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CONVERSION OF UNITS
Example :
1. If a plane travels at twice the speed of sound (assume the speed of sound is
1100 ft/s), how fast is it going in miles per hour?
Solution :
2. CGS
Basic units length in cm, mass in gram, time in second
Derived Units force in dyne, energy in erg, joule or calorie
5. American Engineering
Basic Units length in foot, time in second, mass in lbm (pound mass)
Derived Units force in lbf (pound force), energy in Btu
1
Conversion factor gc to change lbm into lbf in American Engineering System.
Newton’s law F = c.m.a
1
In American Engineering System c
gc
(lb )( ft )
where g c 32.174 (dt 2 )(lb )
m
Examples:
1. One hundred pound of water is flowing through a pipe at the rate of 10.0
ft/s. What is the kinetic energy of this water in (ft)(lbf) ?
Solution:
1
Ek .m . v 2
2
2
1 10 ft 1
100 lb m
2 s (lb m )( ft )
32.174 2
( s )(lb f )
155 ( ft )(lb f )
E p m.g .h
32.174 ft 1
100 lbm 10 ft
s2 (lbm )( ft )
32.174 2
( s )(lb f )
1000 ( ft )(lb f )
mass (lb )
lb mol
MW
Solution:
1lb mol NaOH
2.00 lb NaOH 0.05 lb mol NaOH
40 lb NaOH
In the SI system, the numerical values of the specific gravity and density in this
system are essentially equal since the density of water at 4 oC is very close to 1
g/cm3.
Since densities in the American Engineering system are expressed in lb/ft 3, and
the density of water is about 62.4 lb/ft3, it can be seen that the specific gravity
and density values are not equal.
141.5
o
API 131.5
60 o
SG o
60
Example:
If dibromopentane (DBP) has a specific gravity of 1.57, what is the density in
(a) g/cm3; (b) lbm/ft3; (c) kg/m3.
Solution:
a). Density = Specific Gravity x density of water
g DBP
1.57
cm 3 1.00 g H 2 O 1.57 g DBP
g H 2O cm 3 cm 3
1.00
cm 3
lbm DBP
1.57
ft 3 lb H O lb DBP
b). 62.4 m 3 2 97.9 m 3
lb H O ft ft
1.00 m 3 2
ft
3
g DBP 100 cm 1 kg kg DBP
c). 1.57
cm 3
m
1000 g
1.57 10 3
m3
Mole fraction is simply the moles of a particular substance divided by the total
number of moles present.
Mass (Weight) fraction is the mass (weight) of substance divided by the total
mass (weight) of all the substance present.
Analyses of liquids and solids are usually given by mass (weight) percent or
fraction, but occasionally by mole percent.
The analyses of liquids and solids will always be assumed to be weight percent
unless specifically stated otherwise.
Example:
An industrial-strength drain cleaner contains 5 kg of water and 5 kg of NaOH.
What are the mass (weight) fraction and mole fraction of each component in
the drain cleaner container?
Solution:
Component Kg Weight MW Kgmol Mole
Fraction fraction
Water 5.0 5/10 18 5/18=0.278 0.278/0.403
NaOH 5.0 5/10 40 5/40=0.125 0.125/0.403
Total 10.0 1.0 0.403 1.0
Choosing a Basis
Solution:
If a basis of 100 kg or 100 lb of oil selected, percent= kg or pounds
Solution:
Basis = 100 kg of coal
The sum of S + N + O + Ash + Water = 2 + 1 + 6 + 11 + 3 = 23 kg
Hence C and H = 100 – 23 = 77 kg.
To determine the kilograms of C and H, we have to find the weight fraction
of C and H for mole ratio H/C = 9.
9
H 1.0 kg 0.9 kg
1 9
1
C 12 kg 1.2 kg
1 9
2.1 kg
0 .9
H 77 kg 33 kg
2 .1
, 1 .2
C 77 kg 44 kg
2 .1
The fraction composition on the basis of the coal ash free and water free as
follows:
Component Kg Wt. fraction
C 44 0.51
H 33 0.39
S 2 0.02
N 1 0.01
O 6 0.07
86 1.00
TEMPERATURE
Temperature Scale Level to quantify the temperature of a material.
Thermometer Device to measure how hot or cold something is.
Temperature scale
1. Celsius (Celsius, 1742) are relative scales in which their zero
2. Fahrenheit (1700-an) points were arbitrarily fixed by their
inventors.
3. Kelvin Absolut temperature scale have their zero points
4. Rankin at the lowest possible temperature which we believe can
exist.
1.8 0 F
T 0 F 0 T 0 C 32
1 C
1K
TK 0 T 0 C 273
1 C
1 oR
T 0 R 0 T 0 F 460
1 F
Solution:
1K
a). TK 0 100 0 C 273 373 K
1 C
1.8 0 F
b). T 0 F 0 100 0 C 32 212 0 F
1 C
1 0R
c). TR 0 212 0 F 460 672 0
R
1 F
Solution:
32 0F = 0 0C
117 ( Btu )( ft ) 1.8 0 F 1o C Btu
2 0
0
211
( hr )( ft )( F ) 1 C 1K ( hr )( ft 2 )( K / ft )
PRESSURE
Relative pressure (gauge pressure) is a pressure with the reference for the
open end of manometer is the pressure of the atmosphere.
Thus, the zero point for an absolute pressure scale corresponds to a perfect
vacuum, where as the zero point for a relative pressure scale usually
corresponds to the pressure of the air that surrounds us at all times, which
normally varies slightly.
Examples:
Solution :
Basis: 35 psia
29.92 inHg
35 psia 71.25 inHg
14.7 psia
2. When the pressure is 340 mmHg, how many inches of water is it? How
many kilopascals?
Solution:
Basis; 340 mmHg
33.91 ftH 2 O 12 in
340 mmHg 182 inH 2 O
760 mmHg 1 ft
1.013 10 5 Pa 1 kPa
340 mmHg 45.4 kPa
760 mmHg 1000 Pa
3. The pressure gauge on a tank of CO2 used to fill soda-water bottles reads
51.0 psi. At the same time the barometer reads 28.0 inHg. What is the
absolute pressure in tank (in psia)?
Solution:
The pressure gauge is reading psig, not psia.
Basis: Barometric pressure=28.0 in Hg
14.7 psia
Atmospheric pressure = 28 inHg
29.92 inHg
13.78 psia
Example :
In the combustion of heptane, CO2 is produced. Assume that you want to
produce 500 of dry ice per hour and that 50 % of the CO 2 can be converted
into dry ice. How many kg of heptane must be burned per hour?
Solution :
The chemical reaction as follows
Even if only part of the limiting reactant actually reacts, the required and
excess quantities are based on the entire amount of the limiting reactant.
c. Conversion is the fraction of the feed or some material in the feed that is
converted into products.
f. Yield, for a single reactant and product, is the weight or moles of final
product divided by the weight or moles of initial reactant. If more
than one product and more than one reactant are involved, the
reactat upon which the yield is to be based must be clearly stated.
The term yield and selectivity are terms that measure the degree to which a
desired reaction proceed relative to competing alternative (undesirable)
reactions.
Example:
Antimony is obtained by heating pulverized stibnite with scrap iron and drawing
off the molten antimony from the bottom of the reaction vessel:
Sb2S3 + 3 Fe 2 Sb + 3 FeS
Calculate
a. The limiting reactant
b. The percentage of excess reactant (% excess reactant)
c. The degree of completion fraction)
d. The percent conversion
e. The yield
Solution:
Component kg MW g mol
Sb2S3 0.6 339.7 1.77
Fe 0.25 55.8 4.48
Sb 0.2 121.8 1.64
FeS 87.9
1.77 1.49
% excess 100 % 18.8 %
1.49
c. Although Fe is the limiting reactant, not all the limiting reactant reacts.
We can compute from the 1.64 g mol of Sb how much Fe actually does
react:
3 g mol Fe
1.64 g mol Sb 2.46 g mol Fe
2 g mol Sb
2.46
Fractional deg ree of completion 0.55
4.48
d. The percent conversion can be arbitrarily based on the Sb 2S3 if our interest
is mainly in the stibnite.
1 g mol Sb2 S 3
1.64 g mol Sb 0.82 g mol Sb2 S 3
2 g mol Sb
0.82
% conversion Sb2 S 3 to Sb 100 % 46.3 %
1.77
e. The yield will be stated as kg of Sb formed per kg of Sb 2S3 that was fed to
the reaction
0.2 kg Sb 1 kg Sb
Yield
0.6 kg Sb2 S 3 3 kg Sb2 S 3
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6 + H2 2 CH4
Given the following product distribution (in the gas phase reaction of C 2H6 in the
presence of H2)
Component %
C2H6 35
C2H4 30
H2 28
CH4 7
Total 100
What is :
a. Selectivity of C2H4 relative to CH4
b. The Yield of C2H4 in kgmol of C2H4 per kgmol of C2H6
Solution:
a. The Selectivity C2H4 relative to CH4
30 kg mol C 2 H 4 kg mol C 2 H 4
4.29
7 kg mol CH 4 kg mol CH 4
b. The moles of C2H6 entering into the reaction can be determined from the
C2H4 and the CH4 formed.
1 kg mol C 2 H 6
30 kg mol C 2 H 4 30 kg mol C 2 H 6
1 kg mol C 2 H 4
1 kg mol C 2 H 6
7 kg mol CH 4 3.5 kg mol C 2 H 6
2 kg mol CH 4
33.5 kg mol C 2 H 6
30 kg mol C 2 H 4 kg mol C 2 H 4
Yield 0.9
33.5 kg mol C 2 H 6 kg mol C 2 H 6