STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE

1) Victorian (Chadwicks 2016)

The Victorian Era (mid to late 19th Century) saw a return of many architectural styles including
Gothic Revival, Tudor and Romanesque as well as influences from Asia and the Middle East.
During the industrial revolution, many homes were built in the
Victorian style as part of the housing boom.

Key features: ‘Dollhouse’ effect with elaborate trim, sash windows,

bay windows, imposing 2-3 stories, asymmetrical shape, a steep
Mansard roof, wrap-around porches, bright colors.

Where to see it: Many a home in the UK, the US and Australia.

2) Islamic (Chadwicks 2016)

Beginning in the Middle East in the 7th century Islamic architecture varies greatly depending on
the region such as Persia North Africa and Spain. A Mosque is the best example of Islamic styles
including the pointed arches, domes and courtyards. Decoration on flat surfaces take priority as
the Koran forbids three-dimensional representations.

Key features: The horseshoe arch, geometric designs, more focus

on the enclosed spaces and interior rather than exterior, perforated
screens.

Where to see it: Hui Mosque in China.

3) Romanesque (Chadwicks 2016)

Also known as Norman Architecture it emerged across Europe in the late 10th Century. The most
famous feature is the rounded arch, typically found in the Roman-style churches, of which are the
main survivors of the period.

Key features: Rounded arches, repetition of rows of round-

headed arches, stylized floral and foliage stone decorations and
cable moldings around doors in the style of twisted rope.

Where to see it: Porto Cathedral, Portugal

4) Baroque (Chadwicks 2016)

Originating in the late 16th century in Italy, Baroque was a departure from the more formal
Romanesque style in that it was more emotive, ‘showy’ and aimed to appeal to the senses. As part
of the Counter-Reformation the architecture was an attempt to celebrate the Catholic state.

Key features: Broken pediments, ‘broken’ at their apex,

sometimes with a cresting ornament placed in the center,
elaborate ornamentation, paired columns, convex and concave
walls.

Where to see it: Palace of Versailles

5) Tudor (Chadwicks 2016)

Tudor architecture is the final style from the medieval period in England between the 1400s-1600s.
While the Tudor Arch or the Four-Centered Arch is the distinguishing feature most people would
recognize the timber-framed houses of the Tudor era.

Key features: Thatched roof, Casement windows (diamond-

shaped glass panels with lead castings), masonry chimneys,
elaborate doorways.

Where to see it: Anne Hathaway’s cottage, Warwickshire,

England.

6) Bauhaus (Chadwicks 2016)

Originally an art school in Germany in the early 1900s the Bauhaus movement held the idea that
all art and technology would be unified under the idea of simplistic design and mass-production.
Rejecting decorative details the designs favored function. Flat roofs and cubic shapes were key.
The Bauhaus principles of cubic shapes and angles can be seen in the modernist designs.

Key feature: Cubic shapes, primary colours of red, blue and

yellow, open floor plans, flat roofs, steel frames, glass curtain
walls.

Where to see it: Dessau, Germany

7) Neo-classical (Chadwicks 2016)

Considered a response to Baroque and Rococo, Neo-classicism emerged in the mid 18th Century
and aimed to bring back a nobility and grandeur to architecture. Inspiration was taken from the
classic styles of Ancient Greek and Roman buildings and design. Simplicity and symmetry were
the core values.

Key features: Grandeur of scale, blank walls, excessive use

of columns, free-standing columns, large buildings, clean
lines.

Where to see it: Casino Marino, Malahide.

8) Renaissance (Chadwicks 2016)

Influenced by classical styles, the Renaissance style appeared in Italy during the 15th Century and
was characterized by harmony, clarity and strength. The designs were intended to reflect the
elegance and ideals of domestic life and clues were taken from the Roman ruins.

Key features: Square buildings, flat ceilings, classical

motifs, arches and domes, Roman-type columns, enclosed
courtyards, arcades of vaulted bays.

Where to see it: St Peter’s Basilica, Rome

9) Gothic (Chadwicks 2016)

Beginning in the mid 12th Century, Gothic architecture borrowed flourishes and features from
previous styles and used them all together. More decorative than classical styles, walls were
thinner, columns more slender, windows adorned with stained glass and designed so to draw the
eye upwards.

Key features: Height and grandeur, pointed arches,

vaulted ceilings and light and airy buildings.

Where to see it: Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris.

10) Modernist (Chadwicks 2016)

Modernism is a blanket term given to a movement at the turn of the 20th Century and can include
styles such as Futurism, Post-modern and New Classical. Forms were intended to be free of
unnecessary detail and focus on simplicity and there is an honouring of the materials used rather
than concealing them.

Key features: Lack of the decorative, low buildings, use

of modern materials, interaction with interior and
exterior spaces, use of sun and shading for human
comfort, use of glass and natural light.

Where to see it: Guggenheim gallery, New York.

11) Classic (Cavallaro 2018)

Classical architecture was constructed in Ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th century BC. It
is best known for its large religious temples built in stone, designed from principles of order,
symmetry, geometry, and perspective. A notable
characteristic of its expressiveness are the principles of
the “architectural orders”: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The greatest work of Classical architecture is the
Parthenon. Built in the Acropolis of Athens in the 5th
century BC, the Parthenon exhibits striking
characteristics: a volume built upon a foundation that
supports the sequence of columns and its capitals,
which, in turn, support a pediment.

12) Art Nouveau (Cavallaro 2018)

Art Nouveau originally served as a guide to several disciplines from architecture to painting, and
furniture design to typography. As a reaction to the eclectic styles that dominated Europe, Art
Nouveau manifested itself in architecture in decorative elements:
the buildings, full of curved and sinuous lines, received
ornaments inspired by organic shapes such as plants, flowers, and
animals, both in terms of design and the use of color. Its first
buildings were designed by Belgian architect Victor Horta,
however, the most emblematic exemplars were authored by the
Frenchman Hector Guimard.
13) Postmodern (Cavallaro 2018)

From 1929 onwards, with the onset of the Great Depression, a chain
of criticism of Modern architecture begins and continues until the late
1970s. Postmodern architecture examines some of Modernism’s
central principles from a new historical and compositional perspective,
both in discourse and built works. For this, different strategies for
questioning were adopted, sometimes by the use of irony, others by an
intense interest in popular culture. The book “Learning from Las
Vegas” is one of the seminal works of postmodern thought.

14) Deconstructivism (Cavallaro 2018)

Deconstructivism originated in the 1980s and questions the precepts and process of design and
incorporates nonlinear dynamics to the field’s reasoning. Deconstructivism relates to two main
concepts: deconstruction, a literary and philosophical analysis that rethinks and dismantles
traditional modes of thinking; and constructivism, the
artistic and architectonical Russian movement from the
early 20th century. A landmark event
for Deconstructivism was the 1988 MoMA exhibition
curated by Phillip Johnson. It brought together the
works of Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha
Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, Bernard
Tschumi and Wolf Prix.
ACHITECT DICTUMS ( ProProfs 2014)

Architects Dictums
SULLIVAN, “Form follows function.”
LOUIS
GAUDI, “Form does not necessarily follow function.”
ANTONIO
WRIGHT, “Form follows function- that has been misunderstood. Form and function
FRANK should be one, joined in a spiritual union.”
LLOYD
“Every great architect is –necessarily- a great poet. He must be a great
original interpreter of his time, his day, his age.”

GROPUIS, “Art and Architecture, the new unity.”

WALTER
KAHN, “Architecture is the reaching out for the truth”
LOUIS
“A house is a house.”

MAILLART, “A bridge is like a house.”

ROBERT
(February 6,
1872 – April 5,
1940)

BURNHAM, “Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble,
DANIEL logical diagram once recorded will not die.”
“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood.
SAARINEN, “Beauty grows from necessity not from repetition of formulas.”
ELIEL
“Architectural-form equals social-form.”
Gottlieb Eliel
Saarinen
(August 20,
1873 – July 1,
1950)

SAARINEN, “Function influence but does not dictate form.”

EERO
(August 20,
1910 –
September 1,
1961)

PERRET, “Truth is indispensible to Architecture & architectural lie concepts.”

AUGUSTE
(February 12,
1874 -
February 25,
1954)
NIEMEYER, “Form follows beauty.”
OSCAR
Oscar Ribeiro “Architecture is invention.”
de Almeida
Niemeyer
Soares Filho
(December 15,
1907 –
December 5,
2012)

NERVI, PIER “Structural correctness, which is identical with functional, technical

LUIGI & economic is a necessary & sufficient condition of satisfactory aesth
(June 21, 1891 etic result.”
– January 9,
1979)

LUDWIG, “Less is more.”

MIES VAN
DER ROHE “Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space.”
Maria Ludwig
Michael Mies “Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it
(March 27, begins.”
1886 – August
19, 1969)

MENDELSOH “Architecture seizes upon space, encompasses space and is space itself.”
N, ERICH
(March 21, “Architecture depends on the sensuous seizure by means of touch and
1887 – sight.”
September 15,
1953)
 LOOS , “Supply and demand regulate architecture form”
ADOLF
(December 10,
1870 – August
23, 1933)

LE “The house is a Machine to live in.”

CORBUSIER
Charles- “Cube within a cube.”
Édouard
Jeanneret-Gris
(October 6,
1887 – August
27, 1965)

LATROBE , “A bldg. is the combination of different geometric figures.”

BENJAMIN
H.
(May 1, 1764 –
September 3,
1820)

JOHNSON, “Architecture is the art of how to waste space ”

PHILIP
CORTELYOU “All architects want to live beyond their deaths.”
(July 8, 1906 –
January 25,
2005)

GROPIUS, “Architecture begins where engineering ends”

WALTER
(May 18, 1883
– July 5, 1969)

BREUER, “A Building has straight geometrical lines. Even when these lines are free, it
MARCEL must always be evident that they have been studied & that they did not
LAJOS spring up simultaneously.”
(May 21, 1902
– July 1, 1981) “Nature & Architecture are two different things.”

“Architecture is a social art.”

POCIO, “Architecture must meet 3 requirements: strength, beauty, and unity.”

MARCUS
VITRUVIUS
ACHITECT DICTUMS ( Steff Green 2013)
1. The longer I live, the more beautiful life becomes. If you foolishly ignore beauty, you will soon find
yourself without it. Your life will be impoverished. But if you invest in beauty, it will remain with you all
the days of your life.- Frank Lloyd Wright

2. A design isn't finished until someone is using it.- Brenda Laurel

3. Architecture is a dangerous mix of power and importance.- Rern Koolhaas

4. Designers think everything done by someone else is awful, and that they could do it better themselves,
which explains why I designed my own living room carpet, I suppose.- Chris Bangle
5. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit.- Aristotle

6. The life of a designer is one of fight: fight against the ugliness.- Massimo Vignelli

7. A great building must begin with the immeasurable, must go through measurable means when it is
being designed, and in the end must be unmeasured.- Louis Kahn

8. The architect represents neither a Dionysian nor an Apollinian condition: here it is the mighty act of
will, the will which moves mountains, the intoxication of the strong will, which demands artistic
expression. The most powerful men have always inspired the architects; the architect has always been
influenced by power.- Friedrich Nietzsche

9. Less is a bore.- Robert Venturi

10. Our opportunity, as designers, is to learn how to handle the complexity, rather than shy away from it,
and to realize that the big art of design is to make complicated things simple.- Tim Parsey

11. One of the great beauties of architecture is that each time, it is like life starting all over again.- Renzo
Piano

12. Everything is designed. Few things are designed well.- Brian Reed

13. To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history, but to articulate it.- Daniel Libeskind

14. Practice safe design: Use a concept.- Petrula Vrontikis

15. Nothing in this world is more simple and more cheap than making cities that provide better for
people.- Jan Gehl

16. People ignore design that ignores people.- Frank Chimero

17. In my experience, if you have to keep the lavatory door shut by extending your left leg, it’s modern
architecture.- Nancy Banks-Smith

18. I understand that, today, some developers are asking architects to design eye-catching, iconic
buildings. Fortunately, I've not had that kind of client so far.- Fumihiko Maki

19. The Sun does not realise how wonderful it is until after a room is made.- Louis Kahn

20. Good design is all about making other designers feel like idiots because the idea wasn't theirs.- Frank
Chimero

21. All fine architectural values are human values, else not valuable.- Frank Lloyd Wright

22. Design should never say, "Look at me!" It should always say, "Look at this!"- David Craib

23. If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put
the foundations under them.- Henry David Thoreau

24. Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you anywhere.- Albert Einstein

25. Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space.- Mies van de Rohe

26. Good design is obvious. Great design is transparent.- Joe Sparano

27. Good architecture is like a good therapy session, a good marriage, a good poem - gently and almost
invisibly allowing you to be you, as flawed and as beautiful as you are.- Robert Sullivan

28. In pure architecture the smallest detail should have a meaning or serve a purpose.- Augustus W. N.
Pugin

29. I am simply submerged in work from five in the morning to eleven at night; almost need a few days
off to escape a breakdown!- Richard Neutra

30. The most innovative designers consciously reject the standard option box and cultivate an appetite for
thinking wrong.- Marty Neumeier
31. Architecture never derived its force from stability of culture, but rather from the expression of those
moments when that sense of stability slipped.- Mark Wigley

32. I've noticed the computer sometimes leads to rather bland decision-making; Now, anybody can do a
wobbly, blobby building.- Peter Cook

33. For me, design is like choosing what I'm going to wear for the day – only much more complicated and
not really the same at all.- Robynne Raye

34. I like ruins because what remains is not the total design, but the clarity of thought, the naked structure,
the spirit of the thing.- Tadao Ando

35. A doctor can bury his mistakes but an architect can only advise his clients to plant vines.- Frank
Lloyd Wright

36. Give them the vision of Oz, show them the direction, convince them you can create the yellow brick
road; the rest is civil engineering.- Dirk Susharme

37. Design is where science and art break even.- Mieke Gerritzen

38. Hell, there are no rules here; We're trying to accomplish something.- Thomas Edison

39. A profound design process eventually makes the patron, the architect, and every occasional visitor in
the building a slightly better human being.- Juhani Pallasmaa

40. Architecture is the art of how to waste space.- Philip Johnson

41. I don't build in order to have clients. I have clients in order to build.- Ayn Rand

42. A designer is a planner with an aesthetic sense.- Bruno Munari

43. People who build their own home tend to be very courageous. These people are curious about life.
They're thinking about what it means to live in a house, rather than just buying a commodity and making
it work.- Tom Kundig

44. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.- Frank Gehry

45. Being a famous designer is like being a famous dentist.- Noreen Morioka

46. Light, God's eldest daughter, is a principal beauty in a building.- Thomas Fuller

47. We live in a time of renaissance … cities are coming back to life, after a long neglect.- Daniel
Libeskind

48. Ah, to build, to build!

That is the noblest art of all the arts.
Painting and sculpture are but images,
Are merely shadows cast by outward things
On stone or canvas, having in themselves
No separate existence. Architecture,
Existing in itself, and not in seeming
A something it is not, surpasses them
As substance shadow.- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

49. Architecture is a learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms assembled in the light.- Le
Corbusier

50. Architecture arouses sentiments in man. The architect's task, therefore, is to make those sentiments
more precise.- Adolf Loos

51. The desire to reach for the sky runs very deep in the human psyche.- César Pelli

52. I'm convinced that without bad design, the world would be a far less stimulating place; we would have
nothing to marvel over and nothing to be nostalgic about.- Carrie Phillips

53. Architecture is not based on concrete and steel, and the elements of the soil. It's based on wonder.-
Daniel Libeskind
54. An object should be judged by whether it has a form consistent with its use.- Bruno Munari

55. Architecture is really about well-being. I think that people want to feel good in a space … On the one
hand it's about shelter, but it's also about pleasure.- Zaha Hadid

56. Very often the opinion of the clients must be disregarded in their own interest.- John M. Johnson

57. Designers are meant to be loved, not to be understood.- Fabien Barral

58. The greatest architectural illusion is not Baroque fancy or Victorian flamboyant, but minimalism.-
Kevin McCloud

59. We shape our buildings: therefore they shape us.- Winston Churchill

60. Architects spend an entire life with this unreasonable idea that you can fight against gravity.- Renzo
Piano

61. When I'm working on a problem, I never think about beauty. But when I'm finished, if the solution is
not beautiful I know it's wrong.- Buckminster Fuller

62. I call architecture frozen music.- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

63. Any work of architecture that does not express serenity is a mistake.- Luis Barragán

64. All architecture is great architecture after sunset; perhaps architecture is really a nocturnal art, like the
art of fireworks.- Gilbert K. Chesterton

65. Architect. One who drafts a plan of your house, and plans a draft of your money.- Ambrose Bierce

66. A camel is a horse designed by committee.- Sir Alec Issigonis

67. People think that design is styling. Design is not style. It's not about giving shape to the shell and not
giving a damn about the guts. Good design is a renaissance attitude that combines technology, cognitive
science, human need and beauty to produce something that the world didn't know it was missing.- Paola
Antonelli

68. Home is where you hang your architect.- Chare Booth Luce

69. Architecture is basically a container of something. I hope they will enjoy not so much the teacup, but
the tea.- Yoshio Taniguchi

70. Prose is architecture, not interior decoration.- Ernest Hemingway

71. I find modernist design boring, but it's so much faster!- Christine Suewon Lee

72. The fundamental failure of most graphic, product, architectural and even urban design is its insistence
on serving the God of Looking-Good rather than the God of Being-Good.- Richard Saul Wurman

73. You have to give this much to the Luftwaffe: when it knocked down our buildings it did not replace
them with anything more offensive than rubble. We did that.- Charles, Prince of Wales

74. When we build, let us think that we build forever.- John Ruskin

75. As an architect you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is
essentially unknown.- Normon Foster

76. I don't know why people hire architects and then tell them what to do.- Frank Gehry

77. There is a danger when every building has to look spectacular; to look like it is changing the world. I
don't care how a building looks if it means something, not to architects, but to the people who use it.-
David Chipperfield
78. Here, then, is what I wanted to tell you of my architecture. I created it with courage and idealism, but
also with an awareness of the fact that what is important is life, friends, and attempting to make this
unjust world a better place in which to live.- Oscar Niemeyer

79. The room is there for the human being – not the human being for the room.- El Lissitzky

80. In the face of the economic plight, it is our task to become pioneers of simplicity, that is, to find a
simple form for all of life’s necessities, which is at the same time respectable and genuine.- Oskar
Schlemmer

81. It’s kind of fun to do the impossible.- Walt Disney

82. The events of human life, whether public or private, are so intimately linked to architecture that most
observers can reconstruct nations or individuals in all the truth of their habits from the remains of their
monuments or from their domestic relics.- Honore de Balzac

83. Architecture is inhabited sculpture.- Constantin Brancusi

84. The architect's role is to make the mythic real.- Sotirios Kotoulas

85. We used to build civilizations. Now we build shopping malls.- Bill Bryson

86. Form ever follows function.- Louis H. Sullivan

87. Architecture is the triumph of human imagination over materials, methods, and men, to put man into
possession of his own Earth. It is at least the geometric pattern of things, of life, of the human and social
world. It is at best that magic framework of reality that we sometimes touch upon when we use the word
order.- Frank Lloyd Wright

88. Great buildings that move the spirit have always been rare. In every case they are unique, poetic,
products of the heart.- Arthur Erickson

89. Architecture is like a mythical fantastic. It has to be experienced. It can't be described. We can draw it
up and we can make models of it, but it can only be experienced as a complete whole.- Maya Lin

90. The first gesture of an architect is to draw a perimeter; in other words, to separate the microclimate
from the macro space outside. This in itself is a sacred act. Architecture in itself conveys this idea of
limiting space. It’s a limit between the finite and the infinite. From this point of view, all architecture is
sacred.- Mario Botta

91. Architecture is the plant fertilizer of our lives; it is the way to be a big, great-tasting tomato.- Robert
Sullivan

92. Architecture, of all the arts, is the one which acts the most slowly, but the most surely, on the soul.-
Ernest Dimnet

93. It is therefore indisputable that the limbs of architecture are derived from the limbs of man.-
Michelangelo

94. To work in architecture you are so much involved with society, with politics, with bureaucrats. It's a
very complicated process to do large projects. You start to see the society, how it functions, how it works.
Then you have a lot of criticism about how it works.- Ai Weiwei

95. It is not the beauty of a building you should look at; it's the construction of the foundation that will
stand the test of time.- David Allan Coe

96. The modern architect is, generally speaking, art's greatest enemy.- Pierre-Auguste Renoir

97. I try to give people a different way of looking at their surroundings. That's art to me.- Maya Lin

98. All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or
stimulates the persons in that space.- Philip Johnson

99. Architecture can't fully represent the chaos and turmoil that are part of the human personality, but you
need to put some of that turmoil into the architecture, or it isn't real.- Frank Stella