Literature – artistic expression of human GABU

experiences in recurring events through written Author: Carlos A. Angeles

accounts. Genre: (Lyric) Poem
Theme: Life
DIFFERENT ERAS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
1. Pre-colonial era -oral CARLOS A. ANGELES
-riddles, proverbs, Born: May 25, 1921
saying, folk songs, Tacloban City, Leyte
kundiman, kumintang
Died: September 11, 1956
2. Spanish era -religion: Christianity (Age: 42)
-education
-government Occupation: Poet

3. American era -language: English Notable Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial

-public school system Awards for Poetry

4. Japanese era -discipline Fiction – is a story that is entirely made up and is

-Filipino movements not true
are minimal
Symbolism – the use of character, object or event
5. Revolutionary -Independence to signify something else from its original meaning.

6. Contemporary -uprise (reign of Exposition – the beginning of the story:

Science, Industry,
thinking and feelings)
PHILIPPINE POETRY
Poetry - literary work in which special intensity is
given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the
use of distinctive style and rhythm; poems
collectively or as a genre of literature.
Senses and Images – are used by the writer to
describe their impression of their topic or object of
writing.
introduction of the characters, describing the
setting and sometimes the author gives a brief
background of the story.
Inciting Incident – small events and telltale signs
that tell you that the conflict is about to begin. It is
also known as “the complication.”
Rising Action – when the complication begins to
show itself.
Climax – the event with the greatest tension in
the story.

KINDS OF SENSE (in poetry) Falling Action – the result of climax

1. Visual imagery – see
2. Olfactory imagery – smell Denouement – a French term meaning “ending”.
3. Gustatory imagery – taste This is where the story reaches its final conclusion.
4. Tactile imagery – feel
5. Auditory imagery – hear THE GOD STEALER
Author: Francisco Sionil Jose
Diction – is another important element in Filipino Genre: Fiction
poetry; is the denotative and connotative meaning Theme: Friendship, Value of Heritage
of the words ins sentence, phrase, paragraph or
poem. FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE
Born: December 3, 1924
Rhyme Scheme – is the way the author arranges Rosales, Pangasinan
words, meters, lines, and stanzas to create a
coherent sound when the poem is outloud. Occupation: novelist, writer, journalist

Notable Awards: National Artist of the PH

PHILIPPINE DRAMA
- Started with pre-colonial indigenous
drama.
- Includes rituals, verbal jousts, or games,
and songs and dances praising their
respective gods.
Predramatic Forms
- For declamations and orations; done during
the arrival and installation of a holy relic.
o Loas
o Declamaciones
o Oraciones
- Changed mainly into two categories:
o Komedya or Comedy
o Sarsuela or Zarzuela
Both were used to capture the imaginations
and hearts of the Filipino and to serve as
their teaching tools for their religion.
KOMEDYA
- Was developed into different kinds:
o Moro-moro – depicts the lives,
loves and wars of Moors and
Christians.
o Indigenized comedies by Filipinos
 Comedia de capa y
espada – secular comedy
 Comedia de santo –
religious comedy
ZARZUELA
- Musical in nature; both spoken and sung.
o Jugar Con Fuego (Play With Fire)
– first staged zarzuela in the
Philippines (1878 or 1879) written
by Francisco Asnjo Barbieri, 1855.
o Junto al Pasig – written by Jose
Rizal and was staged in 1880.
- Teatro Zorilla – inaugurated as home of
zarzuelas in 1893.
- Zarzuela  Sarswela – indigenized by
Filipinos; became a mix of music, prose,
dance, dialogue, and a discussion of
contemporary subjects.
PHILIPPINE THEATER (today)
- Attacks contemporary issues and portrays
the real lives of Filipinos here and abroad.
o Liza Magtoto’s Rak of Aegis
- Writer’s Bloc
o Playwrights’ group which invites
young playwrights to have their
unpublished plays staged in the
Cultural Center of the Philippines
o Have been annually staging the
Vigrin Labfest.
ALBERTO S. FLORENTINO
Born: July 28, 1931
Nueva Ecija
Died: September 22, 2018
(Age: 87)
Occupation: Filipino playwright, short story
writer, poet
Notable Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for One-act Play
THE WORLD IS AN APPLE
Published: July 24, 1959
Genre: One-act Play
Playwright: Alberto S. Florentino
Award: Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for One-act Play
CREATIVE NONFICTION
- Defined as an account of historical,
personal, and academic events.
- Is fact-based writing that remains
compelling, undiminished by the passage of
time, that has at heart an interest in
enduring human values: foremost a fidelity
to accuracy, to truthfulness.
Columnist who write essay:
o Conrado de Quiros of the
Philippine Daily Inquirer
o Jessica Zafra of the Philippine Star
o Patricia Evalingelista and
Shakira Sison of Rappler
o Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo: voice
of the writer must ring true, clear,
and fine.
Writer’s Voice – a distinctive style or personality
of a written work.
Creative Nonfiction  Personal presence
Self-discovery and self-
motivation, flexibility of form
Veracity
Literary approaches
5 R’s OF CREATIVE NONFICTION
- Write about Real Life
- Conduct extensive Research
- Write a Narrative
- Include personal Reflection
- Learn by Reading
Essay – also known as creative nonfiction; defined
as short piece of writing on a particular subject.
LUNDAGIN MO BABY (Go For It)
Author: Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Genre: Essay
GILDA CORDERO-FERNANDO
Born: June 4, 1932
Occupation: writer, publisher
Notable Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for Short Story
LITERARY CRITICISM
- “reasoned” consideration or analysis of
literary texts and their themes or issues.
- An argument about a literary work.
- Practical
- An interpretation of the meaning in
text.
- Judgment of the text’s quality.
Earliest example:
Plato’s “The Republic”
o an argument against the
consequences of poetic inspirations
in his writing.
FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY CRITICISM
1. To summarize the worth of the literary
material, or support or deconstruct the
claims about the material.
2. To reevaluate ay given text.
3. To invoke discussions, reassess
society, and redefine culture based on a
literary context.
4. To dip its toes into social and political
arguments
CRITICAL APPROACHES
- also called literary approaches or
literary theories
- means to understand the various ways
people read texts
- lens critics used to view and talk about
literature
- assumes basic ideas of the school of
criticism, focusing on one aspect of a work
MAJOR CRITICAL APPROACHES
1. Formalistic Approach
 work is its own distinct piece, free
from its environment, era, and even
author
 keys to understanding a text exist
within "the text itself," and thus
focus a great deal on form (Tyson
118).
2. Reader Response Approach
 Readers' reactions to literature as
vital to interpreting the meaning of
the text
 Shares two beliefs:
 The role of the reader cannot
be omitted
 Readers do not passively
consume the meaning (death of
author)
3. Psychological Approach
 views works through the lens of
psychology
 looks either at the psychological
motivations of the characters or
of the authors themselves
 most frequently applies Freudian
psychology to works, but other
approaches also exist.
4. Marxist Approach
 Based on the theories of Karl Marx
 concerned with class differences,
economic and otherwise, & the
implications & complications of the
capitalism
 "Marxism attempts to reveal the
ways in which our socioeconomic
system is the ultimate source of
our experience" (Tyson 277).
 also interested in how the lower
classes are oppressed - in
everyday life as well as in literature.
5. Feminist Approach
 examines "...the ways in which
literature [and other arts] reinforce
or undermine the economic,
political, social, and psychological
oppression of women" (Tyson).
 examines how culture is patriarchal
and strives to expose misogyny
6. Biographical Approach
 central insight: literature is written
by actual people and that
understanding an author’s life
can help readers more thoroughly
comprehend the work
 focuses on explicating the literary
work by using the insight provided
by knowledge of the author’s
life
7. Historical Approach
 seeks to understand a literary work
by investigating the social,
 cultural, and intellectual
context that produced it
 The writer’s biography
 The writer’s milieu
 This approach focuses on connection
of work to the historical period in
which it was written
 literary historians attempt to connect
the historical background of the
work to specific aspects of the work.

8. Moral/Ethical Approach
 sees literature is a traditional mode
of imparting morality, philosophy,
and religion.
 not only to discover meaning but
also to determine whether works of
literature are both true and
significant.
 This approach is concerned with
content and values.
 PURPOSE: to determine whether a
work conveys a lesson or message
and whether it can help readers lead
better lives and improve their
understanding of the world