LITERATURE . . .

ESSAY is an attempt to express the viewpoint and opinion of the

It is the written or printed production of human experiences or writer on a particular problem or event.
feelings. FORMAL ESSAY
It is a written record of man’s best thoughts and feelings. Introduction is a part of an essay which uses quotations and
It is known as the study of life. questions as its content.
TYPES OF LITERATURE Body is the most important part of an essay.
A. ORAL LITERATURE - a type of literature which started from Conclusion is a part of an essay where the summarization or
being unwritten, but eventually captured writing. reflection of what you have written is included
- It is preserved and handed down from one generation to Informal Essay
another by word of mouth. ORATION is a formal treatment of the subject and intended to
B. WRITTEN LITERATURE - Is one that gets its form from the use be spoken before a crowd.
of pen by literary genius. BIOGRAPHY is a literary work that gives the life account of a
- Compared to the oral form, it is likely to be permanent in formperson written by another person.
because once written, it remains as is. AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a literary work where the author writes his
REASONS WHY PEOPLE WRITE: own life account.
- For self-expression NEWS is a report of expected and unexpected events in society
- To spread knowledge and information and governments.
- To pass on ideas and values LETTERS is a written message conveyed from one party to
- To impart truth, accuracy, and evaluation another party through a medium. Letters can be formal and
LITERARY STANDARDS informal.
PERMANENCE – a great work of literature endures. Thus, it has DIARIES a book in which one keeps a daily record of events and
a lasting appeal. experiences.
UNIVERSALITY – great literature is timeless. It requires JOURNALS a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular
popularity not only in the place where it was written but in the subject of professional activity.
whole world.
ARTISTRY – this quality which appeals to our sense of beauty. POETRY is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings taking
INTELLECTUAL VALUE – literary work that stimulates thoughts. its origin from emotion. It also uses a kind of language that is
SPRITIRUAL VALUE – it elevates spirit by bringing out moral more intense and expressive.
values of a person. - The language of poetry uses imagery and figures of speech
STYLE – is marked with unique way of the author that sees life, that is rich, suggestive and powerful.
forms of ideas, anf expresses them distinctly. THREE TYPES OF POETRY:
SUGGESTIVENESS – it associate with the emotions of a literary  Narrative Poetry
piece.  Dramatic Poetry
FORMS OF LITERATURE  Lyric poetry
PROSE is a discourse that follows the usual flow of conversation NARRATIVE POETRY IS a form of poetry that tells a story, often
which express ideas, feelings and actions. making the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the
TWO DIVISIONS OF PROSE: entire story is usually written in metered verse.
FICTION is a literary work which is a result of the author’s TWO FORM OF NARRATIVE POETRY
imagination. EPICS are long poems that exemplify the adventures of epic
NON-FICTION is a literary work which is all about reality. heroes and divine forces.
TYPES OF FICTION Ex. Indarapatra at Sulayman (moro epic)
SHORT STORY is a narrative involving one or more characters, BALLADS are narrative poems intended to be sung. They usually
one plot, and one single impression. tell stories about a particular person.
NOVEL is a true-to-life story divided into chapters where many DRAMATIC POETRY It tells stories but one or more characters
characters are involved and spans long period of time. act out the poem.
LEGEND is a narrative about the origin of man, place, event and WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, an English Playwright, is the most
happenings. famous dramatic poet.
FABLE is a narrative where characters are animals and In DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE, the story is dramatically told by
inanimate objects that speak and act like people, and usually only one character on stage.
ends with values that can mold their attitudes. LYRIC POETRY is a short poem that expresses the poet’s
TYPES OF NON-FICTION thoughts and feelings.
FORMS OF LYRIC POETRY
HAIKU one of the shortest lyric Japanese poem that has 17
syllables arranged in three lines.
ODE is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of high praises and
noble feelings.
ELEGY is a poem of meditation of life and death.
SONNET is a 14-line lyric poem with certain pattern of rhyme
and rhythm.
SONG is a lyric poem intended to be sung.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
It makes language more colorful, suggestive, powerful and
therefore exciting.
IMAGERY it refers to the sensation that language creates in the
mind.
SIMILE is an explicit direct comparison between two different
things with the use of LIKE or AS.
Ex. He is as busy as a bee.
METAPHOR an implied comparison between two things,
attributing the properties of one thing to another that it does
not literally possess. Ex. The Lord is my shepherd.
PERSONIFICATION Attributing or applying human qualities to
inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena.
Ex. The tree is dancing.
SYNECDOCHE It refers to a part by its whole, or a whole by its
part. Ex. He is my right arm. (trusted employee)
METONYMY involves the use of a term connected with an
object to represent that object.
Ex: I give you the floor to speak.
HYPERBOLE It may also be used for instances such as,
exaggerations for emphasis or effect.
Ex. He’s running faster than the wind.
OXYMORON Using two terms together, that normally
contradict each other.
Ex. cruel-kindness, bitter-sweet memories, beautiful mess.
PARADOX Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out
some underlying truth
Ex. What you keep, you lose; what you lose, you keep.
ALLUSION is a casual reference either by directly or by
borrowing familiar phrases from the Bible, History or Literature.
Ex. Henry and Edison are the David and Jonathan in the class.
IRONY involves a contrast, a discrepancy between the expected
and what actually happens.
Ex. Your so kind to answer back your parents.
ONOMATOPOEIA is the formation or the use of words having a
sound that imitates what they denote.
Ex. Boom! Boom! (The canyon blasted.)
LITOTES is a deliberate understatement used to affirm by
negotiating the opposite.
Ex. Even in her plain dress, I find her not all displeasing.
APOSTROPHE is a direct address to someone absent, long dead,
or even to an inanimate objects or ideas.
Ex. Jose Rizal, where are the youth today?
ALLITERATION is the repetition of the initial consonant sound in
the sentence. It is also known as “tongue twister”
Ex. “Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled paper.”
ASSONANCE is the repetition of the middle vowel sound.
Ex. race and make, foolish and crooning, rain rain go away.
CONSONANCE is the repetition of consonant sounds, and
sometimes called “slant” rhyme.
Ex. dreary and weary, napping and tapping.
EPIGRAMS (SALAWIKAIN) – These used and served as laws or
rules on good behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are
like allegories or parables that teach lessons.
RIDDLES - These are made of one or more measured lines with
rhyme which consists of four to 12 syllables.
CHANT (BULONG) – This is used in witchcraft or enchantment.
MYTHS - are narratives that describe and portray in symbolic
language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a
culture.
FOLKTALES these are made up of stories about life, adventure,
love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life.
FOLKSONGS are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature
that emerged in the Pre-Spanish Period.
FOLKSONGS DURING PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
Kundiman, Oyayi, Kumintang, Soliraning, ang mga dait kay
maria.
FOLKSONGS DURING SPANISH PERIOD
Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog), Dandansoy (Bisaya), Atin Cu Pung
Singsing (Kapampangan), Pamulinawen (Iloko), Sarong Banggi
(Bikol)
RECREATIONAL PLAYS & THE FIRST BOOKS IN PHILIPPINES
SALUBONG Is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the
risen Jesus Christ and His mother.
THE PASSION This book is about the life and sufferings of Jesus
Christ, and it is read only during lent.
LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POSTPRIMERAS DE HOMBRE This is the
first book printed in TYPOGRAPHY (a form of printing that uses
metal stencils)
CENACULO Is a dramatic performance to re-enact the passion
and death of Jesus Christ.
LAGAYLAY Is a special occasion to get together during the
month of May for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon.
ZARZUELA Is considered as the Father of Drama. It is a musical
comedy or melodrama in three acts which dealt with man’s
passions and emotions
BALAGTASAN Is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on
a topic or issue. This is held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas”
Baltazar.
SAINETE Is a short exaggerated musical comedy performed by
characters from the lower class.
MORO-MORO It is performed during town fiestas to entertain
the people and to remind them of their Christian religion.
DUNG-AW Is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person beside
the corpse of the dead.
KARAGATAN Is a poetic contest where a ritual is performed on
a legend about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle
of the sea and who offered her hand in marriage to anyone who
can find it.
ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA This is a collection of songs
praising Virgin Mary.
URBANA AT FELISA This book was written by Modesto de
Castro, known as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. It
contains the story between the two sisters Urbana at Felisa by
means of letter that includes the good behavior.
PANUNULUYAN Is a re-enactment of Virgin Mary and Saint
Joseph in search of an inn to deliver the baby Jesus.
CARILLO OR SHADOW PLAY Is a dramatic entertainment
performed on dark nights projecting cardboard figures before a
lamp against a white sheet.
FAMOUS AUTHORS/WRITERS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
AMADO V. HERNANDEZ He pictures in his poems the intense
love of the poor workers or laborer.
PEDRO BUKANEG Father of Ilocano literature. His name was
derived from the word bukanegan which means Balagtasan.
LEON PICHAY He is known as the best Bukanegero. He is also
known as poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist and
essayist.
CLARO CALUYA Prince of Ilocano poets. He is known as poet and
novelist
JOSE MA HERNANDEZ – wrote PANDAY PIRA
FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO – wrote sa PULA sa PUTI
CLODUALDO DEL MUNDO – wrote BULAGA (Hide and Seek
Game)
JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA – wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA
ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY
CARLOS P. ROMULO He was an outstanding writer of the
period. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE
FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILPPINES RISE, MOTHER
AMERICA.
CECILIO APOSTOL He wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto,
Mabini and all other heroes.
MANUEL BERNABE He is a lyric poet and he exemplified his
nationalistic spirit.
POET OF THE HEART (MAKATA NG PUSO)
 Inigo Ed. Regalado
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 Pedro Deogracias Del Rosario
 Ildefonso S