CITY GAS DISTRIBUTION:

INFRASTRUCTURE

Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

 City Gas Distribution
 City or local natural gas distribution network
means an interconnected network of gas pipelines
and the associated equipment used for
transporting natural gas from a bulk supply high
pressure transmission main to the medium
pressure distribution grid and subsequently to the
service pipes supplying natural gas to domestic,
industrial or commercial premises and CNG
stations situated in a specified geographical area.
 City Gas
Distribution

PNG Industrial &

PNG Domestic
Commercial CNG Stations
Segment
Segment

PNG Segment CNG Segment

CGD Value Chain
PNG Industrial Segment
40-100 bar

Common Meter
Around

15-19 Pressure 4 4-1.5

bar Regulating bar
Industries
Reduction bar
Skid Station
Transmission Mains (Steel)

Steel Pipeline PE Medium Pressure PE Low Pressure

City
15-19
Gate bar
Station
PNG Domestic Segment
District
15-19 4 Service 100 Riser Isolation
Steel Pipeline Bar
Regulating
bar Regulator mbar Valve
Around Station
38-40 bar Steel Pipeline PE Medium Pressure PE Low Pressure 100 mbar
GI pipe
21 mbar 21 mbar 100 mbar
Appliance Meter Meter Control
Valve Regulator Valve

Suraksha Hose (Rubber) Copper/GI pipe Copper/GI pipe

Tap-off CNG Segment

point
15-19 200-250
CNG Stations bar Automobile
bar
 CGD Infrastructure
1. Pipeline Network
2. City Gate Station (CGS)
3. Odourization Unit
4. Common Pressure Reduction Skid (CPRS)/
District Regulating System (DRS)
5. Service Regulator (SR)
6. Meter Regulator (MR)
7. Gas Metering System
8. CNG Equipments
 Pipeline Network
▪ Primary Network:
• High Pressure Distribution System
~ Steel Pipelines (Pressure 49 to 7 bar)
~ Gas Mains or Distribution Mains
~ Connects one or more Transmission Pipeline to CGS
~ Connects CGS to one or more DRS and CGS to CNG stations
▪ Secondary Network:
• Medium to Low Pressure Polyethylene Distribution System
~ Gas Mains or Distribution Mains
~ Connects DRS to SR (Pressure 4 to 1.5 bar)
▪ Tertiary Network:
• Service Pressure Distribution System
~ GI/Copper Piping (Pressure below 100 mbar)
~ Service Lines, Meter Regulators
~ Connects to end user
CITY GATE STATION (CGS)
 CGS is the tap off point from
main high pressure gas Components of CGS:
transmission line. • Inlet/outlet valves

 Custody Transfer from • Filters

Transmission Company
Distribution Company takes
place at CGS
Functions of CGS:
• Filtration
• Pressure Reduction
• Custody Transfer metering
• Odourization
• Preheating of NG if required
to • Separators (if required)
• Metering skid
• Heater (if required)
• Pressure reduction skid
• Slam shut off valves
• Creep relief valves
• Odourization equipment
 Gas Filtration
➢ Gas enters in the knock out drum (KOD)
➢ Dust & liquid particle in gas stream are separated by high
efficiency filters

➢ Demister pad or
mist extractor
causes coalescence
of droplets and
thus mist can be
removed
 Larger solid particles are removed by gravity, since the velocity of incoming
gas decreases
 1st stage - Smaller size solid particles are removed by means of filter
elements
 2nd stage - Gas enters the 2nd stage where liquid particles are removed
 Contaminants generally are collected in a separate storage which remains
connected to the filter separator

Gas is maintained at the same pressure from the inlet to the filtration skid and the
filtration gets bifurcated into two streams namely active stream and passive stream
from the main line. The line which is in function is known as active line.
The Equation of State

➢ Composition, temperature and pressure define the

Equation Of State (EOS) for process streams in a
chemical plant.
➢ The EOS often shows a particular stream to be a two-
phase mixture of vapor and liquid.
➢ Chemical processes often require separation of the
vapor stream from the liquid stream.
➢ The separation usually takes place in a vapor-liquid
separator called a knock-out pot.
There are 3 Basic Design Zones in any
Knock-out Pot

 The vapor-liquid inlet line.

 The vapor zone.

 The liquid zone.

 Design Basis – Inlet Line

 Avoid high, two phase velocity which may

atomize liquid into particles too small for fluid
dynamic separation.
 Avoid “Slug Flow” regime where vibrations
may be damaging to inlet pipe.
Baker Chart – Horizontal Flow
Design Basis – Vapor Zone

 Establish a design basis for liquid entrainment in the

vapor stream.
 Select a design liquid particle diameter for liquid
entrainment in the vapor stream.
 Select a vessel diameter to establish a terminal
velocity that will entrain particles smaller than the
design particle diameter.
Design Basis – Liquid Zone
 The Liquid Zone: Based on Liquid retention
time.
 Establish liquid residence times for normal
liquid level variation.
 Establish liquid residence times for
alarming and shut-downs beyond normal
liquid level variation.
Types of KO Vessels

 Vertical – No Internals
Vertical KO – With Demister Mesh
Peerless KO Pots With Horizontal
Flow

)
FWG – Vertical Flow Chevron Vanes
Cyclone KO Pot With Tangential
Entry
Centrifugal Separator
Horizontal KO Pots
 API-521 Horizontal KO Pot With No Internals
API-521 Horizontal KO Pot With
Mesh Pad
Horizontal With Extended In
Kettle Refrigeration Exchanger
 Pressure Reduction Skid
➢ Pressure reduction skid is installed at CGS for the reduction of the gas

pressure from 38-40 bar to 15-19 bar.

➢ A pressure reduction skid is installed with Monitor and Active Regulating

streams with 50 % redundancy.

Two regulating devices in series with

stepped pressure settings to allow one

(Active) to control the outlet pressure and

the other (Monitor) to assume control in the Monitor Active

event of failure of the active device.
 Pressure Reduction Skid
 Active regulator normally assures pressure reduction to the setting value.
 Monitor is installed to assure continuous gas supply (in case of failure of the
active regulator).
 Monitor regulator is normally wide open, and in case of pressure fluctuation,
monitor regulator will take over as control valve.
 Usually, one line is working while the other line is in stand-by.
 Over/Under pressure slam shut valves and creep relief valves are also installed to
protect the system fluctuating pressure.
 Creep relief valve having maximum 1 % flow capacity and is installed to
prevent over pressurization of the downstream system.
 Pressure relief valves are installed in the line to release gas in small quantities.
 Metering Skid
▪ Metering skid is installed for the gas flow measurement.
▪ Temperature, Pressure, Flow are monitored through
SCADA system.
➢ Types of meters used for measuring volume of incoming
gas:
• Orifice meter
• Coriolis meter
• Rotary meter
• Diaphragm meter
• Turbine meter
• Ultrasonic meter
Odorization of Natural Gas
 Odourization Unit
➢ As the natural gas is odorless, odorants are added in natural
gas to impart smell
➢ Gas leakage can be detected because of the pungent smell of
the odorant
Types of odorants:
• Ethyl Mercaptan (EM)
• Tetrahydrotiphene (TMT)
• Dimethyl Sulphide (DMS)
• Diethyl sulphide (DES) Odorant
Tank
• Methylethyl sulphide (MES)
• Sec butyl Mercaptan (SBM)
• Tert Butyl Mercaptan (TBM)
• N-Propyl Mercaptan (NPM)
• Isopropyl Mercaptan (IPM)
• Methyl Acrylate (MA)
• Ethyl Acrylate (MA)
Dozing unit is 9 mg/m3
 Gas should be readily detectable by a normal sense of
smell at one fifth the lower explosive limit of the gas.

 The lower explosive limit for natural gas in a mixture

with air is approximately 5%.

 Therefore the presence of natural gas must be readily

detectable at one fifth of that lower explosive limit or 1%
gas in the presence of air.
Properties of Odorant
 Chemically stable, must not react with gas components, piping
material, rust, etc.
 High enough vapour pressure in order to avoid condensation at
operating pressure
 Must not have a corrosive effect on gas equipment in
concentrations used
 Odorant smell must not be masked by the presence of higher
hydrocarbons
 Odorants must not contain water and must not be diluted with
water due to possible subsequent corrosion of the equipment.
Odorant Considerations/Requirements

1. The odorant when blended in specified amount should not be

harmful to humans, materials or pipe
2. The products of combustion from the odorant should not be toxic
to human breathing
3. The products of combustion from the odorant should not be
corrosive or harmful to the exposed materials
4. The odorant should not be soluble in water to an extent greater
than 2.5 parts to 100 parts by weight
5. After odorization, gas at a concentration as low as 1% by volume,
should be detectable
 Odorant absorbers
 Activated carbon

 Saw dust

 Dry sand

 Odorant neutralizer like sodium hypochlorite for

spillage handling of odorant.
 Odorant systems
 Chemical absorption: the diffusion of odorant into
a flowing natural gas stream by taking advantage of
the chemical characteristics of the odorant
vaporizing into the natural gas
 Wick type

 Bypass type systems

 Chemical injection
 Pneumatically driven injection pump
 Wick type system

 The chemical climbs a wick which is

inserted in the pipeline and combines with
the gas stream as it flows past the wick.

 The device consists of a storage tank with

odorant into which the wick extends
through a hole.

 The other end of the wick is placed directly

in the stream of gas.
 Applied in very low flow applications
 Have low odorant storage volumes
 During low gas flow gas could be over odorized
 Intensity of odourization could be insufficient during high
gas flow

• The dosage is controlled by changing the size of the wick.

• If gas flow rates are low, gas can be over odorized.
• If gas flow rates is high, the intensity of odorization could be
insufficient.
 Pulse Bypass system
 Storage tank containing odorant is connected to the pipeline
 A portion of the flow of the pipeline bypasses through the
odorant storage tank and contacts the surface of the natural
gas within the tank.
• Odorant vaporizes into flowing natural
gas and odorized gas flows back through
bypass line back into main flow stream
and mixes with gas in primary pipeline.
• Typically applied in low but steady flow
volumes.
 Injection Type System
 Injection system is a positive injection of the odorant which is stored
away from the pipeline into the flowing stream.

 Used on a wide range of flow rates and the system is sized dependent
on the injection size of the injection pump.

 Odorant system injects chemical in proportion to the flow rate of the

natural gas flowing in the pipeline.

 A ratio between the injected odorant and the flow of natural gas is
measured in pounds of injected odorant per million cubic feet of
natural gas flow, or lb/MMCF.
➢ Injection Pump
▪ Diaphragm type
▪ Plunger type
➢ Injection Rate
Controller
➢ System Monitoring
& Verification
➢ Alarm System
 Injection Pump
Diaphragm Type
 As pump actuates, a hydraulic fluid is compressed against a diaphragm type seal
containing a known volume of odorant.
 Compression creates a pumping action on the odorant displacing the odorant
into the pipeline.
Plunger Type
 Pump operated pneumatically.
 A gas supply is taken from the flow stream, properly regulated and then
communicated to the injection system pump for use as an actuation source.
 The volume of each injection can be manually adjusted to increase or decrease
the amount of odorant injected with each stroke of the injection pump.
 Minimal odorant concentration

100 × 𝐾
𝐶𝑛 = mg/𝑚3
0.2 × 𝐿𝐸𝐿

• Cn (mg/m3): represents the minimal concentration of

an odorant in natural gas-air mixture which reliably
ensures the warning odour level
• K-value: Typical K-values of commonly used
odorants are 0.03 for mercaptans
• LEL: lower explosive limit expressed by vol. % of
natural gas in air
 Challenges in Odourization
 Odorant fade: Over long distances of piping, odorant may
disappear for a number of reasons.
 New pipelines often absorb odorant and must be first pre-
conditioned, or pickled, to reduce odorant fade.
 The presence of air, rust or water can catalyze the oxidation
of the odorant.
 Odorant masking: occurs when the correct amount of
odorant is injected but other chemical species present in the
mixture mask the smell.
 Odorizer shutdown or malfunction: the system that injects
odorant into a pipeline system fails or drifts away from its
prescribed injection rate.
 Odorant blend suitability: numerous types of odorants exist for
different climates and stream specifications; there is no “one size fits
all” solution.
 Uneven odorant distribution: even when odorant is properly
injected at a constant rate, observations indicate that the odorant
concentration distribution may be irregular.
PNG DISTRIBUTION

Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

 City Gate
Station

PNG Industrial
PNG Domestic
& Commercial CNG Stations
Segment
Segment

PNG Segment
 CGD Value Chain
PNG Industrial Segment
40-100 bar

Common Meter
Around

15-19 Pressure 4 4-1.5

bar Regulating bar
Industries
Reduction bar
Skid Station
Transmission Mains (Steel)

Steel Pipeline PE Medium Pressure PE Low Pressure

City
15-19
Gate bar
Station
PNG Domestic Segment
District
15-19 4 Service 100 Riser Isolation
Steel Pipeline Bar
Regulating
bar Regulator mbar Valve
Around Station
38-40 bar Steel Pipeline PE Medium Pressure PE Low Pressure 100 mbar
GI pipe
21 mbar 21 mbar 100 mbar
Appliance Meter Meter Control
Valve Regulator Valve

Suraksha Hose (Rubber) Copper/GI pipe Copper/GI pipe

Tap-off
point
CPRS (COMMON PRESSURE REDUCTION
SKID)/DRS (DISTRICT REGULATING STATION)

 CPRS is generally installed for industrial and commercial

customers
 DRS is installed for domestic customers
 DRS is also known as Distribution Pressure Regulating System
(DPRS)
 CPRS/DRS regulate gas pressure from 15-19 Bar to 4 bar.
 The inlet line of CPRS/DRS is steel pipeline (15-19 bar) and
outlet is PE pipeline (4 bar).
 Components of DRS
 Gas Filters
 Pressure reduction:
~ Active regulator
~ Monitor regulator
~ Slam Shut off Valve
~ Creep Relief Valve
 Pressure Gauges
 Heaters (if required)
 Pilot regulators
 Inlet/outlet isolation
valves
 District Regulating Station (DRS)/ Common
Pressure Reduction Skid (CPRS)

 Distribution Pressure Regulating Station (DPRS) or District Regulating Station (DRS) is a station located

within authorized area for CGD network and has isolation, pressure regulation skids and overpressure

protection devices.

 Steel pipelines from CGS transfer gas to DRS at a pressure of 15-19 bars. The pressure of gas is then

reduced to 4 bar and gas is transferred to Service Regulators through polyethylene pipelines.

 The major components of a DRS are slam shut off valves, pressure regulating valves, creep relief valves,

isolation valves, non- return valves and pressure gauges.

 In the DRS, gas is passed through a filter for removal of suspended impurities if any. The pressure of gas

is then reduced by passing through pressure regulating valve. The line is installed with slam shut off

valves and creep relief valves to combat pressure fluctuation (if any).
 District Regulating Station (DRS)/ Common
Pressure Reduction Skid (CPRS)

 As shown in Figure of DRS Twin stream model in next slide (a) two regulating devices vis., Monitor and
Active regulators are installed in series (with 50% redundancy) normally to control the outlet pressure
and the other (Monitor) to assume control in the event of failure of the active device. The active
regulator normally assures pressure reduction to the setting values.

 The monitor is installed to assure continuous gas supply (in case of failure of the active regulator). The
monitor regulator is normally wide open, and in case of pressure fluctuation, the monitor regulator will
take over as control valve.

 Usually, two streams- one line is working while the other line is in stand by- are installed. A creep relief
valve is installed in the line to release the excess pressure. In case both active and monitor fail, CRV
releases excess pressure.

 A Slam Shut off Valve (SSV) installed in the line protects the system from overpressure or under
pressure, in case active regulator, monitor regulator and creep relief valve fail to control the pressure.
Figure of DRS Twin stream model in next slide DRS setup.
DRS (Twin Stream Model)
 Meter Regulating Station

 Meter Regulating stations are installed for

industrial and commercial customers

 Pressure is reduced from 4 bar to 1.5 bar

 Gas inlet and gas outlet both are PE pipes.

 Service Regulators (SR)

 Reduces the gas pressure from 4 bar to 110 mbar to the

service device.
 Maintains the required maximum and minimum pressure
with shut off device.

Located at customer premises for

maintaining safe conditions in the event
of rupture in the regulating downstream
section.
 Typical sizes of Service Regulator models

Size of service Maximum customer Preferable downstream network

regulator to be connected Pipe diameter Length

B-50 150 63mm main header and 32mm 500mtr to 1000mtr

branch line
B- 100 300 Entire network with 63mm except 500mtr to 1000mtr
branch line

90mm & 63mm Main header with 32 More than 1000mtr

branch line up to 1500mtr

B-200 or 250 600 90mm main header and 63 & 32mm Up to 2500mtr
for branch line
 Domestic PNG Installation
• Gas at 4 bar passes through a Service Regulator (SR),
where gas pressure is reduced to 110m barg (1). SR is
enclosed in a box and installed at the entrance of the
society. One SR caters to up to 100 or more houses. In
case of sudden & large leakage, SR automatically cuts
off the supply.

• An RCC guard (2) is installed after the SR. PE pipe

coming out of ground is protected from external impact
by RCC guard.

• The pipe is then connected to GI pipe riser (4) through

a transition fitting (3).

• The GI riser is attached to the premise wall with the

help of a metal clamp (5). A meter Control Valve (6) is
fitted in each house at the entry point.
Domestic PNG Installation
• The valve has to be shut off immediately in case of suspicion of leakage. If the premise is closed
for a long time or gas is not being used for a long period, it is advisable to shut off this valve.

• A gas meter (7) is installed outside the customer’s premises, and it measures the consumption of
gas in cubic meters (m3). The last three digits of meter displayed are in red and indicate 1000th of
a cubic meter. About 16 cubic meter of natural gas is equivalent to one LPG cylinder of 14.2kg.

• A meter regulator (8) is installed downstream of the gas meter to reduce the pressure of gas from
110mbarg to 21mbarg. It is capable of shutting down the supply in case of any large leakage.

• Gas at 21mbar pressure (9) is the carried towards home appliance by a GI line (10). A copper/GI
pipe (11) is used to connect the GI line to the gas tap. Gas tap (12) is installed just before the
Suraksha hose.

• This tap stops gas supply to stove/gas appliance. It is advisable to shut this valve when any gas
operated appliance is not in use.

• The Suraksha hose (13) which is a wire braided flexible hose (with rubber covering) carries gas
to the burner, stove or home appliance (14).
 Suraksha Hose

 Suraksha hose is used to connect the

household appliance (burner stove) to the
copper/ GI pipe carrying gas at a pressure 21
mbar.

 Suraksha hose is manufactured as per IS-

9573: 1998 Type-4. It is an 8mm NB flexible
and steel wire braided hose and the length of
rubber hose is generally 1.2-1.5m.

 It has three layers i.e. inner and outer layers

are made of special quality rubber and the
middle layer is wire reinforced in braided
from between the lining and the cover
 Commercial PNG Segment
 Commercial establishment use slightly higher volumes of gas as
compared to domestic users. Commercial establishments
include Hotels, Restaurants, Food court, Hospital, Educational
Institutes, Religious Institute, Industrial Pantry or Canteen,
Canteen offices etc.

 Natural gas supplied to commercial establishment from DRS via

PE pipelines at medium pressure of around 4 bar. Meter and
regulator sizes are determined depending upon the
consumption requirement of customer.

 Through appropriate selection of meters and regulators,

required pressure is supplied to customers. Internal piping is
generally done by customers according to standards and
guidelines notified by PNGRB.
 Industrial PNG Segment
 Natural gas is the second most used Gas is used by this segment of customers mainly in applications like-

energy source in industry, trailing

only electricity. Like commercial

establishments, natural gas is

supplied to industrial customer from

DRS/CPRS via PE pipelines at medium

pressure of 4 bar.

 Depending upon the consumption

requirement of industry, industrial

metering skid is installed in the

industry’s premise which reduces the

4 bar pressure to required pressure of

industry (usually between 1.5 to 4

bar).
Pressure / Flow Control Facilities

 Pressure relief valves can be used for overpressure

protection downstream of controlling regulator.
 Over pressure shut-off valve(s) or Slam-Shut Valve(s)
upstream of the controlling regulators are preferred as
overpressure protective devices instead of pressure relief
valves.
 Leak detection cum excess flow shut off valve with detection
sensitivity of 1 cc/second or better, shall be provided before
gas appliance in kitchen of domestic consumer.
 Pressure Regulators
&
Pressure Safety Valves
OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION
 Relief Valves
 Monitors

 Series Regulators

 Shutoff

 Relief Monitor
 Comparison
Series Relief
Relief Monitor Shut off
Regulation Monitor
Keeps supply
Yes Yes Yes No Yes
online
Venting Yes No No No Minor

Manual Reset No No No Yes No

Reduction in
No Yes Yes No No
regulator Capacity

Constantly
working during No No Yes No Yes
normal operation

Demands
Yes No No Yes Minor
emergency action
 Pressure Regulator
 Reduces a high source pressure to a lower working
pressure that is suitable for a user’s application
 Maintains and controls the outlet pressure within
limits
 Regulator will not control flow, only the delivery
pressure
▪ Regulator should not be used as a shut-off
device as there is always a small amount of
leakage across the seat.
▪ A shut-off valve must be used downstream
of the regulator if isolation is required
 Specifications
 Maximum Inlet Pressure: Maximum 4 bar (g)
 Nominal Outlet Pressure: 100 mbar (g)
 Flow capacities: 50, 150, 200, 250 scmh
 End connections: Threaded (& Tapered) as per BS 21
 Operating ambient temperature: up to 45 0C
 Lockup: Maximum pressure, under no-flow condition, up to 125 mbar
(g)
 Creep relief valve: To protect against downstream over pressure at
low flows or in the event of valve seat malfunction, preset to 140
mbar (g)
 Over Pressure Shut Off (OPSO): Device to protect against
downstream over pressure, preset to 160 mbar (g)
 Under Pressure Shut Off (UPSO): Device to protect against
downstream under pressure with a pressure setting range 40 mbar
(g) to 65 mbar (g)
 Pressure Regulator Valve
The Three Basic Elements are:
1. LOADING MECHANISM
 determines what the regulator
outlet pressure (P2) will be
2. SENSING ELEMENT
 to sense changes in the
downstream or outlet pressure side
of a regulator
3. CONTROL ELEMENT
 actual reduction of the high inlet
pressure (P1) down to the lower
outlet pressure (P2)
Spring Loading
 Pressure Relief
Valve

Direct Acting
Pilot Operated
Relief Valve
Relief Valve
Kept closed by a spring or
Kept closed by process
weight to oppose lifting
pressure
force of process pressure
Pressure Terminology

 MAWP
 Design pressure
 Operating pressure
 Set pressure
 Overpressure
 Accumulation
 Blowdown
 Pop pressure
 Reseat pressure
• Operating Pressure
– Pressure usually subjected to during normal operation
• Design Pressure
– Set by process conditions
– Pressure which will provide a suitable margin above the operating pressure
in order to prevent sudden trips
– Normally set at 10% of set pressure above the operating pressure
• MAWP
– Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
– Defined as per ASME
– Set by metallurgical conditions based on type of material and its thickness
– Must be equal to or greater than the design pressure
• Set pressure (SP)
– Inlet pressure at which the valve is adjusted to open
+ Gas service valve pops
• Accumulation
– Pressure above MAWP that results during a release. Standards allows 10%.
• Overpressure
• Any pressure above the SP.
Pressure Regulator Performance Curve
 PRV Pressure
• Pop pressure is the pressure at which the PRV will open (on
increasing pressure), with an audible pop, and begin
discharging gas to decrease the process pressure.
• Reseat pressure is the pressure at which the PRV will close
(on decreasing pressure), once enough gas has been
discharged to lower the process pressure to the reseat
pressure setting (blowdown) of the PRV.
• Blowdown is usually stated as a percentage of set pressure
and refers to how much the pressure needs to drop before
the valve reseats.
Overpressure Shutoff Valve (OPSO)

 Placed upstream of the regulator

 In event of regulator failure, excess pressure is
sensed and transmitted to valve via sense line.
 Sense line is connected from a point downstream of
the regulator.
 When an overpressure condition occurs, the static
line transmits the signal to the shutoff valve which
reacts instantaneously thus protecting both the
regulator and the meter from the hazardous
pressure.
Advantages Disadvantages

Shuts off gas from downstream with no Shuts off customer service (customer
release of gas to the environment (no inconvenience)
greenhouse gases)
No additional downstream pressure Doesn’t automatically reset.
buildup once shut‐off is achieved

Provides mechanism for human Cost is generally slightly greater

inspection before pressurizing the compared to relief valve in some cases
service line again (opportunity to solve
root cause)
 Creep Relief Valve
 Pressure Creep:
1. As a result of internal spring forces equalizing when
the flow stops.
2. As a result of contamination that, when left
unchecked, can lead to regulator and/or supply line
failure.

 The controlled pressure is generally set to a pre-

determined designed value using adjusting screw.
 Any accumulation of the gas results in increase in
controlled pressure
 This result in increase in the compensation force, which
balances the controlling force, hence valve opens.
Ball Valves
 Ball valves are used in situations where tight
shut-off is required – ISOLATION
 Used to control flow
Ball Valve – Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
Superior ease of operation Poor throttling characteristics
Maintains and regulates high volume, Difficult to clean, leads to
high pressure, and high temp flow contamination
Rugged construction and long service
life
Low purchase and maintenance cost
Able to function without side loads
Permits inspection and repair of
seats and seals without removing the
valves' body from the line
Does not require lubrication
 Check Valve
 Unidirectional Flow
 Flow sensitive and rely on the line fluid to open and close
Types:
 Ball Check
 Swing Check
 Diaphragm Check
 Lift Check
 Disc Check
 Cracking pressure — the inlet pressure at which the
first indication of flow occurs
• Minimum upstream pressure at which the valve will
operate

 Reseal pressure — the pressure at which there is no

indication of flow.
 Back pressure — the differential pressure between
the inlet and outlet pressures.
Thank You