Computer Notes With Diagram by Deserve Academy in Hindi (For More Book - WWW - Gktrickhindi.com)

DESERVE ACADEMY dh izLrqfr
dEI;wVj Kku
leLr izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, leku :i ls mi;ksxh
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nks “kCn
fiz; vH;fFkZ;ksa vkxkeh izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa dEI;wVj ls lacaf/kr iz“uksa dks gy djus ds fy, ge
dEI;wVj Kku iqLrd dks izLrqr dj jgs gSaA bl iqLrd esa eq[;r% ijh{kk ds n`f’Vdks.k ls vko“;d rF;ksa
dks ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqLrd dEI;wVj ds lkekU; tkudkjh dks lesVs gq, gSA vH;fFkZ;ksa ls
vk“kk dh tkrh gS fd os ekbØlkW¶V foUMkst ,oa ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl dh izSDfVdy tkudkjh tSls u,
Qkby ,oa foaMks dks [kksyuk] lso djuk bR;kfn] gsrq dEI;wVj ij Lo;a izSfDVl djsa rkfd mUgsa fo’k; dh
vf/kd tkudkjh gks lds ,oa os fo’k; dks le> ldsa uk fd fo’k; dks jVuk iM+sA
bl iqLrd dks geus lko/kkuhiwoZd rS;kj fd;k gSA fQj Hkh ;fn dksbZ =qfV n`f’Vxr gksrh gS rks
bl vksj vki gekjk /;ku vkd`’V djsaA vkids lq>koksa dk Lokxr gSA vk“kk djrs gSa fd vki lHkh bl
iqLrd ls ykHkkfUor gksaxsA izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa vkiyksxksa dh lQyrk dk vkdak{khA
vkidk
yfyUnj dqekj
DESERVE ACADEMY
JAMSHEDPUR

Computer - An Introduction
 dEI;wVj & dEI;wVj ,d Lopkfyr bysDVªkfud e”khu gS tks MkVk rFkk funsZ”kksa dks buiqV ds :i esa xzg.k
djrk gS] funsZ”kksa ds vuq:i mudk fo”ys’k.k djrk gS rFkk vko”;d ifj.kkeksa dks fuf”pr izk:i esa vkmViqV ds
:i esa fuxZr djrk gSA ;g MkVk ds HkaMkj.k] rhoz xfr vkSj =qfV jfgr <ax ls mlds fo”ys’k.k dk dk;Z djrk
gSA
 MkVk & MkVk rF;ksa vkSj lwpukvksa dk vO;ofLFkr ladyu gSA MkVk dks nks izdkj esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk
gS&

• la[;kRed MkVk (Numerical Data) & ;g vadksa ls cuk MkVk gS ftlesa 0-1-2-3-------bR;kfn vadksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• fpàkRed MkVk (Alphanumeruic Data) & blesa v{kjksa] vadksa rFkk fpàksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 MkVk izkslsflax & MkVk dk mi;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkus okyk fo”ys’k.k MkVk izkslsflax dgykrk gSA
 MkVkcsl & ;g MkVk dk fMftVy :i esa O;ofLFkr ladyu gS ftldk fofHké mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 MkVkcsl eSustesaV flLVe (DBMS) & ;g ,d lk¶Vos;j gS tks fMftVy MkVkcsl dk izca/ku] mlesa ifjorZu]
izkslsl rFkk ladyu djrk gSaA
 lwPkuk (Information) & MkVk dk mi;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij fd;s x;s fo”ys’k.k vkSj ladyu ds ckn izkIr
rF;ksa dks lwpuk dgrs gSaA
 vuqns”k (Instruction) & dEI;wVj dks dk;Z djus ds fy, fn, x, vkns”kksa dks vuqns”k dgk tkrk gSA
 izksxzke & dEI;wVj dks fn, tkus okys vuqns”kksa ds lewg dks izksxzke dgk tkrk gSA
 lk¶Vos;j & izksxzkeksa ds leqPp; dks tks dEI;wVj ds fofHké dk;ksZa ds lQy fØ;kUo;u ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk
gS] lk¶Vos;j dgk tkrk gSA
Computer System
dEI;wVj ds lHkh midj.kksa dks fuEufyf[kr 4 lehdj.kksa ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices

All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as
Hardware.
• Software = Programs
Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.
• USER = Person, who operates computer.

Functions of Computer
Functions of Computer
a. accepts data Input
b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage
Main Parts of Computer

• Input Unit
• Memory/Storage Unit
• System Unit
 Control Unit
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Primary or Main Memory
• Output Unit

System Unit/Central Processing Unit
lhih;w dks dEI;wVj dk efLr’d ;k czsu dgk tkrk gSA blesa izkslslj ¼bysDVªkfud fpi½ gksrk gS tks fd daVªksy
;wfuV] ,fjFkeSfVd ykWftd ;wfuV rFkk izkFkfed eseksjh ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA lHkh izdkj ds izklsflax ls lacaf/kr
dk;Z lhih;w esa gh laié gksrs gSaA fofHké izfØ;kvksa ds Øe dks fu/kkZfjr djuk] dEI;wVj ds fofHké ;qfDr;ksa dks daVªksy
djuk] MkVk dks izkslsl djuk bR;kfn lhih;w ds eq[; dk;Z gSA
Control Unit
;g dEI;wVj dk uoZl flLVe ;k ukM+h ra= gSA blesa ekbØks izkslslj gksrk gS tks fd buiqV vkSj vkmViqV fMokbl
rFkk vU; gkMZos;j dks daVªksy djrk gS] vfjFkesfVd ykWftd ;wfuV ds dk;ksZa dks daVªksy djrk gS] eq[; eseksjh ls
MkVk ykdj rkRdkfyd :i ls LVksj djrk gS] funsZ”kksa dks dk;kZfUor djus ds vkns”k nsrk gSA
ALU – Arithmatic Logic Unit
bldk dk;Z vadxf.krh; x.kuk,a ,oa rkfdZd dk;Z laikfnr djuk gSA ;g daVªksy ;wfuV ls izkIr funsZ”kksa ds vuqlkj
dk;Z djrk gSA

Factors affecting speed of CPU
• Word length
• System Clock
• Cache Memory
• Prallel Operation
• Integration between CPU and Peripherals
egRoiw.kZ rF;
• pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa muds ;ksxnku ds fy, vk/kqfud dEI;wVj foKku dk tud dgk tkrk
gSA
• vk/kqfud dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa lokZf/kd ;ksxnku vesfjdk ds MkW- okWu U;wesu dk gSA bUgsa MkVk vkSj
vuqns”k nksuksa dks ckbujh iz.kkyh esa laxzfgr djus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA
• Hkkjr dEI;wVj dk izFke iz;ksx 16 vxLr] 1986 dks caxyq: ds iz/kku Mkd?kj esa fd;k x;kA
• 2 fnlacj izfro’kZ fo”o dEI;wVj lk{kjrk fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA

Development and Classification of Computer
dEI;wVj dk fodkl
vcsdl dks lalkj dk izFke x.kd ;a= dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d izkphu x.kuk ;a= gS ftldk vkfo’dkj
izkphu cschyksu esa vadksa dh x.kuk ds fy, fd;k x;kA
1642 Ýkal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us izFke ;kaf=d x.ku e”khu dk vkfo’dkj fd;k tks dsoy tksM+ o ?kVko
dj ldrh FkhA bls ,fMax e”khu Hkh dgk x;kA
1842 pkYlZ cScst us ,d Lopkfyr e”khu ,ukfyfVdy batu cuk;k tks iapdkMZ ij ds fn”kk funsZ”kksa ds vuqlkj
dk;Z djrh FkhA
ysMh ,Mk vkxLVk us ,ukfyfVdy batu esa igyk izksxzke MkykA vRk% mUgsa nqfu;k dk izFke izksxzkej Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
IBM ,oa gkoMZ vkbdsu ds lg;ksx ls ekdZ&1 uked fo”o ds izFke iw.kZ Lopkfyr fo|qr ;kaf=d x.kuk
;a= dk vkfo’dkj fd;kA
1939 tkWu ,VuklkWQ vkSj fDyQksMZ csjh us feydj fo”o dk igyk bysDVªkfud fMftVy dEI;wVj dk vkfo’dkj
fd;kA
1946 vesfjdh oSKkfud ts-ih- ,dVZ rFkk tkWu eqpyh us izFke iw.kZ bysDVªkfud dEI;wVj ENIAC- Elecronnic
Numerical Integrator and Calculater dk vkfo’dkj fd;kA
vesfjdh oSKkfud oku U;wesu us ENIAC dh dfe;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, laxzfgr izksxzke dh vo/kkj.kk nh rFkk
EDVAC-Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer dk fodkl fd;kA
1954 izFke O;kikfjd dEI;wVj UNIVAC -1 dk fuekZ.k General Electric Corporation }kjk fd;k x;kA
1970 baVsy daiuh }kjk izFke ekbØks izkslslj baVsy&4004 dk fuekZ.k gqvkA blls NksVs vkdkj ds dEI;wVjdk
fuekZ.k laHko gqvk ftUgsa ekbØks dEI;wVj dgk x;kA
1977 izFke O;kolkf;d ekbØks dEI;wVj dk fuekX.k fd;k x;k ftls ,Iiy&2 uke fn;k x;kA
gkMZos;j ds mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dks fofHké ihf<+;ksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS&
ih<+h gkMZos;j lk¶Vos;j fo”ks’krk,¡ mnkgj.k

izFke ¼1942&55½ fuokZr V;wc dk e”khuh Hkk’kk iz;ksx] cM+k vkdkj] [kphZyk] ENIAC, UNIVAC,
iz;ksx] HkaMkj.k ds vlsEcyh Hkk’kk] LVksj dsoy oSKkfud IBM Marc 1
fy, iapdkMZ dk izksxzke vuqiz;ksx

iz;ksx] fo|qr vkSj
;kaf=d e”khu

f}rh; ¼1955&64½ VªkaftLVj dk iz;ksx] mPp Lrjh; Hkk’kk dk vis{kkd`r NksVk] rhoz] IBM, UNIVAC
pqEcdh; eseksjh dk iz;ksx] cSp vkWijsfVax [kphZyk] oSKkfud
iz;ksx flLVe dk vkjaHk vkSj O;kolkf;d
mi;ksx
r`rh; ¼1964&75½ baVhxzsVsM fpi dk mPp Lrjh; Hkk’kk dk rhoz] NksVs] lLrs] IBM-360, PDP-8
iz;ksx vkjaHk] SSI o ekudhdj.k] Vkbe fo”oluh;] mi;ksx
MSI] pqacdh; “ks;fjax vkWijsfVax esa vklku
HkaMkj.k {kerk esa o`f) flLVe dk fodkl]
gkMZos;j o lk¶Vos;j
dh vyx&vyx
fcØh
prqFkZ ¼1975&89½ VLSI (Very Large ihlh ds fy, lLrs] mPp {kerk IBM-PC, APPLE-2
Scale Integration) vkijsfVax flLVe] ;qDr] mi;ksx esa
ekbØks izkslslj] xzkfQdy ;wtj vklku] O;kolkf;d
lsehd.MDVj eseksjh] baVjQsl] ;wfuDl] C mRiknu rFkk
ihlh] mPp {kerk izksxzke Hkk’kk] ,d O;fDrxr mi;ksx
okys usVodZ lkFk dbZ dk;Z djus
dh {kerk
iape ¼1989&vcrd½ ULSI (Ultra Large baVjusV rFkk vfr NksVs] vfr rhoz] IBM Notebook,
Scale Integration)] eYVhehfM;k mi;ksx es vklku] Pentium PC, Super
vkfIVdy fMLd] de lk¶Vos;j Iyx vkSj Iys computer
txg esa vf/kd

HkaMkj.k] uksVcqd
dEI;wVj] baVjusV]
eYVhehfM;k
rduhd ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dk oxhZdj.k

,ukykWx dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj gkbfczM dEI;wVj
blesa fo|qr ds ,ukykWx :i dk iz;ksx ;s bysDVªkfud ladsrksa ij pyrs gSa ;g ,ukykx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj dk
fd;k tkrk gSA tSls lk/kkj.k ?kM+h] rFkk x.kuk ds fy, ckbujh flLVe fefJr :i gSA blesa x.kuk rFkk
okgu dk xfr ehVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izkslsflax ds fy, fMftVy :i dk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk tcfd buiqV rFkk
vkmViqV esa ,ukykx ladsrksa dk
mi;ksx gksrk gSA
vkdkj rFkk dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k
esu Ýse dEI;wVj feuh dEI;wVj ekbØks dEI;wVj lqij dEI;wVj
;s vkdkj esa dkQh cM+s gksrs gSa ;s vkdkj esa esuÝse bldk fodkl 1970 esa ;g vc rd dk lcls
rFkk blesa ekbØks izkslslj dh dEI;wVj ls NksaVs vkbZch,e daihu }kjk rc izkjaHk vf/kd “kfDr”kkyh dEI;wVj
la[;k Hkh vf/kd rFkk xfr tcfd ekbØks gqvk tc lhih;w esa ekbØks gSA blesa dbZ izkslslj
vR;ar rhoz gksrh gSA lkekU;r% ;s dEI;wVj ls cM+s gksrs izkslslj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkus lekukarj Øe esa yxs jgrs
32 ;k 64 fcV ekbØks izkslslj gSaAblesa ,d ls yxkA blesa 8- 16- 32- 64 fcV gSaA blesa eYVh izkslsflax vkSj
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl ij ,d vf/kd ekbØks ekbØks izkslslj dk iz;ksx fd;k lekUkakrj izkslsflax dk
lkFk dbZ yksx vyx&vyx dk;Z izkslslj dk mi;ksx tkrk gSA ilZuy dEI;wVj] mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA lqij
dj ldrs gSaA fd;k tkrk gSA ySiVkWi ,oa ikWeVki ekbØks dEI;wVj ds fy, “kCn yackbZ
dEI;wVj dk gh :i gSA dh jsat 64 fcV rd gksrh
gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;
• 1952 esa MkW- xzsl gkij }kjk vlsEcyh Hkk’kk dk vkfo’dkj fd;kA
• VªakftLVj dk vkfo’dkj 1947 esa csy yScksjsVjht ds tkWu okjMhu] fofy;e “kkdys rFkk okYVj czsVu us fd;kA
• VaªkftLVj v)Zpkyd inkFkZ flfydu ;k tesZfu;e dk cuk ,d rhoz fLofpax fMokbl gksrk gSA
• baVhxzsVsM lfdZV (IC) dk fodkl 1958 esa tSd fdYch vkSj jkWcVZ uks;h }kjk fd;k x;kA
• IC fpi v/kZpkyd inkFkZ flfydu ;k tesZfu;e ds cus gksrs gSA
• ekbØks izkslslj dk fodkl ,e bZ gkSQ us 1971 esa fd;kA
• 1981 esa IBM us ekbØks dEI;wVj dk fodkl fd;k ftls ilZuy dEI;wVj dgk x;kA
• 1965 esa Digital Equipment Corporation }kjk izFke O;olkf;d feuh dEI;wVj ihMhih&8 (Programmed Data
Processor-8) dk fodkl fd;k x;kA
• ySiVkWi us ,Me vklcuZ }kjk 1981 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
• fo”o dk izFke lqij dEI;wVj Øs- ds- 1 ,l gS ftldk fuekZ.k vesfjdk ds Øs fjlpZ dEiuh us 1979 esa fd;kA
• Hkkjr esa ije lhjht ds lqij dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k lh&MSd] iq.ks }kjk fd;k x;k gSA
• vuqie lhjht ds lqij dEI;wVj dk fodkl ckdZ ¼HkkHkk ,Vksfed fjlpZ lsaVj½] eqEcbZ }kjk fd;k x;k
• isl lhjht ds lqij dEI;wVj dk fodkl j{kk vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl laxBu] gSnjkckn }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA

Input and Output Device
buiqV fMokbl vkmViqV fMokbl

• dhcksMZ • ekWuhVj ;k VDU
• ekml • fizaVj
• Tok;WfLVd • IykWVj
• izdk”kh; isu Light Pen • Lihdj
• LdSuj • LØhu best izkstsDVj
• ckjdksM jhMj
• ekbdj Magnetic Ink Character Reader (Used in fizaVj dk oxhZdj.k
Bank)
• eSXusfVd dkMZ jhMj Magnetic Card Reader 1. fizaV djus dh {kerk ds vuqlkj
(Used in Shops, Colleges, Stations etc) • dSjsDVj fizaVj
• iap dkMZ jhMj • ykbu fizaVj
• vkWfIVdy ekdZ jhMj Optical Mark Reader • ist fiazVj
(Used for Answer- Sheet Marking Purpose)
2. fizaV djus ds rjhds ds vuqlkj
• vkWfIVdy dSjsDVj jhMj
• bEiSDV fiazVj
• fMftVy dSejk
• ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj
• Vp LØhu
• ekbØksQksu
• bEiSDV fiazVj

• Lihp fjdkWxfu”ku flLVe 1. MkWV eSfVªDl
• osc dSejk 2. Msth Oghy
• fMftVy dSejk • ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj
• VSªd ckWy 1. FkeZy fiazVj
• xzkfQDl VscysV 2. badtsV fiazVj
• CywVwFk 3. ystj fizaVj ¼loksZÙke½
• ck;kseSfVªd fMokbl
 IykWVj & bldk mi;ksx cM+s dkxt ij mPp xq.koÙkk okys js[kkfp= o xzkQ izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% bathfu;fjax] okLrqfon] Hkou fuekZ.k] flVh Iykfuax] ekufp= vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
IykWVj ds nks eq[; izdkj miyC/k gS&
1. Mªe IykWVj
2. lery IykWVj (Flatbed Plotter)
 ekbdj dk iz;ksx fo”ks’k pqEcdh; L;kgh ¼vk;ju vkWDlkbM½ ls fo”ks’k rjhds ls fy[ks v{kjksa dks dEI;wVj ds
tfj;s i<+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx cSadksa }kjk psd@MªkW¶V esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 izdk”kh; isu] isu ds vkdkj dk IokbafVax fMokbl gS ftldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj LØhu ij fy[kus ;k fp= cukus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 lkW¶Vdkih vkmViqV & ;g vLFkk;h vkmViqV gksrk gS ftls ge Nw ugha ldrs gSA ekWuhVj vkSj Lihdj ij
izLrqr vkmViqV blds mnkgj.k gSA
 gkMZdkih vkmViqV & ;g dkxt ij izLrqr ifj.kke gS ftls ge Nw ldrs gSaA tSls fizaVj ;k IykWVj }kjk
izLrqr vkmViqV
dh cksMZ
 dh cksMZ esa 104 ;k 108 cVu gksrs gaSA
 QaD”ku cVu & dh cksMZ esa 12 QaD”ku cVu gksrs gSaA ;s le; dh cpr djrs gSaA
 daVªksy cVu & ;s dlZj vkSj LØhu daVªksy djrs gSaA blds vraxZr Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page
Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc) “kkfey gSaA
 fof”k’V cVu & dhcksMZ esa dqN fof”k’V cVu Hkh gksrs gSa&Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab,
and Print Screen
ekml
 bls IokbafVax fMokbl Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa nks ;k rhu cVu gks ldrs gSaA
 vkWfIVdy ekml esa esa izdk”kh; Mk;ksM (LED) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 ekml ds vkfo’dkj dk Js; MkW- batsyckVZ dks tkrk gSA

 dlZj ,d lh/kh js[kk gS tks dEI;wVj LØhu ij vkrh tkrh jgrh gSA
fizaVj
 bEiSDV fizaVj dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA
• dSjsDVj fizaVj tks fd ,d ckj esa ,d dSjsDVj fizzV djrs gSa tSls MkWV eSfVªDl fizaVj] Msth Oghy fizaVjA
• ykbu fizaVj tks fd ,d ckj esa ,d ykbu fizaV djrs gSa tSls Mªe fizaVj ,oa psu fizaVjA
 ukWu bEiSDV fizVj ds varxZr oSls fizaVj vkrs gS ftlesa fizaV djus ds fy, fjcu dk mi;ksx ugha gksrk gS ,oa tks
fd ,d ckj ,d ist dks fizaV djrs gSa tSls rkih; fizaVj] ystj fizaVj ,oa badtsV fizaVjA
 mi;qZDr fizaVj esa ystj fizaVj loZJs’B ekuk tkrk gSA ;g mPp xfr] mPp xq.koÙkk;qDr gksrk gSA blesa fizaV djus
ds fy, ystj che] izdk”kh; Mªe rFkk vkosf”kr L;kgh Vksuj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 jaxhu badtsV fizaVj esa nks L;kgh dh ckWVy iz;ksx dh tkrh gS&dkyk vkSj jaxhuA
 jaxhu L;kgh ckWVy esa rhu ewy jax&yky] gjk vkSj uhyk gksrk gSA bu jaxksa dk lgh feJ.k dj vko”;d jax
izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
Motherboard
enjcksMZ dEI;wVj ds lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g dEI;wVj esa yxk fizaVsm ifjiFk cksMZ gksrk gS ftls esu cksMZ
;k flLVe cksMZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s dEI;wVj ds lHkh t:jh ?kVdksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+s j[krk gS ftlesa gekjk lhih;w Hkh

vkrk gSA dEI;wVj enjcksMZ ,d lk/kkj.k IykfLVd dk cuk gksrk gS ysfdublds Åij dkWij vkSj ,Y;wehfu;e dh ,d
ijr p<+h gksrh gS blds vykok blls vusd fpi] iksVZ~l vkSj LykWVl Hkh tqM+s gksrs gSA ;s lc cgqr gh NksV&NksV gksrs gSa
ysfdu bu lcdk dEI;wVj dks vkWijsV djus esa dksbZ u dksbZ egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gksrk gSA bldh mi;ksfxrk dks ns[kdj bls
dEI;wVj dk csdcksu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Input Devices
Mouse Keyboard
Scanner Digital Camera
Web Camera Joysticks
Track Ball Touch Pad/

Screen
Light Pen Bar Code Reader

Microphone Graphics Tablets
Magnetic Ink Optical Mark

Character Reader Reader (Used for
(Used in Bank Answer- Sheet
Marking Purpose
Magnetic Card Bluetooth

Reader (Used in
Shops, Colleges,
Stations etc)
Output Devices
Monitor
Dot Matrix printer
Projector
InkJet printer
Plotter
Laser printer

Speaker
Computer Memory

dEI;wVj esa eseksjh dk iz;ksx MkVk] izksxzke vkSj vuqns”kksa dks LFkk;h ;k vLFkk;h rkSj ij laxzfgr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS rkfd izkslsflax ds nkSjku ;k ckn esa fdlh le; vko”;drkuqlkj mudk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA eseksjh dk iz;ksx
izkslsflax ds ckn izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks laxzfgr djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
eseksjh dk oxhZdj.k &
1. izkFkfed ;k eq[; eseksjh (Primary or Main Memory)

2. f}rh;d ;k lgk;d eseksjh (Secondary or Auxiliary Memory)
izkFkfed ;k eq[; eseksjh (Primary or Main Memory)
• og eseksjh ;wfuV tks lh/ks lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV ls laidZ j[krk gS rFkk gj le; dEI;wVj ls tqM+k jgrk gS]
izkFkfed ;k esu eseksjh dgykrk gSA
• ;g vusd NksVs Hkkxksa esa c¡Vh gksrh gS ftUgsa yksds”ku ;k lsy dgrs gSaA izR;sd yksds”ku esa ,d fuf”pr fcV ftls
oMZ ysaFk dgrs gSa] LVksj dh tk ldrh gSA dEI;wVj esa oMZ ysaFk 8] 16] 32 ;k 64 fcV dh gks ldrh gSA
• izkFkfed eseksjh eq[;r% bysDVWªkfud lfdZV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks flfydu fpi ds cus gksrs gSaA
1. izkFkfed eseksjh dk oxhZdj.k

• LFkk;h (Non Volatile) & ROM, PROM, EPROM, EE-PROM
• vLFkk;h (Volatile & RAM
• dS”k (Cache)
ROM (Read Only Memory)

;g ,d LFkk;h eseksjh gS ftlesa laxzfgr MkVk o lwpuk,a Lo;a u’V ugha gksrh gSa rFkk mUgsa cnyk Hkh ugha tk ldrkA jkWe
esa lwpuk,a fuekZ.k ds le; gh Hkh nh tkrh gS rFkk dEI;wVj bUgsa dsoy i<+ ldrk gS] buesa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrkA
dEI;wVj dh lIykbZ can dj nsus ij Hkh jkWe esa lwpuk,a cuh jgrh gSaA jkWe esa MkVk Mkyus dks Burning in the Data
dgrs gSaA
PROM(Programmable ?Read Only Memory)
;g ,d fo”ks’k izdkj dk jkWe gS ftlesa ,d fo”ks’k izfØ;k }kjk mi;ksxdrkZ ds vuqdwy MkVk dks izksxzke fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ,d ckj izksxzke dj fn, tkus ds ckn ;g lkekU; jkWe dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
E-PROM ( Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
bl izdkj ds jkWe ij ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls iqjkus izksxzke dks gVkdj u;k izksxzke fy[kk tk ldrk gSA blds
fy, bZ&izkWe dks lfdZV ls fudkyuk iM+rk gSA bls vYVªk ok;ysV bZ&izkWe (Ultra Violet EPROM) Hkh dgrs gSaA
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Onlyu Memory)
bl rjg ds jkWe dks lfdZV ls fudkys fcuk bl ij mPp fo|qr foHko dh lgk;rk ls iqjkus izksxzke dks gVkdj u;k
izksxzke fy[kk tk ldrk gSA bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% vuqla/kku esa fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa] f}rh;d eseksjh ds :i esa
EEPROM dk mi;ksx c<+ jgk gSA bls ¶yS”k eseksjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA isu Mªkbo bldk vPNk mnkgj.k gSA
RAM (Random Access Memory)
jSe esa lwpukvksa dks Øekuqlkj u i<+dj lh/ks okafNr lwpuk dks i<+k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d vLFkk;h eseksjh gS tgka
lwpukvksa ,oa MkVk dks vLFkk;h rkSj ij j[kk tkrk gSA blesa laxzfgr lwpukvksa dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA dEI;wVj dh
ikWoj lIykbZ can dj nsus ij jSe esa laxzfgr MkVk lekIr gks tkrk gSA
jSe dks nks oxksZa eas foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS& Dynamic RAM vkSj Static RAM
LVSfVd jSe esa dEI;wVj dh lIykbZ can dj nsus ij Hkh laxzfgr MkVk lqjf{kr jgrk gSA
Cache Memory

eseksjh ls MkVk izkIr djus dh xfr lhih;w ds MkVk izkslsl djus dh xfr ls dkQh /kheh gksrh gSA eseksjh&izkslslj dschp
bl xfr vojks/k dks nwj djus ds fy, dS”k eseksjh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izkFkfed eseksjh vkSj lhih;w ds chp ,d
vR;ar rhoz eseksjh gS tgka ckj&ckj iz;ksx esa vkus okys MkVk vkSj funsZ”kksa dks laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gSA dS”k eseksjh dh xfr
rhoz gksus ds dkj.k izkslslj dh xfr esa o`f) gksrh gSA
2. f}rh;d ;k lgk;d eseksjh
f}rh;d eseksjh esa MkVk vkSj lwpukvksa dks cM+h ek=k esa laxzfgr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lk/kkj.kr%
dEI;wVj flLVe ds ckgj fLFkr gksrk gSA bls LFkk;h eseksjh (Permanent Memory) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx
cSdvi MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
f}rh;d eseksjh dks Øekuqlkj eseksjh (Sequential Access Memory) ,oa Direct Access Memory esa oxhZd`r
fd;k tkrk gSA
Sequential Access Memory
blesa okafNr MkVk dks Øekuqlkj gh i<+k tk ldkr gSA bl dkj.k bl eseksjh ls MkVk dks i<_+us esa le; vf/kd
yxrk gSA bl dkj.k bldk mi;ksx ,slh tx fd;ktkrk gS] tgka yxHkx lHkh MkVk dks izkslsl djus dh t:jr
iM+rh gSA tSls is jksy ;k fctyh dk fcy cukukA
Magnetic Tape

;g Øekuqlkj eseksjh dk mnkgj.k gSA blesa ,d IykfLVd fjcu ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ ¼vk;ju vkDlkbM ;k Øksfe;e
MkbZ vkDlkbM½ dh ijr p<+h jgrh gS ftls fo|qrh; gsM ls izHkkfor dj MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
Direct Access Memory
blesa okafNr lwpuk ;k MkVk dks lh/ks i<+k tk ldrk gSA bl dkj.k MkVk dks i<+us esa le; de yxrk gSA blds
mnkgj.k gS&¶ykih fMLd] gkMZ fMLd] vkWfIVdy fMLd] ¶yS”k Mªkbo rFkk eseksjh dkMZA
Floppy disk
;g IykfLVd dk cuk o`Ùkkdkj fMLd gksrk gS ftl ioj pqacdh; inkFkZ dh ysi p<+h jgrh gSAlqj{kk ds fy, ;g
IykfLVd ds oxkZdkj [kksy esa can j[kk tkrk gSA blds fupys dksus ij ,d lqj{kk fNnz gksrk gS ftls can dj nsus
ij ¶ykih ds MkVk esa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ¶ykih 5-25 vkSj 3-5 bap dh gksrh gSA index hole dk laca/k
¶ykih fMLd ls gh gSA
Hard Disk

;g dEI;wVj dk LFkk;h eseksjh gS tks ,Y;qfefu;e /kkrq ds IysV ls cuk gksrk gS ftl ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ dk ysi
gksrk gSA bldh HkaMkj.k {kerk vf/kd rFkk xfr rhoz gksrh gSA orZeku esa dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr gkMZ fMLd eq[;r%
foupsLVj fMLd dk mnkgj.k gSA dEI;wVj esa yxs gkMZ fMLd dks C Mªkbo dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA
CDROM-Compact Disk Read Only Memory
;g IykfLVd dk cuk xksy fMLd gksrk gSA ;g vkWfIVdy fMLd dk ,d izdkj gSA blesa fMLd ds Åijh lrg ij
izdk”k ijkofrZr djus okys inkFkZ dh ysi yxk;h tkrh gSA fMLd ij fy[kus ;k i<+us ds fy, ystjche dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA lhMhjkWe dks lhMh Mªkbro dh lgk;rk ls i<+k tkrk gS ,oa lhMh ij fy[kus ds fy, lhMh jkbVj
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
CDR- CD Recordable
bls Write Once Read Many fMLd dgk tkrk gS ftl ij dsoy ,d ckj fy[kk tk ldrk gS tcfd ckj ckj
i<+k tk ldrk gSA ,d ckj fy[ks tkus ds ckn MkVk cnyk ugha tk ldrkA
CD Read/Write
bl ij ckj ckj fy[kk vkSj i<+k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, fo”ks’k CD R/W Drive dh t:jr iM+rh gSA
DVD-Digital Video Disk

;g lhMh dh rjg gh gksrk gS] ij bldh HkaMkj.k {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA blesa MkVk ds nks ys;j laxzfgr fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA ,dy ys;j fMLd dh {kerk 4-7 GB rFkk nks ys;j fMLd dh {kerk 8-5 GB gksrh gSA
Pen Drive
bls ¶yS”k Mªkbo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g isu ds vkdkj dk bysDVªkfud eseksjh gS ftl Plug and Play fMokbl dh
rjg ;w,lch iksVZ esa yxkdj MkVk laxzfgr] ifjofrZr ;k i<+k tk ldrk gSA ;g EEPROM dk ,d :i gSA ;g
LFkk;h izdkj dk f}rh;d eseksjh dk ,d mnkgj.k gS ftls dEI;wVj ls gVk ysus ij Hkh MkVk cuk jgrk gSA
Blue Ray Disc
;g vkWfIVdy fMLd dk ,d izdkj gS ftldh HkaMkj.k {kerk vf/kd mPp gSA bl ij fy[kus ds fy, uhyh cSaxuh
ystj fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh HkaMkj.k {kerk 25 GB ;k 50 GB gks ldrh gSA
Memory Card
;g irys vkdkj dk NksVk dkMZ tSlk bysDVªkfud eseksjh fMokbl gS ftldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ds vykok vU; vk/kqfud
midj.kksa tSl&eksckby Qksu] fMftVy dSejk] ihMh,] LekVZQksu vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA bls eYVhehfM;k dkMZ Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA
Flash Memory
;g ,d LFkk;h bysDVªkfud eseksjh gS ftlesa fo|qr }kjk iqjkus MkVk ;k izksxzke dks gVkdj u;k MkVk ;k izksxzke fy[kk
tk ldrk gSA ;g EE-PROM dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
Virtual Memory
;g eseksjh izca/ku dh ,d O;oLFkk gS ftlesa cM+s lk¶Vos;j izksxzke dks eq[; ;k izkFkfed eseksjh esa va”kr% Mkydj
fØ;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk ls cM+s lk¶Vos;j izksxzke dks de {kerk ds eq[; eseksjh okys gkMZos;j }kjk
Hkh fØ;kfUor fd;k tk ldkr gSA

Storage Devices
1. Primary memory (main memory)

A. RAM (Random Access Memory/Read-Write Memory)
B. ROM (Read-only-memory)
2. Secondary memory (storage devices)
A. Hard Disk (Local Disk)
B. Optical Disks: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW
C. Pen Drive
D. Zip Drive
E. Floppy Disks
F. Memory Cards
G. External Hard Disk
Software

lk¶Vos;j izksxzkeksa fu;e o fØ;kvksa dk og lewg gS tks dEI;wVj flLVe ds dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djrk gS rFkk dEI;wVj ds
fofHké gkMZos;j ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrk gS] rkfd fdlh fo”ks’k dk;Z dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA bl rjg] lk¶Vos;j
og funsZ”k gS tks gkMZos;j ls fu/kkZfjr dk;Z djkus ds fy, mls fn, tkrs gSaA
lk¶Vos;j ds izdkj
lkW¶Vos;j dks eq[;r% nks oxksZa eaas ckaVk tkrk gS &

1. flLVe lkW¶Vos;j (System Software)
2. ,fIyds”ku lkW¶Vos;j (Application Software)
1. System Software
izksxzkeksa dk lewg tks dEI;wVj flLVe ds ewyHkwr dk;ksZa dks laié djus rFkk mUgsa dk;Z ds yk;d cuk, j[kus ds fy,
rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa] flLVe lkW¶Vos;j dgykrs gSA ;g dEI;wVj rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ ds chp e/;LFk dk dk;Z djrk gSA
flLVe lkW¶Vos;j dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS&
• Operating System
• Utility Software
Operating System

;g izksxzkeksa dk og lewg gS tks dEI;wVj flLVe rFkk mlds fofHké lalk/kuksa ds dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djrk gS rFkk
gkMZos;j] vfIyds”ku lkW¶Vos;j rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ ds chp laca/k LFkkfir djrk gSA ;g fofHké vfIyds”ku izksxzke ds
chp leUo; Hkh LFkkfir djrk gSA fuEu fp= esa vkWijsfVax flLVe ds mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA
Utility Software
;g dEI;wVj ds dk;Z dks ljy cukus] mls v”kqf);ksa ls nwj j[kus rFkkflLVe ds fofHké lqj{kk dk;ksZa ds fy, cuk;k
x;k lkW¶Vos;j gSA bldk mi;ksx dbZ vfIysds”ku lkW¶Vos;j esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2. Application Software
;g izksxzkeksa dk lewg gS tks fdlh fof”k’V dk;Z ds fy, rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA laLFkku] O;fDr ;k dk;Z dks ns[kdj
vko”;drkuqlkj bl lkW¶Vos;j dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA
Package Software
bls fo”ks’k vko”;drkvksa ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS ij vusd mi;ksxdrkZ blls ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA blds varxZr
iSdst ds :i esa vusd izdkj ds lkW¶Vos;j jgrs gSaA
Custom Software
;g mi;ksxdrkZ dh fo”ks’k vko”;drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gSA fdlh vkSj ds fy, bldh mi;ksfxrk
ugha gksrh gSA
Types of software
1. System software:
a) Operating System Software

 DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.
b) Utility Software
 Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Windows Media Player, Anti-Virus
Utilities, Disk Defragmentation, Disk Clean, BackUp, WinZip, WinRAR etc…
2. Application software:
a) Package Software
 Ms. Office 2003, Ms. Office 2007, Macromedia (Dreamweaver, Flash, Freehand),
Adobe (PageMaker, PhotoShop)
b) Tailored or Custom Software

 SAGE (Accounting), Galileo/Worldspan (Travel) etc.
vkijsfVax flLVe ds izdkj

Batch Processing Operation /System
blesa ,d gh izd`fr ds dk;ksZ dks ,d cSp ds :i esa laxfBr djh lewg esa fØ;kfUor fd;k tkrk gSA bldk ykHk ;g gS
fd izksxzke ds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, dEI;wVjds lHkh lalk/ku miyC/k jgrs gSA] vr% le; izca/ku dh vko”;drk ugha
iM+rhA bldk mi;ksx lkaf[;dh; fo”ys’k.k fcyfizaV djuk bR;kfn esa gksrk gSA
Multi Programming Operating System
bl izdkj ds vkijsfVax flLVe esa ,d lkFk dbZ dk;ksZa dks laikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blls fØ;kUo;u esa yxus okyk
dqy le; de gks tkrk gS rFkk lalk/kuksa dk csgrj mki;ksx Hkh laHko gks ikrk gSA blds fy, fo”ks’k gkMZos;j o
lkW¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
Time Sharing Operating System
bl vkijsfVax flLVe esa ,d lkFk dbZ mi;ksxdrkZ ftUgsa VfeZuy Hkh dgrs gSA baVj,fDVo eksM esa dk;Z djrs gSa ftlesa
izksxzke ds fØ;kUo;u ds ckn izkIr ifj.kke dks rqjar n”kkZ;k tkrk gSA izR;sd mi;ksxdrkZ dks lalk/kuksa ds lk>k mi;ksx
ds fy, dqN le; fn;k tkrk gS ftls Vkbe Lykbl ;k DokaVe dgrs gSA
Real Time System

bl vkijsfVax flLVe esa fu/kkZfjr le; lhek esa ifj.kke nsus dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d izksxzke ds ifj.kke dk
nwljs izksxzke dsa buiqV MkVk ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl vkijsfVax flLVe dk mi;ksx mixzgksa ds lapkyu]
gokbZ tgkt ds fu;a=.k] oSKkfud vuqla/kku] jsyos vkj{k.k bR;kfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Single Operationg System
ilZuy dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds lkFk ,dy vkijsfVax flLVe dh vko”;drk eglwl dh xbZ ftlesa izksxzke fØ;kUo;u dh
le; lhek ;k lalk/kuksa ds csgrj mi;ksx dks ojh;rk u nsdj izksxzke dh ljykr rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ dks vf/kd lqfo/kk
iznku djus ij cy fn;k x;k A
Multi Tasking System
bl izdkj ds flLVe esa izklslj }kjk ,d lkFk dbZ dk;Z laikfnr fd, tkrs gSaA blesa izkslslj viuk dqN le; lHkh
pkyw izksxzke dks nsrk gS rFkk lHkh izksxzke lkFk&lkFk laikfnr gksrs gSaA
Multi Processing System
blesa ,d lkFk nks ;k vf/kd izkslslj dks vkil esa tksM+dj mudk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSAA blls dk;Z laikfnr djus dh
xfr eas o`f) gksrh gSA
Language Translator
dEI;wVj dsoy ckbujh la[;k ij vk/kkfjr ¼ 0 ;k 1½ e”khuh Hkk’kk dks le> ldrk gSA ij e”khuh Hkk’kk esa izksxzke fy[kuk
nq’dj dk;Z gSA vr% izksxzke dks mPp Lrjh; Hkk’kk esa fy[kdj ySaXost VªkalysVj dh enn ls e”khu Hkk’kk esa cnyk tkrk
gSA
ySaXost VªkalysVj ds izdkj
Assembler Compiler Interpreter

;g fØ;kUo;u ls igys vlsEcyh ;g mPp Lrjh; Hkk’kk dks e”khuh Hkk’kk ;g daikbyj dh rjg mPp Lrjh;
Hkk’kk ;k fuEULrjh; Hkk’kk dks e”khu esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA ;g iwjs izksxzke dks Hkk’kk dks e”khu Hkk’kk esa ifjofrZr djrk
Hkk’kk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA ,d gh ckj esa vuqookfnr djrk gS rFkk gSA ;g lkslZ izksxzke ds ,d ykbu dk
izksxzke dh lHkh xyfr;ksa dks muds e”khu Hkk’kk esa vuqokn djrk gS rFkk
ykbu Øe esa ,d lkFk lwfpr djrk gSA nwljh ykbu dk vuqokn djus ls igys
tc dHkh xyfr;ka nwj gks tkrh gSa rks fiNyh ykbUk dks izkslsl djrk gSA ;fn
izksxzke laikfnr gks tkrk gS rFkk eseksjh bl ykbu esa dksbZ =qfV gks rks mls
esa lkslZ izksxzke dh dksbZ vko”;drk ugha mlh le; bafxr ,oa la”kksf/kr dj vkxs
jgrhA izR;sd Hkk’kk ds fy, dEikbyj c<+rk gSA
lkW¶Vos;j vyx&vyx gksrk gSA

dqN yksdfiz; vkWijsfVax flLVe
• MS DOS & ;g 1981 esa ekbØkslk¶V ,oa vkbZch,e }kjk la;qDr :i ls rS;kj fd;k x;k ,dy vkijsfVax
flLVe gSA ;g dek.M izkEIV ij vk/kkfjr vkijsfVax flLVe gSA
• Microsoft Windows & ;g ekbØkslk¶V dk xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl ij vk/kkfjr eYVh VkfLdax ,dy
vkijsfVax flLVe gSA ;g ,d Object Oriented lkW¶Vos;j gSA
• Microsoft Windows NT & ;g dEI;wVj usVodZ esa iz;ksx ds fy;s cuk;k x;k cgqmi;ksxdrkZ rFkk Vkbe
“ks;fjax vkijsfVax flLVe gSA bl rjg ds vkijsfVax flLVe dks usVodZ vkijsfVax flLVe dgk tkrk gSA
• UNIX & ;g ,d cgqmi;ksxdrkZ Vkbe “ks;fjax vkijsfVax lkW¶Vos;j gSA ;g usVodZ rfkk lapkj ds fy, cuk;k
x;k igyk lkW¶Vos;j FkkA
• LINUX & ;g ihlh ds fy, cuk;k x;k eYVhVkfLdax rFkk eYVh izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j gS ftldk fodkl
usVodZ iz;ksx ds fy;s fd;k x;kA
vfIysds”ku lkW¶Vos;j ds mnkgj.k
Application Word Processing Spread Sheet Presentation Database

Software
MS-DOS Word Star Lotus 1-2-3 Dbase
MS-Windows Word Pad MS-Excel MS-PowerPoint MS-Access
MS Word
Linux K-Word K-Spread K-Presenter Star Base
Ab-Word Open Calc Star-Impress
Open Writer Star Calc
Star Writer

Computer Languages
dEU;wVj ij izksxzke ftl Hkk’kk ;k dksM esa fy[kk tkrk gS mls dEI;wVj izksxzke dh Hkk’kk dgk tkrk gSA dEI;wVj Hkk’kk dks
oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
• fUkEu Lrjh; Hkk’kk & bls iqu% e”khu Hkk’kk ,oa vlsEcyh Hkk’kk esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
• mPp Lrjh; Hkk’kk
Machine Language
;g ckbujh uEcj esa fy[kh Hkk’kk gS ftls dEI;wVj }kjk fcuk Vªkalys”ku izksxzke ds le>k vkSj fØ;kfUor fd;k tk ldrk
gSA bl Hkk’kk esa fy[ks izksxzke dk fØ;kUo;u lh/ks lhih;w }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd blHkk’kk esa VªkalysVj izksxzke dh
vko”;drk ugha gksrh gS bl dkj.ko”k blesa izksxzke fy[kuk dfBu gksrk gSA

Assembly Language
bl Hkk’kk esa v{kj o vadksa ls cuk U;weksfud dksM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftldk ,d fuf”pr vFkZ gksrk gSA tSls tksM+us
ds fy, ADDA vlsEcyh Hkk’kk esa fy[kk izksxzke lkslZ izksxzke dgykrk gSA tc bls e”khu Hkk’kk esa cny fn;k tkrk gS rks
bls vkWCtsDV izksxzke dgk tkrk gSA
High Level Language
mi;ksx dh n`f’V ls ;g e”khu Hkk’kk ls vf/kd lqfo/kktud gksrh gSA blesa izksxzke fy[kuk vkSj i<+uk vklku gksrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ,oa lk¶Vos;j esa vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA iz;ksx ls igys bl Hkk’kk dks dEikbyj ;k
baVjizsVj }kjk e”khu Hkk’kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA daikbyj ;k baVjizsVj lkslZ izksxzke dks vkCtsDV izksxzke esa cnyrk gSA

Computer Languages & Scripting:
a) Low Level Language
i) Machine Level Language

ii) Assembly Language
b) High Level Language
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN (FORmula

TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), C, C++,
Java , LISP, LOGO, SNOBOL, PROLOG, COMAL, Algol etc. are the examples of High
Level Language.

Computer Network
dEI;wVj usVodZ vkil esa tqM+s Lora= dEI;wVjksa dk lewg gS tks vkil esa MkVk vkSj lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku djus esa
l{ke gSaA usVodZ dk mn~ns”;] lwpuk] lallk/kuksa rFkk dk;ksZa dh lk>snkjh djuk gksrk gSA fdlh usVodZ esa lapkj LFkkfir
djus ds fy, izs’kd (Sender)] ek/;e (Medium)] izkIrdrkZ (receiver) ,oa izksVksdksy dh vko”;drk iM+rh gSA
Protocol

usVodZ ij fofHké dEI;wVjksa }kjk lapkj LFkkfir djus rFkk MkVk LFkkukUrj.k dks lqfo/kktud cukus ds fy, cuk, x,
fu;eksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dk lewg dks izksVksdksy dgk tkrk gSA baVjusV ij eq[;r% TCP/IP dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls
lfEefyr :i ls baVjusV izksVksdksy lwV dgk tkrk Gsa
Some Protocols
• TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

• HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Nodes
usVodZ ls tqM+s fofHké dEI;wVjksa dk vafre fcanq ;k VfeZuy tks usVodZ ds lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa mUgsa uksM
dgk tkrk gSA izR;sd uksM ,d izs’kd ,oa izkIrdrkZ nksuksa dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
Server
loZj dk rkRi;Z ,sls uksM ls gS ftls usVodZ esa lapkj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus rFkk lalk/kuksa ds lkewfgd mi;ksx dks fu;af=r
djus dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih tkrh gSaA

Methods of Communication
Simplex Methhod Half Duplex Method Full Duplex Method

blesa lwpukvksa dk lapkj.k nksuksa fn”kkvksa ls gks
blesa MkVk o lwpukvksa dk ,dfn”kh; blesa lwpukvksa dk lapkj.k nksuksa ldrk gS vkSj nksuksa fn”kkvksa ls lwpuk rFkk MkVk
lapj.k gksrk gSA blesa lwpuk dk izkIr fn”kkvksa ls gks ldrk gS ijarq ,d dk vknku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls
gksuk vfuf”pr gksrk gSA tSls jsfM;ks ckj esa ,d gh fn”kk ls lwpuk,a VsyhQksu
izlkj.k Hksth tk ldrh gSA tSls
okWdh&VkWdh
Medium of communication
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Co-axial Cable
• Optical fibre cable – used in cble television
• Microwave
• Communication Satellite
• Ethernet Cable
Optical Fibre Cable
blesa flfydk] IykfLVd ;k Xykl dk cuk vR;ar iryk rarq gksrk gS tks LED ;k ystj Mk;ksM }kjk mRié ladsr ;qDr
izdk”k dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ys tkrk gSA izdk”k dks iqu% ladsrksa esa cnyus ds fy, QksVks Mk;ksM dk
bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izdk”k ds iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA ;g jssfM;ks vko`fr vojks/kksa ls
eqDr gksrk gSA

Ethernet Cable
dEI;wVj o usVodZ fMokbl dks vkil esa bFkjusV dscy ls tksM+k tkrk gSA ;g bFkjusV izksVksdksy dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
;g 100 ehVj dh nwjh rd dk;Z djrk gS ijarq usVodZ fczt dk mi;ksx dj bldh {kerk dks c<+k;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA
Modulation
fMftVy flXuy dks lapkj ek/;eksa esa Hkstus ds fy, bu flXuy dk ,ukykx flXuy esa cnyus dh izfØ;k dks gh
ekMqys”ku dgk tkrk gSA
Data Transmission Service
• Dialup line/Swithched line

bldk mi;ksx VsyhQksu dh rjg uEcj Mk;y dj lapkj LFkkfir djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk es tc baVjusV
pkyw jgrk gS rks Qksu dk mi;ksx ckrphr ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blds fy, ekWMse dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
• ISDN-Intergrated Services Digital Network
;g fMftVy VsyhQksu o MkVk gLrkarj.k lsok iznku djrk gSA blds fy, ekWMse dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA
blesa MkVk o vkokt ds fy, vyx&vyx pSuy dh vko”;drk gksrh gS vr% baVjusV pkyw jgus ij Hkh
ckrphr gks ldrh gSA

• GSM-Global System for Mobile Communication
;g ,d lsY;qyj usVodZ gS tks fd orZeku esa eksckby Qksu lapkyu ds fy, lokZf/kd izpfyr ekud gSA ftlesa
fcuk Qksu cnys varjkZ’Vªh; jksfeax lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA
• SIM –Subscriber Identity Module
;g GSM dh izeq[k fo”ks’krkvksa esa ls ,d gS ftls vke rkSj ij fle dkMZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fle ,d
vyx fd;k tk ldus okyk LekVZ dkMZ gS] ftlesa mi;ksxdrkZ dh lnL;rk&tkudkjh vkSj Qksu cqd gksrk gSA
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
;g ,d pSuy dk mi;ksx djus dh fof/k gS ftldk mi;ksx fHké jsfM;ks lapkj izkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
bldks ysdj eksckby Qksu ekudksa ds fo’k; esa Hkzfe ugha gksuk pkfg,] tks cdmaone vkSj CDMA2000 dgykrs gSa
vkSj ftUgsa lkekU;r% CDMA dgk tkrk gS] tks acdma DK mi;ksx ,d varfuZfgr pSuy ,Dlsl fof/k ds :i esa
djrs gSaA
• LTE - Long Term Evolution
;g eksckby Qksu vkSj MsVk VfeZuYl ds fy, gkbZ LihM ok;jysl dE;wfuds”ku dk ,d LVSaMMZ gSA ewo djrs
oDr blls vf/kdre 100&150 esxkfcV~l izfr lsdsaM dh vf/kdre MsVk LihM fey ldrh gS vkSj fLFkj gksus ij
1 Tkhch izfr lsdsaM dhA
• VoLTE – Voice Over Long Term Evolution

baVjusV izksVksdksy ij vk/kkfjr LTE usVodZ dks gh VoLTE dgk tkrk gSA GSM vkSj CDMA2000 (2G, 3G) esa
dkWfyax lfdZV fLoPM gksrh gSA ;kfu tc ,d Qksu ls nwljs esa dkWy dh tkrh gS] nksuksa VsyhQksu ds chp
lsY;qyj usVodZ ds tfj, ,d rjg dk lfdZV cukuk iM+rk gSA ;g lfdZV rc rd cuk jgrk gS] tc rd dkWy
cuh jgsA exj VoLTE esa ,slk baftfu;MZ usVodZ cuk;k tkrk gS] tks IP eYVhehfM;k lcflLVe usVodZ ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA blesa okWbl dkWfyax LTE ls MsVk ds tfj, gh dh tkrh gSA blesa lfdZV fLop okWbl usVodZ
tSlk dqN ugha djuk iM+rkA vr% bldh xq.koÙkk Hkh vPNh gksrh gSA
Cloud Computing
DykmM dEI;wfVax baVjusV vk/kkfjr izfØ;k vkSj daI;wVj ,sIyhds”ku dk iz;ksx gSA blds varxZr baVjusV ij loZjksa esa
tkudkfj;k¡ HkaMkfjr jgrh gS vkSj mi;ksxdrkZ viuh vko”;dkrkuqlkj mUgsa bu loZjksa ls izkIr dj ldrk gSA lk/kkj.k
:i esa dgk tk, rks vc rd tks lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke mi;ksxdrkZ vius LFkkuh; daI;wVj ds eseksjh esa HkaMkfjr djrk Fkk mls
og vius ikl u dj ,d dsUnzh; loZj esa HkaMkfjr djrk gSA bldk izeq[k ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd mi;ksxdrkZ dks gkMZos;j
,oa lalk/kuksa ij de [kpZ dj mudk ykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA

eksckby Qksu izkS|ksfxdh
0G lcls igys eksckby jsfM;ks VsyhQksu flLVe iz;ksx gksrs FksA bl rduhd dks 0th uke fn;k x;k gSA
1G igyh ok;jysl VsyhQksu VsDuksykWth dks 1th dk uke fn;k x;kA ;g VsDuksykWth ,sukykWx usVodZ dk iz;ksx
djrh FkhA 70 ds n”kd ds vkf[kj ls ysdj 1991 rd ;gh VsDuksykWth iz;ksx gqbZ
2G blds ckn 1991 esa GSM ykWUp gqvk] ftls lsdsaM tsujs”ku dk uke fn;k x;kA blesa ,sukYkWkx ds LFkku ij
fMftVy usVodZ dk iz;ksx gksus yxkA blls eksckby ij MsVk lfoZlst] SMS vkSj MMS Hksts tkus yxsA
3G blds ckn rhljhs tsujs”ku ds eksckby vkbZA blesa W-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, HSPA+, CDMA 2000
Standards “kkfey FksA igyk 3th usVodZ 1998 esa is”k fd;k x;k FkkA
4G blds ckn 2008 esa 4th is”kA 4th esa eksckby osc ,sDlsl] vkbZih VsfyQksuh] xsfeax lfoZlst] ,pMh eksckby
Vhoh] ohfM;ks dkWUÝsaflax vkSj 3Mh Vhoh likWVZ gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, nks LVSaMMZ iz;ksx gksrs gSa& eksckby
WiMAX vkSj LTE
Local Area Network
1&10 fdyksehVj ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa vkil esa tqM+s dEI;wVj dk tky yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ dgykrk gSA bFkjusV ,d
yksdfiz; ySu gSA ySu esa dEI;wVjksa dks tksM+us ds fy, cl VksiksykWth rFkk dks&,fDl;y dscy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Metropolitan Area Network
;g yxHkx 100 fdeh ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa fLFkr dEI;wVjksa dk usVodZ gksrk gS ftldk mi;ksx ,d gh “kgj esa fLFkr
futh ;k lkoZtfud dEI;wVjksa dks tksM+us esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Wide Area Network
;g laiw.kZ fo”o esa QSys dEI;wVjksa dk usVodZ gSA blesa dEI;wVjksa dks VsyhQksu] izdk”kh; rarq ;k d`f=e lapkj mixzg ls
tksM+k tkrk gSA blesa xfr de jgrh gS rFkk xyfr;ksa dh laHkkouk vf/kd jgrh gSA baVjusV Hkh oSu dk mnkgj.k gSA
Personal Area Network
fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkk ds vf/kdkj {ks= ds Hkhrj yxHkx 10&100 ehVj rd dEI;wVj dk vius gh midj.kksa ls LFkkfir
lapkj ilZuy ,fj;k usVodZ dgykrk gSA baVªkusV bldk mnkgj.k gSA

Types of Network Topology
Star topology
blesa fdlh ,d uksM dks gksLV uksM ;k dsUnzh; gc dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gSaA vU; dEI;wVj ;k uksM vkil esa dsanzh; gc
}kjk gh tqM+s jgrs gSaA vU; dEI;wVj vkil esa dsanzh; gc }kjk tqM+s jgrs gSaA blesa VfeZuy ;k uksM vkil ea lh/kk laidZ
u djds gksLV dEI;wVj }kjk laidZ LFkkfir djrs gSaA
bl VksiksykWth dk egRowi.kZ ykHk ;g gS fad fdlh ,d uksM esa =qfV gksus ls “ks’k usVodZ vizHkkfor jgrk gS rFkk u,
uksM dks usVodZ ls tksM+us ij Hkh usVodZ ij izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA tcfd bldk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gkfu ;g gS fd dsanzh;
gc esa =qfV vkus iwjk usVodZ nq’izHkkfor gks tkrk gSA
Bus Topology
blesa ,d Vaªklfe”ku ykbu ds tfj;s lkjs uksM ;k dEI;wVj tqM+s jgrs gSaA fdlh ,d LVs”ku }kjk lapkfjr MkVk lHkh
uksM~l }kjk xzg.k fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl dkj.k bls czkWMdkLV usVodZ Hkh dgrs gSaA MkVk dks iSdsV esa Hkstk tkrk gS
ftlesa fo”ks’k ,Mªsl jgrk gSA dEI;wVj uksM~l bl ,Mªsl dks i<+dj vius fy, cus MkVk dks xzg.k djrs gSaA yksdy ,fj;k
usVodZ esa eq[;r% ;gh VksiksykWth iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
bldk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd ;g de [kphZyk gksrk gS ,oa fdlh ,d uksM esa xM+cM+h vkus ij Hkh iwjk usVodZ izHkkfor
ugha gksrk gSA

Ring topology
blds varxZr lHkh uksM ,d nwljs ls fjax ds :i esa tqM+s jgrs gSaA blesa izR;sd uksM vius fudVre uksM ls MkVk izkIr
djrk gSA vxj og MkVk mlds mi;ksx ds fy, gksrk gS rks og mldk mi;ksx djrk gS vU;Fkk og ml MkVk dks vxys
uksM dks Hkst nsrk gSA izR;sd uksM esa fjihVj yxk gksrk gS ,oa MkVk lapj.k ,dfn”kh; gksrk gSAblesa dasnzh; dEI;wVj dh
vko”;drk ugha iM+rh gSA tcfd fdlh ,d LFkku ij fjihVj esa xMcM+h gksus ij iwjk usVodZ izHkkfor gks tkrk gSA
Tree topology
blesa LVkj rFkk cl nksuks VksiksykWth ds y{k.k fo|eku gksrs gSaA blesa LVkj VksiksykWth dh rjg ,d gksLV dEI;wVj gksrk
gS vkSj cl VksiksykWth dh rjg lHkh dEI;wVj ,d gh dscy ls tqM+ jgrs gSaA Vªh VksiksykWth ,d isM+ ds leku fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA
bldk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd izR;sd [kaM ds fy, dscy fcNk;k tkrk gSA ogh eq[; ykbu ds VwV tkus ls usVodZ ckf/kr
gksrk gS] vkSj lkFk gh vU; VksiksykWth dh vis{kk blesa rkj fcNkuk dfBu dk;Z gksrk gSA

Wireless Technology
ok;jysl VsDuksykWth esa jsfM;ks rjaxksa vkSj vojDr fdj.kksa dk iz;ksx dj de nwjh ds fy, usVodZ LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
WiMAX
;g yach nwjh rd ok;jysl rduhdh dh lgk;rk ls MkVk dk LFkukarj.k djrk gSA ;g ,d nwjlapkj izksVksdksy gS ftls
czkMcSaM ok;jysl ,Dlsl ,oa eksckby baVjusV lqfo/kk iznku djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 3-3&3-4 GHz ds chp dk;Z
djrk gSA
WiFi

;g ,d ok;jysl VsDuksykWth LVsaMMZ gS ftldk mi;ksx ok;jysl yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ rS;kj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
blds }kjk dEI;wVj] eksckby Qksu bR;kfn dks vkil esa baVjusV ls tksM+k tkrk gSA bls IEEE 802-11x ls ekudhd`r
fd;k gSA
Wireless Local Loop
;g LFkkuh; ok;jysl VsDuksYkWkth gS ftlesa cM+s cSaMfoM~Fk vkSj mPpxfr ds MkVk lapj.k ds lkFk VsyhQksu dh lqfo/kk Hkh
iznku dh tkrh gSA
Bluetooth
;g Hkh ,d ok;jysl VsDuksykWth ftlesa 10&100 ehVj rd dh nwjh esa jsfM;ks osc dk iz;ksx dj MkVk dk LFkkukarj.k
laHko cuk;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj ds fofHké midj.kksa dks vkil es tksM+dj ok;jysl ilZuy ,fj;k
usVodZ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh vktdy bl rduhd dh lgk;rk ls eksckby Qksu ,oa dEI;wVj dks vkil esa
tksM+k tk ldrk gSA IEEE us bls IEEE 802-15-1 ls ekudhd`r fd;k gSA
Transfer of data in Networking
Packet switching
iSdsV fLofpax esa lans”k dks NksVs&NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gS] eSlst ds bu NksVs Hkkxksa dks iSdsVl
dgrs gSa rFkk izR;sd iSdsV ds ikl viuk ,d source rFkk destination ,Mªsl gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd iSdsV dks bu

,Mªsl ds vk/kkj ij gh usVodZ esa vkxs VaªklfeV fd;k tkrk gSA tc lHkh iSdsVl destination ij igq¡p tkrs gSa rks
;g lHkh fQj okLrfod lans”k esa cny tkrs gSaA iSdsV fLpfpax esa usVodZ iSdsVl dks igys vk;ks igys ikvks ds
vk/kkj ij Lohd`r fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr tks iSdsV lcls igys izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
Circuit Swithching
lfdZV fLofpax ,d ,slh rduhd gS ftlesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fMokblksa ds e/; point to point dusD”ku cuk;k tkrk gSA nwljs
“kCnksa esa dgsa rks lfdZV fLofpax esa lsaMj rFkk fjlhoj ds e/; ,d fQftdy dusD”ku LFkkfir fd;ktkrk gSA tc ,d ckj lsaMj vkSj
fjlhoj ds e/; fQftdy dusD”ku LFkkfir gks tkrk gS rks lkjk MkVk blls VªaklfeV fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k & VsyhQksu fLLVe]
ftlesa lsMj rFkk fjlhoj fQftdy dusD”ku vFkkZr rkj ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA

Internet
 ;g baVjus”kuy usVofdZax dk laf{kIr :i gSA ;g nqfu;k Hkj esa QSys gq, NksVs&cM+s dEI;wVjksa dk fo”kky o
fo”oO;kih tky gS] tks fofHké lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk leku fu;eksa dk vuqikyu dj ,d&nwljs ls laidZ LFkkfir
djrs gSa rFkk lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku laHko cukrs gSaA baVjusV ls tqqM+k izR;sd dEI;wVj ,d loZj ls tqM+k
gksrk gS rFkk lalkj ds lHkh loZj foHké lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk vkil esa tqM+s gksrs gSaA buds chp MkVk dk
LFkkukarj.k ikdsV fLofpax rFkk baVjusV izksVksdksy ds tfj, gksrk gSA
 baVjusV ds fy, vko”;d midj.k
• ilZuy dEI;wVj
• ekWMse
• lapkj ek/;e & VsyhQksu ykbu ;k fo”ks’khd`r ykbu ;k ok;jysl rduhd
• baVjusV lkW¶Vos;j ¼osc czkmlj½
• baVjusV lfoZl iznkrk
 osc czkmlj & ;g ,d vfIysd”ku lkW¶Vos;j gS tks oYMZ okbM osc ls lwpuk rFkk MkVk izkIr djus rFkk mls
mi;ksxdrkZ ds dEI;wVj ij iznf”kZr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA bls osc lpZ batu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dqN izpfyr

osc czkmlj gSa& Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox, Apples Safari, Google
Chrome, Opera bR;kfnA
 osc loZj & og dEI;wVj tks osc ist dk HkaMkfjr djrk gS rFkk usVodZ ls tqM+s vU; dEI;wVjksa ds vuqjks/k ij
mUgsa osc ist miyC/k djkrk gS] osc loZj dgykrk gSA
 ekWMse
;g Modulator-Demodulator dk laf{kIr :i gSA dEI;wqVj fMftVy ladsr mRié djrk gS tcfd lapkj
ek/;e ij dsoy ,ukykWx ladsr Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ekWMse og ;qfDr gS tks dEI;wVj ds fMftVy ladsrks dks
,ukykWx ladsr esa cnydj lapkj ek/;e ij Hkstrk gS rFkk vkusokys ,ukykWx ladsrksa dks fMftVy ladsrksa esa
cnydj dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA ekWMse nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&Internal Modem, External Modem
 ;wfuQkeZ fjlkslZ yksdsVj & ;g dEI;wVj usVodZ dh O;oLFkk gS tks crkrk gS fd okafNr lwpuk dgka miyC/k gS
vkSj dSls mls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA oYMZ okbM osc ij fdlh osc ist dk ,Mªsl URL dk mnkgj.k gSA tSls
http://www.google.com

 Mksesu use flLVe
;g usVodZ ij dEI;wVj] loZj ;k osclkbV ds fuf”pr ukedj.k dh iz.kkyh gS rkfd mls vyx igpku nh tk
ldsA Mksesu use ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa& uke ,oa ,DlVsa”kuA tSls&Google.com esa Google uke gS tcfd .com
,DlVsa”ku gSA Mksesu use esa vad ;k v{kj ;k nksuksa gks ldrs gSA blesa vf/kdre 64 dSjsDVj gks ldrs gSA dqN
egRoiw.kZ Mksesu use fuEufyf[kr gSa&
• .com - Communication
• .net - Network
• .gov - Government
• .edu - Education
• .org - Organasition
• .in - India
• .us - United State
 Vªkalfe”ku daVªksy izksVksdky@baVjusV izksVksdky &

bu nksuksa dks lfEefyr :i ls baVjusV izksVksdky lwV dgk tkrk gSA

• Vªkalfe”ku daVªksy izksVksdky dk iz;ksx dj baVjuisV ihj nwjLFk dEI;wVj ds chp lapkj LFkkfir fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g MkVk dks iSdsV~l esa foHkkftr dj mUgsa Hksts tkus dk jkLrk r; djrk gSA ;g izkIr fd,
x, iSdsV~l dks iqu% O;ofLFkr dj MkVk esa ifjofrZr Hkh djrk gSA
• baVjusV izksVksdky baVjusVj ij lapkj O;oLFkk lqfuf”pr djrk gSA baVjusV ls tqM+s izR;sd dEI;wVj ds
,d fo”ks’k vadh; irk fn;k tkrk gS ftl vkbZih ,Mªsl dgk tkrk gSA
 oYMZ okbM osc &
;g gkbij VsDLV }kjk vkil esa tqM+s gq, lwpukvksa dk fo”kky lewg gS ftls baVjusV ij osc czkmlj dh
lgk;rk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA oYMZ okbM osc ij izR;sd ist osc ist dgykrk gSA ;s osc ist gkbij
VsDLV ekdZvi ySaXost esa fy[kk tkrk gSA og LFkku tgka ;s osc ist laxzfgr j[ks tkrs gSa] osclkbV dgykrk gSA

izR;sd osclkbV dk izFke i`’B tks mlds vanj fLFkr lwpukvksa dh lwph iznku djrk gS] gkse ist dgykrk gSA
fdlh osc lkbV dks [kksyus ij lcls igys gkse ist fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA baVjusV ij osc ist ls laidZ djus ds
fy, gkbij gsDLV VªaklQj izksVksdky dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izksVksdky ls baVjusV lsok iznku djus okyk
dEI;wvj osc loZj dgykrk gS tcfd mi;ksx djus okyk osc DykbaV dgykrk gSA
 Qkby VªaklQj izksVksdky & ;g baVjusV ij iz;qDr ,d usVodZ izksVksdky gS ftlds }kjk fdlh dEI;wVj ls
Qkby dks baVjusV ls tqM+s nwljs dEI;wVj rd LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Qkby esa VsDLV] xzkQ] fp=]
/ofu ;k pyfp= gks ldrk gSSA
 pSfVax & baVjusV ls tqM+s dEI;wVj }kjk nks O;fDr;ksa dk vkil esa ckrphr djuk pSfVax dgykrk gSA
 CykWx & ;g Web Log dk laf{kIrk{kj gSA ;g fdlh O;fDr }kjk lapkfyr osclkbV gS ftlesa og vius fopkj]
?kVuk,a] fp= rFkk pyfp= Mky ldrk gSA
 Qslcqd & ;g ,d lks”ky usVofdZax lkbV gSA
 fV~oVj & ;g ,d ekbØksCykfxax lks”ky usVofdZax lkbV gSA
 bZ&dkWelZ & fdlh izdkj ds O;olk; dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, baVjusV dk mi;ksx bZ&dkWelZ dgykrk gSA
 loZj

dEI;wVj usVodZ esa loZj ,d dEI;wVj vkSj mlls tqM+k lk¶Vos;j izksxzke gS tks vius lkFk tqM+s vU; dEI;wVjksa
dks muds vuqjks/k ds vk/kkj ij nwljs dEI;wVj ls tksM+rk gS rkfd lwpuk dk vknku&iznku laHko gks ldsA
 izkDlh loZj
;g ,d ,slk loZj gS tks vius lkFk tqM+s dEI;wVjksa ds vuqjks/k dks fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj tk¡p djrk gS
rFkk fu;ekuqlkj lgh ik;s tkus ij gh mls eq[; loZj dks Hkstrk gSA izkDlh loZj ,d dEI;wVj flLVe ;k
vfIyds”ku lk¶Vos;j ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA
 jkmVj & ;g ,d fMokbl gS tks nks ;k vf/kd dEI;wVj dks vkil esa tksM+rk gSa rFkk muds chp MkVk iSdsV dk
vknku&iznku laHko cukrk gSA ;g fofHké ek/;eksa ls tqM+s usVodZ ds chp baVjQsl dk dke djrk gSA
 Qk;joky & ;g dEI;wVj ;k usVodZ esa yxk ,d fMokbl gS tks fdlh flLVe ij vuf/kd`r yksxksa dk izos”k
jksdrk gS tcfd vf/kd`r mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks dEI;wVj] usVodZ og MkVk dk mi;ksx djus nsrk gSA
 xsVos & ;g nks ;k vf/kd vyx&vyx izksVksdksy dk mi;ksx djus okys usVodZ dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy,
cuk;k x;k baVjQsl gSA bls izksVksdky duoVZj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g nks vyx&vyx izksVksdky dk mi;ksx
djus okys usVodZ ds chp laokn o MkVk vknku&iznku laHko cukrk gSA

 lfQZax & baVjusV ij vius ilan dh lwpuk dh [kkst esa ,d osc ist ls nwljs osc ist ij tkuk lfQZax
dgykrk gSA osc ist ij miyC/k gkbijfyad dh O;oLFkk bl dk;Z dks vklku cuk nsrh gSA
 LikWe & dEI;wVj rFkk baVjusV dk iz;ksx dj vusd yksxksa dks vokafNr rFkk voS/k :i ls Hkstk x;k lans”k LiSe
dgykrk gSA
 ikWi vi & baVjusV ij lfQZax djrs le; ;k osc ist i<+rs le; Lo;a [kqyus okyk NksVk foaMks ikWi vi
dgykrk gSA ;g lkekU;r% vokafNr foaMks gksrk gS rFkk O;olkf;d foKkiuksa ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
 ykx bu & baVjusV ij fdlh vU; dEI;wVj ls tqM+us dh izfØ;k rkfd ml dEI;wVj dh lqfo/kkvksa rFkk
lwpukvksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk lds] ykWx bu dgykrk gSA
 ykx vkWQ & baVjusV ij fdlh dEI;wVj ls tqM+dj viuk dk;Z lekIr dj ml izksxzke ls ckgj fudyus dh
izfØ;k ykWx vkWQ dgykrk gSA
 dqdht & dqdht ,d laf{kIr VsDLV Qkby gS ftUgsa dqN osclkbV mi;ksxdrkZ ds dEI;wVj ij laxzfgr j[krk gS
rkfd mi;ksxdrkZ dh izkFkfedrk,a vkSj mlds }kjk [kksth xbZ lkbVksa dk fooj.k j[kk tk ldsA
 MkmuyksM & fdlh usVodZ esa MkVk ;k lwpuk dks fdlh nwjLFk dEI;wVj ls LFkkuh; dEI;wVj ij LFkkukarfjr
djus dks MkmuyksM dgk tkrk gSA
 viyksM & fdlh usVodZ esa MkVk ;k lwpuk dks LFkkuh; dEI;wVj ls nwjLFk dEI;wVj ;k flLVe] tSls&loZj vkfn
dks Hkstus dh izfØ;k viyksM dgykrh gSA
 LVªhfeax & dEI;wVj usVodZ esa MkVk ;k lwpuk izkIr dj mls rqjar bLrseky djuk] tc MkVk dk LFkkukarj.k
vHkh Hkh tkjh gks] LVªhfeax dgykrk gSA
 lkbcj Økbe& lkbcj Lisl esa fd;k x;k dksbZ Hkh vijk/k ftlesa dEI;wVj ;k lapkj usVodZ ;k nksuksa dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gks] lkbcj Økbe dgykrk gSA
 dEI;wVj ok;jl & ;g ,d NksVk fo}s’kiw.kZ lk¶Vos;j izksxzke gS tks fdlh oS/k izksxzke ds lkFk tqM+dj ;k
baVjusV }kjk dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa izos”k djrk gS rFkk viuh dkWih Lo;a cukdj mls QSyus esa enn djrk gSA

;g MkVk dks feVkus] mls [kjkc djus ;kmlesa ifjorZu djus dk dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA okeZ] ekyos;j] VkstZu
gklZ] Likbos;j bR;kfn ok;jl ds gh :i gSaA
 gSdj & gSdj dk vFkZ gS fdlh ra= ;k iz.kkyh dh dk;Zi)fr dks tkuus ds fy, mlesa NsM+NkM+ djus okyk
O;fDrA
 bZ&esy
• bZ&esy vFkkZr bysDVªkfud esy dk vkfo’dkj vesfjdk ds oSKkfud js VkfeYlu us 1971 esa fd;k Fkk
• blds }kjk dksbZ O;fDr baVjusV ij nwljs O;fDr dks lans”k Hkst ldrk gSA bZ&esy dh lqfo/kk izkIr
djus ds fy, izR;sd miHksDrk kdk ,d bZ&esy ,Mªsl gksrk gS ftls bZ&esy ,dkamV vkSj ikloMZ ds
}kjk ykWx bu dj izkIr djrk gSA
• From &tks bZ&esy Hkstrk gSA
• To &ftls bZ&esy Hkstk tkrk gSA
• CC & dkcZu dkWih
• BCC & CykbaM dkcZu dkWih
• CC , BCC dk mi;ksx ,d ls vf/kd yksxksa ,d gh bZ&esy dks Hkstus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa esa eq[; varj ;g gS fd CC dk mi;ksx djus ij lans”k
izkIr djus okys lHkh yksx ;g tku ikrs gS fd fdu yksxksa dks lans”k Hkstk x;k gS
tcfd BCC esa dsoy lans”k Hkstus okyk gh ;g tkurk jgrk gS fd fdu yksxksa
dks lans”k Hkstk x;k gSA

Microsoft Office 2016
 ekbØklkW¶V ¼,e,l½ oMZ & ;g ,d yksdfiz; oMZ izkslsflax lk¶Vos;j gSA blesa VsDLV] fp= rFkk xzkfQDl dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk VsDLV dk QkjesfVax Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa Lisfyax o xzkej dh tkap
djus] “kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djus] vkVks QkjesV] esy etZ tSlh vusd lqfo/kk,a ekStwn gSaA
 ,e,l ,Dlsy & ;g ,d fo.Mkst vk/kkfjr lizSM”khV izksxzke gSA blesa QkewZyk dk fuekZ.k dj ,MfVax ds }kjk
rqjar ifj.kke izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,Dlsy dk dk;Z LFky tgka MkVk j[kk rFkk izkslsl fd;k tkrk gS
odZ”khV ;k LizSM”khV dgykrk gSA ,Dlsy dk Qkby tgka MkVk baVj rFkk lso fd;k tkrkgS] odZcqd dgykrk
gSA
 ,e,l ,Dlsl & ;g ,e,l vkWfQl dk MkVkcsl izksxzke gS ftlesa lkj.kh ds :i esa MkVk dks laxzghr o
O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gS] muesa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk fjiksVZ vkSj pkVZ rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
 ,e,l ikoj IokbaV & ;g LykbMksa ds ek/;e ls lwpukvksa ds izLrqfrdj.k dk ,d l”kDr izksxzke gSA bl izksxzke
esa LykbMksa esa VsdLV] /ofu] pyfp= rFkk ,uhes”ku dks Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
 ekbØklkW¶V vkWfQl 2016 ds fy, iz;qDr ,DLVsa’ku
1. .docx - Microsoft Word document

2. .xlsx - Microsoft Excel workbook and Spreadsheet
3. .pptx - Microsoft PowerPoint presentation
4. .one - Microsoft OneNote document
5. .pub - Microsoft Publisher document
6. .vsdx - Microsoft Visio drawing
7. .accdb - Microsoft Access main database
8. .mdb - Microsoft Access database
9. .doc - Microsoft Word 97 to 2003 document
10. .xls - Microsoft Excel 97 to 2003 workbook
11. .ppt - Microsoft PowerPoint 97 to 2003 presentation

Android Versions
• The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is
continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance.
• Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean,
Kitkat, Lollipop, Marshmallow, Nougat (Latest Version 7.0-7.1.2, year-August 22, 2016)
MicroSoft Office Versions
• Microsoft Office 2016, Microsoft Office 2013, Microsoft Office 2010,Microsoft Office 2007, Microsoft
Office 2003, Microsoft OfficeXP, Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft Office 98, Microsoft Office 95.
• Microsoft Office for Windows[62] started in October 1990 as a bundle of three applications designed for
Microsoft Windows 3.0: Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1, Microsoft Excel for Windows 2.0, and Microsoft
PowerPoint for Windows 2.0. Microsoft Office 3.0,Microsoft Office 4.x
Versions of Windows
Windows 10 2015
Windows 8.1 2013
Windows 8 2012
Windows 7 2009
Windows Vista 2007
Windows XP Professional 2005
Windows XP 2001
Windows ME 2000
Windows 2000 2000
Windows 98 1998

fgUnh Vad.k
dEI;wVj] eksckby ij fgUnh esa Vkbi djus ds fy, fofo/k rjhds iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA buesa fofo/k izdkj dh Vkbfiax]
dhcksMZ ,oa lk¶Vos;j “kkfey gSA
VkbijkbVj ij fgUnh esa Vkbi djus ds fy;s jsfeaxVu dh cksMZ ysvkmV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g vR;ar dfBu
ysvkmV gS
D;ksafd gj fpà ds fy;s vyx dqaft;ksa dks ;kn j[kuk iM+rk gS] dEI;wVj dh rjg blesa la;qDrk{kj vkfn ,dkf/kd dqfta;ksa
ds la;kstu ls ugha cuk;s tks ldrsA orZeku esa Vkbi jkbVj dk LFkku dEI;wVj us ys fy;k gSA
dEI;wVj ij Vkbfiax nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&

• xSj ;k ukWu ;wfudksM
• ;wfudksM
ukWu ;wfudksM
;g fof/k dEI;wVj ij ;wfudksM iz.kkyh ds vkus ls igy iz;ksx dh tkrh FkhA blesa iqjkus le; ds fgUnh QkW.V iz;ksx
fd;s tkrs FksA bl Vkbfiax dk mi;ksx flQZ NikbZ vkfn ds dkeksa esa gh gksrk gSA fdlh oMZ izkslslj esa fgUnh dk ukWu
;wfudksM QkW.V pqudj Vkbi fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mldk fiz.V fy;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh vU; dEI;wVj ij og VSDLV
fn[kus ds fy;s og fo”ks’k QkW.V baLVky gksuk pkfg,A

;wfudksM
;g fgUnh Vkbfiax dh ubZ fof/k gSA bldh fo”ks’krk gS fd QkW.V ,oa dhcksMZ ysvkmVksa ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA vki fdlh
Hkh ;wfudksM QkW.V ,oa fdlh Hkh dhcksMZ ysvkmV dk iz;ksx djds fgUnh Vkbi dj ldrs gSaA ;wfudksM QkW.V esa fy[kh
fgUnh ns[kus ds fy, ml QkW.V fo”ks’k dk dEI;wVj esa gksuk t#jh ugha gSA vf/kdrj u, vkWijsfVax flLVeksa esa ;wfudksM
fgUnh QkW.V cuk&cuk;k vkrk gSA
eksckby ij fgUnh Vkbfiax

vf/kdrj Qksuksa esa fgUnh Vad.k ds fy, Vh&9 flLVe gksrk gSA lHkh nsoukxjh o.kksZa dks dhiSM ds ukS cVuksa ij lek;ksftr
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ckj&ckj nckdj lgh o.kZ Vkbi fd, tkrs gSA blds vfrfjDr dbZ Qksuksa esa Vh&9 iwokZuqeku Hkh gksrk
gS ftlls fd iwokZuqekuh buiqV }kjk dsoy dqN cVu nckdj “kCnksa dks Vkbi fd;k tk ldrk gSA Vp Løhu okys ftu
dqN Qksuksa esa fgUnh leFkZu miyC/k gS muesa blds fy, bufLØIV vkWuLØhu opqZvy dhcksMZ gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds
vkb,ebZ dh rjg gksrk gS ftlls fd Qksu esa dgha Hkh fgUnh fy[kh tk ldrh gSA
fgUnh ds dhcksMZ ysvkmV

oSls rks fgUnh ds fy, cgqr ls dhcksMZ ysvkmV izpfyr gSa ijUrq eq[; rhu gS&
• bufLØIV & fgUnh dk ekud dhcksMZ ysvkmV
• jsfeaxVu & eSdsfudy VkbijkbVj dk dhcksMZ ysvkmV
• QksusfVd & /oU;kRed fyI;kUrj.k vk/kkfjr dhcksMZ ysvkmVA bldh dksbZ ekud fyI;arj.k Ldhe ugha gksrhA
fgUnh dEI;wfVax dk bfrgkl
• 1983 esa MkWl vk/kkfjr fgUnh “kCn lalk/kd v{kj] “kCnjRu vkfn dk inkiZ.k gqvkA
• 1983 esa lh&MSd }kjk GIST dk fodklA Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa ds fy, bLdh ekud tkjhA
• 1986 esa Hkkjrh; Hkk’kkvksa ds fy, bufLØIV dqathiVy ekud Lohd`r gqvkA
• 1991 esa ;wfudksM dk vkfoHkkZoA vDVwcj 1991 esa ;wfudksM dk izFke laLdj.k 1-0-0 tkjh gqvk ftlesa 9 Hkkjrh;
fyfi;k¡ “kkfey FkhA
• yhi vkWfQl 2000 laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; Hkk’kkh lkW¶Vos;j
• 1995 ds vklikl baVjusV ij fgUnh dk inkiZ.k
• lhMSd yhi vkfQl] Jhfyfi rFkk v{kj QkWj foaMksTk vkfn oMZizkslSljksa dk vkxeu
• lhMSd ds fgUnh vkWijsfVax flLVe bafMDl dh “kq:vkr
• tqykbZ] 2003 esa fgUnh fofdihfM;k vkjaHkA
• 2003 esa fgUnh fyuDl vkWijsfVax flLVe feyu tkjh gqvkA

• tuojh] 2007 esa foaMkst foLVk tkjh] igyk foaMkst laLdj.k ftlesa fgUnh leFkZu varfuZfer FkkA
• 3 ebZ] 2010 dks VpLØhu fMokblksa ij fgUnh Vad.k gsrq Vpukxjh uked vkWuykbu fgUnh dhcksMZ tkjhA
• vDVwcj 2010 dks Hkkjrh; #i;k fpUg~ ;wfudksM 6-0 esa “kkfey fd;k x;kA
• izk-s j?kqukFk d`’.k tks”kh us foaMkst dk fMQkWYV fgUnh QkW.V eaxy vkSj j?kq uked ;wfudksM QkW.V cuk;sA blds
vfrfjDr mUgksaus lHkh Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa dk v/;;u djds ns”kukxjh uked fyfi fodflr dhA
• eSfFkyh xqIr us d`frnso uked yksdfiz; ukWu&;wfudksM QkW.V cuk;kA bUgksaus fgUnhiSM cuk;k tks jkseukbTM
rjhds ls fgUnh Vkbi djus ds fy, igyk Vwy FkkA
• daI;wVj dks fgUnh esa cukus ds fy, 2005 esa ekbØkslkW¶V us foUMkst XP ds fy, yhi (Language Interface Pack)
dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlls dh daI;wVj dks iw.kZ :i ls fgUnh esa cuk;k tk ldsA 2007 esa ekbØkslkW¶V us foUMkst
foLVk vkSj 2011 esa foUMkst 7 ds fy, Hkh yhi dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
fgUnh fy[kus ds VwYl
Transliteration tools Offline/Downloadable Tools Hindi Word-Processing

• xwxy buiqV midj.k • vkbZ,ebZ • v{kj 2016
• fyfid-bu • cjg vkbZ,ebZ • LEAP Office 2000
• ;wfuukxjh • Lism
Hindi Spell-checkers fgUnh funsZf”kdk Hindi Programming System
• ekyk “kCn “kks/kd & Mk-W vuqjkx • Mhekst • SKTN fgUnh izksxzkfeax Hkk’kk
lhBk }kjk fodflr fgUnh dk • vYQk • fgUnoh
izFke vksiu lkslZ ;wfudksM orZuh • fgU[kkst
ijh{kd rFkk “kks/kd • fo”ofgUnh
• l{ke fganh orZuh ijh{kd
• dq”ky fganh orZuh tk¡pd
nsoukxjh QkW.V QkW.V ifjorZd Hindi Translation softwares
• eaxy • oscnqfu;k dk MsVk duoVZj • xwxy vuqokn
• ,Wfj;y ;wfudksM ,e,l • Unicode Converter • fcax vuqokn
• vijkftrk (Online) • cschyksu
• dksfdyk • vkWQykbZu • vuqlkjd
• mRlkg • ;wfunso ;wfudksM ¼eaxy½ ls • lEidZ
• yksfgr QkW.V fofHkUk ASCII/ISCII QkW.V • oYMZfyaxks

• fl)kar ifjorZu • fofdHkk’kk
• j?kq • iz[kj nsoukxjh QkW.V ifjorZd • xwxy VªkaysVj VwyfdV
• d`frnso • fyfi ifjorZd • vuqoknd
• vkWuykbZu • ea=
• v{kjeq[k
• fxjfxV
• Sanscript
• v{kjfczt
Popular Softwares available Mobile Computing fgUnh dh fy, mi;ksxh Qk;jQkWDl
with Hindi Interface • SwiftKey for Android ,DlVsa”ku
• vkbZ czkÅtj$$ • Indic Keyboard • bf.Md vkb,ebZ
• Hkkjr vkijsfVax flLVsEl lkyq”ku • Google Hindi Input • xwxy bf.Md VªkalfyVjs”ku
;k ckWl • ,sD;
• Hkkjrh; vksisu vkfQl • izeq[k VkbiSM
• fgUnh lheadh • fyfidkj
• fgUnh ljy e”khu eap • ,uh&dh
• fgUnh fQfCc • VªkalfyVjsVj
• fganhfti
• Li”kZ& fganh Vkbfiax V;wVj
orZeku izpfyr QksaV~l

1. True Type Fonts
;g lHkh vkiWjsfVax flLVe ds fy, miyC/k vR;ar yksdfiz; QksaV gS] fdarq bl QksaV dh lgk;rk ls ,d
,fIyds”ku esa rS;kj nLrkost fdlh vU; ,fIyds”ku ds fy, viBuh; gksrs gSaA lkexzh tad dSjsDVsj ds :i esa
fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ftls i<+us ds fy, mlh QksaV dh vko”;drk iM+rh gSA
2. Open Type Font
;g ,MWkc ,oa ekbØkslk¶V }kjk la;qDr :i ls fodflr fd;k x;k fMfTkVy ,oa LekVZ QksaV flLVe gS] tks
;wfudksM lefFkZr lHkh izdkj dh ,fIyds”ku ds fy, mi;qDr gSA bl Js.kh ds QksaV czkãh vkSj lsesfVd tSlh
fyfi;ksa ds fy, Hkh mér fdLe dh VkbiksxzkQh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkrs gSaA vksiu Vkbi QksaV dks gh ;wfudksM
QksaV ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA izeq[k ;wfudksM QksaV bl izdkj gSa& Mangal, Aprajita, Arial Unicode MS,
Kokila, DV-Amit-OTF, DV-Khushi-OTF, DV-Kriti-OTF ,oa Utsaah.

fgUnh VkbijkbVj dqathiVy dk fp=
VkbijkbVj dqaVhiVy
;g eSuqvy VkbijkbVj ij vk/kkfjr gSA izR;sd Hkk’kk ds VkbijkbVj dqathiVy vyx&vyx gSA tgka rd fganh
VkbijkbVj dqathiVy dk iz”u gS] ;g fganh ds eSuqvy VkbijkbVj ds ln`”; gSA ;g ,d ,slk laiw.kZ oSKkfud dqathiVy
gS] ftlij vf/kdre laHko xfr ls Vkbi fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g dqathiVy Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk izekf.kr rFkk vaxhdkj
fd, x, eSuqvy VkbijkbVj ds dqathiVy tSlk gh gSA vr% tks O;fDr igys ls gh eSuqvy VkbijkbVj ij fganh Vad.k
dk vH;kl dj pqds gSa] os vR;ar lgtrk ls bl dqathiVy ij dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA
bufLØIV dqathiVy
bysDVªkfuDl foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj ds vuqnku ij Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dkuiqj }kjk o’kZ 1983 esa ftLV rduhd
ij dk;Z izkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA bysDVªkfuDl foHkkx us bl rduhd dk O;olk;hdj.k djrs gq, o’kZ 1986 esa bufLØIV
dqathiVy dk izdk”ku fd;kA o’kZ 1991 esa Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks }kjk ISCII – Indian Script Code for Information
Interchange dksfMax iz.kkyh ds varxZr bufLØIV dqathiVy dk ekudhdj.k fd;k x;kA
bufLØIV dqathiVy ij vk/ks o.kksZa dks vyx ls ugha j[kk x;k gSA vr% tc Hkh fdlh “kCn esa vk/ks o.kZ vk,a rks iwjs o.kZ
ds ckn gy~ fpà vkSj rqjar ckn vxyk o.kZ Vkbi djus ls vk/kk o.kZ cu tkrk gSA tSls [kRe “kCn Vkbi djuk gks rks
igys [k fQj r fQj gy~ fpà vkSj var esa e Vkbi djus ij [kRe “kCn Vkbi gks tk,xk %
[k r ~ e ¾ [kRe
blh izdkj ls vU; la;qDrk{kjksa dks Hkh fy[kk tkrk gSA

Windows Keyboard Shortcuts
General
F1 Display Help
F2 Rename the selected item
F3 Search for a file or folder
F4 Display the address bar list in Windows Explorer
F5 or Ctrl+R Refresh the active window
F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Insert Copy the selected item
Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert Paste the selected item
Ctrl+X Cut the selected item
Ctrl+Z Undo an action
Ctrl+Y Redo an action
Delete or Ctrl+D Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Shift+Delete Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
Ctrl+Right Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl+Left Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Ctrl+Down Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl+Up Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
Ctrl+Shift with an arrow key Select a block of text
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a
Shift with any arrow key
document
Ctrl with any arrow Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop
key+Spacebar
Ctrl+A Select all items in a document or window
Alt+Enter Display properties for the selected item
Alt+F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program
Alt+Spacebar Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Ctrl+F4 Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have multiple documents

open simultaneously)
Alt+Tab Switch between open items
Ctrl+Alt+Tab Use the arrow keys to switch between open items
Ctrl+Mouse scroll wheel Change the size of icons on the desktop
Windows logo key +Tab Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D
Alt+Esc Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
Shift+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Ctrl+Esc Open the Start menu
Alt+underlined letter Display the corresponding menu
Alt+underlined letter Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
Right Arrow Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Left Arrow Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
Alt+Up Arrow View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer
Esc Cancel the current task
Ctrl+Shift+Esc Open Task Manager
Shift when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing
Left Alt+Shift Switch the input language when multiple input languages are enabled
Ctrl+Shift Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are enabled
Right or Left Ctrl+Shift Change the reading direction of text in right-to-left reading languages
Dialog box
Ctrl+Tab Move forward through tabs
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Move back through tabs
Tab Move forward through options
Shift+Tab Move back through options
Alt+underlined letter Perform the command (or select the option) that goes with that letter
Enter Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands
Spacebar Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F1 Display Help
F4 Display the items in the active list

Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or
Backspace
Open dialog box
Windows logo key

Windows logo key Open or close the Start menu.
Windows logo key +Pause Display the System Properties dialog box.
Windows logo key +D Display the desktop.
Windows logo key +M Minimize all windows.
Windows logo key +Shift+M Restore minimized windows to the desktop.
Windows logo key +E Open Computer.
Windows logo key +F Search for a file or folder.
Ctrl+Windows logo key +F Search for computers (if you're on a network).
Windows logo key +L Lock your computer or switch users.
Windows logo key +R Open the Run dialog box.
Windows logo key +T Cycle through programs on the taskbar.
Windows logo key +Tab Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.
Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by

Ctrl+Windows logo key +Tab
using Aero Flip 3-D.
Windows logo key +Spacebar Preview the desktop.
Windows logo key +Up Arrow Maximize the window.
Windows logo key +Left Arrow Maximize the window to the left side of the screen.
Windows logo key +Right Arrow Maximize the window to the right side of the screen.
Windows logo key +Down Arrow Minimize the window.
Windows logo key +Home Minimize all but the active window.
Windows logo key +Shift+Up Arrow Stretch the window to the top and bottom of the screen.
Windows logo key +Shift+Left Arrow or Move a window from one monitor to another.
Right Arrow
Windows Explorer
Ctrl+N Open a new window

Ctrl+W Close the current window
Ctrl+Shift+N Create a new folder
End Display the bottom of the active window
Home Display the top of the active window
F11 Maximize or minimize the active window
Collapse the current selection (if it's expanded), or select the parent
Left Arrow
folder
Alt+Enter Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item
Alt+P Display the preview pane
Alt+Left Arrow View the previous folder
Backspace View the previous folder
Display the current selection (if it's collapsed), or select the first
Right Arrow
subfolder
Alt+Right Arrow View the next folder
Alt+Up Arrow View the parent folder
Ctrl+Shift+E Display all folders above the selected folder
Ctrl+Mouse scroll wheel Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons
Alt+D Select the address bar
Ctrl+E Select the search box
Ctrl+F Select the search box

egRoiw.kZ laf{kIrk{kj
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATM Automatic Teller Machine/Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BIOS Basic Input Output System
BIT Binary Digit
BCR Bar Code Reader
BCD Binary Coded Decimal
BPS Bits Per Second
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CD-R/W Compact Disk Read/Write
CPS Character Per Second
CPU Central Processing Unit
DVD Digital Video/Versatile Disk
DTP Desktop Publishing
ECS Electronic Clearing Service
FIFO First In First Out
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out
GIS Geographical Information System
GPS Geographical Positioning System
GUI Graphical User Interface
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
IBM International Bussiness Machines
IC Integrated Circuit
IEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ISP Internet Service Provider
ICT Informaton and Communication Technology
JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group
LAN Local Area Network
LASER Light Amplification for Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
MAN Metropolitan Area Network

MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MODEM Modulator-Demodulator
MOPS Million Operations Per Second
MPEG Moving Pictures Expert Group
NIC National Informatics Centre
OCR Optical Character Recognition
OMR Optical Mark Reader
PDF Portable Document Format
PPP Point to Point Protocol
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
URL Uniform Resource Locater
USB Universal Service Bus
VDU Video Digital Unit
VGA Video Graphics Array
VIRUS Virtual Resources Under Seize
VSAT Very Small Aparture Terminal
WAN Wide Area Network
Wi Fi Wireless Fidelity
WiMax Wireless interoperability for Microwave Access
WLL Wireless in Local Loop
WWW World Wide Web

egRoiw.kZ ’kCnkofy;k¡
Access Control lwpuk vkSj lalk/kuksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, iz;qDr fof/k ftlls vuf/kd`r mi;ksxdrkZ dks lwpuk
rd igqapus ls jksdk tkrk gSA
Access Time eseksjh ls MkVk izkIr djus ds fy, fn, x, funsZ”k rFkk okLro esa MkVk izkIr gksus ds chp
dk le;A
Active Cell MS Excel esa iz;qDr og lsy tgka orZeku esa MkVk fy[kk ;k ifjorfrZr fd;k tk jgk gSA
Active Window dEI;wVj esa ml fo.Mks dks bafxr djrkgS tks orZeku esa iz;ksx esa gSA vxyk vkns”k ;k funsZ”k
lfØ; fo.Mks ij gh ykxw gksrk gSA
Accumulator ,d jftLVj tks izkslsflax ds nkSjku MkVk] vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks Hk.Mkfjr djrk gSA
Adapter nks ;k vf/kd midj.kksa ds chp lkeatL; ds fy, iz;qDr ;qfDrA
Address dEI;wVj eseksjh esa MkVk dh fLFkfr crkus okyk igpku fpà
Add-on dEI;wVj esa vyx ls tksM+s tkus okys midj.kA
Application Software ,d ;k vf/kd izksxzke dk lewg tks fdlh fo”ks’k dk;Z ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
Arithmetic Logic Unit lhih;w dk ,d Hkkx tks xf.krh; vkSj rkfZdZ izfØ;kvksa dks laié djrk gSA
ASCII
Assembler
Assembly Language ,d dEI;wVj Hkk’kk ftlesa v{kjksa vkSj fpàksa ds NksV&NksVs dksM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;ksx ls igys bls e”khu Hkk’kk esa cnyuk iM+rk gSA
Asynchronous MkVk Hkstus dh og i)fr ftlesa lafdrksa dks vfu;fer varjky ij Hkstus okys dh
lqfo/kkuqlkj Hkstk tkrk gSA
Authentication dEI;wVj iz;ksxdrkZ ds oS|rk dh igpku djus okyh i)fr
Auxiliary Memory bls f}rh;d eseksjh Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g izkFkfed eseksjh dh lgk;d vkSj cM+h {kerk okyh
gksrh gSA
Backup izksxzke] MkVk ;k gkMZos;j dh oSdfYid O;oLFkk ftldk iz;ksx eq[; lalk/ku ds u’V ;k
[kjkc gks tkus ij fd;k tkrk gSA blds varxZr izksxzke vkSj MkVk dh vfrfjDRk dkfi;k¡
cukbZ tkrh gSSA
BASIC dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr ,d mPp LRkjh; Hkk’kk tks lh[kus esa vklku gSA
BIOS tc dEI;wVj dks pkyw fd;k tkr gS rks jkWe esa laxzfgr ck;ksl lk¶Vos;j dEI;wVj ds izR;sd
gkMZos;jdh tkap djrk gS] vkijsfVax flLVe dks izkjaHk djrk gS rFkk fofHké gkMZos;j
;qfDr;ksa ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA
Batch File MkWl vkWijsfVax flLVe esa Lo;a laikfnr gksus okys izksxzkeksa dh Qkby
Batch Processing vusd izksxzkeksa dk ,d lewg cukdj ,d ds ckn ,d Lorz% laikfnr djrk gSA

Baud MkVk lapkj.k dh xfr dks ekius dh bdkbZA 1 ckWM ¾ 1 fcV izfr lsds.MA
Binary ,d la[;k i)fr ftlesa vk/kkj 2 gksrk gS vkSj dsoy 0 rFkk 1 vadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
Binary Digit (Bit) bls la{ksi esa fcV dgrs gaSA ;g dEI;wVj eseksjh dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA blesa 0 rFkk 1
vadksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Bitmap MkWV ;k fiDly dks vkWu vkSj vkWQ djus ds ek/;e ls fn[kk;k x;k js[kkfp=A
Blue tooth de vko`fÙk okyh rjaxksa dk iz;ksx dj eksckby ds tfj;s dEI;wVj dks usVodZ ls tksM+us dh
O;oLFkkA
Booting dEI;wVj dks pkyw fd;s tkus ij f}rh;d eseksjh ls vkisjsfVax flLVe dk izkFkfed eseksjh esa
yk;k tkuk rkfd dEI;wVj dks iz;ksx ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldsA
Browser baVjusV ij viuh ilan dh lkbV dks [kstdj lwpuk izkIr djusa esa lgk;rk djus okyk
lk¶Vos;jA
Bubble Memory pqEcdh; ek/;e ls MkVk HkaMkfjr djus dh ;qfDr
Buffer dEI;wVj ds fofHké midj.kksa ds chp MkVk LFkkukarj.k dh xfr esa varj dks de djus ds
fy, cukbZ xbZ HkaMkj.k ;qfDrA blesa MkVk dks vLFkk;h rkSj ij j[kk tkrk gSA
Bug dEI;wVj izksxzke esa vkus okyh =qfV
Burning jkWe esa MkVk fy[kus dh izfØ;k
Bus MkVk ;k bysDVªkWfud flXuy ds ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tkus dk ekxZ ;g fofHké
midj.kksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+rk gSA
Byte 8 fcVksa dk lewg tks ,d v{kj dks fu:fir djrk gSA
Cache Memory
Cell LizsM”khV izksxzke esa Row vkSj Column ls cuk Hkkx ftlesa MkVk fy[kk tkrk gSA
Chat baVjusV ds mi;ksx ls vkWu ykbu okrkZyki djukA
Chip flfydkWu dk cuk ,d iryh ;qfDr ftl ij bysDVªkfud lfdZV dks cuk;k tkrk gSA
Coding izksxzkfeax Hkk’kk esa dEI;wVj vuqns”k fy[kuk
Command fdlh dk;Z dks laié djus ds fy, dEI;wVj dks fn;k x;k ladsr ;k funsZ”k
Crash gkMZos;j ;k lk¶Vos;j es vkbZ [kjkch ftlds pyrs dEI;wVj vpkud dk;Z djuk can dj
nsrk gSA
Cryptography lkekU; lwpuk dks lqj{kk dh n`f’V ls lkadsfrd dwVksa esa cnyuk rFkk vko”;drk iM+us ij
iqu% lwpuk esa cnyus dh fØ;kA
Cursor dEI;wVj LØhu ij fn[kus okyk ,d pednkj IokbaV ;k vkd`fr tks vxys Vkbi fd;s tkus
okys dSjsDVj dh fLFkfr crkrk gSA
Data rF;ksa dk ladyu ftls vko”;drkuqlkj O;ofLFkr dj lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

Data Base fdlh ,d LFkku ij MkVk dk o`gn ldyuA
Data Base Management izksxzkeksa dk lewg tks MkVk dks O;ofLFkr djus] lwpuk fuekZ.k djus rFkk mlesa ifjorZu
System djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA
Data Entry rF;ksa dk ladyu dks dEI;wVj esa MkyukA
Data Processing MkVk dks vko”;drkuqlkj O;ofLFkr djus dh fØ;kA
Data Redundancy ,d gh izdkj ds MkVk dk fdlh dEI;wVj ds ,d ;pk vf/kd Qkby esa nks ;k vf/kd ckj
vkukA
Debugging fdlh lk¶Vos;j izksxzke esa xyfr;ksa dks <w<+uk vkSj mlesa lq/kkj djukA bldk;Z ds fy,
rS;kj fd;s x;s lk¶Vos;j dks Mhcxj dgk tkrk gSA
Decoder ;g dEI;wVj dks fd, x;s lwpukvksa dks i<+ dj muds fØ;kUo;u ds fy, vkns”k nsus okyk
fMokbl gSA
Default dEI;wVj }kjk iwoZ fu/kkZfjr vuqns”kksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z djuk] tc rd bls mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk
cny ugha fn;k tkrkA
Demodulation ekWMqysV fd;s x;s ladsrksa dks ek/;e ls vyx djuk rkfd mldk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
;g ,ukykWx MkVk dks fMftVy MkVk esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
Dialog Box fo.Mkst lk¶Vos;j esa fn[kkbZ iM+us okyk ckDl ftlds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj o mi;ksxdrkZ ds
chp laokn LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
Digital Signal ladsrksa dk ,d izdkj ftlls lwpuk,a yxkrkj ifjofrZr gksus okyh u gksdj 0 ;k 1 ds :i
esa gksrh gSA
Encryption lwpuk dks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj xqIr dks Mesa cnyukA
End User dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx ls izkIr dh xbZ lwpuk dk fdlh vU; mÌs”; esa iz;ksx djus okyk O;fDrA
Ethernet dEI;wVj dks LFkkuh; usVodZ esa tksM+us ds fy, iz;qDr rduhdA
Execution Time dEI;wVj }kjk fdlh ,d izksxzke dks fØ;kfUor djus esa yxk dqy le;A
File Extension fofHké Qkbyksa dks oxhZd`r djus ds fy, fn;k x;k rhu v{kjksa dk ukeA
Firmware ,d izdkj dk lk¶Vos;j tks gkMZos;;j dh txg dke djrk gSA
Flop “kfDr”kkyh dEI;wVjksa dh x.kuk {kerk dks ekius dh ,d bdkbZA
Fragmentation eseksjh esa VSªd dks O;ofLFkr djus dh izfØ;k rkfd bldh {kerk dk egÙke iz;ksx fd;k tk
ldsA
Gray Code ,slk funsZ”k ftldk iz;ksx buiqV vkSj vkmViqV izfØ;k dks laiédjus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Hang dEI;wVj }kjk funsZ”kksa dk ikyu u djus dh fLFkfrA
Header fdlh ist dh lcls Åij dh iafDr esa Lor% fy[kk tksu okyk VsDLV
Hibernation dEI;wVj dh fLFkfr ftlesa og lHkh pkyw izksxzke dks gkMZ fMLd esa lafpr dj can gksrk gSA
dEI;wVj iqu% pkyw djus ij lHkh izksxzke mlh voLFkk esa [qkys fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

Home Page izR;sd osclkbV dk izFke i`’B tks mlds vanj fLFkr lwpukvksa dh lwph iznku djrk gSA
Host baVjusV lsok ;k vU; lqfo/kk,a iznku djus ds fy, iz;qDr dEI;wVjA
Hyper Link fdlh ist ;k nLrkost dks mlh ;k fdlh vU; nLrkost ls tksM+ukA
Icon xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl esa Qkby ;k izksxzke dks n”kkZus okyk fp= ftldh lgk;rk ls
ekml ;k fdlh vU; IokbafVax fMokbl ds lgkjs dEI;wVj izksxzke dks pquk ;k pkyw fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
Interpreter mPp Lrjh; Hkk’kk dks e”khu Hkk’kk esa ifjofrZr djus okyk lk¶Vos;jA ;g izksxzke dks
,d&,d ykbu dj ifjofrZr djrk gSA
IP Address baVjusV ij fdlh osclkbV dk 32 fcV dk vadh; irk tks loZj vkSj mlls tqM+s izR;sd
uksM dh igpku crkrk gSA
Joystick , buiqV fMokbl ftldk iz;ksx eq[;r% ohfM;ks xse] jkscksV vkfn esa IokabV ;k lsysDV djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
Kernel fdlh vkijsfVax flLVe dk eq[; Hkkx ftl ij vU; dk;Z vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa rFkk ftlesa
mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
Macro ckj&ckj ,d Øe esa fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZa dks ,d vkns”k }kjk laié djkus ds fy, rS;kj
lk¶Vos;j
Merging nks ;k vf/kd Qkbykssa esa miyC/k vyxd&vyx lwpukvksa dks ,d lkFk feykukA
Modulation fMftVy ladsrksa dks ,ukykWx ladsrksa essa cnydj lapkj ek/;e ij Hkstus dh izfØ;k
Multiprocessing dbZ izksxzkeksa dks ,d lkFk laié djus dh O;oLFkkA
Multitasking ,dy mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk dbZ dk;ksZa dks ,d lkFk laié djukA
Nibble 4 fcV dk lewgA ;g vk/kh ckbV ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
NIC Network Interface ;g ,d gkMZos;j fMokbl gS tks dEI;wVj dks usVodZ ls tksM+rk gS rFkk MkVk dk vknku
Card iznku laHko cukrk gSA
Online dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr midj.k tks lhih;w ls lh/ks tqM+k gqvk jgrk gS rFkk lhih;w dk ml ij
fu;a=.k jgrk gSA
Off line dEI;wVj esa iz;qDr midj.k tks lhih;w ls lh/ks tqM+k gqvk ugha jgrkA
Parity bit MkVk lapkj.k esa =qfV dks igpkuus ds mís”; ls izR;sd fcV ds lkFk tksM+k x;k vfrfjDr
fcVA
Password lqj{kk dh n`f’V ls iz;qDr dksM ftldk iz;ksx dj gh dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ikloMZ vadksa] v{kjksa rFkk fpàksa ls cuks gksrk gSA ;g dsl lasflfVo gksrk gSA
Path fdlh Qkby ds iz;ksx ds fy, jkLrk fu/kkZfjr djukA
Pixel ekWuhVj ij fMLiys dks iznf”kZr djus okyk lcls NksVh bdkbZA
Protocol fu;eksa dk og lewg tks nks dEI;wVjksa ds chp MkVk lapkj.k esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

Psedocode fdlh izksxzke dks fy[kus dk rjhdk ftlesa fpàksa dks iz;ksx u dj izksxzke vkSj mlds rdksZa
dks lk/kkj.k o laf{kIr Hkk’kk esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
Quasi Language dEI;wVj es iz;qDr Hkk’kk ftls dEI;wVj dEikbYj ;k baVjizsVj ds iz;ksx ds fcuk le> ldrk
gSA
Reboot dEI;wVj dks can dj iqu% pkyw djus dh izfØ;kA
Run time fdlh vkCtsDV izksxzke dks ,d ckj fØ;kfUor djus esa yxk le;A
Scanner ,d izdkj dk buiqV midj.k tks rLohj vkSj js[kkfp= dks fMftVy fp= esa ifjofrZr
djrk gSA
Scheduler dEI;wVj }kjk ,d fuf”pr le; varjky ij fdlh dk;Z dks laié djus ds fy, fn;k x;k
funsZ”kA
Scroll fdlh fo.Mks esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh dEI;wVj LØhu ls cM+k MkVk ;k fp= dks Åij&uhps ;k
nk;sa&ck;sa f[kldkus dh O;oLFkkA
Sector eseksjh fMLd dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ftl ij MkVk dks fy[kk tkrk gSA
Search Engine oYMZ okbM osc ij mi;ksxh lwpuk okys osc lkbV dks [kkstus ds fy, rS;kj lk¶Vos;jA
Seek time jhM ;k jkbV gsM dks okafNr lwpuk okys VªSd rd igqapus esa yxk le;A
Sequential Processing izkslsflax dk rjhdk ftlesa leku dk;ksZa dks ,d lkFk ,d Øe esa fØ;kfUor djrs gSaA
Seqiential access eseksjh midj.k ftlesa MkVk ;k lwpuk dks ,d Øe esa gh i<+k tk ldrk gSA
Serial Port buiqV vkSj vkmViqV midj.kksa dks tksM+us okyk iksVZ ftlesa ladsrksa dk vknku&iznku
Øec) rjhds ls gksrk gSA
Serial Data Øec) rjhds ls ,d ds ckn ,d LFkkukarfjr gksus okyk MkVkA
Setup fdlh lk¶Vos;j dks dEI;wVj esa LFkkfir djus dh izfØ;k vkjaHk djus ds fy, rS;kj Qkby
Spam baVjusV ij bZ&esy dk iz;ksx dj fdlh vokafNr foKkiu dks nwljs dEI;wVj rd HkstukA
System ,dhd`r Hkkxksa dk lewg tks fdlh fo”ks’k mÌs”; ds fy, laxzfgr fd;s tksrs gSaA dEI;wVj
flLVe esa gkMZos;j] lk¶Vos;j rFkk ekuo “kkfey gksrs gSaA
Thumbnail fdlh fp= dk y?Kq :i ftldk iz;ksx fofHké fp=ksa ds chp rsth ls dk;Z djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
Time Sharing dbZ mi;ksxdrkZ ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk mUgsa lhih;w dk ,d fuf”per le; izkslsflax
ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA
Web Page oYMZ okbM osc ij miyC/k izR;sd i`’B
Web Site fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkk ls lacaf/kr baVjusV ij miyC/k fooj.kA
Word Processing “kCn lalk/kuksa ls Hkjiwj MkD;wesaV cukus] mls la”kksf/kr djus] laxzghr djus rFkk fizaV djus
ds fy, iz;qDr lk¶Vos;j

la[;k i)fr
dEI;wVj fo|qr /kkjk ij dk;Z djus okyk ,d bysDVªkfud fMokbl gSA lfdZV esa tc fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gS rks
mls fLop vkWu gksuk dgk tkrk gS ,oa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr ugha gksus ij fLop vkWQ dh laKk nh tkrh gSA fLop vkWu dks
1 tcfd fLop vkWQ dks 0 ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA bUgha dk iz;ksx dj dEI;wVj esa ladsr Hksts Tkkrs gSaA
dEi;wVj esa iz;ksx gksus okyh la[;k i)fr;k¡

• ckbujh ;k f}vk/kkjh la[;k i)fr & bleas 0 vkSj 1 nks vadksa dk iz;ksx iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls ckbujh
fMftV vFkkZr fcV dgk tkrk gSA
• vkDVy la[;k i)fr & blesa 0&7 rd dqy 8 vadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• gSDlkMsfley la[;k i)fr & blesa dqy 16 vdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa 0&9 rd 10 vad ,oa A-F
6 v{kj gksrs gSaA
dEI;wVj bdkbZ
dEI;wVj esa MkVk buiqV djus ij og eseksjh esa LFkku ?ksjrk gS ftls ekius ds fy, iz;ksx dh
tkus okyh lcls NksVh bdkbZ fcV dgykrh gSA Binary Number System esa blds nks gh eku
¼ 0 vFkok 1 ½ gks ldrs gSaA
1 fcV ¾ lcls NksVh bdkbZ (b)

4 fcV ¾ 1 fuCcy (n)
8 fcV ¾ 1 ckbV (B)
1 ckbV ¾ 1 v{kj vFkok vad ¼tSls d vFkok 9½
1024 ckbV ¾ 1 fdyksckbV (KB) ¾ 210 ckbV
1024 fdyksckbV ¾ 1 esxkckbV (MB) ¾ 220 ckbV
1024 esxkckbV ¾ 1 xhxkckbV (GB) ¾ 230 ckbV
1024 xhxkckbV ¾ 1 VsjkckbV (TB) ¾ 240 CkkbV
1024 VsjkckbV ¾ 1 isVkckbV (PB)

1024 isVkckbV ¾ 1 ,DlkckbV (EB)
1024 ,DlkckbV ¾ 1 tsVkckbV (ZB)
1024 tsVkckbV ¾ 1 ;ksÍkckbV (YB)

JSSC CGL-2016 ds iz”u
1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk ,d fuos”k ;qfDr gS \
d- fizsVj [k Lihdj x- ekuhVj ?k- LdSuj ¼mÙkj &?k½
2. fuxZe ;qfDr ds lanHkZ esa LED dk D;k vFkZ gS \

d- ykbV ,DtksfVd Mk;xzke [k- ySEi ,fefVax fMlIys
x- ykbV ,fefVax Mk;ksM ?k- ykbV ,DtksfVd fMlIys ¼mÙkj &x½
3. foU;kl ;ksX; lax.ku lalk/kuksa ds lgHkkftr iwy dks lqfo/kktud] ek¡x ij usVodZ vfHkxe ;ksX; cukus okys
,d ekWMy dks D;k dgrs gSa] ftldks “kh?kzrk ls izcaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj U;wure izca/ku iz;kl ;k lsok
iznkrk var%fØ;k ds lkFk fueqZDr fd;k tk ldrk gS \
d- DykmM daI;wfVax [k- fcx MsVk x- IoT ?k- eksckby dEI;wfVax ¼mÙkj &d½
4. foaMkst 8 esa] lfØ; foaMks dks jhÝs”k djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu lh y?kq jhfr dqath iz;qDr dh tkrh gS \
d- F4 [k- F5 x- F6 ?k- F10 ¼mÙkj &[k½
5. ykWyhikWi ds ckn ,sUMªWbM lapkyu iz.kkyh dk uohure o”kZu fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk gS \
d- fdVdSV [k- ek”kZesYyks x- vkblØhe lSaMfop ?k- tsYyh chu ¼mÙkj &[k½
6. lapkyu iz.kkyh ds ckjs esa fuEu esa ls dkSu lk dFku xyr gS \
d- ,d lapkyu iz.kkyh] mi;ksxdrkZvksa vkSj dEI;wVj ;a= lkexzh ds chp ,d e/;LFk gksrk gSA
[k- ,d lapkyu iz.kyh] mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks ,dlk ekgkSy iznku djrk gS ftlesa mi;ksxdrkZ vklkuh ls vkSj
dq”kyrk ls izksxzkeksa dks fu’ikfnr dj ldrs gSaA
x- ,d lapkyu iz.kkyh] Le`fr] izkslslj] ;qfDr vkSj lwpuk tSls lalk/kuksa vkSj lsokvksa ds vkoaVu dks fu;af=r
djrk gSA
?k- ,d lapkyu iz.kkyh gkMZos;j dks izca/k ugha djrk gSA ¼mÙkj &?k½
7. foaMkst 8 esa ,d foaMks esa ;k MsLdVkWi ij LØhu rRoksa ds ek/;e ls lkbfdy djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu lh
y?kq jhfr dqta h iz;qDr dh tkrh gS \
d- F4 [k- F5 x- F6 ?k- F10 ¼mÙkj &x½
8. dkSu lk fuxZe ;qfDr] ,d iSu dk mi;ksx dj daE;wVj ls izkIr lekns”kksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d dkxt ij fp=
cukrk gS \
d- Mªe IykWVj [k- badtsV fizaVj x- LdSuj ?k- ekuhVj ¼mÙkj &d½
9. foaMkst 10 esa [kqys vuqiz;ksx ds chp fLop djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu lk y?kq jhfr iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS \
d- Alt +Tab [k- Alt+F4
x- foaMkst izrhd fpUg dqath $ L ?k- foaMkst izrhd fpUg dqath $ D ¼mÙkj &d½

10. vkids HkkSfrd daI;wVj ds vanj ,d vkHkklh daI;wVj pykus dh vuqefr vkidks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk
izksxzke nsrk gS \
d- VMos;j [k- QksVks”kkWi x- ekbØkslkW¶V oMZ ?k- SQL Server ¼mÙkj &d½
11. dkSu lk lapkyu iz.kkyh] cgq fj;y Vkbe vuqiz;ksx vkSjcgq vi;ksxdrkZvksa dh lsok djus ds fy, cgq dsanzh;
lalk/kd dk mi;ksx djrk gS \
d- cSp vkijsfVax flLVe [k- Vkbe vkijsfVax flLVe
x- fMfLVªC;wVsM vkijsfVax flLVe ?k- usVodZ vkijsfVax flLVe ¼mÙkj &x½
12. ,d bZ&esy esa] izs’kd dk vMªsl fFkkZr ftlus bZ&esy Hkstk gS] mlds irs dks dkSu lh QhYM n”kkZrh gS \
d- TO [k- FROM x- CC ?k- BCC ¼mÙkj &[k½
13. ekbØkslkW¶V oMZ esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lh fo”ks’krk,¡ miyC/k gSa \
v- orZu o O;kdj.k dh =qfV;ksa ds fy, MkD;wesaV dh tk¡p
c- gsMj] QwVj vkSj i`’B la[;k dks tksM+uk
l- oMZ MkD;wesaV dks ikloMZ }kjk lqjf{kr djuk
d- dsoy v vkSj c [k- dsoy c vkSj l

x- dsoy v vkSj l ?k- v] c] l rhuksa ¼mÙkj &?k½
14. ,d i`’B ij fizaV fd, tkus gsrq laizrhdksa dh jpuk ds fy, vko”;d MkV~l cukus ds fy, dkSu ls izdkj ds
fizaVj ystj ykbV dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSa \
d- ystj fizaVj [k- pSu fizaVj x- ykbu fizzVj ?k- MkWV eSfVªDl fizzaVj ¼mÙkj &d½
15. fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k lapkyu iz.kkyh ds dk;Z gSa \

v- lafpdk izca/ku
c- ;qfDr izca/ku
l- dk;Z vuqlwpu
d- dsoy v vkSj c [k- dsoy c vkSj l

x- dsoy d vkSj l ?k- v] c vkSj l rhuksa ¼mÙkj &?k½
16. foaMkst 8 esa] LØhu ds lcls Åijh Hkkx ;k lcls fupys Hkkx rd MsDlVkWi foaMks dks foLr`r djus ds fy,
fuEu esa ls dkSu lk y?kq jhfr iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS \
d- foaMkst izrhd fpUg dqath + Shift+ Up arrow
[k- foaMkst izrhd fpUg dqath + Shift+ Down arrow
x- foaMkst izrhd fpUg dqath + Up arrow
?k- foaMkst izrhd fpUg dqath + Down arrow ¼mÙkj &d½
17. ISP dk D;k vFkZ gS \

d- baVjus”kuy lcLØkbcj ikVhZ [k- baVjus”kuy lcLØbcj izksokbMj
x- baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ?k- baVjusV lcLØkbcj ikVhZ ¼mÙkj &x½

18. baVjusV usVodZ esa] izR;sd dEI;wVj ,d fo”o Lrj ij vf}rh; la[;kRed dksM ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ftls
buesa ls D;k dgrs gSa \
d- FTP Address [k- Port Address x- IP Address ?k- Client Address ¼mÙkj &x½
19. ekbØkslkW¶V ,Dlsy Qkby 2016 ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSu lk ,DLVsa”ku iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \
d- .docx [k- .xlsx x- .xml ?k- .pptx ¼mÙkj &[k½
20. ekbØkslkW¶V foaMkst lapkyu iz.kkyh ds fy, vfHkdfYir yksdfiz; laca/k ijd vkadM+k lap; izca/ku iz.kkyh fuEu
esa ls dkSu lh gS \
d- MS Powerpoint [k- MS Word x- MS Excel ?k- MSAccess ¼mÙkj &?k½
JSSC PGT examination 2017 esa iwNs x, iz”u

1. blesa fdl lewg esa dsoy fuxZe ;a= gSa \
d- Ldsuj] fizaVj] ekWuhVj [k- dhcksMZ] fizaVj] ekWuhVj
x- IykWVj] fizaVj] ekWuhVj ?k- ekml] fizaVj] ekWuhVj ¼mÙkj &x½
2. ;w-vkj-,y dk iwjk uke D;k gS \

d- ;wfuQWkeZ fjlksLkZ yksdsVj [k- ;wfuQWkeZ fjlkslZ fyad
x- ;wfuQkWeZ jftLVMZ fyad ?k- ;wfuQkbM fjlkslZ fyad ¼mÙkj &d½
3. ,d ls nwljh VSc ij gksrs gq, vkxs c<+us ds fy, fdl la;kstu dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
d- f”k¶V$VSc [k- daVªksy$f”k¶V$VSc x- daVªksy$VSc ?k- buesa ls dksbZ ugha ¼mÙkj & ?k½
4. eseksjh dk lcls NksVk ek=d pqusaA

d- fdyksckbV [k- esxkckbV x- xhxkckbV ?k- VsjkckbV ¼mÙkj &d½
5. osclkbV dk eq[; ist dgykrk gSA

d- czkmtj ist [k- lpZ ist x- gkse ist ?k- cqdekdZ ¼mÙkj &x½
6. gky gh esa feVkbZ xbZ Qkbysa dgka HkaMkfjr dh tkrh gSaA

d- jhlkbfdy fcu [k- MsLdVkWi x- VkLdckj ?k- ekbZ dEI;wVj ¼mÙkj &d½
7. v/kkjs[kkafdr ikB;] tSls ikB; vkSj QksYMjksa ds ukeksa dks D;k dgk tkrk gS \
d- gk;ijfyad [k- esU;w x- lkslZ Mªkbo ?k- buesa ls dksbZ ugh+ ¼mÙkj &d½
8. nLrkost esa lkjs ikB; dks ,d lkFk pquus ds fy, fdl dqath la;kstu dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
d- daVªksy $ Vh [k- daVªksy $ ,Q x- daVªksy $ ,u ?k- daVªksy $ , ¼mÙkj &?k½
9. jSe dgka fLFkr gksrh gS \

d- ,Dlika”ku cksMZ [k- ckg~; Mªkbo x- enj cksMZ ?k- buesa ls dksbZ ugha ¼mÙkj &x½
10. fdlesa nLrkostksa] fQYeksa] fp=ksa ,oa QksVksxzkQ dks HkaMkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
d- ,fIyds”ku loZj [k- osc loZj x- fizaV loZj ?k- Qkby loZj ¼mÙkj &?k½

Computer Notes With Diagram by Deserve Academy in Hindi (For More Book - WWW - Gktrickhindi.com)

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Computer Notes With Diagram by Deserve Academy in Hindi (For More Book - WWW - Gktrickhindi.com)

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DESERVE ACADEMY dh izLrqfr

leLr izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, leku :i ls mi;ksxh

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dEI;wVj ds lHkh midj.kksa dks fuEufyf[kr 4 lehdj.kksa ls le>k tk ldrk gSA

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER

• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices

• USER = Person, who operates computer.

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Main Parts of Computer

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ALU – Arithmatic Logic Unit

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ih<+h gkMZos;j lk¶Vos;j fo”ks’krk,¡ mnkgj.k

fy, iapdkMZ dk izksxzke vuqiz;ksx

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vkfIVdy fMLd] de lk¶Vos;j Iyx vkSj Iys computer

txg esa vf/kd

rduhd ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj dk oxhZdj.k

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vkdkj rFkk dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k

esu Ýse dEI;wVj feuh dEI;wVj ekbØks dEI;wVj lqij dEI;wVj

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buiqV fMokbl vkmViqV fMokbl

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Scanner Digital Camera

Web Camera Joysticks

Track Ball Touch Pad/

Light Pen Bar Code Reader

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Magnetic Ink Optical Mark

Magnetic Card Bluetooth

Dot Matrix printer

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eseksjh dk oxhZdj.k &

1. izkFkfed ;k eq[; eseksjh (Primary or Main Memory)

izkFkfed ;k eq[; eseksjh (Primary or Main Memory)

1. izkFkfed eseksjh dk oxhZdj.k

ROM (Read Only Memory)

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PROM(Programmable ?Read Only Memory)

E-PROM ( Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Onlyu Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

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2. f}rh;d ;k lgk;d eseksjh

Sequential Access Memory

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Direct Access Memory

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CDROM-Compact Disk Read Only Memory

DVD-Digital Video Disk

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1. Primary memory (main memory)

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lkW¶Vos;j dks eq[;r% nks oxksZa eaas ckaVk tkrk gS &