diameter but unprotected
against electrical interference
 Fiber Optic- transparent fiber made
by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a
diameter slightly thicker than that of a
human hair
UTP Characteristics
 Unshielded
 Twisted pairs of insulated
conductors
 Covered by insulating sheath
Cat5e Cable
 1000 Mbps data capacity
 For runs of up to 90 meters
 Solid core cable ideal for structural
installations
Arrangement of Wires:
 TIA/EIA 568A: GW-G OW-Bl BlW-O
BrW-Br
 TIA/EIA 568B: OW-O GW-Bl BlW-G
BrW-Br
NETWORKS
Computer Network – collection of
computing devices that are connected in
various ways in order to communicate and
share resources
Node or host – generic term refers to any
device on a network
Data Transfer Rate – speed w/ which data
is moved from one place on a network to
another; key issue in computer networks
Client/server model - computer networks
have opened up an entire frontier in the
world of computing
Request
Client Server
Response

File Server - stores and manages files for
multiple users on a network
Web Server - dedicated to responding to
requests (from the browser client) for web
pages
TYPES OF NETWORKS
Local- area network (LAN) – connects a
relatively small number of machines in a
relatively close geographical area
 Ring topology - connects all nodes in a
closed loop
 Star topology - centers around one
node to which all others are connected
 Bus Topology - all nodes are connected
to a single communication line
Ethernet - become the industry standard for
local-area network
Wide – area network (WAN) – connects two
or more LAN over a potentially large
geographic distance
Gateway - one particular node on a LAN
Internet - essentially the ultimate WAN,
spanning the entire globe
Metropolitan-area network (MAN) -
developed in and around large cities
INTERNET CONNECTIONS
Internet backbone - high-speed networks
that carry internet traffic
Internet service provider (ISP) - company
that provides other companies/ individuals w/
access to the internet
 Phone modem – computer data into
an analog audio signal
 Digital subscriber line (DSL) - uses
regular copper phone lines to transfer
digital data
 Cable modem - same line that your
cable TV signal come in on to transfer
Broadband - connection in which transfer
speeds are faster than 128 bits per second
PACKET SWICHING
Packets - to improve the efficiency to
transferring info. over a shared
communication line, messages are divided
into fixed-sized
Routers - used to direct packets between
networks
OPEN SYSTEMS
Proprietary system – uses technologies
kept private by a particular commercial
vendor
Interoperability - ability of software &
hardware on multiple machines & from
multiple commercial vendors to communicate
Open systems - systems based on a
common model of network architecture
TCP/IP
TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) -
breaks messages into packets
IP(Internet Protocol) - deals with the routing
of packets
UDP(User Datagram Protocol) - alternative
to TCP but is highly reliable
High-Level Protocols
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Telnet
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)
MIME TYPES
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension) - an application program that can
decide how to deal with the data given
FIREWALLS
Firewall - serve as gateway to a network
NETWORK ADDRESSES
Hostname - unique identification specify a
particular computer on the internet
IP Address
Network address - specifies a specific
network
Host number - specifies a particular
machine in that network
Domain name - separated into two or more
sections
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
Top-level domain (TLD) - very lower section
of the domain
Domain name system (DNS) - chiefly used
to translate hostnames into numeric IP
addresses
INTERNET PROTOCOL
Internet Protocol - numbering scheme;
largest network of computers; American
Registry of Internetwork Numbers (ARIN)
IP address - way to identify machines on a
network; unique identifier; IP address consist
of four sections
IP usage - used to connect to another
computer; allows transfers of files and e-
mails
IP structure - each section is 8 bits long,
can range from 0 to 255; for example,
128.35.0.72
5 Classes of IP Address:
1. Class A - for governments; begins 1
to 126
2. Class B - for medium companies;
begins 128 to 191
3. Class C - for small companies; begins
192 to 223
4. Class D - for multicasting
5. Class E - for future use
IP address are:
 Unique
 Global and Standardized
 Essential
SUBNETTING - WHY?
 Division of local networks
 Greater number of networks
 Simplifies addressing
SUBNETTING - HOW
 Bits borrowed from host field
SUBNETTING - EXAMPLE
130.5.0.0 - network address
130.5.2.144 - host address
255.255.255.0 - subnet mask
130.5.2.0 - subnet

Twisted Pair - of copper cabling that is used
for telephone communications and most
Ethernet networks
Two types or twisted pair
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) - has
two or four pairs of wires; relies solely
on the cancellation effect produced by
the twisted-wire pairs
 Shielded twisted pair (STP) - pair of
wire is wrapped in metallic foil to
better shield the wires from noise
Ping - used to test the ability of the source
computer
This output shows several things:
 Decoding names to network
addresses - A domain name
server (DNS) resolves machine
names to numeric addresses
 Round-trip response time — The
parts of the replies that say things
like time=105ms show you how
long it took from the time the client
machine sent out the ping message
until a reply came back
 Routing hop count — The part of
the replies that says TTL=50 tells
you about the route the message
took from one point to another.
Security Attacks
To successfully protect computers
and the network, a technician must
understand both of the following types of
threats to computer security:
 Physical: Events or attacks that steal,
damage, or destroy such equipment
as servers, switches, and wiring.
 Data: Events or attacks that remove,
corrupt, deny access to, allow access
to, or steal information.
 Internal: Employees who have
access to data, equipment, and the
network. Internal attacks can be
characterized as follows:
 Malicious threats are when an
employee intends to cause
damage.
Accidental threats are when the user
damages data or equipment unintentionally
 External: Users outside an
organization who do not have
authorized access to the network or
resources.
Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses
Virus - attached to small pieces of computer
code, software, or document.
Worm - replicating program that is harmful to
networks
Trojan horse - is a worm. It is hidden in
software that appears to do one thing
Virus protection software - aka antivirus
software; software designed to detect and
remove viruses, worms, and Trojans before
they infect a computer
Data encryption - can help prevent
attackers from monitoring or recording traffic
between resources and computers
Virtual private network (VPN) - encryption
system that protects data as though it
resides on a private network
Port protection - with this, the user can
control the type of data sent to a computer
by selecting which ports will be open and
which will be secured
Firewall - a way of protecting a computer
from intrusion through the ports
Traffic - data being transported on a network
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) - was the
first generation security standard for wireless
network
Lightweight Extensible Authentication
Protocol (LEAP) - Also called EAP-Cisco,
LEAP is a wireless security protocol created
by Cisco to address the weaknesses in WEP
and WPA.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) - An
improved version of WEP.
WEP 128 - An enhanced encryption protocol
combining a 104-bit key and a 24-bit
initialization vector.
WEP 64 - The first-generation security
standard for wireless network.
No security - leave your wireless network
completely vulnerable to attack.
Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
- is a security layer used in mobile devices
that employ the Wireless Applications
Protocol (WAP).
File Sharing - sharing of or offering access
to digital information or resources
Print Sharing - to allow groups of computer
users to share peripheral devices such as
printer