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Properties of Triangles
Key points:

a b c
1. Sine rule : In ΔABC, = = = 2R Where R is the circum-radius.
sin A sin B sin C
⇒ a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
a : b : c = sin A : sin B : sin C.
2. Cosine rule : In ΔABC,
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
or
b2 + c2 − a 2 c2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
cos A = ; cos B = ; cos C = ⇒ cos A : cos B : cos C.
2bc 2ca 2ab
= a(b2 + c2 – a2) : b(c2 + a2 – b2) : c(a2 + b2 – c2)
3. Projection rule : In ΔABC
a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a Cos B + bcos A
4. Mollwiede’s rule : In ΔABC
A−B A−B
sin cos
a−b 2 ’ a+b 2
= =
c C c C
cos sin
2 2
Similarly the other two can be written by symmetry.

5. Tangent rule (or) Napier’s analogy : In ΔABC

A−B a−b C
tan = cot ;
2 a+b 2
B−C b−c A
tan = cot ;
2 b+c 2
C−A c−a B
tan = cot
2 c+a 2
6. Half angle formulae :
A (s − b)(s − c) B (s − c)(s − a) C (s − a)(s − b)
i. sin = ; sin = ; sin = .
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A s(s − a ) B s(s − b) C s(s − c)

ii. cos = ; cos = ; cos =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

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iii. tan
A
=
(s − b )(s − c ) = (s − b )(s − c ) ; B
tan =
(s − a )(s − c ) = (s − a )(s − c ) ;
2 s(s − a ) Δ 2 s(s − b ) Δ

tan
C
=
(s − a )(s − b ) =
(s − a )(s − b ) iv. cot
A
=
s(s − a )
=
s(s − a )
;
2 s(s − c ) Δ 2 (s − b )(s − c ) Δ

B s(s − b ) s(s − b ) C s(s − c ) s(s − c )

cot = = ; cot = =
2 (s − c )(s − a ) Δ 2 (s − a )(s − b ) Δ

b2 + c2 − a 2 c2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
7. cot A = ; cot B = ; cot C = .
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
8. Area of ΔABC is given by
1 1 1
i. Δ= ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B
2 2 2
ii. Δ = s(s − a )(s − b )(s − c ) .

abc
iii. Δ =
4R
iv. Δ =2R2 sin A sin B sin C
v. Δ = rs

vi. Δ = r r1 r2 r3

9. If ‘r’ is radius of in circle and r1, r2, r3 are the radii of ex-circles opposite to the vertices A, B,
C of ΔABC respectively then
Δ Δ Δ Δ
i. r = , r1 = , r2 = , r3 =
s s−a s−b s−c
A B C
ii. r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
A C
r1 = 4R sin cos cos
2 2
A B C
r2 = 4R cos sin cos
2 2 2
A B C
r3 = 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2
A B C
iii. r = (s − a ) tan= (s − b ) tan = tan (s − c )
2 2 2
A C B
r1 = s tan = (s − b ) cot = (s − c ) cot
2 2 2
B A C
r2 =s tan = (s − c ) cot = (s − a ) cot
2 2 2
C B A
r3 = s tan = (s − a ) cot = (s − b ) cot
2 2 2

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1 1 1 1
10. i) = + +
r r1 r2 r3
ii) rr1r2r3 = Δ 2

11. i) r1r2 + r2r3 +r3r1 = s2

ii) r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – s2.
i) (r1 – r)(r2 + r3) = a2
(r2 – r)(r3 + r1) = b2
(r3 – r)(r1 + r2) = c2
rr1 rr2 rr3
ii) a = (r2 + r3) , b = (r3 + r1) , c = )r1 + r2)
r2 r3 r3 r1 r1r2
A B C
12. i) r1 – r = 4R sin2 , r2 – r = 4R sin2 , r3 – r = 4R sin2
2 2 2
C A B
ii) r1 + r2 = 4R cos2 , r2 + r3 = 4R cos2 , r3 + r1 = 4R cos2
2 2 2
13. r1 + r2 + r3 = 4R, r + r2 + r3 – r1 = 4R cosA, r + r3 + r2 – r2 = 4R cosB,
r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4R cosC

14. In an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’

3a 2
i) area = ii) R = a / 3
4
iii) r = R / 2 iv) r1 = r2 + r3 = 3R / 2
v) r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3

PROBLEMS
VSAQ’S

1. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3,4,5 find the circum radius of the triangle.
Sol. sides of the triangle are 3,4,5
Therefore, the triangle is rt. Angled triangle and its hypotenuse is 5
1 5
Circum radius = . ( hypotenuse ) =
2 2

2. Show that ∑ a ( sin B − sin C ) = 0

Solutoin: -

∑ 2 R sin A ( sin B − sin C ) ∵ a = 2 R sin A

2 R {sin A ( sin B − sin C ) + sin B ( sin C − sin A ) + sin C ( sin A − sin B )} = 0

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3. If a = 3 + 1 cms ∠B = 30 ∠C = 450 then find C
0

Solution : -
∠B = 300 ∠C = 450 but A + B + C = 1800 ⇒ A + 750 = 1800

A = 1050

a c 3 +1 C 3 +1 C
= ⇒ = ⇒ =
sin A sin C sin105 0
sin 450
⎛ 3 + 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
4. If a = 2 , b = 3, c = 4 then find cos A
Solution : -
b2 + c2 − a 2
Cosine Rule we known that cos A =
2bc
9 + 16 − 4 21 7
cos A = ⇒ cos A = =
2× 3× 4 24 8
63
5. If a = 26, b = 30 cos C = then find C
65
Solution : -
From cosine rule c 2 = a 2 + b 2 −2ab cos c
2 2
( ) ( 30 ) 65
c 2 = ( 26 ) + ( 30 ) − 2 26
63
⇒ c 2 = 676 + 900 − 1512

5
c 2 = 64 ⇒ c = 8

6. If the angles are in the ratio 1 : 5 : 6 then find the ratio of sides
Solution : -
Let A = x B = 5x C = 6x
We know that A + B + C = 1800 ⇒ 12 x = 1800 ⇒ x = 150

∴ A = 150 B = 5 × 150 C = 6 × 150

A = 150 B = 750 C = 900

Ratio of sides = a : b : c = 2 R sin A : 2 R sin B : 2 R sin C
= sin A : sin B : sin C

3 −1 3 +1
= sin150 : sin 750 : sin 900 = : :1
2 2 2 2
= ( )(
3 −1 : )
3 +1 :2 2
7. Prove tht 2 {bc cos A + c a cos B + ab cos C} = a 2 + b 2 + c 2

L.H.S 2bc cos A + 2ca cos B + 2ab cos c

b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + c2 − b2
From cosine rule cos A = cos B =
2bc 2ac
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a +b −c
2 2 2
cos c =
2ab

∴ 2bc
{ b + c2 − a2
2
} + 2ac ⎧ a + c
2 2
− b2 ⎫ {
a 2 + b2 − c 2 }
⎨ ⎬ + 2ab
2bc ⎩ 2ac ⎭ 2ab
b2 + c 2 − a 2 + a 2 + c 2 − b2 + a 2 + b2 − c 2 = a 2 + b2 + c 2
a 2 + b 2 − c 2 tan B
8. . Prove that =
c 2 + a 2 − b 2 tan C

tan B =
sin B
⎛ b ⎞
⎜ ⎟
= 2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 =
2R b
× 2 2
2ac
=
2 4 R
2
4 ( ) {∵ abc = 4 RΔ}
cos B a + c − b 2 R a + c − b2 (
2R a 2 + c 2 − b 2 )
2ac
4Δ 4Δ
tan B = 2 2 |||ly tan C = 2
a +c −b 2
a + b2− c2
4Δ
tan B a + c 2 − b 2 a 2 + b 2 − c 2
2
R.H.S = = 2 2 2
tan C 4Δ a +c −b
a +b −c
2 2 2

9. Prove that ( b + c ) cos A + ( c + a ) cos B + ( a + b ) cos C = a + b + c

Solution : -
( b + c ) cos A + ( c + a ) cos B + ( a + b ) cos C
b cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B + a cos c + b cos c

( b cos A + a cos B ) + ( b cos c + c cos B ) + ( c cos A + a cos c )

c +a +b {from projection rule}
=a+b+c

9. Prove that ( b − a cos c ) sin A = a cos A sin c

Solution : -
From projection rule b = a cos c + c cos A
L.H.S = ( a cos C + c cos A − a cos C ) sin A = ccos A sin A
= 2 Rsin C cos Asin A
= ( 2 R sin A) cos A sin C
= a cos A sin C
10. If 4, 5 are two sides of a triangle and the include angle is 600 find the area
Solution: -
Given b = 4 C=5 A = 600
1 1
Area of triangle Δ = bc sin A = × 4 × 5 sin 600 = 5 3
2 2

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C B
11. Show that b cos 2 + cos 2 = S
2 2
Solution : -
C S ( S − C ) cos B S ( S − b)
We known that cos = =
2 ab 2 ac

C B S (S − C) S ( S − b)
b cos 2 + c cos 2 = b + c
2 2 ab ac
S s s
= {s − c + s} = [ 2 s − b − c ] = {a + b + c − b − c }
a a a
=S
a b c
12. If = = then show that triangle ABC is equilateral
cos A cos B cos C
Solution: -
a b c 2 R sin A 2 R sin B 2 R sin C
= = ⇒ = =
cos A cos B cos A cos A cos B cos C
tan A = tan B = tan C ⇒ A = B = C
∴ Triangle ABC is equilateral

13. Show that Σ a cot A = 2(R + r).

cos A
Sol. Σa cot A = Σ 2R sin A
sin A
= 2RΣ cos A

⎛ A B C⎞
= 2R ⎜1 + 4sin sin sin ⎟ (∵ from transformations)
⎝ 2 2 2⎠
⎛ A B C⎞
= 2 ⎜ R + 4R sin sin sin ⎟ = 2(R + r)
⎝ 2 2 2⎠

14. In ΔABC, prove that r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R.

A B C A B C A B C
Sol. r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R sin cos cos + 4R cos sin cos + 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
−4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
A⎡ B C B C⎤ A⎡ B C B C⎤
= 4R sin ⎢cos cos − sin sin ⎥ + 4R cos ⎢sin cos + cos sin ⎥
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦ 2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦

A ⎛ B+C⎞ A ⎛ B+C⎞
= 4R sin cos ⎜ ⎟ + 4R cos sin ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
A A A A
= 4R sin sin + 4R cos cos
2 2 2 2
⎡ A A⎤
= 4R ⎢sin 2 + cos 2 ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
⎛ A A ⎞
= 4R ⎜∵ sin 2 + cos 2 = 1⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
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c − b cos A cos B
15. Show that =
b − cos A cos C
Hint: Apply projection formula i.e., C = b coA + a cosB
b = a cos C + C cos A

16. Prove that a {b cos C − c cos B} = b 2 − c 2

Solution : -
a {b cos c − c cos B} = ab cos c − ac cos B

a 2 + b2 − c2 a 2 + c2 − b2
Write cos C = cos B = and simplify to get R.H.S
ab ac
17. In ΔABC, show that Σ(b + c) cos A = 2s.
Sol. L.H.S.
= (b + c)cos A + (c + a)cos B + (a + b)cos C
= (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos B + b cos C) + (a cos C + c cos A)
= c + a + b = 2s = R.H.S.

18. In ΔABC, if (a + b + c), (b + c – a) = 3bc, find A.

Sol. 2s(2s – 2a) = 3bc
s(s − a) 3 A 3
⇒ = ⇒ cos 2 =
bc 4 2 4
A 3
⇒ cos = = cos 30°
2 2
A
∴ = 30° ⇒ A = 60°
2
1 1 1 1
19. In ΔABC, prove that + + = .
r1 r2 r3 r

1 1 1 s−a s−b s−c

Sol. L.H.S. = + + = + +
r1 r2 r3 Δ Δ Δ

3s − (a + b + c) 3s − 2s s 1
= = = = = R.H.S.
Δ Δ Δ r

20. Show that rr1r2 r3 = Δ 2 .

Δ Δ Δ Δ
Sol. L.H.S. = rr1r2 r3 = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
s s−a s−b s−c

Δ4
= 2 = Δ 2 = R.H.S.
Δ

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r
21. In an equilateral triangle, find the value of .
R
A B C
4R sin sin sin
r 2 2 2 = 4sin 2 30°
Sol. =
R R
3
⎛1⎞ 1
= 4 ⎜ ⎟ = (∵ A = B = C = 60°)
⎝2⎠ 2

22. If rr2 = r1r3, then find B.

Δ Δ Δ Δ
Sol. rr2 = r1r3 ⇒ ⋅ = ⋅
s s−b s−a s−c
⇒ (s − a)(s − c) = s(s − b)

(s − c)(s − a) B
⇒ = 1 ⇒ tan 2 = 1
s(s − b) 2

B B
⇒ tan = 1 ⇒ = 45° ⇒ B = 90°
2 2
23. If A = 90°, show that 2(r + R) = b + c.
A
Sol. L.H.S. = 2r + 2R = 2(s – a) tan + 2R ⋅1
2
= 2(s – a) tan 45° + 2R sin A

= (2s – 2a)1 + a (∵ A = 90°)

=b+c
= R.H.S.
A
24. In a triangle ABC express ∑ r1 cot
2
in terms of S

Solution : -
C
∑ r cot A / 2 = r cot A / 2
1 1 + r2 cot B / 2 + r3 cot
2
r1 = s tan A / 2 r2 = s tan B / 2 r3 = s tan C / 2

A C C
= s tan cot A / 2 + s tan B / 2 cot B / 2 + s tan cot
2 2 2
= s + s + s = 3s
r1 3
25. Show that ∑ ( s − b )( s − c ) = r
Solution : -
r1 r1 r2 r3
∑ ( s − b )( s −c ) = ( s − b )( s − c ) + ( s − c )( s − a ) + ( s − a )( s − b )
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Δ Δ Δ
But r1 = r2 = r3 =
s−a s−b s−c

Δ Δ Δ
= + +
( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
3Δs 3 Δs 3 3
= = 2 = =
s ( s − a )( s − b )( s −c ) Δ ⎛Δ⎞ r
⎜ ⎟
⎝s⎠

SAQ’S
26. Prove that in a triangle ABC a cos A + b cos B + C cos c = 4 R sin A sin B sin C
Solution : -
L.H.S = a cos A + b cos B + C cos C= 2 R sin A cos A + 2 sin B cos B + 2 R sin C cos C

{
= R sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C }
Given that A + B + C = 1800

∴ L.H .S = R {sin ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) + sin 2C}

= R {2 sin C cos ( A − B ) + 2 sin C cos C} = 2 R sin C {cos ( A− B ) + cos C}

{ (
= 2 R sin C cos ( A − B ) + cos 1800 − A + B )}
= 2 R sin C {cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A+B )} = 4 R sin A sin B sin C

27. Prove that ∑ a3 sin ( B − C ) = 0

Solution : -

∑ a 3 sin ( B − C ) = ∑ ( 2 R sin A ) sin ( B − C ) = 8 R 3 ∑ sin 3 A sin ( B − C )

3

8R3 ∑ sin 2 A sin A sin ( B − C ) = 8 R 3 ∑ ( )

sin 2 A sin 1800 − B + C sin ( B − C )

{∵ A = 180 0
−B+C }
= 8 R 3 ∑ sin 2 A sin ( B + C ) . sin ( B − C ) = 8 R 3 ∑ (
sin 2 A sin 2 B − sin 2 C )
{ ( ) ( )
= 8 R 3 sin 2 A sin 2 B − sin 2 C + sin 2 B sin 2 C − sin 2 A + sin 2 C sin 2 A − sin 2 B( )}
=0

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a sin ( B − C ) b sin ( C − A ) C sin ( A − B )
28. In a triangle ABC prove that = =
b2 − c2 C 2 − a2 a 2 − b2
Solution : -
a sin ( B − C ) 2 R sin A sin ( B − C ) ⎧∵ a = 2 R sin A : b = 2 R sin B ⎫
= ⎨ ⎬
b −c
2 2
{ }
4 R 2 sin 2 B − sin 2 C ⎩C = 2 R sin C from sin e Rule ⎭

1 sin ( B + C ) . sin ( B − C )
2R sin 2 B − sin 2 C
{∵ sin A = sin ( B + C ) In a triangle ABC}
1 sin 2 B − sin 2 C 1
=
2 R sin B − sin C 2 R
2 2

b sin ( C − A ) 1 C sin ( A − B ) 1
|||ly we have prove that = and =
c −a
2 2
2R a 2 − b2 2R
a cos A b cos B c cos C
29. Prove that + = + = +
bc a ca b ab c
Solution : -
a cos A a 2 + bc cos A
+ =
bc a abc
b2 + c2 − a 2
We knonw that cos A =
2bc
bc ⎡⎣b 2 + c 2 − a 2 ⎤⎦
a2 +
a 2 + bc cos A 2bc 2a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − a 2
= =
abc abc 2abc

a 2 + b2 + c2
2abc

b +
2 (
ac a 2 + c 2 − b 2 )
b cos B b + ac cos B
2
2ac a 2 + b2 + c 2
ly
||| + = = =
ca b abc abc 2abc
c cos c a 2 + b 2 + c 2
|||ly + =
ab c 2abc

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1 + cos ( A − B ) cos C a 2 + b 2
30 Prove that =
1 + cos ( A − C ) cos B a 2 + c 2

Solution : -
In a triangle ABC A + B + C = 1800 ⇒ C = 1800 − A + B

(
B = 1800 − A + C )
1+ cos ( A − B ) cos C
=
(
1 + cos ( A− B ) cos 1800 − A + D )
1 + cos ( A − C ) cos B (
1 + cos ( A − C ) . cos 1800 − A + C )

=
1 − cos ( A − B ) cos ( A + B ) {
=
1 − cos 2 A − sin 2 B }
1 − cos ( A − C ) cos ( A + C ) 1 − {cos 2
A − sin 2
C}

a2 b2
+
1 − cos A + sin B sin A + sin B 4 R 2 4 R 2 a 2 + b 2
2 2 2 2
= = = 2 = 2
1 − cos 2 A + sin 2 C sin 2 A + sin 2 C a c2 a + c2
+
4R2 4R2

a b b a
31. If C = 600 then show that (i) + =1 (ii) + 2 =0
b+c c+a c −a
2 2
c − b2
Solution : -
Given C = 600

C 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C

⎛1⎞
C 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 ab ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
C + ab = a + b
2 2 2

a b
+ =
b+c c+a

ac + a 2 + bc + b 2 a 2 + b 2 + ac + bc
=
( b + c )( c + a ) bc + ab + c 2 + ac
But a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + ab

c 2 + ab + ac + bc
=1
bc + ab + c 2 + ac

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(ii)
b
+ 2
a
=0⇒
{
b c − b2 + a c2 − a 2 2
} { }
c2− a2 c − b2 c2 − a 2 c 2 − b2 ( )( )
bc 2 − b3 + ac 2 − a 3
= 2 =
c 2 ( a + b ) − ( a + b ) a 2 + b 2 − ab { }
(
c − a 2 c2 − b2 )( ) (
c2 − a 2 c2 − b2 )( )
( a + b ) ⎡⎣c 2 − {a 2 + b2 −ab} ⎤⎦ ( a + b ) ⎡⎣c 2 − ( c 2 + ab − ab ⎤
⎦ )
= =
(c 2
− a2 ) (c − b )
2 2
(c 2
− a2 )( c −b
2 2
)
=0
1 1 3
(iii) In a triangle ABC + = show that c = 600
a+c b+c a+b+c
Solution : -
1 1 3 a+b+c a+b+c
Given + = + =3
a+c b+c a+b+c a+c b+c

( a + c ) + b + a + (b + c ) = 3 ⇒ a +c
+
b
+
a
+
b+c
=3
a+c b+c a − c a+ c b + c b + c

b a b 2 + bc + a 2 + ac
+ =1⇒ =1
a+c b+c ab + ac + bc + c 2

{
a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = ab ⇒ 2ab cos C = ab ∵ a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = 2abc cos C }
ab 1 ab 1
cos C = = ⇒ C = 600 cos C = = ⇒ C = 600
2ab 2 2ab 2

32. If a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9 then find cos A = cos B = cos C

12
b 2 + c 2 − a 2 64k 2 + 81k 2 − 49k 2 96k 2
Solution : - cos A = = =
2bc 2 ( 8k )( 9k ) 2 × 8k × 9 k

a 2 + c 2 − b 2 49k 2 + 81k 2 − 64k 2 6633 11

cos B = = = =
2ac 2 × 7 k × 9k 2 × 63 21

a 2 + b 2 − c 2 49k 2 + 64k 2 − 81k 2 32k 2 2

cos C = = = =
2ab 2 × 7 k × 8k 20k × 8k 7
2 11 2 2 11 2
∴ cos A = cos B = co C = = = = × 21 = × 21 = × 21
3 21 7 3 21 7
= 14 :11: 6

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cos A cos B cos C a 2 + b 2 + c 2
33. Show that + + =
a b c 2abc
cos A cos B cos C bc cos A + ca cos B + ab cos C
LHS + + =
a b c abc
2bc cos A + 2ca cos B + 2ab cos C
=
2bac

b2 + c2 − a 2 + a 2 + c2 − b2 + a 2 + b2 − c2
=
2abc
⎧⎪∵ 2bc cos A = b 2 + c 2 − a 2 : 2ac cos B = a 2 + c 2 − b 2 ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ 2ab cos c = a + b + c ⎪⎭
2 2 2

a 2 + b2 + c2
=
2abc
⎛ A− B ⎞ ⎛ A+ B⎞
34. Prove that ( b − a ) cos c + c ( cos B − cos A ) = c sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ec ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Solution : - ( b − a ) cos c + c {cos B − cos A}

b cos c − a cos c + cos B − cos A = ( b cos c + cos B ) − ca cos C + cos A

a − b { from projection Rule}

= 2 R {sin A − sin B}

⎧ ⎛ A+ B ⎞ ⎛ A − B ⎞⎫
= 2 R ⎨2 cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟⎬
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭

⎧ C ⎛ A − R ⎞⎫ C ⎧ C C ⎫ ⎛ A− B ⎞
2 R ⎨2sin sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ cos 2 R ⎨2sin cos ⎬ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎩ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭ 2 ⎩ 2 2⎭ ⎝ 2 ⎠
=
C C
cos cos
2 2
⎛ A− B⎞
2 R sin C sin ⎜ ⎟
= ⎝ 2 ⎠ = c sin Csin ⎛ A − B ⎞ cos ec ⎛ A + B ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ A+ B⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎧∵ In a triangle ABC ⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎨C ⎛ 0 A + B ⎞ A + B C⎬
⎪ 2 = ⎜ 90 − 2 ⎟ ; 2 = 90 − 2 ⎪
0

⎩ ⎝ ⎠ ⎭

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C A ( s − a )( s − b ) + c ( s − b )( s − c )
35. Express a sin 2 + c sin 2 = a
2 2 ab bc

( s − b ){s − a + s − c}
b

( s − b ){2s − ac} = ( s − b ) { a +b+ c − a − c } = ( s − b)

b b
B c
36. If b + c = 3a then find the value of cot cot
2 2
Solution : -

B c s ( s − b) s ( s − c)
cot cot =
2 2 ( s − a )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − b )
s ( s − b) s ( s− c ) s 2s
= . = =
( s − a )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − b ) s − a 2(s − a)

b + c + a 3a + a 4a
= = = =2
b + c − a 3a −a 2a
A A
37. Show that ( b − c ) cos 2 + ( b + c ) sin 2 = a 2
2 2

2 2
Solution : -
A A
(b − c ) + ( b + c ) sin 2
2 2
cos 2
2 2

{b 2
+ c 2 − 2bc} cos 2
A
2
+ {b 2 + c 2 + 2bc} sin 2
A
2
⎧ A A⎫ ⎧ A A⎫ ⎧ A A⎫
b 2 ⎨cos 2 + sin 2 ⎬ + c 2 ⎨cos 2 + sin 2 ⎬ − 2bc ⎨cos 2 − sin 2 ⎬
⎩ 2 2⎭ ⎩ 2 2⎭ ⎩ 2 2⎭

b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A = a 2 (from cosine rule)

C B
|||ly prove that (i) ( c − a ) cos 2 + ( c + a ) sin 2 = b 2
2 2

2 2
c C
(ii) ( a − b ) cos 2 + ( a + b ) sin 2 = c 2
2 2

2 2

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38. In ΔABC, prove that r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4R cos C.
Sol.
A B C A B C A B C A B C
r + r1 + r2 − r3 = 4R sin sin sin + 4R sin cos cos + 4R cos sin cos − 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A⎡ B C B C⎤ A⎡ B C B C⎤
= 4R sin ⎢ cos cos + sin sin ⎥ + 4R cos ⎢sin cos − cos cos ⎥
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦ 2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦
A ⎛ B−C⎞ A ⎛ B−C⎞
= 4R sin cos ⎜ ⎟ + 4R cos sin ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ B+C⎞ ⎛ B−C⎞ ⎛ B+C⎞ ⎛ B−C⎞
= 4R cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ +4R sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡ ⎛ B+C⎞ ⎛ B−C⎞ ⎛ B + C ⎞ ⎛ B − C ⎞⎤
= 4R ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎛ B+C B−C⎞
= 4R cos ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ B+C−B+C⎞
= 4R cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
2C
= 4R cos = 4R cos C
2
39. If r1 + r2 + r3 = r, then show that ∠C = 90°.
r1 + r2
Sol. r1 + r2 = r − r3 ⇒ =1 …(1)
r − r3
A B C A B C
r1 + r2 = 4R sin
cos cos +4R cos sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
C⎡ A B A B⎤
= 4R cos ⎢sin cos + cos sin ⎥
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦
C ⎡ A + B⎤
= 4R cos sin
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
C C
= 4R cos ⋅ cos
2 2
C
= 4R cos 2
2

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A B C A B C
r − r3 = 4R sin sin sin − 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
C⎡ A B A B⎤
= 4R sin ⎢sin sin − cos cos ⎥
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦
C⎡ ⎛ A + B ⎞⎤
= 4R sin ⎢ − cos ⎜ ⎟⎥
2⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
C⎡ C⎤
= 4R sin ⎢ − sin ⎥
2⎣ 2⎦
C
= −4R sin 2
2
C
4R sin 2
r − r3 2 = tan 2 C
=
r1 + r2 4R cos 2 C 2
2
C
∴ tan 2 = tan 45° From(1)
2
C
= 45° ∴∠C = 90°
2
40. Prove that 4(r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1) = (a + b + c)2.

⎡ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ ⎤
Sol. 4(r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1) = 4 ⎢ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
⎣ S − a S − b S − b S − c S − c S − a ⎥⎦

⎡ S−c+S−a +S− b ⎤
= 4Δ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ (S − a)(S − b)(S − c) ⎦
⎡ 3S − (a + b + c) ⎤
= 4Δ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ (S − a)(S − b)(S − c) ⎦
⎡ S2 ⎤
= 4Δ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ S(S − a)(S − b)(S − c) ⎦
S2
= 4Δ 2 = 4S2
2
Δ
= (2S) 2 = (a + b + c) 2

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ abc 4R
41. Prove that ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ = 3 = 2 2 .
⎝ r r1 ⎠ ⎝ r r2 ⎠ ⎝ r r3 ⎠ Δ r S

1 1 S S−a S−S+ a a
Sol. − = − = =
r r1 Δ Δ Δ Δ

Similarly we get
1 1 b 1 1 c
− = and − =
r r2 Δ r r3 Δ
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⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
L.H.S. = ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ r r1 ⎠ ⎝ r r2 ⎠ ⎝ r r3 ⎠
a b c abc
= =
Δ Δ Δ Δ3
4R ⋅ Δ 4R 4R
= = 2 = = R.H.S.
Δ 3
Δ (rS) 2

r1 ( r2 + r3 )
42. Prove that =a
r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r3

Solution : - LHS
Δ ⎧ Δ Δ ⎫ Δ2
⎨ + ⎬ {s − b + s − c}
s −a ⎩ s + b s − c ⎭
=
( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
+ + ( s − a )( s − b ) + ( s − c )
( s − a )( s − b ) ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − c )( s − a ) ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
Δ2 ( s − a ) ( s −b ) ( s − c ) a
× ×
( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) Δ 3s − 2 s
aΔ aΔ
= =a
s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) Δ

43. Prove that r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – S2.

Sol. L.H.S. = r(r1 + r2 + r3)
Δ⎛ Δ Δ Δ ⎞
= ⎜ + + ⎟
S ⎝S−a S− b S−c ⎠
⎡ (S − b)(S − c) + (S − a)(S − c) ⎤
Δ 2 ⎢⎢ +(S − a)(S − b) ⎥
⎥
=
S ⎢ (S − a)(S − b)(S − c) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Δ2 ⎡S2 − Sc − Sb + bc + S2 − Sc − Sa ⎤
= 2 ⎢ ⎥
Δ ⎣⎢ +ac + S − Sb − Sa + ab
2
⎦⎥

= 3S2 − 2S(a + b + c) + bc + ca + ab
= 3S2 − 4S2 + bc + ca + ab
= ab + bc + ca − S2
= R.H.S.

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C C
44. Show that (r1 + r2 ) tan = (r3 − r) cot = c .
2 2
C
Sol. (r1 + r2 ) tan
2
C C
= 4R cos 2 tan
2 2
C
sin
C 2
= 4R cos 2
2 cos C
2
C C
= 4R sin cos
2 2
= 2R sin C = c ...(1)
C C C
(r3 − r) cot = 4R sin cot
2 2 2
C
cos
C 2
= 4R sin 2
2 sin C
2
C C
= 4R sin cos
2 2
= 2R sin C = c ...(2)
From (1) and (2)
C C
(r1 + r2 ) tan = (r3 − r) cot = c
2 2

45. In a ΔABC, show that the sides a, b, c are in A.P. if and only if r1, r2, r3 are in H.P.
1 1 1
Sol. r1, r2, r3 are in H.P. ⇔ , , are in A.P.
r1 r2 r3

s−a s−b s−c

⇔ , , are in A.P.
Δ Δ Δ
⇔ s − a,s − b,s − c are in A.P.

⇔ –a, –a, –c are in A.P.

⇔ a, b, c are in A.P.

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46. If A, A1 , A2 , A3 are the areas of incircle and excircle of a triangle respectively then prove

1 1 1 1
that + + =
A1 A2 A3 A

Solution : -
Here A = π r 2 A1 = π r12 ; A2 = π r22 ; A3 = π r32

1 1 1 1 1 1
LHS + + = + +
A1 A2 A3 π r12
π r22
π r32

1 ⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫ 1 ⎧ s − a s −b s − c ⎫
⎨ + + ⎬= ⎨ + + ⎬
π ⎩ r1 r2 r3 ⎭ π ⎩ Δ Δ Δ ⎭

1 ⎧ 3s − ( a + b + c ) ⎫ 1 s 1 1
⎨ ⎬= = ×
Δ ⎩ Δ ⎭ π Δ π ⎛Δ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝s⎠
1 1 1 1
.= =
π r πr 2
A

LAQ’S
a 2+ b2 + c2
47. In a triangle ABC prove that cot A + cot B + cot C =
4Δ
Solution : -
cos A
cot A =
sin A
b2 + c2− a 2
cos A =
2bc
b2 + c2 − a 2
2bc b2+ c2− a 2 b2+ c2− a 2
∴ cot = = =
sin A 2bc sin A ⎧1 ⎫
4 ⎨ bc sin A⎬
⎩2 ⎭
b2 + c2 − a 2 ⎧ 1 ⎫
cot A = ⎨∵ Δ = bc sin A⎬
4Δ ⎩ 2 ⎭
a2+ c2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
|||ly cot B = cot c =
4Δ 4Δ
b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + c2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
cot A + cot B+ cot C = + +
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ

b2 + c2 − a 2 + a 2 + c2 − b2 + a 2 + b2 − c2
=
4Δ
a 2+ b2 + c2
=
4Δ
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A B C
48. If cot : cot cot = 3 : 5 : 7 show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4
2 2 2
Solution : -
A B C s ( s − a) s ( s − c)
cot : cot : cot = : = 6:5:4
2 2 2 Δ Δ
∴s − a : s − b : s − c = 6:5 = 4
Let s − a = 3k s − b = 5k s − c = 7 k

( s − a ) + ( s − b ) + ( s − c ) = 3k + 5k + 7k
3s − 2 s = 15k ⇒ s = 15k
s − a = 3k ⇒ 15k − a = 3k ⇒ a = 12k
s − b = 5k ⇒ 15k − 5k = b ⇒ b = 10k
s − c = 7 k ⇒ 15k − 7 k = c ⇒ c = 8k
a : b : c = 12k :10k : 8k ⇒ a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4

⎧ A B⎫ C
49. In a triangle ABC show that ( a + b + c ) ⎨ tan + tan ⎬ = 2c cot
⎩ 2 2⎭ 2

⎡ A B⎤ ⎧ ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − c )( s − a ) ⎫
Solution : - ( a + b + c ) ⎢ tan + tan ⎥ = 2s ⎨ + ⎬
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎩ Δ Δ ⎭
2s ( s − c )
= {s − b + s − a}
Δ
C
= 2 cot {2 s − b −a} ⇒ 2 cot
2
C
2
{
a + b +c− b − a }
C
= 2c cot
2
r
50. Show that cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + .
R
Sol. L.H.S. = cos A + cos B + cos C
A B C
= 1 + 4sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
4R sin sin sin
= 1+ 2 2 2
R (∵ From transformations Prove This In Exam )
r
= 1+ = R.H.S.
R

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A B C r
51. Show that cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 2 + .
2 2 2 2R
A B C
Sol. L.H.S. = cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2
2 2 2
A B C
= 2 + 2sin sin sin
2 2 2
( from transformationsPROVE THIS IN EXAM )
A B C
4R sin sin sin
= 2+ 2 2 2
2R
r
= 2+ = R.H.S.
2R

A B C s2
52. Prove that (i) cot + cot + cot =
2 2 2 Δ
Solution : -
A B C s ( s − a) s ( s − b) s ( s − c)
cot + cot + cot = + +
2 2 2 Δ Δ Δ
= {s− a + s − b + s − c} = {3s − ( a+ b + c )} = ( 3s − 2 s )
S s s
Δ Δ Δ
2
s s
= (s) =
Δ Δ
A B C bc + ca + ab − s 2
(i) Prove that tan + tan + tan =
2 2 2 Δ
Solution : -
A B C
tan + tan + tan
2 2 2
( s − b )( s − c ) + ( s − c )( s − a ) + ( s − a )( s − b )
Δ Δ Δ
s 2 − cs − bs + bc + s 2 − as − cs + ac + s 2 − bs − as + ab
Δ
3s 2 − 2as − 2bs − 2cs + bc + ca + ab
Δ
bc + ca + ab + 3s 2 − 2 s ( a + b + c ) bc + ca + ab + 3s 2 − 2 s ( 2 s )
=
Δ Δ
bc + ca + ab + 3s 2 − 4 s 2 bc + ca + ab − s 2
=
Δ Δ

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A B C
cot + cot + cot
(iii) 2 2 2
cot A + cot B + cot C
Solution : -
A B C s ( s − a) s ( s − b) s ( s − c)
cot + cot + cot = + +
2 2 2 Δ Δ Δ
s s s s2
{ s − a + s − b + s − c} {
= 3 s − a − b − c} = × ( 3s − 2 s ) =
Δ Δ Δ Δ
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A 2bc b2 + c2 − a 2 b2+ c2 − a 2
cot A = = = =
sin A sin A bc sin A ⎧1 ⎫
Δ ⎨ bc sin A⎬
⎩2 ⎭
b2 + c 2 − a 2 ⎧ 1 ⎫
= ⎨∵ bc sin A = Δ ⎬
4Δ ⎩ 2 ⎭
b2 + c2 − a 2 c2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2
cot A + cot B + cot C = + +
4Δ 4Δ 4Δ
b2 + c 2 − a 2 + c2 + a 2 − b2 + a 2 + b2 − c2 a 2 + b2 + c2
= =
4Δ 4Δ
A B C s2
cot + cot + cot
2 2 2 = Δ s2 4Δ
= × 2 2
cot A + cot B + cot C a +b +c
2 2 2
Δ a + b + c2
4Δ

( 2s ) (a + b + c)
2 2
4s 2
= 2 = 2 = 2
a +b +c
2 2
a +b +c2 2
a + b2 + c2

⎛ A− B⎞
53. Show that (i) ∑ ( a + b ) tan ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = 0
⎛ A− B⎞
Solution : - ∑ ( a + b ) tan ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ from Napiries Rules
⎛ A− B⎞ a−b C
tan ⎜ ⎟= cot
⎝ 2 ⎠ a+b 2

A− B⎞ ⎛ ⎞
∴∑ ( a + b ) tan ⎛⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟=∑ ( a + b ) ⎜⎜ aa +− bb ⎟⎟ cot 2c
⎝ ⎠
(a − b) s ( s − c) = s
∑ Δ Δ
∑ ( a − b )( s − c )
s
Δ
∑ s (a − b) − c (a − b) = 0

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⎡ s ( a − b ) + s ( b − c ) + x ( c − a ) ⎤⎦ − {c ( a − b ) + b ( c − a ) + a ( b − c )} = 0
s
Δ⎣
b−c A b+c A
(ii) cot + tan = 2 cos ec ( B − C )
b+c 2 b−c 2
b−c b+c
Solution : - cot A / 2 + tan A / 2
b+c b−c

b−c A ⎛B−C⎞
From Napiers Rule cot = tan ⎜ ⎟
b+ c 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
b+c A ⎛B−C⎞
tan = cot ⎜ ⎟
b−c 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛B−C⎞ ⎛B−C⎞
∴ LHS = tan ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛B−C⎞ ⎛B−C⎞ 2⎛ B −C ⎞ 2⎛ B −C ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ + cos ⎜ ⎟
= ⎝ 2 ⎠ + ⎝ 2 ⎠= ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ B− C ⎞ ⎛B−C⎞ ⎛ B− C ⎞ ⎛B−C⎞
cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 2
= = 2 cos ec ( B − C )
⎛B−C⎞ ⎛ B − C ⎞ sin ( B − C )
2sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

a 2 bc A
54. . (i) It sin θ = then show that cos θ = cos
b+c b+c 2
a
Solution : - sin θ = ⇒ cos 2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
b+c

(b + c ) − a2
2
a2
∴ cos θ = 1 −
2
⇒ cos 2
θ=
(b + c ) (b + c )
2 2

cos θ = 2 b 2 + c 2 + 2bc − a 2
=
(b 2
)
+ c 2 − a 2 + 2bc
(b + c ) ( b+ c )
2 2

2bc cos A + 2bc 2bc {1 + cos A}

= =
(b + c ) (b + c )
2 2

A
2bc × 2 cos 2
cos 2 θ = 2
(b + c )
2

2 bc A
cos θ = cos
b+c 2

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2 bc A
(ii) If a = ( b + c ) cos θ then prove that sin θ = cos
b+c 2
a
Solution: - a = ( b + c ) cos θ ⇒ = cos θ
b+c

(b + c ) − a2
2
a2
sin θ = 1 − cos θ = 1 −
2 2
⇒ sin 2
θ=
(b + c ) (b + c )
2 2

sin θ =
2 b 2 + c 2 + 2bc − a 2
⇒ sin 2
θ=
(b 2
)
+ c 2 − a 2 + 2bc
(b + c ) (b + c )
2 2

2bc cos A + 2bc 2bc {1 + cos A}

sin 2 θ = ⇒ sin 2
θ =
(b + c ) (b + c )
2 2

⎛ A⎞
2bc ⎜ 2 cos 2 ⎟
sin 2 θ = ⎝ 2⎠
⇒ sin θ =
2 bc
cos
A
(b + c ) b− c
2
2

2 bc A
(iii) If a = ( b − c ) sec θ prove that tan θ = sin
b−c 2
Solution : -
a a2
sec θ = ⇒ tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ − 1 = =1
b−c (b − c )
2

a2− (b − c )
2
a 2 − b 2 − c 2 + 2bc
tan θ =
2
⇒ tan θ =2

(b − c ) (b − c )
2 2

tan θ =
2 {
2bc − b 2 + c 2 − a 2 }
(b − c )
2

2bc − 2bc cos A 2bc [1 − cos A]

tan 2 θ = =
(b − c ) (b − c )
2 2

⎛ A⎞
2bc ⎜ 2sin 2 ⎟
tan 2 θ = ⎝ 2⎠
⇒ tan θ =
2 bc
sin
A
(b − c ) b−c
2
2

(iv) For any angle θ show that a cos θ = b cos ( C + θ ) + c cos ( B − θ )

Soluton : -
RHS = b cos ( c + θ ) + c cos ( B − θ ) = b {cos c cos θ − sin c sin θ }

+ c {cos B cos θ + sin B sin θ }

= b cos c cos θ − b sin sin θ + c cos B cos θ + csin B sin θ

bc cb
= cos θ {b cos c + c cos B} − / sin θ + sin θ = a cos θ
2R 2R
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55. If the angles of a triangle ABC are in AP and b : c = 3 : 2 then show that A = 750
Solution : -
Angles of a triangle ABC are in AP
∴ 2 B = A + C ⇒ 3B = A + B + C but A + B + C = 1800

∴ 3B = 1800 ⇒ B = 600

Given that b : c = 3 : 2

2 R sin B = 2 R sin C = 3 : 2 ⇒ sin B = sin C = 3 = 2

sin 600 = sin C = 3 : 2

3 3
: sin C = 3 : 2 = × 2= 3 sin C
2 2
1
⇒ sin c = ⇒ C = 450
2
A + B + C = 1800 ⇒ A + 600 + 450 = 1800 ⇒ A = 750 c (proved)

a 2 + b2 sin C
56. If = then prove that triangle ABC is either isosceles or right angled
a −b
2 2
sin ( A − B )

Solution : -
a 2+ b2 sin C
Given =
( a −b
2 2
)
sin ( A − B )

( )
⇒ a 2 + b 2 sin ( A− B ) = a 2 − b 2 sin C ( )
Using sine rule we have

{ } {
4R 2 sin 2 A + sin 2 B sin ( A − B ) = 4 R 2 sin 2 A − sin 2 B sin C }
{sin 2
}
A + sin 2 B sin ( A − B ) − sin ( A − B ) sin ( A + B ) sin C = 0

But in triangle ABC sin ( A + B ) = sin C

( )
∴ sin 2 A + sin 2 B sin ( A− B ) − sin ( A − B )( sin C ) ( sin C )= 0

{
sin ( A − B ) sin 2 A + sin 2 B − sin 2 C = 0 }
sin ( A − B ) = 0 or sin 2 A + sin 2 B = sin 2 C

A = B or a 2 + b 2 = c 2
∴ triangle either isosceles or right angled

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3
57. If cos A + cos B + cos C = then show that the triangle is equilateral
2
3 ⎛ A+ B⎞ ⎛ A− B⎞ 3
Solution: - cos A + cos B + cos C = ⇒ 2 cos ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ + cos C =
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

⎛ C⎞ ⎛ A− B⎞ 3
2 cos ⎜ 900 − ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟ + cos C =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
C ⎛ A− B⎞ 2 C
2sin cos ⎜ ⎟ + 1 −2sin = 3/ 2
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
C ⎛ A− B⎞ 2 C 1
2sin cos ⎜ ⎟ − 2sin =
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
C ⎛ A− B⎞ 2 C C C ⎛ A− B⎞
4sin cos ⎜ ⎟ − 4sin = 1 ⇒ 1 + 4sin 2 − 4sin cos ⎜ ⎟=0
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
⎛ C⎞ ⎛ C A −B⎞ 2 ⎛ A− B ⎞ 2⎛ A− B⎞
⎜ 2sin ⎟ − 2 ⎜ 2sin cos ⎟ + cos ⎜ ⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟ +1= 0
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
⎧ C ⎛ A − B ⎞⎫ 2⎛ A− B⎞
⎨2sin − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ + sin ⎜ ⎟=0
⎩ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭ ⎝ 2 ⎠
C ⎛ A− B ⎞ A− B
∴ 2sin − cos ⎜ ⎟ = 0 and sin =0
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
C ⎛ A −B ⎞
∴ 2sin = cos ⎜ ⎟ and A − B= 0
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
C C
∴ 2sin = 1 ⇒ = 300 ⇒ c = 600
2 2
A = B ∴ A = B = 600
Hence trangile is equilateral

58. It cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1 then show that triangle ABC is right angled
Solution: -
cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1 ⇒ cos 2 A + cos 2 B − 1 + cos 2 C = 0

cos 2 A − sin 2 B + cos 2 C = 0 ⇒ cos ( A − B ) cos ( A − B ) + cos 2 C = 0

( )
cos 1800 − c . cos ( A − B ) + cos 2 C = 0

− cos C cos ( A − B ) + cos C = 0

− cos C {cos ( A − B ) − cos C} = 0

− cos C {cos ( A − B ) − cos C} = 0

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{ (
− cos c cos ( A − B ) − cos 1800 − A + B )} = 0
− cos c {cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B )}= 0

− cos c {cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B )}= 0

2 cos A cos B cos C = 0

⇒ cos A = 0 or cos B = 0 (or ) cos C= 0

A = 900 (or ) B = 900 or C = 900

∴ Triangle is right angled triangle

59. If a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 8 R 2 then prove that the triangle is right angled

Solutin :
- Given a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 8 R 2⇒ 4 R 2 {sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C}= 8 R 2

sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2 ⇒ 1 − cos 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2

{ }
1 − cos 2 A − sin 2 B + 1 − cos 2 C = 2

− cos ( A − B ) cos ( A − B ) − cos 2 C= 0

cos C cos ( A − B ) − cos 2 = 0 ⇒ cos C {cos ( A − B ) − cos C} = 0

cos C {cos ( A− B ) + cos ( A + B )} = 0 ⇒ 2 cos A cos B cos C = 0

cos A = 0 or cos B = 0 (or ) cos C = 0 ⇒ A = 900 ( or ) B = 900 ( or ) C = 900

A B C
60. If cot , cot , cot are in AP then prove that a, b, c are in AP
2 2 2
Solution ; -
A B C
cot , cot cot are in AP
2 2 2
B A C 2s ( s − b ) s ( s − a ) s ( s − c )
2 cot = cot + cot ⇒ = +
2 2 2 Δ Δ Δ
⇒ 2 ( s − b ) = ( s − a ) + ( s − c ) ⇒ a − b + c = 2s − a −c

a + c − b = a + b + c − a − c ⇒ a + c = 2b

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A B C
61. If sin 2 , sin 2 , sin 2 are in HP then show that a, b, c are in HP
2 2 2
Solution : -
A B C
sin 2 , sin 2 , sin 2 are in HP
2 2 2
( s − b )( s − c ) , ( s − c )( s − a ) , ( s − a )( s − b ) are in HP
bc ac ab
bc ac ab
, , are in HP
( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s− b )

Multiplying with
( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) we have
abc

bc ( s −a )( s − b )( s − c ) ac ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) ab ( s − a ) ( s− b ) ( s − c )
, , and P
abc ( s − b ) ( s − c ) abc ( s − a ) s − c ( ) ( )
abc s − a ( s − b )

s − a s − b s− c
, , are in AP
a b c
Adding ‘1’ to every term we here
s−a s−b s− c
+ 1, + 1, + 1 are in AP
a b c
s s s 1 1 1
, , are in AP ⇒ , , are in AP
a b c a b c
a, b, c are in HP

abc
62. Prove that a 2 cot A + b 2 cot B + c 2 cot C =
R
Solution: -
a 2 cot A + b 2 cot B + c 2 cot C
cos A cos B cos C
4 R 2 sin 2 A × + 4 R 2 sin 2 B + 4 R 2 sin 2 C
sin A sin B sin C

2 R 2 {sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C}

2 R 2 {2sin ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) + sin 2C}

2 R 2 {2sin C cos ( A − B ) + 2sin C cos C}

2 R 2 ⎡⎣ 2sin C {cos ( A − B ) + cos C}⎤⎦ = 4 R sin C {cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )}

{
2 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C }
4 R sin C sin A sin B =
2
=
R

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( 2 R sin A) ( 2 R sin B ) ( 2 R sin C ) = abc
R R
A B C Δ
63. Show that a cos 2 + b cos 2 + c cos 2 = s +
2 2 2 R
Solution: -
A B C
a cos 2 + b cos 2 + c cos 2
2 2 2
a (1 + cos A ) b (1 + cos B ) c (1 + cos C )
+ +
2 2 2
a + a cos A + b + b cos B + C + c cos C ( a + b + c ) +
=
2 2
( a + b + c ) + {a cos A + b cos B + c cos C}
2
2 s + 2 R sin A cos A + 2 R sin B cos B + 2 R sin C cos C
2
2S + R ( sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C )
2
2S + R {2sin ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) + sin 2C}
2
2S + R {2sin C cos ( A − B ) + 2sin C cos C}
2
2S + 2 R sin C {cos ( A − B ) + cos C}
2
2S + 2 R sin C {cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )}
2
2 S + 4 R sin A sin B sin C
= S + 2 R sin A sin B sin C
2
S + 2 R 2 sin A sin B sin C Δ
=S+
R R

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A B C r
64. Show that sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 1 − .
2 2 2 2R
A B C
Sol. L.H.S. = sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2
2 2 2
1 − cos A 1 − cos B 1 − cos C
= + +
2 2 2
3 1
= − (cos A + cos B + cos C)
2 2
3 1⎡ A B C⎤
= − ⎢1 + 4sin sin sin ⎥
2 2⎣ 2 2 2⎦
(∵ from transformations)

⎡ A B C⎤
4R sin sin sin ⎥
3 1⎢ 2 2 2
= − ⎢1 + ⎥
2 2⎣ R ⎦
3 1⎡ r⎤
= − ⎢1 + ⎥
2 2⎣ R⎦

3 1 r r
= − − = 1− = R.H.S.
2 2 2R 2R

4R − r1 − r2 rr1
65. Show that i. Δ = r1r2 . ii. a = ( r2 + r3 )
r1 + r2 r2 r3

4R − r1 − r2
Sol. i)R.H.S. r1r2
r1 + r2

4R − (r1 + r2 )
= r1r2
r1 + r2
⎛ 2 C⎞
⎜∵ r1 + r2 = 4R cos ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ C⎞
4R ⎜1 − cos 2 ⎟
= r1r2 ⎝ 2⎠
C
4R cos 2
2

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C
sin 2
= r1r2 2 = r r tan C
C 12 2
cos 2
2
Δ Δ C
= ⋅ tan
S−a S−b 2
Δ2 (S − b)(S − a)
=
(S − a)(S − b) S(S − c)
Δ2 Δ2
= = = Δ = R.H.S.
S(S − a)(S − b)(S − c) Δ
Δ2
rr1 ⎛ Δ Δ ⎞ s (s − a)
ii) RHS = ( r2 + r3 ) =⎜ + ⎟
r2 r3 ⎝ s − b s − c ⎠ Δ2
( s − b )( s − c )
Δ {s −c + s − b} Δ2 ( s − b )( s − c )
= .
( s − b )( s − c ) s (s − a) Δ2

Δ . ( 2 s − b −c ) ( s − b )( s − c ) Δ {a + b + c − b − c} = a
= =
{ ( s − b )( s − c )} s ( s −a ) s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
2

66. Prove that r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 = 16R 2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c2 ) .

Sol.

(r1 + r2 + r3 − r) 2 = r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 − 2r(r1 + r2 + r3 ) + 2(r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r1 )...(1)

But [r1 + r2 + r3 − r] = 4R and r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r1 = S2

16R 2 = [r1 + r2 + r3 − r]2

16R 2 = r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 − 2r(r1 + r2 + r3 ) + 2(r1r2 + r2 r3 + r3r1 )
= r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 − 2r(r1 + r2 + r3 ) + 2S2

16R 2 = r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2 − 2(rr1 + rr2 + rr3 ) + 2S2 Consider 2(rr1 + rr2 + rr3) =

⎡ Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 ⎤
= 2⎢ + + ⎥
⎣ S(S − a) S(S − b) S(S − c) ⎦

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2 [ (S − b)(S − c) + (S − a)(S − c) + (S − a)(S − b) ]
= 2Δ
S(S − a)(S − b)(S − c)
2Δ 2 2
= ⎡S − Sc − Sb + bc + S2 − Sc − Sa + ac + S2 − Sb − Sa + ab ⎤
2 ⎣ ⎦
Δ
= 2 ⎡⎣3S2 − 2S(a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca ⎤⎦

= 2 ⎡⎣3S2 − 4S2 + ab + bc + ca ⎤⎦

= 2 ⎡⎣ab + bc + ca − S2 ⎤⎦

= 2 [ ab + bc + ca ] − 2S2

From (2)

⇒ r12 + r22 + r32 + r 2

= 16R 2 + 2r(r1 + r2 + r3 ) − 2S2
= 16R 2 − 2S2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) − 2S2
= 16R 2 − 4S2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
2
⎛a+b+c⎞
= 16R 2 − 4 ⎜ ⎟ + 2(ab + bc + ca)
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 16R 2 − ⎣⎡(a + b + c) 2 − 2(ab + bc + ca) ⎦⎤

= 16R 2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

67. If P1, P2, P3 are the altitudes from the vertices A, B, C to the opposite side of a triangle
respectively, then show that

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (abc) 2 8Δ3
(i) + + = (ii) + − = (iii) P1P2 P3 = =
P1 P2 P3 r P1 P2 P3 r3 8R 3 abc
Sol. We know that
1 1 1
Δ = aP1 , Δ = bP2 , Δ = cP3
2 2 2
2Δ 2Δ 2Δ
⇒ P1 = , P2 = and P3 =
a b c
1 1 1 a b c
i) + + = + +
P1 P2 P3 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ
a + b + c 2S 1
= = =
2Δ 2Δ r
1 1 1 a b c
ii) + − = + −
P1 P2 P3 2Δ 2Δ 2Δ
a + b − c 2S − 2c S − c 1
= = = =
2Δ 2Δ Δ r3

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2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ 8Δ 3
iii) P1P2 P3 = ⋅ ⋅ =
a b c abc
65 21
68. If a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, show that R = , r = 4, r1 = , r2 = 12 and r3 = 14.
8 2
Sol. Given that a = 13, b = 14, c = 15
a + b + c 13 + 14 + 15 42
S= = = = 21
2 2 2
S − a = 21 − 13 = 8,S − b = 21 − 14 = 7
S − c = 21 − 15 = 6
Δ = S(S − a)(S − b)(S − c)
= 21(8)(7)(6) = 21× 16 × 21
= 21× 21× 4 × 4 = 21× 4 = 84

abc 13 × 14 ×15 65
R= = =
4Δ 4 × 84 8
Δ 84
r= = =4
S 21
Δ 84 21
r1 = = =
S−a 8 2
Δ 84
r2 = = = 12
S−b 7
Δ 84
r3 = = = 14
S−c 6

69. If r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1, prove that

a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5.

Sol. Δ 2 = rr1r2 r3 = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 6 = 36

Δ 2 = 36 ⇒ Δ = 6
Δ 6
r= = ⇒S=6 (∵ r = 1)
S S
Δ Δ
r1 = ⇒ S−a =
S−a r1
Δ 6
∴a = S − = 6− = 6−3 = 3
r1 2
Δ Δ
r2 = ⇒ S−b =
S−b r2

Δ
∴b = S − = 6−3 = 3
r2

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Δ Δ
r3 = ⇒ S−c =
S−c r3
Δ
∴c = S − = 6 −1 = 5
r3

abc
70. Show that a 2 cot A + b 2 cot B + c2 cos C = .
R

Sol. L.H.S. a 2 cot A + b 2 cot B + c 2 cos C

cos A cos B cos C
= 4R 2 sin 2 A + 4R 2 sin 2 B +4R 2 sin 2 C (by sine rule)
sin A sin B sin C

= 2R 2 (2sin A cos A + 2sin Bcos B + 2sin C cos C)

= 2R 2 (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
= 2R 2 (4sin A sin Bsin C)
1
= (2R sin A)(2R sin B)(2R sin C)
R
abc
= = R.H.S.
R
1 1 3
71. In ΔABC, if + = , show that C = 60°.
a+c b+c a+b+c
1 1 3
Sol. + =
a+c b+c a+b+c
b+c+a+c 3
⇒ =
(a + c)(b + c) a + b + c
⇒ 3(a + c)(b + c) = (a + b + 2c)(a + b + c)
⇒ 3(ab + ac + bc + c 2 )
= (a 2 + b 2 + 2ab) + 3c(a + b) + 2c2
⇒ ab = a 2 + b 2 − c2 = 2ab cos C
(from cosine rule)
1
⇒ cos C = ⇒ C = 60°
2

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a 2 + b2 + c2
72. Prove that cot A + cot B + cot C = .
4Δ
cos A
Sol. L.H.S. = Σ cot A = Σ
sin A

⎛ b2 + c2 − a 2 ⎞
= Σ⎜ ⎟ (by cosine rule)
⎝ 2bc sin A ⎠
b2 + c2 − a 2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
=Σ ⎢⎣∵ Δ = 2 bc sin A ⎥⎦
4Δ
1 2 2 2 2
= [b + c − a + c + a 2 − b 2 + a 2 + b 2 − c 2 ]
4Δ
a 2 + b2 + c2
= = R.H.S.
4Δ
73. In ΔABC, if a cos A = b cos B, prove that the triangle is either isosceles or right angled.
Sol. a cos A = b cos B
⇒ 2R sin A cos A = 2R sin B cos B

⇒ sin 2A = sin 2B = sin(180° – 2B)

Hence 2A = 2B or 2A = 180° – 2B
⇒ A = B or A = (90° – B)

⇒ a = b or (A + B) = 90°

⇒ a = b or C = 90°

∴ The triangle is isosceles or right angled.

A B C
74. If cot : cot : cot = 3 : 5 : 7 , show that a : b : c = 6 : 5 : 4 .
2 2 2
A B C
Sol. cot : cot : cot = 3 : 5 : 7
2 2 2
s(s − a) s(s − b) s(s − c)
⇒ ⋅ ⋅ = 3:5: 7
Δ Δ Δ
⇒ (s − a) : (s − b) : (s − c) = 3 : 5 : 7
s−a s−b s−c
⇒ = = = k (say)
3 5 7
Then s – a = 3k, s – b = 5k, s – c = 4k
Adding these equations,
3s – (a + b + c) = 3k + 5k + 7k = 15k
⇒ 3s – 2s = 15k ⇒ s = 15k
Hence a = 12k, b = 10k, c = 8k
∴ a : b : c = 12k : 10k : 8k = 6 : 5 : 4

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75. Prove that a cos(B – C) + b cos (C – A) + c3 cos(A – B) = 3 abc.
3 3

Sol. L.H.S. = Σ a3 cos(B – C)

= Σa 2 (2R sin A) cos(B − C)

= RΣa 2 ⋅ [2sin(B + C) cos(B − C)]
= RΣa 2 (sin 2B + sin 2C)
= RΣa 2 (2sin Bcos B + 2sin C cos C)
= Σ[a 2 (2R sin B) cos B + a 2 (2R sin C) cos C]
= Σ(a 2 b cos B + a 2 c cos C)
= (a 2 b cos B + a 2c cos C) + (b 2c cos C + b 2a cos A) + (c 2a cos A + c 2 b cos B)
= ab(a cos B + b cos A) + bc(b cos C + c cos B)
+ca(c cos A + a cos C)
= ab(c) + bc(a) + ca(b)
= 3abc = R.H.S.

76. If p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle respectively, show that
1 1 1 cot A + cot B + cot C
+ 2+ 2 = .
2
p1 p 2 p3 Δ
Sol. Since p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes of ΔABC, we have
1 1 1
Δ = ap1 = bp 2 = cp3
2 2 2
2Δ 2Δ 2Δ
⇒ p1 = , p2 = , p3 =
a b c
1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
Now + + =
p12 p 22 p32 4Δ 2
1
= (cot A + cot B + cot C) = R.H.S.
Δ

a 2 + b2 + c2
[∵ cot A + cot B + cot C = ]
4Δ

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77. If (r2–r1)(r3–r1) = 2r2r3. Show that A = 90°.
Sol. (r2 – r1)(r3 – r1) = 2r2r3

⎡ Δ Δ ⎤⎡ Δ Δ ⎤
⇒⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ (s − b) (s − a) ⎦ ⎣ (s − c) (s − a) ⎦
Δ Δ
=2
(s − b) (s − c)
⎡ s−a −s+ b ⎤ ⎡ s−a −s+c ⎤
⇒ Δ⎢ ⎥⋅Δ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ (s − b)(s − a) ⎦ ⎣ (s − c)(s − a) ⎦
2Δ 2
=
(s − b)(s − c)
⇒ (b − a)(c − a) = 2(s − a) 2
2
⎛ b+c−a ⎞
⇒ (b − a)(c − a) = 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⇒ 2(bc − ca − ab + a 2 )
= b 2 + c 2 + a 2 + 2bc − 2ca − 2ab

⇒ 2a 2 = b 2 + c2 + a 2
⇒ b2 + c2 = a 2
Hence ΔABC is right angled and A = 90°.

⎛B−C⎞
78. In a triangle ABC prove that ∑ ( r + r ) tan ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ = 0
1

Solution: -
A B C A B C
r1r2 = 4 R sin
cos cos + 4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
A ⎛B−C⎞
= 4 R sin cos ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ B −C ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
B−C⎞ ⎛B−C⎞
( r1 + r ) tan ⎛⎜ ⎝ 2 ⎠
A
∑ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ ∑
= 4 R sin
2
cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎛B−C⎞
cos ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ B+C⎞ ⎛B−C⎞
∑ 3R 2sin ⎜ 900 −
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ . sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟

⎧ ⎛ B +C ⎞ ⎛ B − C ⎞⎫
∑ 2 R ⎨2 cos ⎜
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ sin ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
⎟⎬

∑ 2 R {sin B − sin C} = ∑ 2 R sin B − 2 R sin C

∑ b−c= b−c+c−a+a−b=0

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1 1 1 1 a 2 + b2 + c2
79. Show that 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = .
r r1 r2 r3 Δ2

1 1 1 1
Sol. L.H.S. = + + +
r 2 r12 r22 r32

s2 (s − a) 2 (s − b) 2 (s − c) 2
= + + +
Δ2 Δ2 Δ2 Δ2
1
= 2 ⎡s 2 + (s − a) 2 + (s − b) 2 + (s − c) 2 ⎤
Δ ⎣ ⎦
1
= 2 ⎡s 2 + s 2 − 2as + a 2 + s 2 − 2bs + b 2 + s 2 − 2cs + c 2 ⎤
Δ ⎣ ⎦

1
= ⎡ 4s 2 − 2s(a + b + c) + a 2 + b 2 + c2 ⎤
2 ⎣ ⎦
Δ
1 a 2 + b2 + c2
= ⎡ 4s 2 − 2s(2s) ⎤ +
Δ2 ⎣ ⎦ Δ2
a 2 + b2 + c2
= = R.H.S.
Δ2
r1 r2 r3 1 1
80. Show that + + = − .
bc ca ab r 2R
r1 r2 r3 1
Sol. L.H.S. = + + = [ar1 + br2 + cr3 ]
bc ca ab abc

1 ⎡ A⎤ s A ⎛ abc ⎞
= ⎢ Σa ⋅ s tan ⎥ = Σ 2R sin A tan ⎜∵ Δ = ⎟
abc ⎣ 2 ⎦ abc 2 ⎝ 4R ⎠
⎡ ⎛ A ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ sin ⎟ ⎥
s A A 2 (∵ r = Δ / s)
= Σ ⎢ 2R ⋅ 2sin cos ⋅ ⎜ ⎟⎥
abc ⎢ 2 A
2 ⎜ cos ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
Rs ⎛ 2 A ⎞ s ⎛ 1 − cos A ⎞
=4 Σ ⎜ sin ⎟ = Σ⎜ ⎟
abc ⎝ 2⎠ Δ ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
= (1 − cos A + 1 − cos B + 1 − cos C)
2r
1
= [3 − (cos A + cos B + cos C) ]
2r
1 ⎡ ⎛ A B C ⎞⎤
= ⎢ 3 − ⎜1 + 4sin sin sin ⎟ ⎥
2r ⎣ ⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ A B C ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ 4R sin sin sin ⎟ ⎥
1 2 2 2
= ⎢2 − ⎜ ⎟⎥
2r ⎣ ⎝ R ⎠⎦
1 ⎡ r⎤ 1 1
= ⎢ 2− ⎥ = − = R.H.S.
2r ⎣ R ⎦ r 2R

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81. If r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12, then prove that the triangle is right angled at A.
Sol. If r : R : r1 = 2 : 5 : 12, then r = 2k, R = 5k and r1 = 12k for some k.
r1 − r = 12k − 2k = 10k = 2(5k) = 2R
A⎡ B C B C⎤
⇒ 4R sin ⎢ cos cos − sin sin ⎥ = 2R
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦

A ⎛ B+C⎞ 2 A 1⎡ ⎛ B+C⎞ A⎤
⇒ 2sin cos ⎜ ⎟ = 1 ⇒ sin = ⎢∵ cos ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎥
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎦

A 1
⇒ sin = = sin 45°
2 2
A
⇒ = 45° ⇒ A = 90°
2
Hence the triangle is right angled at A.

82. Show that r + r3 + r1 – r2 = 4R cos B.

Sol. r + r3

C⎡ A B A B⎤
= 4R sin ⎢ sin sin + cos cos ⎥
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦
C ⎛A−B⎞
= 4R sin cos ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
r1 – r2

C⎡ A B A B⎤
= 4R cos ⎢ sin cos − cos sin ⎥
2⎣ 2 2 2 2⎦
C ⎛A−B⎞
= 4R cos sin ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

∴ r + r3 + r1 – r2

⎡ C ⎛A−B⎞ C ⎛ A − B ⎞⎤
= 4R ⎢sin cos ⎜ ⎟ + cos sin ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎛C A B⎞ ⎛ B B⎞
= 4R sin ⎜ + − ⎟ = 4R sin ⎜ 90° − − ⎟
⎝2 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
= 4R cos B

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83. A lamp post is situated at the middle point M of the side AC of a triangular plot ABC
with BC = 7 m, CA = 8 m and AB = 9 m. Lamp post subtends an angle 15° at the point
B. Find the height of the lamp post.
Sol.
A
N

M
15°
B C

MN is the height of the lamp post.

Let MN = h (?)
Given that ∠NBM = 15°

b2 + c2 − a 2
In ΔABC, cos C =
2abc
64 + 49 − 81 16 × 2 32 2
= = = =
2×8× 7 16 × 7 112 7
2
∴ cos C =
7
Let BM = x

7 2 + 42 − x 2
In ΔBCM, cos C =
2×7× 4
2 49 + 16 − x 2
=
7 7×8
16 = 65 − x 2
x 2 = 65 − 16 ⇒ x = 7
h
In ΔBMN : tan15° =
x
h = x tan15° = 7(2 − 3)

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84. Two ships leave a port at the same time. One goes 24 km per hour in the direction N
45°E and other travels 32 km per hour in the direction S 75° E. Find the distance
between the ships at the end of 3 hours.
Sol.
E
S B

72 96
60°
N 45° 75° S
P

P is the position of the port.

A is the position of the North-East traveled ship after 3 hours is = 72 km
Position of the South-East traveled ship after 3 hours is 3 × 32 = 96 km

From the data ∠APB = 60°

In ΔAPB,

AP 2 + BP 2 − AB2
cos P =
2AP BP
(72) 2 + (96) 2 − AB2
cos 60° =
2 × 72 × 96

1 722 + 962 − AB2

=
2 2 × 72 × 96
5184 + 9216 − AB2
1=
72 × 96
14400 − AB2
1=
6912

6912 = 14400 − AB2

AB2 = 14400 − 6912
AB2 = 7488
AB = 7488 = 86.53 = 86.4 km

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85. A tree stands vertically on the slant of the hill. From a point A on the ground 35 meters
down the hill from the base of the tree, the angle of elevation of the top of the tree is
60°. If the angle of elevation of the foot of the tree from A is 15°, then find the height of
the tree.
Sol.
B

h D
y 35m 60°
15° A
C x
BD is the height of the tree and A is the point of observation.
Let CD = y
AC = x
Given that, ∠CAD = 15°, ∠CAB = 60° and AD = 35 m.
y
In ΔCAD, sin15° =
35
35( 3 − 1)
y = 35sin15° = …(1)
2 2
x
cos15° =
35
3 +1
x= × 35 …(2)
2 2
h
In ΔCAB, tan 60° =
x

3 +1
h=x 3= × 35 × 3
2 2
Height of the tree = h – y
3 +1 3 −1
× 35 3 − × 35 =
2 2 2 2
3 +1 ⎡
= 3 + 3 − 3 + 1⎤⎦
2 2 ⎣
35 × 4
= = 35 2 m
2 2

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86. The upper 3/4th portion of a vertical pole subtends an angle Tan–13/5 at a point in the
horizontal plane through its foot and at a distance 40 m from the foot. Given that the
vertical pole is at a height less than 100 m from the ground, find its height.

Sol.
A

3(100 − x)
4 100–x
100 − x
θ=tan–1(3/5) 4
C α
B

AB is the height of the tree.

AD is the 3/4th part of upper part of the tree.
DB is the 1/4th lower part of the tree.
Let AB = 100 – x
C is the point of observation.
In ΔBCD,
3 3
Let ∠DCA : θ = tan −1 ⇒ tan θ =
5 5
100 − x 1 100 − x
tan α = × =
4 40 160
tan θ + tan α
tan(θ + α) =
1 − tan θ tan α
3 100 − x
+
100 − x
= 5 160
40 3 100 −x
1− ×
5 160
100 − x 480 + 5(100 − x)
=
40 800 − 3(100 − x)
100 − x 480 + 500 − 5x
=
40 800 − 300 + 3x
100 − x 980 − 5x
=
40 500 + 3x

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[100 − x][500 + 3x] = 40[980 − 5x]
50000 + 300x − 500x − 3x 2 = 39200 − 200x
⇒ 3x 2 + 500x − 400x = 50000 − 39200
3x 2 = 10800
10800
x2 = = 3600
3
x = 3600 = 60

Height of the tree = 100 – x = 40 m.

87. Let an object be placed at some height h cm and let P and Q be two points of
observation which are at a distance 10 cm apart on a line inclined at angle 15° to the
horizontal. If the angles of elevation of the object from P and Q are 30° and 60°
respectively then find h.
Sol.
A

30°

E h
60°
120°
30°
P 18° B

A is the position of the object.

Given that AB = h cm
P and Q are points of observation.
Given that, PQ = 10 cm
We have,
∠BPE = 15°, ∠EPA = 30°, ∠EQA = 60°

In ΔPQA,

P = 30°, Q = 120° and A = 30°

∴ By sine rule,
AP PQ
=
sin120° sin 30°
AP 10
=
sin(180° − 60°) 1/ 2

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AP AP
= 20° ⇒ = 20°
sin 60° 3/2
3
AP = 20 × = 10 3
2
AB
In ΔPBA, sin 45° =
AP
1 h
=
2 10 3
10 3 5 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
h= = = 5 2 3 = 5 6 cm
2 2

88. The angle of elevation of the top point P of the vertical tower PQ of height h from a
point A is 45° and from a point B is 60°, where B is a point at a distance 30 meters
from the point A measured along the line AB which makes an angle 30° with AQ. Find
the height of the tower.
Sol.
P

15°

B 60°
C

A 30° 45° Q
D
In the figure
PQ = h, ∠PAQ = 45°

∠BAQ = 30° and ∠PBC = 60°

Also, AB = 30 m
∴ ∠BAP = ∠APB = 15°
This gives, BP = AB = 30 and
h = PC + CD = BP sin 60° + AB sin 30°

= 15 3 + 15 = 15( 3 + 1) meters.

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89. Theorem : - In a triangle ABC prove that

(i) sin
A
=
( S − b )( S − c ) (ii) cos
A
=
S (S − a)
2 bc 2 bc

A
=
( S − b )( S − C ) = Δ = ( S − b )( S − C )
(iii) tan
2 S (S − a) S (S − a) Δ
S (S − a) Δ S ( S− a )
(iv) cot A / 2 = = =
( S − b )( S − c ) ( S − b )( S − c ) Δ

Proof (i)
From cosine rule we know that
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 2bc cos A ⇒ 2bc cos = b 2 + c 2 − a 2
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A =
2bc
A
We know that 2sin 2 = 1 − cos A
2
b 2 + c 2 − a 2 2bc − b 2 − c 2 + a 2
=1− =
2bc 2bc
2 A
a − {b + c −2bc}
2 2 2
2 A a2 − (b − c )
2

∴ 2sin = ⇒ sin =
2 2bc 2 4bc
A ( a + b − c )( a − b + c )
sin 2 =
2 4bc
∵ a + b + c = 2 S we have 2 S − 2C= a + b − c

A 2 ( S − C ) 2 ( S − b) A ( S − b )( S − C )
∴ sin 2 = ⇒ sin =
2 4 bc 2 bc
Proof (ii)
A b2 + c2− a 2
2 cos 2 = 1+ cos A = 1 +
2 2bc

2 A (b + c ) − a
2
A 2bc + b 2 + c 2 − a 2
2

2 cos =
2
⇒ 2 cos
2 2bc 2 2bc
A ( b + c − a )( b + c + a )
cos 2 =
2 4bc
Since a + b + c = 2 S ; 2 S − 2a = b + c − a

A 2 (S − a) 2 S A S (S − a)
∴ cos 2 = ⇒ cos =
2 4 bc 2 bc

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A ( S − b )( S − c )
A
Proof (iii) tan = 2 =
sin
b−c
=
( S − b )( S − c )
2 cos A S (S − a) S (S − a)
2 b−c

tan
A
=
( S − b )( S − c ) ( S − b )( S− c ) = ( S − b )( S − c ) =
( S − b) ( S − c)
2 S ( S − a ) ( S − b )( S − c ) S ( S − a )( S − b )( S − c ) Δ

A ( S − b )( S − c ) × S ( S− a ) = S ( S − a )( S − b )( S − c ) Δ
tan =
2 S (S − a) S (S − a) S (S − a) S (S − a)

Proof of (iv)
By taking reciprocal of tan A / 2 we get cot A / 2
List of formulae related to half angles

sin
A ( S − b )( S − c ) sin B / 2 =
( S − c )( S − a ) sin
C
=
( S − a )( S − b )
2 bc ac 2 ab

A S (S − a) B S ( S − b) C S (S − c)
cos = cos = cos
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

tan
A
=
( S − b )( S− C ) = Δ = ( S − b )( S − c )
2 S (S − a) S (S − a) Δ

tan
B
=
( S − c )( S − a ) = Δ = ( S − c )( S − a )
2 S ( S − b) S ( S − b) Δ

tan
C
=
( S − a )( S − b ) = Δ = ( S − c )( S − a )
2 S ( S − c) S ( S − c) Δ

A S (S − a) Δ S (S − a)
cot = = =
2 ( S − b )( S − c ) ( S − b )( S − c ) Δ

B S ( S − b) Δ S ( S − b)
cot = = =
2 ( S −a )( S − c ) ( S − a )( S − c ) Δ

C S ( S− C ) Δ S (S − C)
cot = = =
2 ( S − a )( S − b ) ( S − a )( S − b ) Δ

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