Module 1: Mapping our Literary Past, Present, and Future

Legends and Myths – To explain certain phenomena : natural occurrences, ritualistic

behaviors, or observation about society and culture
Oral Literature - refers to any form of verbal art which is transmitted orally or delivered
by word of mouth. And the only way our ancestor preserved when paper weren’t
invented yet.
Folklores - Folklore is the expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of
people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group.
These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes.
Proverbs – Practical observation and philosophy, in a rhyming scheme, in Filipino
Salawikain.
e.g kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga (whatever the tree, so is the fruit)
Riddles – Same with proverbs but demands an answer, in Filipino bugtong
e.g Heto na si Kaka , bubuka bukaka
Folksongs – Beautiful songs, informal expressions of our ancestors’ experiences in life,
used in courtship, lullabies, harvests, funerals and others
e.g Magtanim ay di biro
Tales – Tales of origin for certain places , myths and legend
e.g origin of mount makiling, legend of great heroes like bernardo carpio
Epics - Hero and adventures, usually male hero with pleasing qualities with
superhuman capabilities. Paired with beautiful young maiden, have the special element
of HYPERBOLE. E.g The Hinilawod An epic from Negros

The Hinilawod
Alunsina - Goddess of Eastern Sky
Datu Paubari - Ruler of Halawod
Maklium-sa-t'wan - God of Plains, called for a council of gods to destroy Halawod by
flood.
Suklang Malayon - sister of Alunsina, goddess and guardian of happy homes
Bungot-Banwa - high priest, performed the rights of the gods of Mount Madya-as
(Mountain abode of the gods); ensures good health
Labaw Donggon - eldest
1st: went to Handug to marry Angoy Ginbitinan killed the monster Manalintad with
his magic belt
2nd: went to Tarambang Burok to marry Abyang Durunum, sister of Sumpoy, lord of
underworld won against Sikay Padalogdog, hundred arm giant
3rd: reached the Tulogmatian, seaside fortress of Saragnayan submerged Saragnayan
under water for 7 years beated by Saragnayan with coconut tree
lost to Saragnayan's pamlang

His two wives bore one child each.

Angoy Ginbitian: Aso Mangga
Abyang Durunuun: Abyang Baranugon
Both went to fight against Saragnayan and claim their father. Saragnayan lost to
Abyang Baranugon.

Humadapnon - swore would wreak revenge on all of Saragnayan's kinsmen and

followers
Buyong Matanayon of Mount Matiula - well known for his swordsmanship.
Both rode biday nga rumba rumba and ended up Tarambang Buriraw
Humadapnon was enchanted by Piganun, a seductive Sorceress who changes herself
into a beautiful maiden. They manage to escape 7 years later by throwing 7 slices of
gunger on fire. Sorceress hate the smell of ginger.
Humadapnon was strucked on the head by Buyong Matanayon.
1st: Humadapnon used his magic capet to remove the boulder marries daughter of
Datu Umbaw Pinaumbaw
2nd: won against Buyong Makabagting who had the same purpose of marrying
Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bawan, goddess of greed
Dumalapdap - left for Burutlakan-ka-adlaw to marry Lubay-Lubyok Hanginun si
Mahuyokhuyokan.
Brought along Dumasig, most powerful wrestler in Madya-as
Came to a place called Tarambuan-ka-banwa
They won against Balanakon, a two headed monster, who guards the pathway to the
maiden
Confronted on the gate by a bat like monster with sharp poisonous claw Uyutang
Fought for seven months. Dumalapdap won by breaking its leg and stabbing Uyutang
under its armpit with his iwang daniwan
Uyutang's cry brought the separation of the ridge. Island of Buglas (Negros),
Island of Panay.

Labaw Donggon North

Humadapnon South
Dumalapdap West
Datu Paubari East

Objects:
Siklot - necessary things for childbirth
Kampilan – sword
Biday nga inagta - black boat Pamlang (amulet)
Biday nga rumba-rumba - rode by Humadapnon and Buyong Matanayon Iwang
daniwan - magic dagger

Corrido – legendary religious narratives form

Awit – Chivalric poem, about hero or a saint, usually sung and used in religious
processions
Pasyon – Narrative poem about life of jesus christ, birth to death
Cenaculo – Passion of Christ, suffering and death of jesus christ
e.g san pedro cutud Lenten rites – san Fernando Pampanga
Moro-Moro – Comedia de capa y espada, depicts conflict of Christians and muslims
Carillo – Play , Uses shadows as main spectacle
Tibag - Dramatic reenactment of st helena’s search for the holy cross
St. Helena
Duplo or Karagatan – Native dramas, connected to catholic mourning rituals and
harvest
Zarzuela – one of the most famous forms of entertainment in Spanish era, musical
comedies or dramas
Maria Makiling
Module 2 : Poetry of the Archipelago

Poetry – Probably the most sophisticated of all literally genres

Gemino Abad – A writer and a literary critic,
Philippine Poetry : Its Form, Language and Speech
Formalist- The emphasis of the poetry is more on the form and language that the poet
used, rather than the theme itself
Modern poetry sprouted, and nowadays, writers are more adventurous
Elements of Poetry - used by the writers to describe their impressions of their topic or
object of writing.
Visual imagery – What the writer wants you to SEE V
Olfactory imagery – What the writer wants you to SMELL O
Gustatory imagery – What the writer wants you to TASTE G
Tactile imagery – What the writer wants you to FEEL T
Auditory imagery – What the writer wants you to HEAR A
Diction – The Denotative and Connotative meaning of the words in a sentence , phrase ,
paragraph or poem
Word order – is either the natural or unnatural arrangement of words in poem
Poetic license – use a word grammatically or not and may invent words too
Organic unity – Established by the new criticism school of thought
Close reading –A way for us to analyze poem carefully reading and rereading a text till
you found its interpretation
1. Find the context of the poem
when it was written, the setting and the reason why
2. Look at its interdependent elements
3. Identify who the persona is and who’s the poem for
Ryhme Scheme – The way the author arranges words, meters, lines and stanza to creat
a coherent sound when the poem is read out loud.
Carlos A. Angeles – Born on May 25th 1921 in tacloban leyte, He wrote the poem GABU
Marjorie Evasco - Born on September 21st 1953 in Bohol, She wrote IS IT THE
KINGFISHER ?
Jose Garcia Villa - He wrote First, The poem must be magical
Module 3 : The Landscape of Philippine Fiction

Fiction – This is a story that is entirely made up and NOT TRUE, but sometimes may
resemble reality
Characters - The one we can relate to, converse or listen to the thought, and possesses
different characteristic
Driving force of the fiction – the way the character changes the story progresses
Symbolism – Authors way of using character, object or event to signify something else
from its original meaning
Paz Marquez Benitez – One of the very first to Filipino short story writers to write in
English ( Dead Stars ) Characters : ALFREDO SALAZAR, ESPERANZA AND JULIA
KINDS OF IRONY
Verbal – What is said is not what it originally meant
Situational – Actual outcome is different from the expected outcome
Dramatic – Readers know more than the character in the story
Merlinda Bobis – she wrote THE SADNESS COLLECTOR
Gustav Freyta – German novelist, Plots of stories have common pattern
Exposition – Beginning of the story
Rising Action – Complication begin to show, it is where the story starts become more
exciting
Climax – Event greatest tension in the story, signals how the story will end
Denouement – Story reaches its final conclusion, explaining finality. French (ending)
Cheeno Marlo Sayuno – Wrote THE MAGIC BAHAG
Module 4 : In an ocean of emotion Philippine drama

The history of Philippine theater

Began with precolonial indigenous drama. These constitutes rituals, verbal jousts, or
games and song, and dances praising their gods
- LOA
- ORACIONES
- DECLAMACIONES

LOA
Short theatrical piece written to introduce palys of the Spanish golden age or sig
10 de oro. During the 16th and 17th centuries

Included comedies (secular plays) and autos sacramen tales ( sacred/ religious plays)

Decalamaciones
Artistic form of public speaking, speech marked by strong feeling

Oraciones
Religious drama and expressing religious feelings regarding the passion of
Christ.

Spaniards Came and Philippine indigenous dramas were replaces :

- Comedy / Komedya
- Zarzuela / Sarswela

Comedy/ Komedya
Amusing and satirical in its tone

developed into three kinds :

Moro- moro
Seculiar comedy (comedia de capa y espada)
Religious comedy (comedia de santo)
Zarzuela / Sarswela
Both spoken and sung
First sarswela in ph was staged in 1878-1879, written by Francisco Asnjo Barbieri in 1855
“jugar con fuego” ( play with fire )
jose rizal wrote his own “junto al pasig” staged is 1880

Philippine theater
Theater
Collaboration among writers, artists, performer, creators, directors, musicians and other
Modern PH theater
Modern elements to keep it relevant to growing audience
attacks contemporary issues but still uses musics and dance

Layeta bucoy
multi awarded playwright

Dos resurreccion
Gamutin ang bayan in 2009, el galleon de simeon in 2011, amd TAHB in 2015

The Adopted Healthy Baby – it tackeles trending issues in ph education which is K-12
AND PLAGIARISM
Characters:

Howell – assistant chemistry professor who chose to plagiarize the research of maam
Mendoza, bread winner of his family that’s why he is very desperate to be tenured
Mila – Professor known to be rigid, doesn’t favor who chooses what is wrong

Creative Presentation of a Play

1. Find a play
2. Find a group you want to work with
3. Assign specific tasks to each group member
4. Make a time limit
5. Stick to the plan
6. Enjoy the presentation