Tensile Modulus - or Young's Modulus alt.

Modulus of Elasticity - is a measure of stiffness of an elastic

material. It is used to describe the elastic properties of objects like wires, rods or columns when they are
stretched or compressed.

Tensile Modulus is defined as the

"ratio of stress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that
axis"

It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield
strength of the material. More about the definitions below the table.

Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

ABS plastics 1.4 - 3.1 40

A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe -

331 207
Grade A

A53 Seamless and Welded Standard Steel Pipe -

414 241
Grade B

A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade A 400 248

A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade B 483 345

A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe - Grade C 483 276

A252 Piling Steel Pipe - Grade 1 345 207

A252 Piling Steel Pipe - Grade 2 414 241

A252 Piling Steel Pipe - Grade 3 455 310

A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing -

400 248
Grade A

A501 Hot Formed Carbon Steel Structural Tubing -

483 345
Grade B

A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade A 331 207

A523 Cable Circuit Steel Piping - Grade B 414 241

A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy

483 345
Structural Tubing - Grade Ia & Ib
 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy

414 345
Structural Tubing - Grade II

A618 Hot-Formed High-Strength Low-Alloy

448 345
Structural Tubing - Grade III

API 5L Line Pipe 310 - 1145 175 - 1048

Acetals 2.8 65

Acrylic 3.2 70

Aluminum Bronze 120

Aluminum 10.0 69 110 95

Aluminum Alloys 10.2

Antimony 11.3

Aramid 70 - 112

Beryllium (Be) 42 287

Beryllium Copper 18.0

Bismuth 4.6

170
Bone, compact 18
(compression)

Bone, spongy 76

Boron 3100

Brass 102 - 125 250

Brass, Naval 100

Bronze 96 - 120
 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

CAB 0.8

Cadmium 4.6

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic 150

Carbon nanotube, single-walled 1000+

Cast Iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 170

Cellulose, cotton, wood pulp and regenerated 80 - 240

Cellulose acetate, molded 12 - 58

Cellulose acetate, sheet 30 - 52

Cellulose nitrate, celluloid 50

Chlorinated polyether 1.1 39

Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) 2.9

Chromium 36

Cobalt 30

Concrete 17

40
Concrete, High Strength (compression) 30
(compression)

Copper 17 117 220 70

Diamond (C) 1220

50
Douglas fir Wood 13
(compression)

Epoxy resins 3-2 26 - 85

 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

Fiberboard, Medium Density 4

Flax fiber 58

50
Glass 50 - 90
(compression)

Glass reinforced polyester matrix 17

Gold 10.8 74

Granite 52

Graphene 1000

Grey Cast Iron 130

Hemp fiber 35

Inconel 31

Iridium 75

Iron 30.5 210

Lead 2.0

Magnesium metal (Mg) 6.5 45

Manganese 23

Marble 15

MDF - Medium-density fiberboard 4

Mercury

Molybdenum (Mo) 48 329

 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

Monel Metal 26

Nickel 25 170

Nickel Silver 18.5

Nickel Steel 29

Niobium (Columbium) 15

Nylon-6 2-4 45 - 90 45

Nylon-66 60 - 80

Oak Wood (along grain) 11

Osmium (Os) 80 550

Phenolic cast resins 33 - 59

Phenol-formaldehyde molding compounds 45 - 52

Phosphor Bronze 116

Pine Wood (along grain) 9 40

Platinum 21.3

Plutonium 14 97

Polyacrylonitrile, fibers 200

Polybenzoxazole 3.5

Polycarbonates 2.6 52 - 62

Polyethylene HDPE (high density) 0.8 15

Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET 2 - 2.7 55

 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

Polyamide 2.5 85

Polyisoprene, hard rubber 39

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 2.4 - 3.4

Polyimide aromatics 3.1 68

Polypropylene, PP 1.5 - 2 28 - 36

Polystyrene, PS 3 - 3.5 30 - 100

Polyethylene, LDPE (low density) 0.11 - 0.45

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 0.4

Polyurethane cast liquid 10 - 20

Polyurethane elastomer 29 - 55

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 2.4 - 4.1

Potassium

Rhodium 42

Rubber, small strain 0.01 - 0.1

Sapphire 435

Selenium 8.4

Silicon 19 - 27 130 - 185

Silicon Carbide 450 3440

Silver 10.5

Sodium
 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

Steel, High Strength Alloy ASTM A-514 760 690

Steel, stainless AISI 302 180 860 502

Steel, Structural ASTM-A36 29 200 400 250

Tantalum 27

Thorium 8.5

Tin 47

Titanium 16

Titanium Alloy 105 - 120 900 730

Tooth enamel 83

Tungsten (W) 400 - 410

Tungsten Carbide (WC) 450 - 650

Uranium 25 170

Vanadium 19

Wrought Iron 190 - 210

Wood

Zinc 12
 Tensile Modulus
(Young's Modulus, Modulus Ultimate
Yield
of Elasticity) Tensile
Strength
Material -E- Strength
- σy -
- σu -
6 (106 Pa, MPa)
(10 Pa, MPa)
(106 psi, Mpsi) (GPa)

 1 Pa (N/m2) = 1x10-6 N/mm2 = 1.4504x10-4 psi

 1 MPa = 106 N/m2 = 0.145x103 psi (lbf/in2) = 0.145 ksi
 1 GPa = 109 N/m2 = 106 N/cm2 = 103 N/mm2 = 0.145x106 psi (lbf/in2)
 1 psi (lb/in2) = 0.001 ksi = 144 psf (lbf/ft2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895x10-3 N/mm2
Note! - this online pressure converter can be used to convert between units of Tensile modulus.

Strain - ε
Strain is the "deformation of a solid due to stress" - change in dimension divided by the original value of the
dimension - and can be expressed as

ε = dL / L (1)

where

ε = strain (m/m, in/in)

dL = elongation or compression (offset) of object (m, in)

L = length of object (m, in)

Stress - σ
Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as

σ=F/A (2)

where

σ = stress (N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

F = applied force (N, lb)

A = stress area of object (m2, in2)

 tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the stressed area
 compressible stress - stress that tends to compress or shorten the material - acts normal to the
stressed area
 shearing stress - stress that tends to shear the material - acts in plane to the stressed area at right-
angles to compressible or tensile stress
Young's Modulus - Tensile Modulus, Modulus of Elasticity - E
Young's modulus can be expressed as

E = stress / strain

= σ/ε
 = (F / A) / (dL / L) (3)

where

E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (N/m2, lb/in2, psi)

 named after the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young
Elasticity
Elasticity is a property of an object or material indicating how it will restore it to its original shape after
distortion.

A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it
back to its original length. This restoring force is in general proportional to the stretch described by Hooke's
Law.

Hooke's Law
It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. That linear dependence of displacement
upon the stretching force is called Hooke's law and can be expressed as

Fs = -k dL (4)

where

Fs = force in the spring (N)

k = spring constant (N/m)

dL = elongation of the spring (m)

Note that Hooke's Law can also be applied to materials undergoing three dimensional stress (triaxial loading).

Yield strength - σy
Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo
before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.

 Yielding - a material deforms permanently

The Yield Point is in mild- or medium-carbon steel the stress at which a marked increase in deformation
occurs without increase in load. In other steels and in nonferrous metals this phenomenon is not observed.

Ultimate Tensile Strength - σu

The Ultimate Tensile Strength - UTS - of a material is the limit stress at which the material actually breaks, with
a sudden release of the stored elastic energy.