Monthly MAD Compilation 1

MAD
COMPILATION FOR
2020
MONTH – 1
th st
(4 June to 1 July)
1
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClases
www.SleepyClasses.com
2
INDEX
Topics Page No.
1. HISTORY – 1 4
2. HISTORY – 2 5
3. HISTORY – 3 6–7
4. HISTORY – 4 8–9
5. POLITY – 1 10
6. POLITY – 2 11 – 12
7. POLITY – 3 13 – 14
8. POLITY – 4 15
9. ECONOMY – 1 16 – 18
10. ECONOMY – 2 19 – 22
11. ECONOMY – 3 23 – 24
12. SOCIAL ISSUES – 1 25 – 26
13. ENVIRONMENT – 1 27 – 28
17. SCI & TECH – 1 39 – 40
18. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – 1 41 – 43
19. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – 2 44 – 45
20. SCI & TECH – 2 46 – 47
21. GEOGRAPHY – 1 48 – 50
22. GEOGRAPHY – 2 51 – 53
23. GEOGRAPHY – 3 54 – 55
24. GEOGRAPHY – 4 56 – 58
3
HISTORY – 1
Q. Why do some scholars use the term „Neolithic Revolution‟ for this period?
https://youtu.be/df32R4vKzBE?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Neolithic, literally meaning neo = new, and lithic = stone, means new stone age.
10,000 BCE, the ice-age ended and consequently there were changes in flora and fauna.
The word ‗neo‘ signifies new types of stone tools that were used by man during the period.
These new tools were both an effect and a cause of the changes that had happened in man‘s socio-
economic life during the period.
The use of the sharp and polished neolithic tools made it easier to cultivate the soil.
Consequently, the practice of domestication of animals began.
These changes in turn resulted in the emergence of settled agricultural communities.
The Neolithic people were the first to produce pottery for the purpose of storing grains.
All these changes paved the way for a settled life which was in stark comparison to the nomadic
hunting-gathering-fishing lifestyle during the Mesolithic period.
Hence, it was no less than a revolution in terms of the changes it brought.
However, the later stages of Mesolithic period had paved the way for the changes which occurred in
the Neolithic phase, so it may be argued that it was more of an ‗evolution‘ rather than a revolution.
4
HISTORY – 2
Q. What do the art objects that have survived tell us about the daily life of the people of the Indus
Valley Civilisation?
https://youtu.be/X4SLq2sRPhY?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Introduction: The art objects belonging to Indus Valley Civilization range from sculptures, seals,
pottery, gold jewellery, terracotta figures, etc.
Body:
1. Bearded Man: The bust of a bearded man has been excavated at Mohenjo Daro. The bearded
man has been associated by scholars to be equivalent to a Priest-King. It‘s beard, hairstyle,
shawl, method of draping it, an amulet on the arm, all throw light on the characteristics of
Harappan Civilization.
2. Bronze Dancing Girl: The beautiful image of a naked dancing girl in Bronze, and other bronze
images, throw light on the highly developed Lost-Wax Technique the Harappans use to create
such images. This tells us about their technological prowess. Apart from this, the ‗dancing girl‘
has her right hand on her hip, and left arm covered in bangles, in a dancing pose, throw light on
the sensibilities of the Harappans in terms of depiction of women.
3. The large number of Terracotta figurines of Mother Goddess wherein she is wearing a fan-
shaped head-dress, tell us that the Harappans worshipped Mother Goddess.
4. The other terracotta figurines of toys, animals, terracotta carts etc. are not very sophisticated in
terms of their artwork as compared with seals and images, and probably tell us that these were
meant for a different class of people.
5. Pashupati Seal: The seal of Pashupati with 4 animals surrounding him, and two at his feet
probably coincides with Pashupati (Lord of Beasts) and throw light on their religious practices.
6. Apart from this, 2000 other seals that have been discovered tell us that these were probably used
to signify personal property or as modern-day identity cards.
7. Pottery: The Indus Valley pottery consists chiefly of very fine wheelmade wares, very few being
hand-made. A large quantity of pottery excavated from the sites, enable us to understand the
gradual evolution of various design motifs as employed in different shapes, and styles. The
design motifs throw light on the life of Harappans.
8. The discovery of Perforated pottery tells us that probably these were used for straining liquor and
hence tells us that liquor was consumed.
9. The large number of beads and ornaments that have been discovered tell us that the Harappans
were conscious and aware of fashion, and took great care in embellishing themselves with these.
Necklaces, fillets, armlets and finger-rings etc. are objects that were worn by both genders,
which tells us about the fashion sensibilities of the people of the time.
5
HISTORY – 3
Q. Discuss in detail the phases of British colonialism in India. (250 words)
https://youtu.be/Onje0tzUvyg?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Colonial exploitation was carried on broadly through three phases.
The first phase (1757-1813) of ‗mercantilism‘ was one of direct plunder; the second phase
(18131858) was of free trade; the third phase (1858 onwards) was one of finance imperialism
First phase (1757-1813): Mercantilism
i. The EIC would trade in goods from India without paying custom duties, because they had got
issued a farman from the Mughal Emperor to this effect.
ii. In 1765, after their victory, the British East India Company acquired the rights to collect revenue
from its territories in the eastern and southern parts of the subcontinent.
iii. Agricultural taxation was the main source of income for the company. They introduced several
methods of revenue collection with the sole objective of maximizing their revenue, such as the
system introduced by Robert Clive in 1772, the Permanent Settlement in 1793 by Cornwallis, the
Ryotwari System in 1792, the Mahalwari System in 1822.
iv. They tapped the wealth of local rulers, zamindars and merchants in the rich province of Bengal
and used them to buy the goods that would be shipped to Britain for sale. Large quantities of wealth,
including illegal incomes of company officials, made its way to Britain from Bengal
Second phase (1813-1858): Company lost its monopoly trading rights in India and free trade with
India was opened for any British citizen.
i. It threw open Indian markets for the entry of cheap, mass-produced, machine-made British goods,
which enjoyed little or almost no tariff restrictions.
ii. The passage of expensive, hand-crafted Indian textiles to Britain, which had been very popular
there, was however obstructed by prohibitive tariff rates.
iii. British-Indian territory was developed as a source of food stuff and raw material for Britain,
which fuelled rapid growth in its manufacturing sector
iv. This phase laid the foundations of a classic colonial economy within India, through
commercialization of agriculture and de-industrialization.
In the third phase, 1858- onwards,
i. This period was one of ‗finance-imperialism‘, when British capital was invested in the colony.
This capital was organized through a closed network of British banks, exportimport firms and
managing agencies. ii. British capital was initially invested in railways, jute industry, tea plantations
and mining. The Indian money market was dominated by European banking houses. British banking
houses and British trading interests were well organized through Chambers of Commerce and
6
Managing Agencies iii. Before the First World War, British Managing agencies controlled 75% of
industrial capital, and most of the profits from this limited industrialization were also sent back to
Britain.
This is how the East India Company, and later the British, organized, as William Dalrymple calls it,
―the plunder of an Empire‖
7
HISTORY – 4
Q. While the presence of women in Indian freedom struggle started in 19th century itself,
Gandhi‟s ideas revolutionised the role and participation of Indian women in the national
struggle. Comment
https://youtu.be/Vi2b6GEahnI?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Introduction:
Indian women despite the various social hindrances and struggles played a momentous role in the
country‘s freedom struggle. The valour of Rani Lakshmi Bai and Begum Hazrat Mahal during the
1857 revolt became tales of inspiration to numerous generations of freedom fighters.
In fact, even before that, in 1817 Bhima Bai Holkar through guerrilla warfare proved to be a challenge
to the British colonisers. The Swadeshi movement saw numerous women out on the streets protesting
against Curzon‘s policies with many joining in with the extremists as well.
Over time as the Indian freedom movement became more structured and coherent it changed the form
of women‘s participation.
Body:
With the coming in of Mahatma Gandhi, both the role and participation of women was truly
transformed. This could be noticed on numerous fronts.
Firstly, the Gandhian movement based on the ideas of truth and satyagraha changed the nature of the
movement. By taking it away from violence and being inherently masculine, it invoked the feminine
by differentiating the sin from sinner and progressing on the path of non-violence.
From individual acts of heroism, widespread participation of women in the movement became more
usual.
Women were encouraged to relinquish foreign goods and spin Khadi, the latter being the most
essential part of their work.
In setting up the first non- cooperative movement of 1921, Gandhi formed a program for women,
whereby, they would contribute towards the movement from their homes in this manner. Over time,
women grew out of passive, supportive roles to being active leaders of Gandhian movement.
Women under Gandhian movement were encouraged to embody the virtues of the mythological Sita-
Draupadi and their participation was seen as a sacrifice required for the cause of the country. Dandi
March in 1930, the start of the civil disobedience movement, by revolting against the salt laws,
combined the public and private sphere wherein a cause closely associated with people‘s daily lives
also helped women feel more associated with the movement. Women like Khurshedben Naoroji,
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Sarojini Naidu were closely associated with the struggle.
Quit India Movement saw women even with the Gandhian struggle enter a move revolutionary role.
Women participated in the initial strikes and demonstrations in cities, were among the radical students
8
who organized peasant movements, and, when protest was suppressed, joined the secret underground
activities like Usha Mehta running underground radio in Bombay.
Conclusion:
While the Gandhian movement increased the role and participation of women, women throughout
various parts of the country contributed to India‘s independence such as Rani Gaidinliu in Manipur
and surrounding Naga areas, Annie Besant being one of the early women leaders or Madam Cama
unfurling Indian flag of independence at the Stuttgart conference adding to the diversity and strength
of the struggle.
9
POLITY – 1
Q. The dynamism of Indian Constitution is a gift of its underlying philosophy. Comment.
https://youtu.be/3Cg1GdNVUQY?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. The Indian Constitution derives its philosophical basis from its civilisational past, colonial
experience as well as concepts of Western ideology like liberty, justice, equality that it strives to
achieve. This philosophical vision was adequately and concisely reflected in the Objectives
Resolution put forth by Jawaharlal Nehru.
As put forth by Granville Austin, the philosophy of the Indian Constitution embodi strands, that is-
 Protecting and enhancing national unity integrity;

 Establishing the institutions and spirit of democracy; and
 Fostering a social revolution to better the lot of the mass of Indians.
The Indian Constitution thus, is not just a document to cater to the needs of present polity but to
envision a thriving future for generations to come.
The Indian Constitution is based on the philosophy of evolving a just and egalitarian society free
from fear and bias based on promoting individual freedom in shaping the government of their
choice. The whole foundation of constitutional democracy is building a system of governance in
systematic machinery functioning automatically according to the regimes encoded within the
supreme law of the land, free from arbitrariness.
It is to cater to these philosophical tenets, that the Constitution has undergone significant changes
through amendments such as the 1st , 9th, 42nd, 44th, 73rd, 74th, 86th etc, incorporating features that try
to bring to life this dynamism. Furthermore, the same is reflected in the Preamble that provides a
guiding light to an activist judiciary as it further expands the horizons of Indian Constitution through
PILs and activism.
The DPSPs as aspirations of a developing society, complementing Fundamental Rights of the

citizens are another aspect of dynamism reflected in the philosophy of the Indian Constitution. This
philosophy of constant evolution was built into the Constitution by its makers who sought to
balance the rigidity and flexibility of the Constitution through its amending procedure as per article
368.
The Indian Constitution is thus a breathing document, constantly evolving to further the cause of the
philosophy and goals that Constitution makers endowed the document with. Yet, moving forward,
the idea of ‗basic structure‘ enumerates certain core principles that make the vision of Constitution
possible.
10
POLITY – 2
Q. Comment on the principles that dominated the working of Constituent Assembly.
https://youtu.be/65IY2cu1zwU?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Structure of the answer:
 Introduction
 Principles of working of C.A.
 Relevance of those principles
 Impact on the Indian Constitution
 Criticism of C.A.
 Conclusion
According to Granville Austin, two main principles were part of the processes that were
involved in Constitution making:
 Consensus
 Accommodation
Consensus was the aim of decision making process. It is both an ethical and effective way of
making decisions rather than the majority principle. Where they failed to reach consensus, there
would be debates and discussion as was seen on numerous fronts such as language issue- Hindi
and national language etc. The importance of public reason was emphasised in the mundane
procedures of the Assembly as well.
 The Constituent Assembly had eight major Committees on different subjects. Usually,
Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel or B.R. Ambedkar chaired these
Committees. These were not men who agreed with each other on many things. Ambedkar
had been a bitter critic of the Congress and Gandhi, accusing them of not doing enough
for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes. Patel and Nehru disagreed on many issues.
 Nevertheless, they all worked together. Each Committee usually drafted particular
provisions of the Constitution which were then subjected to debate by the entire
Assembly. Usually an attempt was made to reach a consensus with the belief that
provisions agreed to by all, would not be detrimental to any particular interests.
 The idea of consensus was helped as it had a background wherein certain principles were
entrenched as being the core of Indian polity. For decades preceding the promulgation of
the Constitution, the nationalist movement had debated many questions that were relevant
to the making of the constitution — the shape and form of government India should have,
the values it should uphold, the inequalities it should overcome. Answers forged in those
debates were given their final form in the Constitution.
 Principle of accommodation provides the capability to reconcile incomparable concepts.
It reconciled the federal and unitary systems in achieving a sui-generis model,
membership of commonwealth and being a republic, being a religious society and idea of
11
secularism etc. Through this, a balanced arrangement of the institutions of government
was sought.
 Apart from these two principles, a third may be seen as having evolved as a process for
the Constituent Assembly- the art of selection and modification. Different things were
selected from various constitutions and had to pass the test of applicability to India.
These were modified and adapted to the democratic government envisioned for India
creating a stable polity to suit our diversities and pluralities.
 Thus, the framers of the Constitution were not averse to borrowing from other
constitutional traditions. Indeed, it is a testament to their wide learning that they could lay
their hands upon any intellectual argument, or historical example that was necessary for
fulfilling the task at hand. So they borrowed a number of provisions from different
countries. India was extremely lucky to have an Assembly that instead of being parochial
in its outlook could take the best available everywhere in the world and make it their
own.
 Despite the three principles that aided in making of our ‗post liberal‘ Constitution, the
working of C.A. Came under severe criticism:
o The process of Constitution making was seen as time consuming and a ‗copy-
paste‘ job
o C.A. was seen as a Lawyers, Congress and Hindu dominated body
o Its representativeness was questioned due to indirect elections to the body
o Its sovereignty was questioned as the body was formed under the Cabinet Mission
Plan
 Despite these shortcomings, it is imperative to remember that the Congress was an
umbrella organisation that gave voice and space to numerous social groups and classes.
 The Assembly included both functional and interest groups. Furthermore, the democratic
procedure adopted that invited views of public as well, helped articulate, negotiate and
rework ideas that formed the foundational document of the country.
12
POLITY – 3
Q. The primary aim of the members of Constituent Assembly was fostering the goal of social
revolution, and this was matched only by an interest in securing national unity and stability.
Elucidate.
https://youtu.be/OD6bQZvFAKo?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A.
Structure:
Introduction-
Background to the two
Body: How the Indian Constitution ensures the two?
Are they complementary to each other?
Conclusion: Need to maintain sanctity of both.
Granville Austin saw the Indian Constitution as a seamless web that entwined the strands of national
unity and social justice. The document of Constitution became a way of converting political
revolution into a social one.
Choosing the path of Parliamentary democracy, the members of the Constituent Assembly sought to
fulfill maximum wants of especially the depressed sections of the society through minimum conflict.
National unity and integrity were a prime concern given the background and immediate
circumstances surrounding the Indian independence.
These concerns were depicted in the Preamble to the Constitution. The ideas of social and economic
justice as well as ensuring equality of status and opportunity were geared towards fulfilling social
revolution. Moreover, by incorporating affirmative action and abolition of discrimination and
untouchability were meant to work towards this idea.
The ideas of unity and integrity need to be understood in harmony with the goals of socio-economic
justice and equality which are a backbone to the social revolution envisaged by the members of the
Assembly. The idea of unity is to be maintained not only in face of external threats but also fissures
in the society such as caste, religion, class etc. Moreover, unity and integrity are goals that are
achieved not merely territorially but also emotionally by the citizens of the country. The same is
possible only by fostering social revolution.
Fundamental rights with reasonable restrains along with Directive Principles of State Policy
showcase this balancing game well by Territorial and emotional unity requires fulfilling the two
goals. The DPSPs mandate the creation of a unified, welfare, peace-loving state that caters to the
needs of all sections of society. Balancing individual interests with common goals was made
13
possible via Fundamental rights. A stable, unified nation offers impetus for development and more
opportunities to its population leading to greater progress of the masses.
A polity without social justice is constantly threatened by burning resentment which spills over in
form of movements for secession, Naxalism etc. Thus, the primary aim of social revolution was seen
as both a cause and effect of national unity and stability by the Constitution makers, both of which
they aimed to achieve.
14
POLITY – 4
Q. Discuss the relevance of Gandhian DPSPs in today‟s context.
https://youtu.be/k8wJ8mQdsNQ?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Gandhian principles in the DPSPs are based on Gandhian ideology. They represent the programme
of reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement.
They are as follows:
i. Art 40 – to organize village panchayats and enable them to function as units of

selfgovernance a. This has been enshrined in the Constitution via the 73rd Amendment Act,
and has now become an integral part of the very conception of democratic polity in our
country b. Finance Commissions and other reform commissions suggest measures to make
panchayats financially and administratively independent
ii. Art 43 – to promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperative level a. This is
essential to increase livelihood opportunities at the grassroots, to promote self-reliance and to
make people economically independent
iii. Art 43B – to promote formation and autonomy of co-operative societies a. This has been
made a part of the Fundamental Rights wide the 97th Constitution Amendment Act, 2011
iv. Art 46 – to promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the
society and protect them social injustice a. This has been one of the biggest agendas of post-
independence India b. GoI has come up with several Fundamental Rights, schemes,
programmes and acts, to ensure upliftment of the weaker sections of the society c. Even
today, when a vast majority of the SCs and STs suffer from educational and economic
backwardness and are unable to compete with the rest of the society, it is imperative that the
State takes up the matter on a mission mode, keeping the Gandhian principle hugely relevant.
v. Art 47 – prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs
a. This has been the case with Gujarat and other states have tried it infrequently
b. This remains relevant in a country like India wherein a considerable number of people end
up in poverty due to indiscriminate consumption of intoxicants. c. Also, this disturbs the
social fabric of the country
vi. Art 48 – to prohibit the slaughter of milch and cows and improve their breed a. This is one of
the most emotive issues we face as a society, today b. This essentially instructs us to protect
our animals as we are predominantly an agricultural economy in terms of the number of
people dependent on it c. Also, improving the breed of cattle on modern, scientific lines has
been taken up on a priority basis in India
All these go on to show that the Gandhian principles enshrined in the DPSPs are not just as relevant
but Probably more relevant today than they were at the time they were constituted.
The state needs to actively take measures to fulfil the ambitions and promises made under the
Gandhian ideals of the directive principles.
15
ECONOMY – 1
Q. Discuss the various impediments that our GDP is witnessing in its path of the growth.
https://youtu.be/W6acELL2OPI?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Broader Structure:
- Some context, a few data points to highlight if the growth has indeed slowed down or not
- Factors that affect GDP growth
- Impediments in case of India
- Impact of certain steps
- Way Forward
India‘s GDP grew at 5.8% in the January-March 2019 quarter, dragging down the full year growth to
a five-year low of 6.8%.
Growth in gross value added (GVA), which is GDP minus taxes and subsidies, fell to 6.6% in 2018-
19, pointing to a serious slowdown.
The growth in core-sector output — a set of eight major industrial sectors — fell to 2.6% in April,
compared to 4.7% in the same month last year.
GDP Growth depends on a lot of factors, such as
- Macroeconomic and political stability
- Physical infrastructure
- Digital Infrastructure
- Availability of financial capital
- Availability of human resources
- Institutional, policy, and regulatory architecture
- Transparent, stable and predictable investment climate
- Rule of Law: Proper contract enforcement and respect for property rights, embedded in sound
macroeconomic policies and institutions
- Free and Fair competition - Corruption Perception
- Global Economic Environment
16
Consequently, the business regulatory environment, taxation laws, and governance/institutional
capacity often influence the ease and cost of starting a business as well as normal day-to-day
operations.
Impediments
- Depreciating rupee
- Rising bank bad loans and /or non-performing assets (NPAs) – Leading to lack of availability of
Financial Capital
- Trade deficit that has shot up to a five-year high
- Retail fuel prices, embargo on buying fuel from Iran
- India‘s GDP growth continues to be powered by consumption, not investments. The economy is
beset by a consumption slowdown as reflected in the falling sales of everything from automobiles to
consumer durables, even fast-moving consumer goods.
- Private investment is not taking off
- Government spending was cut back in the last quarter of 2018-19 to meet the fiscal deficit target of
3.4%.
- The unemployment rate in the country rose to a 45-year high of 6.1% in 201718, as per official
data released, leading to possible loss of consumption as well.
- Overall slowdown in global growth - The UN World Economic Situation and Prospects as of mid-
2019 report said that the global economy is experiencing a broad-based growth slowdown led by
slowing industrial production coupled with the weakening of international trade activity due in large
part to the unresolved trade disputes between the U.S. and China.
(You can quote data, ranks from the following as well to make your answer more convincing:
Quantitative and qualitative determinants of the investment climate have been captured in the form
of a single index that helps identify the relative rank of a country, such as the ease of doing business
index of the World Bank, Competitiveness index (WEF), Policy uncertainty Index, Corruption Index
(Transparency International) and the like.
Impact of Certain Steps
Also, India has been making certain structural changes in the Economy, that are believed to cause
short-term drop in GDP growth rate but might prove useful in the long-term, such as:
- GST implementation
- Digitalisation of Monetary Transactions
- Digitalisation of Transactions with the Government using various portals and Apps
17
- Stringent laws on Black Money impacting sectors like Real Estate
- Amendment of DTAA with Mauritius and Singapore impacting investment inflows in India.
What else could be done: Way Forward
- Boost to consumption, which means putting more money in the hands of people. That, in turn,
means cutting taxes, which is not easy given the commitment to rein in the fiscal deficit. Proceeds
of disinvestments can be roped in for meeting fiscal obligations.
- Measures to boost private investment. These call for major reforms, starting with
o Land acquisition
o Labour reforms
o Corporate taxes reduction and exemptions
o Developing alternate channel of capital like Corporate Bond Markets.
o Nursing banks back to health using options such as further recapitalisation of the ailing banks, and
bank consolidation.
- Increasing competitiveness of exports using various short term and long term measures.
- Continuing with focus on ‗Ease of Doing Business‘ to facilitate Make in India and attract FDI.
- Focusing on regional trade pacts like RCEP to promote bilateral and multilateral trade.
- Focusing on select markets and select products for export promotion.
- Putting in practice the recommendations of Baba Kalyani committee on SEZ to make SEZs drivers
of India‘s GDP growth.
- Investments in MSMEs and Start-Ups to be encouraged while avoiding disincentives like Angel
Tax on Start-Ups.
The focus on growth shall also ensure that it is not only the quantitative growth in economy that
takes place but also the qualitative growth as well. Leading to inclusive growth of various parts and
sections of the society.
18
ECONOMY – 2
Q. While infrastructure sector in India faces the problem of investment deficit, it still is the lowest
hanging fruit that can catapult India into the high growth trajectory. Elaborate.
https://youtu.be/eTEtkPUUsss?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. I am using an article from the above-mentioned book to give some content (rather a lot of it) and
also to help you guys frame structures.
The structure to the answer can be as follows:

1. Introduce with the problems that infrastructure sector is facing.
2. Highlight a few things that can be done to resolve this.
3. Don‘t forget to highlight, how it will help India achieve a high growth trajectory.
Infrastructure facing the Problem of:
1. Growing Economy, requires more and better infrastructure.

2. Problem of Finance
3. Private partners seeking better terms
4. Slow Government approvals
19
5. Stalled Projects
6. Slow global growth
7. Twin balance sheet problem
Investment Deficit –
- Gap between Current and needed infrastructure

- Getting bigger
- ADB says, it is now 4% of GDP
- Banks are unwilling to lend
- Private Lending Institutions are defaulting (IL&FS crisis)
How it can be resolved:
- Public Finance Reforms can contribute 40% of it.

- Rest 60% lies on Private Partners.
But enhanced Govt. Participation can possibly lead to –
- Violation of FRBM
- Inflation
- Crowding out effect, leading to a lot of financial institutions willing to lend to government
instead of private players because of inherent risks of the sector as well as ongoing slowdown
in the sector
Way Out:
1. Macro-Economic Stability
2. Reforming Public Finance
3. Working on Stalled Projects
4. Re-energising PPP
5. Certain sector-specific recommendations
How will Macro Economic Stability help?

- Fiscal Consolidation will
o Enhance government‘s credibility and lenders confidence
o It will help keep the interest rates low
- Low Inflation will
o Ensure stable returns to investors
- Policy Certainty will
o Help long term planning of Corporates
It will help bring in greater amounts of much needed foreign capital into infrastructure sector.
20
Reforming Public Finance –
- Transitioning from Current expenditure driven policy to Capital expenditure driven policy.
o Enhanced use of well-planned DBT can help in curtailing misuse of subsidies.
- Raising revenue by further incentivising registering under GST regime
- Expediting spectrum sales, disinvestment, monetizing govt. land holdings
- Transferring finished assets to private players for maintenance and the revenue raised be used
to build new infrastructure
- Focusing on Toll and other User charges for enhancing sustainability of assets
It can help mobilise government‘s finance to inclusive development oriented programs without
compromising on government‘s political realities, which might at time seem populist.
Untangling Stalled Projects –
- Land Pooling model of Andhra to build Amravati as capital can be replicated to explore
innovative models of procuring land under LARR Act
- Strengthening of institutional architecture to give clearances, especially environmental
- Enhancing certainty of access to coal and other fuels can expedite the creation of a lot of
infrastructure
It will help unlock the stagnant real-estate sector, a major contributor to GDP growth, which is
stagnant from past few years.
Re-energise PPP –
- Operationalising 3PI (as suggested by Kelkar committee)

- Enhancing institutional capacity of research and development in matters relating to PPP
- Establishing sector regulators and ‗best-practice‘ design
- Outlining key-principles of Risk Allocation
- Establishing clear norms of Financial Oversight of various SPVs
- Clear norms for Re-negotiation
It can present a greater thrust to private players to participate along with the government, to
create infrastructure at a fast pace.
Sector-Specific Recommendations
Railways
- Independent Regulator
o With power to fix fares
o Fair access regulation
o Licencing and Technical Standards
Roads
21
- Various models need to be used as per the requirements
o Toll based
o HAM
o Optimal mix of these, as decided by regulators
Power
- Reform State Electricity Boards (SEBs)

- Grid enhancement to accomdate rising Renewable Energy generation
Urban Infrastructure
- Municipal bodies to be given more power

- Greater funds to ULBs (14th FC)
- NITI Aayog‘s mandate can include this
Developing Corporate Bond Markets.
22
ECONOMY – 3
Q. Critically analyse the reasons of existence of Structural Inflation in India.
https://youtu.be/A9GrLA0End4?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Structure of answer:
- Define Structural Inflation
- Discuss Reasons
- Discuss their impact
- Way Ahead
Define: Structural Inflation is often used in context of developing economies like India, where the
structure of the economy and various economic activities is such that there are supply side
constraints to serve the demand. In these countries there are various underlying bottlenecks that lead
to inflation. Such structural bottlenecks may be Infrastructural like lack of roads leading poor
connectivity causing slow logistics in trade, Governance related like poor administration leading to
inefficiency in governance, Agricultural bottlenecks like fragmentation of land, lack of irrigation,
etc. Thus, here inflation is an outcome of structure of the economy. And is thus, sticky in nature or
does not change easily with the use of conventional tools of monetary policy.
In India, structural inflation exists because of various reasons like–
1. Structure of the Economy is Agriculture Oriented. With a vast majority of population still
dependent on Agriculture, which in turn witnesses Monsoon dependence, Droughts, conventional
non-scientific methods of farming. Leading to consistently low productivity levels, impacting
supply.
2. Infrastructural Constraint impacting supply. Such as Lack of Food Processing, Scientific

Farming, Roads, Cold Storages, Refrigerated Vans, etc.
3. Liquidity Constraint – With high levels of NPA, the credit disbursal has become a challenge. This
has led to stalled projects, leading to continued lower levels of supply.
4. Lack of Skill Set, Apprenticeships, Quality Education, Research and Developmental activities,
Industry-Academia Interactions lead to sustained levels of low productivities.
5. While demographic transition towards more working hands has added to increased disposal
income, the supply has not taken off parallely, leading to gaps in the process of meeting demand
with supply.
6. Tax and Duty structure incentivising activities that promote cash intensive businesses, staying
small to avoid losing tax benefits, informalisation of the enterprise. Inverted Duty Structure helps
maintain the import dependence in various products required to build infrastructure in the economy.
23
7. Governance related deficiencies like Red-Tapism, corruption, acts like Prevention of Corruption
Act incentivising inaction by bureaucrats severely impact ease of doing business.
8. Policy Uncertainty added by Judicial Activism adds to undermining the supply creating activities.
For instance, cancelling of coal mines, 2G licences by the court.
9. The structure of the Indian Economy still does not encourage contribution by women. A vast
majority of population stays under-skilled or unskilled and is involved in tasks with low productivity
levels.
10. Structure of the economy still has vast Import Dependence, particularly in the field of
Technology & Oil. It leaves a major room to tackle the problem of inflation effectively without
being disturbed by external shocks and constraints.
Way Ahead: If the government and the central bank aim to boost growth through the support of
loose fiscal and monetary policies instead of structural reforms, which help boosts savings and
investments, inflation will be higher than expectations.
Thus, the attempts shall be to reform the structure of the economy by taking various steps such as: -
Taxation reforms like GST attempt to formalise the economy leading to greater
- Agricultural reforms like DBT attempt to bridge the gaps in financial inclusion
- Technological reforms like Soil Health Card, Remote Sensing, Digital Inclusion attempt to bridge
infrastructural gaps and make the processes accurate and scientific
- E-Governance initiatives like Digital India and its 9 Pillars, MCA-21, e-NAM are attempting to
transform how businesses and citizens interact with the government and simplify their operations
24
SOCIAL ISSUES – 1
Q. Cultural diversity between as well as within countries is as essential for humankind as

biodiversity is for nature. Do you agree? Discuss.
https://youtu.be/okX357GUTrQ?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
B. Structure:
- What is Culture and Cultural Diversity
- Necessity of Cultural Diversity and Why shall we preserve it
- What can be done to Preserve the Culture
What is Culture:
Culture is regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features
of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles,
ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs.
Defining Cultural Diversity:
Culture takes diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in the uniqueness
and plurality of the identities of the groups and societies making up humankind.
Necessity of Cultural Diversity:
Cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. It aspires to have
greater solidarity on the basis of recognition of cultural diversity, of awareness of the unity of
humankind, and of the development of intercultural exchanges.
Thus, Cultural diversity acts as a source of:
- Exchange of ideas
- Innovation
- Creativity
Why shall we preserve it:
The common heritage of humanity needs to be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present
and future generations because:
- In our increasingly diverse societies, it is essential to ensure harmonious interaction among

people and groups with plural, varied and dynamic cultural identities as well as their
willingness to live together.
- Policies for the inclusion and participation of all citizens are guarantees of social cohesion,
the vitality of civil society and peace. Thus defined, cultural pluralism gives policy
expression to the reality of cultural diversity.
25
- In dissociable from a democratic framework, cultural pluralism is conducive to cultural
exchange and to the flourishing of creative capacities that sustain public life.
- Cultural diversity widens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of the roots of
development, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to
achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence.
- Globalization, facilitated by the rapid development of new information and communication
technologies, though representing a challenge for cultural diversity, creates the conditions for
renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations.
UNSECO and The Member States have committed themselves to taking appropriate steps to
disseminate widely the ―UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity‖.
What can be done to Preserve the Culture:
Culture is at the heart of contemporary debates about identity, social cohesion, and the
development of a knowledge-based economy, it can be preserved as follows:
1. Raising awareness modalities and patterns of cooperation, that are most conducive to the
safeguarding and promotion of cultural diversity.
It also includes promoting through education an awareness of the positive value of cultural
diversity and improving to this end both curriculum design and teacher education.
2. Involving the various sections of civil society closely in the framing of public policies aimed
at safeguarding and promoting cultural diversity.
3. Recognizing and encouraging the contribution that the private sector can make to enhancing
cultural diversity and facilitating, to that end, the establishment of forums for dialogue
between the public sector and the private sector.
4. Protecting and extending Rights to culturally diverse as well as minority groups.
5. While ensuring the free flow of ideas by word and image, care should be exercised so that all
cultures can express themselves and make themselves known.
6. Harnessing technology to spread awareness.
7. Strengthening capacities for creation and dissemination worldwide.
8. Fostering the exchange of knowledge and best practices using international platforms like
UNESCO.
26
ENVIRONMENT – 1
Q. Do you think National Clean Air Policy will help Indian cities in combating air pollution?
Discuss.
https://youtu.be/0dCE9yZTwOM?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. STRUCTURE
Introduction – Mention about seriousness of air pollution and details about what exactly is NCAP
Agreement - On how it will help to combat air pollution Disagreement – On its limitations to combat
air pollution Way Forward – Suggest other measures to combat air pollution Conclusion – End on a
positive note.
INTRODUCTION
According to State Of Global Air Report 2019, entire Indian population lives in areas with PM2.5
concentrations above the WHO Air Quality Guideline of 10 µg/m3, and only about 15 per cent of the
population lives in areas with PM2.5 concentrations below the WHO‘s least-stringent target of 35
µg/m3. Over 1.2 million Indians died early due to exposure to unsafe air in 2017. Air pollution is
now the third-highest cause of death among all health risks, ranking just above smoking, in India. The
Lancet has reported that air pollution killed an estimated 1.24 million people in India in 2017. The
average life expectancy in India would be 1.7 years higher if the air quality was improved. According
to WHO, some 25% of households in less-developed cities are reliant on solid fuels for cooking.
Those households face a double air pollution burden – polluted air outdoors as well as the polluted air
inside the home.
INTRODUCTION
NCAP is the first ever effort in the country to frame a national framework for air quality management
with a time-bound reduction target. It proposes a framework to achieve a national-level target of 20-30
per cent reduction of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration by between 2017 and 2024. This is an
inescapable concern in a country where air pollution is the top killer. The Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) shall execute the nation-wide programme for the prevention, control, and abetment of
air pollution within the framework of the NCAP. The approach for NCAP includes collaborative,
cross-sectoral coordination amongst the relevant central ministries, state governments, and cities. It
aims to leverage existing policies and programs including the National Action Plan on Climate Change
and other central government efforts to mitigate climate change The plan covers 102 non-attainment
cities, across 23 states and Union territories, which were identified by the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB) on the basis of their ambient air quality data between 2011 and 2015.
NCAP - POSITIVES
It might play a positive role in combating air pollution as - Integrated Focus The NCAP attempts to
pull all previous air pollution control plans together under a single strategy that focuses on improving
the air quality in 102 ‗non-attainment cities‘ across the country. Cross-cutting policy The policy was
launched by the environment minister, but it is massively cross-cutting, involving the ministries of
road transport and highway, petroleum and natural gas, new and renewable energy, heavy industry,
27
housing and urban affairs, agriculture, and health. Partnership The programme will partner with
multilateral and bilateral international organizations, philanthropic foundations and leading technical
institutions. Clear target It is to bring down particulate matter 10 and 2.5 levels in the 102
nonattainment cities by 30% by 2024. City-specific action plans.
NCAP - POSITIVES
The overall objective of the programme includes comprehensive mitigation actions for prevention,
control and abatement of air pollution besides augmenting the air quality monitoring network across
the country and strengthening the awareness and capacity building activities.
NCAP - CONCERNS
But there certain concerns associated as well such as – The review by Delhi-based non-profit Centre
for Science and Environment (CSE) shows that the actual reduction target needed in most cities is
much higher than the NCAP target. It‘s not legally binding. NCAP is a top-down prescriptive
approach. NCAP has not provided for innovative financing mechanism at central and state/city level.
The funds allotted are meagre which cannot sustain the grand plans.
Hence, the NCAP will have to be reinvented, to be on mission mode for well-aligned action across
sectors with clear budgetary provision, clearer role of the Central government, stronger reporting,
monitoring and compliance mechanism for on-ground changes.
WAY FORWARD
Other measures like – Faster and seamless adoption of BS VI norms Electric vehicles Encourage a
shift from private passenger vehicles to public transport Faster and seamless adoption of new emission
standards for thermal plants Follow the Gujarat government which has launched 'Emission Trading
Scheme' (ETS), under which a firm which reduces emissions below the stipulated limit can sell its
surplus 'emission permits'. Clean cooking and heating Renewables for power generation Energy
efficiency for households Continuous ban on stubble burning, burning of waste in open spaces, landfill
sites, etc. Wastewater treatment Suppress construction and road dust Increase in green areas, etc
Should also be considered and adopted for improvement in air quality.
CONCLUSION
A pragmatic approach is required to reduce the pollution levels. Improving air quality demands
consistent, sustained and coordinated government action at all levels. Government has been working in
right direction but much more needed to overcome this situation.
28
ENVIRONMENT – 2
Q. Discuss what are the causes of heat waves in India? What measures should be taken by
governments to deal with heat waves and their effects? Examine.
https://youtu.be/-5XZziNNUws?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. STRUCTURE
Introduction – Define what is heat wave and how serious is the problem.
Causes – Suggest causes of heat waves.
Measure – Suggest measures taken by government to combat heat wave.
Way Forward – Suggest some more innovative measures to combat heat wave.
Conclusion – End on a positive note.
INTRODUCTION
A Heat Wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum
temperature that occurs during the summer season in the North-Western parts of India. Heat wave is
declared when temperature remains at 45 degrees Celsius and above for two days running. It gets the
"severe" tag when mercury touches 47 degrees. However, a heatwave is declared in a place such as
Delhi after the mercury touches 45 degrees Celsius for a day. World Meteorological Organization
defines a heat wave as five or more consecutive days during which the daily maximum temperature
exceeds the average maximum temperature by five degrees Celsius. Heat Waves typically occur
between March and June, and in some rare cases even extend till July. Heat waves are confined to the
north, northwest, central and the eastern coastal regions of India.
INTRODUCTION
Heat waves have been becoming increasingly frequent over the last years. Scientists say this is part of
climate change that's becoming a worldwide phenomenon and is likely to become more frequent.
Since 2004, the country has experienced 11 of the 15 warmest years. Last year was the sixth-warmest
since 1901, when preserving weather records started in the country. This year, 11 of the 15 hottest
places in the world were located in India, the rest were in neighboring Pakistan, weather monitoring
website El Dorado reported. Also this year, the heat wave spell has already stretched for 32 days, the
second-longest spell ever recorded.
INTRODUCTION
Further, high humidity compounds the effects of the temperatures being felt by human beings.
Extreme heat can lead to dangerous, even deadly, consequences, including heat stress and heatstroke.
To calculate the effect of humidity, Heat Index Values is used. The Heat Index is a measure of how
hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature. Environmental
activists have suggested that India put in place a plan to tackle heat waves that are costing hundreds of
lives every year. Since 2010, more than 6000 people have died in heat waves in the country, the Lok
Sabha was told last year by health minister Harsh Vardhan.
29
CAUSES
A heat wave occurs when a system of high atmospheric pressure moves into an area. In such a high-
pressure system, air from upper levels of our atmosphere is pulled toward the ground, where it
becomes compressed and increases in temperature. This high concentration of pressure makes it
difficult for other weather systems to move into the area, which is why a heat wave can last for several
days or weeks. The longer the system stays in an area, the hotter the area becomes. The high-pressure
inhibits winds, making them faint to nonexistent. Because the high-pressure system also prevents
clouds from entering the region, sunlight can become punishing, heating up the system even more.
The combination of all of these factors come together to create the exceptionally hot temperatures we
call a heat wave.
CAUSES
Sinking air, associated with an area of high pressure, essentially traps the heat near the surface. When
heat is trapped, health officials become concerned about not only heat exhaustion but air quality.
These (heat wave) conditions, coupled with what we call an atmospheric inversion, essentially trap
pollution near the surface instead of it going up higher. This process will trap the pollutants closer to
people and can last for several days.
30
CAUSES
Other causes included are Decreased tree cover and over concretization. Reduction of water bodies
such as lakes, wetlands around habitations (lakes have moderating influence on temperature in
surrounding area). Global warming. Increased frequency of El Nino due to climate change.
MEASURES
Many states are affected during the Heat wave season, such as State of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Odisha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, Bihar,
Jharkhand and Delhi. The combination of exceptional heat stress and a predominantly rural population
makes India, vulnerable to heat waves. Vegetable vendors, auto repair mechanics, cab drivers,
construction workers, police personnel, road side kiosk operators and mostly weaker sections of the
society have to work in the extreme heat to make their ends meet and are extremely vulnerable to the
adverse impacts of heat waves such as dehydration, heat and sun strokes. Therefore, it is not
surprising that these workers, homeless people and the elderly constitute the majority of heat wave
casualties in India. A comprehensive heat preparedness and response requires involvement from not
only government authorities but also non-governmental organizations and civil society. The local
authorities should carry out a vulnerability assessment in order to identify these areas.
MEASURES
Timely warnings by IMD about a possible spike in temperatures, to alert the people in advance, in
collaboration with the NDMA and SDMAs. ( Colour coding Heat alerts) Provide list of Dos and
Don‘ts Allowing sufficient provision of piped water supply for drinking to households, as well as
places like schools, working places, and even public taps, for the convenience of the general public.
Preparing a national, state, as well as district-level action plan, in coordination with public health
authorities. Providing quick treatment to the affected, and spreading awareness about keeping ice
packs in store, for quick relief. Allowing for an adjustment in the timings of schools, and workplaces.
Finally, a vigilant monitoring and review of the implementation of the action plan, or the necessary
prevention guidelines, by the concerned authorities. Heat stroke should be included in the list of
disasters.
MEASURES
Capacity building / training programme for health care professionals at local level to recognize and
respond to heat-related illnesses, particularly during extreme heat events.
These training programmes should focus on medical officers, paramedical staff and community health
staff so that they can effectively prevent and manage heat-related medical issues to reduce mortality
and morbidity.
WAY FORWARD
Apart from these short term measures, long term efforts that government should undertake include
increasing the green cover, better designed buildings, Sustainable development and all that which
31
would help in the cause of climate change. This would go a long way to deal with Heat wave and
reduce human impact.
CONCLUSION
According to a study by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, the frequency of severe
heat waves in India will increase 30-fold by 2100 under a 2°C warming scenario. Under a business-as-
usual scenario, heat-wave frequency might increase 75-fold. Heat wave is also called a ―silent
disaster‖ as it develops slowly and kills and injures humans and animals nationwide. Hence, measures
have to be taken and taken fasr to minimize the deaths and damage caused due to heat waves.
32
ENVIRONMENT – 3
Q. Central Government recently unveiled National Indicator Framework. Highlight its salient
features. Also, discuss its various shortcomings, if any.
https://youtu.be/qqDrNzifpZU?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Structure
- Discuss what is NIF
- Briefly discuss what are SDGs
- Its salient features
- Discuss various shortcomings of NIF
- Conclude highlighting the way ahead
What is NIF
National Indicator Framework (NIF) is a set of national indicators which will form the backbone
of monitoring progress towards the SDGs.
India is a signatory to the resolution adopted on 'Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development' at the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly held on
25th September 2015.
To monitor the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its associated targets, a National
Indicator Framework (NIF) comprising 306 national indicators has been developed by the
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in consultation with Central
Ministries/ Departments, States and other stakeholders, such as, UN Agencies and Civil Society.
The NIF can help provide a report card/dashboard to measure progress towards sustainable
development and help ensure the accountability of all stakeholders for achieving the SDGs.
A sound indicator framework will turn the SDGs and their targets into a management tool to help
develop suitable implementation strategies and allocate resources accordingly.
33
- Largest ever Monitoring Framework in the country. National Indicator Framework consists of
306 statistical indicators for SDGs 1 to 16.
- For Goal 17, no National Indicators are proposed as the Goal is for strengthening means of
implementation and global partnership.
- It has been developed after extensive consultations with NITI Aayog, Central Ministries, State
Governments and other stakeholders.
- The framework consists of nationally defined indicators responding to national priorities and
needs. National acceptability was an important criteria used in deciding the indicators.
- Scope of improving the Framework by adding/deleting indicators with improvement in

Statistical System.
- High Level Steering Committee (HLSC) has been constituted to periodically review and
refinement of National Indicator Framework for monitoring SDGs.
- The major sources of data are administrative data, sample surveys (NSSO& NFHS) ,
agriculture surveys and census data.
Shortcomings, that need to be overcome
- For 41 Targets (including 19 targets for Goal 17), indicators are yet to be developed.
- Lack of timely, essential data to ascertain certain critical parameters like Proportion of
population (Rural) living in households with access to safe drinking water & sanitation (Toilets)
- Multiple agencies involved in overseeing will hamper fixing the accountability. For instance,
the NITI Aayog has been entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing the implementation of
34
SDGs in India, whereas the MoSPI has been entrusted with the responsibility of developing
National Indicator Framework for measuring the progress of SDGs and associated targets.
- This is the largest monitoring framework in the country and will be dependent on a statistical
system for flow of information. Any shortfall in information will defeat the purpose of taking
timely corrective action.
- The NIF still doesn‘t highlight the reason of not achieving a target.
- No timelines have been fixed to disseminate the indicators to public.
- Real time monitoring of the progress of SDGs is not envisaged in the proposed framework.
Way Ahead
- Towards real time monitoring, respective Ministries may devise their own indicators.
- An action plan needs to be put in place with scenario analysis, depicting what actions to be
taken in case the indicators highlight the achievement levels to be wanting.
- Existing data sets can be put to use to generate proxy indicator sets against such indicators to
track even those indicators for which no information is yet available.
- Data generated based on the indicators can be made to reflect the success of various Govt.
schemes related to the target.
- Categorization in terms of criticality of the indicator in the achievement of goal/target can be

done.
- Timelines can be induced in reporting of the indicators.
35
ENVIRONMENT – 4
Q. „To ensure protection of ecologically sensitive areas and flora and fauna, the government has
asked states as well as NHAI to avoid building highways through wildlife sanctuaries and
national parks, unless absolutely unavoidable.‟ In the light of the above statement, critically
discuss the ecological impacts of highways and other linear projects passing through protected
area network of our country.
https://youtu.be/LZ2bE_Minrk?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. STRUCTURE
Introduction
Ecological Impact of Linear Projects
Mitigating measures
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Rail lines, roadways, canals and electricity cable networks occupy pride of place in India‘s rapidly
growing infrastructure. These seemingly innocuous lines, together called linear intrusions, are
cutting up wildlife habitats and affecting wildlife conservation. To ensure protection of ecologically
sensitive areas and flora and fauna, the government has asked states as well as NHAI to avoid
building highways through wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, unless absolutely unavoidable.
To have minimum impact of highways on the protected eco-sensitive area, the implementing
agency should consider to spare sanctuaries/national parks at the planning stage and wherever
possible take a bypass/detour. The government has issued guidelines to avoid road alignment
through national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, even if it required taking a longer route.
ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
Linear Projects are the arteries of our nation but they possess ecological challenges as well,
especially when they are passing through forests - Deforestation and habitat destruction- Linear
felling of trees for roads and rails leads to widespread deforestation, causing loss of plant species
and animal species dependent upon them.
Effects mobility - of animals especially keystone species like Lion, tiger who depend on mobility
for their food.
If these keystone species are harmed, it may affect survival of the whole ecosystem.
ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
Loss of biodiversity due to accidents- Hundreds of animals are also killed in road and rail accidents,
causing loss of animal species. Various birds have been electrocuted by high tension power lines.
The road passing through Kaziranga National Park, for instance, is the reason for deaths of many
animals, including rhinos, from road accidents. A similar problem was being faced in Mudumalai,
36
Bandipur and Nagarhole sanctuaries where night traffic has been prohibited to allow clear passage
to animals and avoid accidents. Even a small stretch of road passing through a corridor can have a
larger impact on animal dispersal, movement and could affect an entire landscape. Vulnerability
to PA - Less than five per cent of India comes under the PA network, and these are already
fragmented by roads, canals, railways lines and reservoirs. Effective protection cover would barely
be two per cent. National parks and sanctuaries are the last refuge of endangered and, in some
cases, endemic species.
ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
Increase in pollution - Emission levels are expected to increase with the increase in vehicle
numbers. There are changes in water quality, soil profile, increase in wastes, etc. It also contributes
to noise, light and air pollution.
Increased man- animal conflict - The loss of habitat makes the animals to migrate to other places,
sometimes they enter into villages thereby leading to Human-animal conflict. For example, the
frequent destruction of crops by elephants and Nilgai can be attributed to this phenomena.
Poaching becomes easier - Development of linear infrastructure increases vulnerability of wildlife

for poaching and other illegal acts (animal trafficking). However, such infrastructures are necessary
in India for its growth and development
MITIGATING MEASURES
Mitigation should be focused on achieving explicit conservation goals within clear timeframes, to
be integrated in the broader ‗green infrastructure development‘ approach. These goals should be
informed by the significance of affected biodiversity, priority of conservation goals and the values
of natural systems to affected communities. Use of the SMART approach is recommended to
evaluate the likely effectiveness of alternative mitigation strategies or measures: ‗SMART‘ refers to
measures that are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. Mitigation should aim to
address not only direct ‗footprint‘ impacts on natural systems, but also ecological effects caused by
the development of linear infrastructure which may only be manifest in decades to come, affecting
regional populations of wild animals.
MITIGATING MEASURES
Linear constructions should be undertaken only when absolutely necessary. If it is absolutely

unavoidable, all necessary clearances required under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Forest
Conservation Act 1980 and Environment (Protection) Act 1986 should be obtained before any work
is undertaken in such areas. This should be followed up with mitigation strategies to protect the
biodiversity there. The management of the existing roads in PAs should be done in order to
minimise their detrimental effect on the surrounding ecology. Night traffic (from dusk to dawn)
should be banned while allowing passes for communities living within a PA and also regulate
traffic volumes in day time, applying speed limits and constructing speed-breakers to reduce animal
mortality, ban vehicles from stopping or littering in PAs.
MITIGATING MEASURES
37
Other measures like having check posts, building underpasses for animals so that their natural paths
are not interfered with, should be mooted to safeguard protected areas. Identification of sensitive
natural environments in the early planning stage so that alternative routes, changes in width of the
road can be examined. Provision of wildlife underpass and hydraulic structure Tiger Corridors,
Elephant corridors, etc should be encouraged.
CONCLUSION
Hence, though the building of rail and road are important for the inclusive development of our
country, but it should not be detrimental to our long term ecological sustainability.
38
SCI & TECH – 1
Q. Has the world entered a new normal where the space has become the next frontier?
https://youtu.be/wIVwFtMF-XA?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Structure
Introduction
 ASAT
 US Space Force
Is it the next Frontier?
 Yes, it is
 No, it is not
Way Forward
Introduction
The 1,300 active satellites above the Earth provide a wide array of services some of which are vital
for emergency response and military. An attack on a country‘s satellite can be catastrophic and
many worry that space could be the new theatre for war. In this backdrop, nations are building
technologies to neutralise such threats. India‘s recent testing of the Anti-Satellite weapon and
USA‘s Space force can be studied in this context.
Body
A lot has been happening in the last decade to consider the point that the space has been turning
out to be the next frontier. Exploratory Missions: Countries both in collaborative and competitive
spirit are sending deep space missions to explore newer territories and solve the greater mysteries
of origin and evolution Commercialisation: Government space agencies along with the private
companies like SpaceX are working all out to make sure that sky doesn‘t stay the limit. Private
Companies such as Jeff Bezos‘ Blue Origin are promoting space tourism.
Body
Defense: The protection of vital space infrastructure and the capabilities to destroy the enemy
infrastructure are being tested and developed by countries including India (ASAT) so as not to be
caught unaware Technologies: Be it the precision in ground navigation (NavIC, Beidou) or the
relay of day-to-day communication, nations are in tug-of-war to develop sophisticated
technologies so that they can become self-reliant and self-sufficient.
Body
But these things are not something that is new. Space has been in focus since the times of Cold
War and we could witness the space race even in those times. Be it the race to reach the space first
or land first on moon.
Body
The only difference is, that earlier there were two mega-entities (i.e., the USA and allies, and the
USSR) that gathered all the attention while the other newly born countries were learning to walk
after being crippled by colonialism. But now, we can see such technologies developed by such
39
nations as well. India depicting its capabilities in inter-planetary missions such as Chandrayaan
and Mangalyaan Private industry in Israel preparing to reach the far side of moon.
Way Forward
The newer technologies that are developed in such high-stake missions have also been used for the
civilian purposes, which has in many ways improved the civilian life. But the already scarce
resources of our planet should not be wasted in infighting among the earthlings. Rather, a
collaborative approach would be far more fruitful, as concerns like space debris and Kessler
syndrome, climate change and weather anomalies etc. are upon everyone of us, collectively. Thus,
―Spacecraft‖ should not be confused with ―Warcraft‖ and be considered as a separate frontier,
rather than the next frontier.
40
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – 1
Q. India‟s relationship with Iran is impacted both by superpower politics as well as those in the
Gulf. Examine the challenges and opportunities for India-Iran relations.
https://youtu.be/IiFhvuPpDJY?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Structure
Introduction
- Historical Background and Evolution
Areas of Opportunities with Iran
- Gateway to Central Asia and Afghanistan
- Connectivity
- Economic
Challenges in the relationship
- US animosity
- Iran‘s Internal politics
Introduction
 Iran has always been one of India‘s main suppliers of oil, second only to Iraq and Saudi
Arabia. India and Iran enjoyed bilateral relation right after independence with PM Nehru
underscoring the historical ties between India and Iran as well as its people. While the ties
suffered a blow after the Iranian revolution of 1979, they were revived by Narsimha Rao who
visited the Islamic Republic in 1995
 Raja Mohan is correct in claiming that for ‗the Islamic Republic of Iran, it is the best of times
and the worst of times.‘ Iran‘s regional influence has never been as expansive as it is today.
Yet, there is a huge push back against Tehran from some of its Arab neighbours, Israel and
the current US Administration. This has led to increasing internal and external economic and
political volatility in Iran. Iran which was railing under decades of sanctions got a sigh of
relief when under the Obama administration Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action came
through
 The pulling out from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), or the Iran nuclear
deal, by US President Donald Trump had its implications felt on India which has been told
along with other buyers to take oil imports to ―zero‖ by the cut-off date of
 Heavily reliant on Iranian crude to fuel its fast-growing economy, India has been walking a
diplomatic tightrope on the issue to balance its relations with Iran and US. Iran has also
emerged as a potential regional power in the Middle East influencing events in a host of
counters, including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Bahrain and Yemen. The Shia-Sunni
competition has taken the shape of tug of war between Iran and Saudi Arabia
41
Areas of Opportunities with Iran
 Within India‘s diplomatic circles, Iran is seen as ‗gateway‘ to Central Asia and Afghanistan
o President Rouhani‘s visit to India which saw signing of 9 agreements showcases
the potential of bilateral ties between the two states
 Connectivity is one of the most important avenues of cooperation
o Chabahar port emerged as one of the most significant aspects of bilateral talks
o India's recent accession to the Ashgabat Agreement in which Turkmenistan, Iran,
Uzbekistan and Oman (NSTC) are members and to the Trilateral Transport and
Transit Corridor agreement involving India, Iran, and Afghanistan will help
enhance its engagement with the region
 India has committed itself to increasing its oil off-take by 25% this year, as part of easing
negotiations for the Farzad-B gas fields India is keen to buy a stake in
 India has also committed itself to investing $500 million to build berths at Chabahar‘s Shahid
Beheshti Port, and $2 billion to build a rail line through the Zahedan province to
Afghanistan, in an effort to circumvent trade restrictions by Pakistan
 It was also was decided that India will set up ''plants in sectors such as fertilizers,
petrochemicals and metallurgy in Chabahar Free Trade Zone (FTZ) on terms mutually
beneficial to the concerned parties‖
 People-to-People Contact: Both sides agreed to facilitate issuance of visas to promote
tourism and people-to-people contacts between the two countries
 Economic: The Agreement on Avoidance of Double taxation was signed to promote bilateral
trade and investment
 Politico-security: India and Iran also signed a Bilateral Extradition Treaty and it was also
decided to have enhanced cooperation in the maritime domain
o The two countries ―agreed to hold dialogue to look into measures for cooperation
in defence sphere, including port calls by naval ships, training and regular
exchanges of defence delegations
 There is also cooperation to tackle violent elements especially in Iraq and Afghanistan. This
is largely due to the ongoing politico-security crisis, particularly in the Middle East,
Afghanistan, and South Asia, where terror groups such as ISIS have penetrated in different
forms—physical and ideological. For the first time after lifting the sanctions, both the navies
conducted exercises in early June 2016 in the Strait of Hormuz
 Cultural factors: The Indian subcontinent borders Iran, which shared a defacto common
frontier in pre-independence India with connections spanning thousands of years between the
two ancient civilisations
o The Persian influence — particularly on the language (Urdu and Hindustani) and
the architecture (from Lahore to Agra) — in Mughal period India are strong,
tangible remnants of those ties
o Even prior to that, circa eighth century, the migration of the Zoroastrian people
fleeing from persecution to western India, made India the permanent home to the
world‘s largest such community — the Parsis.
42
Challenges in the relationship
 Withdrawal of the US from P5+1
 Other Arab countries such as Saudi, Oman etc. view Iran as a hegemonic power than a
friendly neighbor
 Furthermore, Tehran‘s missile programme has often been viewed and analysed within the
exclusive content of Iran-Israel rivalry
 Diplomacy with Iran itself is an art of its own. Much of Tehran‘s approach to
international diplomacy is based on survivability
o Sanctions, economic blockades, covert wars, and a race for regional supremacy
more often makes Iran a difficult partner
 Political issues: Iran‘s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei brought up the issue of
Kashmir, including Kashmiris along with Muslims in Yemen and Bahrain as among
those being oppressed by tyranny. The reasons behind the timing of this event could be
many, from India‘s growing closeness with both Israel and Saudi Arabia to the Ayatollah
offering a narrative for a domestic audience
o Protests against the Iranian government‘s conservatism, as women took on laws
requiring them to wear a veil
Way Forward
Geo-strategic reality will ensure Iran‘s continued importance. But the renewal of American
hostility provides India an opportunity to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Indo-Iranian
relations.
43
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS – 2
Q. Sri-Lanka is the key to Indian Ocean that both India and China are wooing. Discuss India-Sri
Lanka relations and the fishermen issue between the two countries.
https://youtu.be/9HOiVmodOwc?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. The relationship between India and Sri Lanka is more than 2,500 years old. Both countries have
a legacy of intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction. In recent years, the
relationship has been marked by close contacts at all levels. Trade and investment have grown and
there is cooperation in the fields of development, education, culture and defence. Both countries
share a broad understanding on major issues of international interest. In recent years, significant
progress in implementation of developmental assistance projects for Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs) and disadvantaged sections of the population in Sri Lanka has helped further cement the
bonds of friendship between the two countries.
India has been engaging with Sri Lanka for a number of years with cooperation and with the
emergence of blue economy, Sri Lanka has emerged as the biggest pearl of Indian Ocean. China‘s
Sting of Pearls initiative has further added to the Indian interest. Areas of convergence and
cooperation in the India-Sri-Lanka relations are:
Political ties: India and Sri-Lanka have had deep historical and political relations. Unfortunately,
the coexistence between the Sinhalese and the Tamils broke down when Sri Lankan nationalism
attempted to consolidate itself around a Sinhala Buddhist identity. From 1987 to 1990, India
gingerly engaged in a degree of military intervention (in part aimed at addressing the large flows of
Tamil refugees accruing to India) under the guise of peacekeeping. This however did not augur
well. India subsequently moved towards a more ‗hands off‘ policy to the extent that sentiments in
the Indian state of Tamil Nadu allowed. This, however, provided space to other players such as
Pakistan, China, Israel, and the USA. However, India in its ‗neighbourhood first‘ policy is trying to
re-engage with Sri Lanka especially after the end of civil war. Furthermore, the ideals of
democracy become a keystone for expanding the relationship.
Commercial Relations: Sri Lanka has long been a priority destination for direct investment from
India. Sri Lanka is one of India‘s largest trading partner in SAARC. India in turn is Sri Lanka‘s
greatest trade partner globally. Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after the
entry into force of the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement in March 2000. A number of new
investments from Indian company are in the pipeline or under implementation. Notable among
them are proposal of South City, Kolkata for real estate development in Colombo, Tata Housing
Slave Island Development project along the Urban Development Authority of Sri Lanka, and
‗Colombo One‘ project of ITC Ltd.
Developmental Cooperation: Sri Lanka is one of the major recipients of development credit given
by the Government of India. India is also financing to support repair of tsunami-damaged
Colombo-Matara rail link and construction railway lines in Northern Sri Lanka. India also
continues to assist a large number of smaller development projects in areas like education, health,
44
transport connectivity, small and medium enterprise development and training in many parts of the
country through its grant funding.
Cultural Relations-The Cultural Cooperation Agreement signed by the Government of India and
the Government of Sri Lanka on 29 November, 1977 at New Delhi forms the basis for periodic
Cultural Exchange Programmes between the two countries. Tourism also forms an important link
between India and Sri Lanka. Government of India formally launched the e-Tourist Visa (eTV)
scheme for Sri Lankan tourists in 2015.
Sri Lanka‘s geographic location makes it a great opportunity. The Palk Bay which links the two
neighbours although has also caused a lot of problems. Given the proximity of the territorial waters
of both countries, especially in the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar, incidents of straying of
fishermen are common.
Indian boats have been fishing in the troubled waters for centuries and had a free run of the Bay of
Bengal, the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar until 1974 and 1976 when treaties were signed
between the two countries to demarcate the maritime boundary — the IMBL. However, the treaties
failed to factor in the hardship of thousands of traditional fishermen who were forced to restrict
themselves to a meagre area in their fishing forays. The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used
by them for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL. V.
Suryanaryan highlights the need of the two countries to look at Palk Bay as a common heritage and
not a source of contention to facilitate movement of people, goods and ideas to preserve Indian
Ocean as a zone of freedom and cooperation.
45
SCI & TECH – 2
Q. What is a gene drive? Examine the opportunities and challenges of this advance in genetic
technology.
https://youtu.be/1xbQu4Z_mwY?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. Context
Recently, DNA alteration of a small group of mosquitoes was undertaken so that they no
longer carry malaria parasite. A unique process called ‗gene drive‘ was put to use.
Meaning
It is a genetic engineering technology through which a particular trait drives on to the entire
population. Naturally, the probability of a genotype being passed is 50%. This possibility is
increased using gene drive technology.
Applications
Public health and biodiversity and ecosystem conservation are two main areas where gene
drive technology has potential applications.
 Vector Control: One potential application of gene drive is to reduce the burden of
vector borne diseases like dengue and malaria which cause more than 7,00,000 deaths
annually
o For malaria, a gene drive system can be introduced into a mosquito species
reducing their capacity to transmit malaria
 Eradicating invasive rodents: Biodiversity can be protected by reducing population of
invasive species on islands. Invasive species are the 2nd greatest cause of plant and
animal species loss globally.
o Currently, rodenticides are used but they are costly and the process is
complicated. Gene drive methods present a potential alternative in this regard.
(The Predator Free 2050 Project by New Zealand govt to eliminate invasive
mammalian predator species will use gene drives as a part of its efforts)
Limitations
 Generations to spread through populations: The total time depends on reproduction
cycle of organism, no. of gene carrying individuals introduced, efficiency of drive etc.
 Gene drives cannot alter asexually reproducing populations such as bacteria and viruses
 Some types of alterations would need to be continually reintroduced. For instance, a
driven trait that is somewhat harmful to the organism will eventually break. New drives
would be needed in that case.
 There is a worry that removing a species from the food chain could have unintended
consequences.
 Genetically modified crops can be contained but animals carrying gene drives are
mobile. One country‘s decision to use gene drives could impact the neighbours.
 There could also be nefarious uses of the technology. A mosquito, engineered to inject
toxins, could be used as a weapon.
46
Way Forward
Though it is a welcome step, sincere caution must be taken in this regard. Following safety
measures can be put in place :-
 We can begin studying how the alteration might affect the ecosystem by releasing a lot
of organisms that have alterations but not the drive, ideally in a contained setting.
 Driven alterations can be reversed with another drive. If something goes wrong,
reversal drive can be quickly released
 Population can be immunised against gene drives if we‘re concerned about drive
affecting a particular set of population.
In this way, adequate optimisation can be done to make the best use of this technology
47
GEOGRAPHY – 1
Q) Over the years, indiscriminate rathole mining of coal in Meghalaya, has taken a toll on its
ecology and put many lives at risk. While some associate it with a lot of risks ; others find it as a
necessary evil. Discuss.
https://youtu.be/4GOFwl63jhk?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. STRUTURE
Introduction
What is Rat Hole mining
Issues And Associated Risks:
1) Ecological Issues
2) Social issues
3) Health issues
4) Governance
5) Political Issues
Why Is It A Necessary Evil And Is Still Prevalent In Meghalaya?

Way Forward
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:
 The question has been asked in context of people trapped in a rat-hole mine in Meghalaya
 The National Green Tribunal (NGT) had banned rat-hole mining in 2014 on grounds of the
practice being unscientific and unsafe for workers but The State Government has failed to
check illegal mining effectively.
WHAT IS RAT HOLE MINING?

 Rat hole mining involves digging of very small tunnels for extraction of coal. It is called rat
hole because of small height of dug tunnel.
 The rat-hole mining is broadly of two types – Side-cutting : narrow tunnels are dug on the
hill slopes. Box-cutting : a rectangular opening is made, varying from 10 to 100 sq .
 The coal is taken out manually dumped on a nearby un-mined area.
ISSUES AND ASSOCIATED RISKS:
ECOLOGICAL:
 Meghalaya coal has high sulphur content, leading to discharge of sulphuric acid from these
mines which made the rivers acidic, iron and toxic heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen
(DO) and high BOD, showing its degraded quality in turn affecting aquatic life and
corroding machinery at hydroelectric projects and dams
 Lack of safety norms have led to respiratory problems to the miners.
 Top soils of the region have undergone degeneration.
48
 Roadside dumping of coal is a major source of air, water and soil pollution.
 The mines are at constant risk of caving in or flooding.
 Ecologically Sensitive Zones are being degraded
SOCIAL:
 During the rainy season, water floods into the mining areas resulting in death of many
employees/workers.
 Rat-hole mines have encouraged child trafficking as well.
 No social security for migrants workers .
HEALTH:
 Due to poisonous gases like Hydrogen Sulphide, Methane can cause instant death of
miners.
GOVERNANCE :
 The State Government has failed to check illegal mining effectively.

 Meghalaya Mines and Mineral Policy, 2012 policy does not address rathole mining &
states: ―Small and traditional system of mining by local people in their own land shall not
be unnecessarily disturbed.‖
 Meghalaya is a Sixth Schedule state, and the power to make laws with respect to land
belongs to the Autonomous District Councils, landowners can mine without any permission
from the state or the Union governments.
POLITICAL ISSUES :
 About 33% of political candidates have stakes in coal mining and transport companies, thus
lobbying against the ban order.
WHY IS IT A NECESSARY EVIL AND IS STILL PREVALENT IN MEGHALAYA?

 Meghalaya has a total coal reserve of 640 million tonnes; Since the coal seam is extremely
thin in Meghalaya, no other method would be economically viable.
 Low capital investment , low maintenance and operational costs.
 Direct and indirect bases of livelihoods
 2012 policy is inadequate as it does not addresses rat-hole mining.
 Biggest revenue earners for the state.
 Conflict of interest for various stakeholders
 For resettlement process and package for protection of livelihood security NGT is silent at
present.
 The government of Meghalaya controls only 5% land rest either community or privately
owned which undermines effective regulations
 Lack of Alternate Sources of Livelihood
WAY FORWARD
 Need of framing new mining policy which allows scientific mining along with stringent
regulations
49
 Effective implementation of 6th schedule provisions
 Diversifying livelihood opportunities
 Strict implementation of Child labour prevention laws
 Implementation of NGT order
 Use of Satellite imagery to find the locations of illegal mines.
 Involvement of Social Activists, NGO‘s and Local community
 Educating people about issues of rathole mining. CONCLUSION
 Mining has been an age old practice in the State of Meghalaya and thousands of people
earn their livelihood through this activity.
 Strict enforcement of the modified policy eventually should provide scope for the mining
of minerals in a scientific and sustainable manner taking into account the interest of the
state and its people.
50
GEOGRAPHY – 2
Q) Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks and Lesser
Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed beyond the
Darjeeling area. Explain.
https://youtu.be/C9WOzKtuQuo?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. INTRODUCTION:
British were heavily dependent on Chinese imports for their tea consumption and it led to huge
outflow of cash to satisfy this demand. Thus they started tea plantations across all such regions in
India where climatic conditions were similar to tea growing regions in China.
Tea gardens were developed all along Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal
Pradesh wherever the climatic conditions and terrain lent itself to plantation of tea shrubs. But
the success of plantations was in limited.
The areas where tea plantation succeeded included the regions located in monsoon belt – Assam,
West Bengal and the foot hills of the Himalayas in the in the North and the moist slopes and the
51
plateaus of the Western Ghats in the south. Not much success was received in other areas such as
Himachal Pradesh, Ranchi, Doon valley etc.
REASONS FOR THE SAME:

It is because of very peculiar climatic conditions which tea plantation needs and they exist only
in very specific area.
CONDITIONS FOR TEA PLANTATION:

Tea cultivation requires average annual rainfall of around 150-200cm along with frequent
showers well distributed throughout the year.
An ambient temperature between 13-28 degrees Celsius is conducive for growth of tea as tea
grows well in moderately hot and humid climate.
Presence of high land, well-drained soil having a good depth and pH around 4.5 to 5.5 and more
than 2% organic matter.
Presence of sloppy land so that water doesn‘t stagnate.
Though region like Shivaliks have some of these characteristics, they lack well distributed
rainfall and ambient temperature range which are needed for having a good tea crop and thus tea
cultivation didn‘t succeed beyond Darjeeling area.
The Ranchi gardens have poor soil not suitable for tea cultivation.
The rainfall, temperature and humidity needed by tea were not available in Himahchal Pradesh
and Dehradun although soil in Dehradun is equivalent to that of Assam.
Tea needs relatively low temperature for its growth, but not very low, that can adversely affect
cultivation of tea. For example, the Kangra valley lies in the foot hills of Himalayas and here
climate is too cold.
While cool climate and low gradient were also available in some areas of western Shivaliks but
absence of deep clayey soil and lack of year round rains led to the failure of tea plantations there.
ADDITIONAL REASONS:
Further, there was one more reason of failure of tea plantation in Kangra valley. The quality of
the Kangra tea was readily accepted in Europe and it was even awarded. But then in 1905, this
area was struck by an Earthquake, which ruined the tea plantations. This caused panic into the
British planters and they sold their estates to locals and move away. The local people could not
the plantations because of technical knowhow.
Moreover economic factors like presence of cheap labour through bonded labourers permitted by
Plantation Act which brought labours to work on plantations from Bihar and Bengal also
favoured the spread of tea cultivation in Darjeeling.
52
Relatively better transport facilities and proximity to ports in Bengal also favoured tea
plantations in Darjeeling .
Moreover cultural factors such as the presence of large indigenous and tribal population in other
areas such as Himachal Pradesh, Doon valley etc. reduced the scope of commercial activities like
tea plantation.
These areas were relatively calm unlike politically charged mainland of India. Absence of bigger
intermediary class like zamindars as they existed in Bengal & Bihar helped planters to work
more freely
Less population in these areas helped them for carrying mass cultivation in vacant lands. Forests
were cleared for plantation without much protest. Labors were easily brought from tribal areas
of Bihar, Bengal and Orrisa
CONCLUSION:
Therefore Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks and
Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed beyond the
Darjeeling area.
53
GEOGRAPHY – 3
Q) Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil
and good availability of water?
https://youtu.be/mqBG23TOfSQ?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. INTRODUCTION:
The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when Indian agriculture was converted into an
industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high
yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. It was
mainly found by M.S. Swaminathan. But its extent was limited only to few northers states and
southern states only and all most all of eastern region was left behind despite having fertile soil
and water availability.
Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good
availability of water. WHY?
More than 80% of the total land holdings in Eastern India were / are small and marginal land
holdings. Financial constraints in eastern part of India played a prohibitive role in acquiring new
technology and costly HYV seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Bihar and Odisha were most poor
states in the Indian Union having substantial number of households below the poverty line,
majority of the farmers practiced subsistence farming in low value crops. Credit facilities were
also less adequate in eastern states as compared to those who did well. For example, Punjab had
a greater number of scheduled commercial banks per lakh of population.
One of the major goals of the Green Revolution was for India to achieve selfsufficiency, which is
why the focus was on crops such as wheat which Indi was in dire need of in order to feed its
rapidly increasing population. Therefore, it was appropriate to choose areas that already
produced the crops in question, and increase their yield and productivity.
The cropping pattern in Eastern India was traditionally dominated by rice and other low value
crops. Rice responded late to new technology but meanwhile western region marched ahead with
jumps in production of wheat, maize and bajra.
This region was bypassed due to institutional factors. It has been established that the best
performing areas in Green Revolution were under under Mahalwari region in Punjab. Although
Zamindari system was abolished, yet its influence remained in the eastern parts of India.
Punjab had a literacy rate higher than all India average and farmers were more aware of the
potential benefits of new technologies and agricultural practices. This led to a more successful
green revolution in Punjab as compared to eastern region where farmer were not ready to
assimilate new practices.
The average size of land holding in eastern region was smaller, making it less suitable for
adoption new technology and mechanization under Green Revolution.
54
High population pressure on land, combined with relatively low cropyields, results in lower
average per capita income for farm households in the Eastern regions.
The region is also highly vulnerable to climate change and thus suffers from high inter-year crop
yield variability.
Power supplies and irrigation facilities were not sufficient in eastern Indian states and other
infrastructural requirements which could usher green revolution were not adequate in eastern
states such as roads, communication, transport facilities, irrigation systems etc.
The inadequate policy and inappropriate governmental support kept farmers away from the
collection of required finance for adopting scientific method.
The lack awareness among the farmers of the region made them unaware of scientific methods
like- using HYV seeds and chemicals Aim of the policy was to remove food shortage and once it
was achieved even with limited number of states, others states weren‘t given the desired focus.
CONCLUSION
The Green Revolution Strategy laid excessive emphasis on increasing production at any cost.
Excessive emphasis on increasing production led to by passing the eastern region despite fertile
soil and good availability of water.
55
GEOGRAPHY – 4
Q) “The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides.” Discuss the causes and suggest suitable
measures of mitigation?
https://youtu.be/iHDnE49b4Lk?list=PLYSuG-KZy7JA-nK3RhKIkP0cF9uSs1rzK
A. STRUCTURE
Introduction
What is a Landslide:
Himalayan Context:
Causes
Measures
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION :
What is a Landslide:
A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and
rock under the direct influence of gravity.
NOTE:
Almost every landslide has multiple causes. Landslides can be initiated in slopes already on the
verge of movement by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in water level, stream erosion, changes in
ground water, earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human activities, or any
combination of these factors.
Himalayan Context:
Himalayan region is situated at the confluence of the Indian plate in south and the Eurasian
plate in North and hence it is highly geodynamic. This instability throughout the year, coupled
with anthropogenic factors, makes it prone to landslides which are large scale hazardous
movement of rock and debris down the slope of a mountain.
CAUSES :
NATURAL CAUSES:
Himalayan landslides can be attributed to the fact that Himalayas lies at the convergence zone
of two lithospheric plates, i.e., Indian plate in the south and Eurasian plate in the north. Thus
geologically, it is considered very active.
Himalayan regions are prone to frequent earthquakes leading to loosening of soils that further
leads to landslides.
Himalayas haven‘t yet reached its isostatic equilibrium and hence under constant influence of
earthquake which can trigger landslides.
56
Himalayas are mainly composed of sedimentary rocks which can get disturbed under slightest
of stress and slide down.
Himalayas are loftier than other mountain ranges and have greater slope due to which soil once
loosened, triggers a full blown land or mud slide.
Himalayas have numerous rivers and streams which can carry large amount of debris with
them. Sometimes they loosen up big boulders and parts of mountains and bring them down
with themselves.
Himalayas have large amount of snow which can become unstable due to heat from sun and
trigger landslides (avalanches).
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES:
Construction activities like road and tunnel construction not only loosens the soil, but they also
require blasting due to which the mountains become really fragile and prone to landslides.
Global warming has led to quicker melting of snow and more percolation of water within the
underlying surface of hill.
Inappropriate agricultural practices like shifting or jhum cultivation, which require clearing of
forests for agriculture, makes top soil prone to movement by removing the trees which bind
them.
Himalayas being source of many rivers has lead to construction of multipurpose dam projects
which has affected the already fragile Himalayas.
Himalayan region is centre of huge diversity when it comes to trees & this diversity has led to
discriminate chopping of trees leading to soil erosion which in turn leads to Landslides.
Illegal mining & Industrial activities too have contributed a lot when it comes to reasons of
landslides in the region.
MEASURES
A vulnerability mapping to have advance preparedness along with integrated efforts to it
through LSZ mapping
Identifying Eco Sensitive Zones and enforcing appropriate legislations.
Limiting the construction activities and using equipment or technology that do not increase the
stress.
Building catchment areas to capture extra rainfall water.
Afforestation, controlled grazing and scientific capacity increasing to top soil cover.
57
Constructing Engineered Structures for the preventing soil erosion and in turn landslides.
Mock drills towards evacuation during landslides in the highly vulnerable areas to minimize
loss of life.
Spreading awareness towards the causes,vulnerable areas and training the steps for evacuation
at both individual and community level through specific camps and campaigns. Including third
party like NGO;s for the same.
Constructing a permanent assessment team comprising scientists & geologists that would look
into the matter.
CONCLUSION
An integrated and dedicated tri pronged approach towards improving advance preparedness,
limiting the stress factors and early evacuation through community, state and central
participation can be substantial in reducing the effects of landslides in Himalayan region.
58

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Monthly MAD Compilation 1

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MAD

Consequently, the practice of domestication of animals began.

These changes in turn resulted in the emergence of settled agricultural communities.

Hence, it was no less than a revolution in terms of the changes it brought.

Q. Discuss in detail the phases of British colonialism in India. (250 words)

A. Colonial exploitation was carried on broadly through three phases.

First phase (1757-1813): Mercantilism

In the third phase, 1858- onwards,

Q. The dynamism of Indian Constitution is a gift of its underlying philosophy. Comment.

 Protecting and enhancing national unity integrity;

The DPSPs as aspirations of a developing society, complementing Fundamental Rights of the

Q. Comment on the principles that dominated the working of Constituent Assembly.

A. Structure of the answer:

Background to the two

Body: How the Indian Constitution ensures the two?

Are they complementary to each other?

Conclusion: Need to maintain sanctity of both.

Q. Discuss the relevance of Gandhian DPSPs in today‟s context.

They are as follows:

i. Art 40 – to organize village panchayats and enable them to function as units of

- Factors that affect GDP growth

- Impediments in case of India

- Impact of certain steps

GDP Growth depends on a lot of factors, such as

- Macroeconomic and political stability

- Availability of financial capital

- Availability of human resources

- Institutional, policy, and regulatory architecture

- Transparent, stable and predictable investment climate

- Free and Fair competition - Corruption Perception

- Global Economic Environment

- Trade deficit that has shot up to a five-year high

- Retail fuel prices, embargo on buying fuel from Iran

- Private investment is not taking off

Impact of Certain Steps

- Digitalisation of Monetary Transactions

What else could be done: Way Forward

o Corporate taxes reduction and exemptions

o Developing alternate channel of capital like Corporate Bond Markets.

- Focusing on select markets and select products for export promotion.

The structure to the answer can be as follows:

Infrastructure facing the Problem of:

1. Growing Economy, requires more and better infrastructure.

- Gap between Current and needed infrastructure

How it can be resolved:

- Public Finance Reforms can contribute 40% of it.

But enhanced Govt. Participation can possibly lead to –

How will Macro Economic Stability help?

Untangling Stalled Projects –

- Operationalising 3PI (as suggested by Kelkar committee)

- Reform State Electricity Boards (SEBs)

- Municipal bodies to be given more power

Developing Corporate Bond Markets.

Q. Critically analyse the reasons of existence of Structural Inflation in India.

- Define Structural Inflation

- Discuss their impact

In India, structural inflation exists because of various reasons like–

2. Infrastructural Constraint impacting supply. Such as Lack of Food Processing, Scientific

Q. Cultural diversity between as well as within countries is as essential for humankind as

Defining Cultural Diversity:

Necessity of Cultural Diversity:

Thus, Cultural diversity acts as a source of:

Why shall we preserve it:

- In our increasingly diverse societies, it is essential to ensure harmonious interaction among