A DO w

A T T IS O S I R IS f
-

S T U DI ES I N T HE HIS TO RY OF

O RI ENTA L RELI G IO N

J . G . FRA Z E R ,
LL D L I.T T. D ,
. .

FE LL O W O F TR I N I T Y C OLL E G E CA M B R I D G E
,

PR O FE S S O R O F S O CIA L A NT HR O PO L O G Y I N T HE U N I V E R S I T Y O F L I V E R POO L

THI RD E D I TI ON, RE VI S E D A ND E NLA R GE D

I N T WO V O LU M E S

VOL . I

M A C M I L L A N A ND C O .
,
LI M I TED

ST . M A RT I NS S T RE E T
’

,
L O ND O N

1 9 1 4
 C O PY RI G HT
1 906
I 9O 7
'

T/z z rd E di t i on , 1 91 4
 P RE FA C E T O T HE FI RS T E D I T I O N

T H ESE s tud i e s a re a n e xp a n s io n o f t h e co rre s p o n d i n g

s e ctio n s i n my book Tfie Golden Doug/z a n d th e y w i l l ,

fo rm p a rt of t h e thi rd e d iti o n of t h a t wo rk on th e ,

p re p a ra t i o n of wh ich I h a v e b ee n e n ga ge d f or s o m e t i m e .

By f a r t h e g re at e r p o rtio n of th e m i s n e wa n d t h e y m a k e
,

by th e m s e lve s a fa i rly com p l e t e a n d I h o p e i n t e ll igi bl e

, ,

whol e . I s h a l l be gl a d if c ri t ic i s m s p a s s e d o n t h e e s s a y s
i n th e i r p re se n t s h a p e s houl d e n a bl e m e to c o rre ct a n d
i m p rov e t h e m wh e n I c o m e to i n co rp o ra t e t h e m i n my
l a rg e r wo rk .

I n s t udyi n g a fres h th e s e t h ree O ri e n t a l wo rs h i p s a k i n ,

to e a ch o t h e r i n ch a rac t e r I h av e p a id mo re a tt e n t i o n th a n
,

fo rm e rly to t h e n a tu ra l fe a t ure s o f t h e cou n t ri e s i n wh i ch

th e y a ro s e b e c a u se I a m mo re th a n e ve r p e rs u a d e d t h a t
,

re l i gi o n
,
l i k e a ll oth e r i n s ti t u t io n s h as b e e n p r
,
ofo u n d ly
i ii fl u en ce d by p h y s ic a l e n vi ro n m e n t a n d c a n n o t be u n d e r
,

s tood wi t h o ut s om e a pp re c i a tio n of tho se a s p e ct s o f

e x t e rn a l n a tu re wh ich s t a m p th e m se lv e s i n d e l i bly on the

thoug ht s t h e h a bi t s t h e whol e l i fe of a pe b p le
, ,
. It i s
a m a tt e r of g re a t re g re t t o m e t h a t I h a v e n e v e r vi s i t e d

t h e E as t ,
a n d s o c an n o t d e s c ri b e fro m p e rs o n a l k n o w
l e d ge t h e n a tive l an d s o f Ad o n i s A t t i s a n d O s i ri s
, ,
B ut
.

I h a v e s o ugh t to re m e dy t h e d e fe c t by com p a ri n g t h e
d e s c ri p t io n s of e y e wi t n e s s e s a n d p a i n ti n g fro m t h e m wh a t
-
,

m ay be c a l l e d c o m p o s i t e p ic t u re s o f s o m e of t h e s c e n e s

o n which I h a v e b e e n le d to t o uch i n t h e cou rse of t h i s

 PRE FA C E T O T HE T HI RD E D I T I O N

IN re vi s i n g t h e book f or t h i s th i rd e d i t io n I h av e m a d e
u s e of s e v e ra l i m p o rt a n t wo rk s whi ch h a v e a pp e a re d s i n c e

t h e l a s t e d i t io n w as publ i s h e d . A m o n g t h e s e I wou ld n a m e
p a rt i cul a rly t h e l e a rn e d t re a t i se s o f C o u n t B a udi ss i n on
A do n i s of D r E A W a l l i s Budg e o n O s i ri s a n d of my
,
. . .
,

col l e a gu e P rofe ss o r J G a rs t a n g o n t h e c ivi l i z a t i o n o f t h e

.

H i ttit e s th a t s t i l l my s t e riou s p e o p l e w
, h o b e gi n t o l o om a
,

l ittl e mo re d i s ti n ctly fro m th e m i s t s o f t h e p a s t Fol lowi n g

.
.

th e e x a m p l e of D r W a l l i s B udg e I h a v e i n d ic a t e d c e rt a i n
.
,

a n a l ogi e s w hi ch m a y be t ra c e d b e tw e e n t h e wo rs hi p o f O s i ri s

an d t h e wo rs h i p of t h e de a d e s p e c i a lly of d ea d k i n g s
, ,

a m o n g t he m o d e rn t ri b e s of Afri c a Th e c o n clu s i o n t o
.

wh ich th ese a n a l ogi e s a pp e a r t o p o i n t i s th a t u n d e r t h e

my t hic a l pa l l of t h e gl o ri fi e d O s i ri s t h e god w ,
ho d i ed an d
ro se a g a i n fro m t h e d e a d th e re o n c e la y t h e body of a d e a d
,

m an . W het he r th a t w a s s o o r n o t I w i l l n o t v e n tu re to sa y
, .

T h e lo n g e r I occu p y my se lf w i t h qu e s ti o n s o f a n c i e n t my t h

( ology t h e m o re di f fi de n t I b e c o m e o f s ucc e ss i n d e a l i n g wi th
th e m a n d I a m a p t to t h i n k t h a t w
,
e who s p e n d o u r y e a rs

i n s e a rch i n g f o r s olutio n s of th e s e i n s ol ubl e p robl e m s a re

l i k e S i s y p hu s p e rp e tu a l ly ro l l i n g h i s s to n e u p hil l o n ly t o
s e e i t re vo lv e a g a i n i n t o t h e v a ll e y o r l i k e t h e d a ugh t e rs
,

of D a n a u s do o m e d f or e v e r to p o ur w a t e r i n t o b ro k e n j a rs
th at c a n ho l d n o w a t e r If w
. e a re t a x e d wi t h w a s t i n g l i f e

i n s ee k i n g t o k n o w wh a t c a n n e v e r be k n ow n a n d wh a t i f, ,

i t c o u ld be d i s c o v e re d w o u ld n o t be w o rt h k n owi n g wh a t
, ,
 PRE FA CE

can w pl e ea d d e fe n c e ? I fe a r v e ry l it t l e
in o ur ,
Such .

p u rs ui ts c a n h a rd ly be d e fe n d e d o n t h e gro un d o f p u re t

re a s o n .We c a n o n ly s a y t h a t s o m e t h i n g w e k n o w n ot
,

wh at d riv e s us to a t t a ck t h e g re a t e n e my I g n o ra n c e
,

wh e re v e r w e s ee h i m a n d t h a t i f w
,
e fa i l as w
, e p rob a bly

s h a l l i n o u r a t t a ck o n h i s e n t re n chm e n t s
,
i t m ay be u s e l e ss
,

but i t i s n o t i n glo riou s to fa l l i n l e a d i n g a Fo rl o rn H o p e .

j . G . FRA Z E R .

C A M BRI D GE,
1 6m j a m za ry 1 914 .
 C O NT E NT S

BOO K FI R S T

A D O NI S Pp . 1 -
2 59

C H A P T ER I .
— T HE MY T H OF A DO N I S Pp 3 .
-
1 2

C h an ges o f th e s e as o n s e xp l i a n ed by th e lif e an d dea t h of god p s, .

3 ; m ag ca i l
c e re m on e s i to r ev i v e th e d ivi ne e n e rg es, i 4 s yn ; p v l
re a en ce of t h e se

ce re m o n ie s in Wes t ern As i a an d Eg yp 5 t, sq . ; T am m uz or Ado n i s in

B ab yl on , 6 -
10 ; A don i s i n G ree k m y th l gyo o ,
1 0- 1 2 .

C H A PTE R II .
—A D ONIS IN S Y RI A Pp . 1 3
-
3 0

Adon i s an d A s ta rt e w h ip p d
ors e at B y blu s , t he k i n gdo m of C i n y ras , 1 3 sq .
;
d i v i i ty
n i i k i g 1 5 qq ; k i gs n m d A d i 1 6 q ;
of S em t c ned s, s . n a e on s , s . sac r

1 7 q ; di v i i t y o f Heb w k i g 1 8 q g ; t h B l d B l th
”
m en , s . n re n s, s . e aa an aa a

th e o cesof f t i l i ty 2 6 q
ur s p r o t i on of th B l by t h k i g 2 7
er , s . e s na e aa e n ,

C i y r s k i g of B y blu
n a , 27n
q ; A p h d t h v l f t h A do i s, s . a ca an e a e o e n s,

2 8 sq q .

C H A PTER III .
— ADON IS IN C Y P RU S Pp .
3 1 -
56

Ph i i
o en c an l i i Cy p 3 q ; k i gd
c o on es n f P ph
rus , 3 1 q ;
s . n om o a os , 2 s . s a n c t ua r y
of A p h di t t P ph
ro 33 q e a ; t h A p h a d i t os , f P p h s P h . e ro e o a os a oe n c a n i i
or a b i gi l d i ty 3 4 ; h
or na i l i g 3 4 gg ;
e ,
d p
e r c on ca ti m a e, s . sac re ros tut i o n

i th w
n e h ip f th P ph i A p h di t d f th A i ti g dd
ors o e a an ro e an o o er s a c o e sses , 36
s
qg ; t.h A i t i eM th Gs a d d p c i fi o t ier f l l t h
o p d
e ss a e rs o n ca on o a e re ro uc t iv e

en er
g i f est 3 9o ; h w h
n a u re ,ip fl t p i d erf x l o rs re ec s a er o o se u a c om

i
m u n sm 4 q ;
,
th d 0 s
g h t f .C i y 4
e ; hau P p h i e rsd y o n ras , 0 t e a an n as t y of

th Ci y d 4 4 3 ; i
e n ra ts, f Ci y 1 - w i th h i d gh t M y h
n c es o n ra s s au er rr a an d

b i h f Ad i 4 3 ; gg t d xpl ti f l g d f y l i
rt o on s , su es e e an a on o e en s o ro a n ces t ,

43 q ; s h . F l t D i el i d h i F l
am e n i i t R a s 4 5 q
an ; I s am n ca a om e , s . n di a n

XI
 p a ra ll l
e s, 46 48 -
C i ny ras be lv o ed by A ph ro d it e, 48 so ; P gm y a li on an d

A ph rodi t e , 49 th e Ph oe n i c i an k i n gs o f C yp rus an d t h e ir son s th e h di

e re

y l ve
t ar o rs o f th e go ddes s , 49 s oo ; th e f h
at e r a n d m ot h e r of
'

a
god, 5 1

s o ; C i y n ras as a m us c a n , i i 5 2 ; the uses of m us c i in re l i gi on , 5 2 soo;

t rad t i io n s as to th e deat h of C n i y ra s, 55 s
o

C H A PTER I V .
— S A C RE D M E N A ND WO M E N Pp 5 7 .
-
1 09

I . A n A lt ern a t i ve Tlz eory , pp .

57 61
-
.
-
T h y e or of th e s ec u a r o r l i gi n of sa c re d

p ros t i tuti o n in W e s te rn As i p a, .
57 it f il a s to a c c o un t f o r th e f
a c ts , 5 7 soo

2 . S a cred Wom en i n I n di a , pp . 6 1 -6 5 . T h e dan c

-
i n g-g r s i l of S out h ern Ind i a

a re a t on c e p ro ti tut s e s an d wiv es o f t h e god, 6 1 s

oo

3 . S a cred M en and Wom en in West Af ri ca , pp . 6 5 - 7 0 — Am . on g th e E w e

p p l es th c re d p o t i t ut e e r g rd e d s th w i v s of t h g d
eo e sa r s s ar e a a e e e o , 6 5 soo ;
h um w i v of e p t g d 66 6 8 ; cred m
an es d w om es r en o s, - sa en an n i n We s t
Af i u pp ose d t o b e p os
r ca s sse d by th e de i t y 6 8 oo se , s

4 . S acred Wom en in Western A si a , pp .

7 72
0 -
.
— S acre dp ros t it u tes o f W es te rn
As i a p rob ab ly v i w e e d as p osse s s ed by th e de t i y an d m a rr e d i to h i m , 7 0 so ;
wiv es o f th e go d i n B a byl on a n d Egy p t , 71 s
o

5 . S a cred Aden i n Western A si a , pp .

7 78
2 -
.
— Th e s a cre d m en (éedes /z i m ) of

Weste rn As i a m a
y hv b a e ee n re ga rde d as p osses se d by t h e d iy e t an d t e

p re sen t n g i him , 72 s
o ; t h e p rop h e ts , 7 4 soo ;
“
h ly o m en in d
m o e rn

S yi
r a, 77 so

6 . S on s f
o God, pp .
7 8 -8 2 .
— Be l i f th
e a t m en an d w om en m ay b e th e s on s an d .

d a ug ht e rs o f a god, 78 so ; s on s o f t h e se r p e n t -go d, 8 0 s oo

7 . Rei n ca rn a t i on o
f t /z e D ea d, pp . 82 -
l i f th t h d d
1 07 .
—B e e a t e ea com e to li f e

as se r e n ts ,p 82 soo ; i
re n ca rn a t on i f th d d i A o i e ea n m e r ca , A fi
r c a , an d

Ind i a, 91 s
oo ; b li f
e e i n th e V i gi Bi h r g tnh v rt a m on e sa a
g s
e of Ne w
Gu i n ea , M l e an es a, a n d i A ustra l i 96 7
a, -
10 .

8 . S a cred S tocks an d S ton es a m ong t he S em i tes , pp . 1 0 7 - 1 09 — . Procreat i v e

vi rtu e a pp are n t ly a sc r ib ed to s a c re d s tock s an d s t o n e s a m on g th e S em it es ,

1 0 7 so ; th e e xc a v tia ons at G ez e r, 1 0 8 so

C HA P T E R V .
— T HE B U R N I N G OF M E LC A RT H Pp . I 1 0- 1 1 6

S em i ti c c us t o m of sac r i fi ci ng a m em be r of t h e ro ylf a am i ly ,
1 10 the bu rn i n g of
M l e c art h at T y re , 1 1 0 soo ; th e b u rn i n
g of M l e c a rt h at G a des , 1 1 2 so

th e b u rn g i n of a
go d or go dde ss at C a rt h age , 1 1 3 s
o; the fi re - w lk
a at

T y re a n d a t C as t a bala , 1 1 4 so ; b u rn t sac r ifi ce o f K i ng Ha m i l ca r , 1 1 5 so ;
th e d h ea t of He rcu l es a G re ek v i e rs o n of th e bu rn i n g of M l e ca rt h , 1 1 6 .
C HAP TER VI .
—
T II E B U RN I N G O F S AN D AN Pp . 1 1 7 -
1 7 1

1 . T/i e B a a t of T ars n s , pp . 1 1 7
-
1 1 9 .
— T he T yi Ml
r an e c art h in C yp rus , 1 1 7
th e li on -s a l yi ng god, 1 1 7 so ; t h e B aa l of T a rs us an O r e n ta god i l of c o rn

an d gra p es , I 1 8 so

2 . T/cc God of I breez , pp . 1 1 9- 1 2 3 ,

— C o un t e r p a rt o f th e B aa l of Ta rsu s at I bree z
i n Ca pp ado c a , i 1 1 9 so ; th e go d of I breez god a of c o rn an d gra pe s, 1 20

so ; f i l i ty
e rt of I bree z , 1 2 2 so ; th e h o rn e d
god, 123 .

3 . S a n da n o f Ta rs u s , pp . 1 2 4- 1 2 7 — T h e go d of Ibreez a H t t te de t
. i i i y , 1 2 4 so ;

t h e bu rn i g of S d n an an or He rc ules a t T ars us , 1 2 5 so ; S a n dan of T a rsus

an As i ti c god w i th th
a e s y m bo l s of th e li on a n d doub l e ax e, 127 .

Tbe Gods o f B og/z a z - K en i , pp . 1 28- 1 42 .

-
B og h az -
K e u th ei an c en t i ca pit a l
of a Hi t ti te k i n
gdom i n Ca pp a doc a , i 1 2 8 so ; t h e roc k -scu l pt ure s i n th e
sa n c t u a r y at B og h az -
Ke u i , the t wp o ro ces s on s , i 1 29 s
oo ; th e li on -god,

1 31 t he god an d h is pi r es t , 1 3 1 so ; th e grea t A s i ti c
a
goddess an d her
c o n so rt , 331 o; so th e Fa t h
3 4 3 6 ; th e er G od of h
t h e t un de ri n g sk y , 1 -1

M hot e r G oddes s , 1 3 7
th e d n e S on a n o e r o f t h e goddess , 1 3 7 s
o; ivi d l v
y
th e m s t e r o f t h e on
g y
o d, 1 3 9 so ; th e S a c re d li a rri a e o f t h e
g
-
god an d M
go dd e ss ,
1 4 0 s
o ; t ra c e s o f m o t e r k i n a m o n g th e H t t t e s , 1 4 1 s
o h -
i i
5: S a n da n an d B aa l at Ta rsn s , pp . 1 4 2 s o
—
S an dan at Ta rsus a pp a re n t ly a

s on o f Baa l ,
as He rc u l es of Z e us , 1 4 2 so

Pri est ly K i ngs of Olba , pp . 1 43 -

1 5 2 — . Pr es ts i of S an dan or Hercul es at

T a rsus , 1 s i
4 3 o ; k n gs o f Ci c a re a te d t o S a n li i l d an , 1 44 ; pi r es t ly ki n gs

of O ba l b e a ri n g t h e n a m es o f T e uc e r a n d A a , jx 1 44 so ; t h e T e u c rids of

Sa l i am s in C yp rus , 1 45 bu rn t s ac r ifi ce s o f h um a n vi i ct m s at Sa l iam s an d

t rac e s i il of a s m a r c us t o m e se l wh e re , 1 45
-
1 47 ; th e p ri es t ly T euce rs of

Olb p h p a p er a s re re sen ta t iv es of a n at iv e god T a rk , 1 4 7 so ; Wes te rn or

Rugg d C i l i i
e 1 48 c a, so ; th e C ili c ia n pi ra t e s , 1 49 s
o ; th e gorges of

Ci l i i 1 5 0 ; th
c a, it e s e a n d ru n s o f i O ba , l 1 5 1 so ; th e t e m pl e of O lbi an
Z e us , 1 5 1 .

Tbe God of t/z e Cory ci a n Ca ve , pp . 1 5 2-1 61 .

—
Li m e st on e c a v e rn s of We stern
l i
Ci i c a, 1 5 2 s
o ; t he c i ty of C o ry c us , 1 53 ; th e Co r y v c ian ca e, 1 53 so

th e pi r es ts o f Cor y ci a n Z e us , I55 th e ca v e of th e gi t T y ph
an on , 1 5 5 so ;
b at tl e o f Z e us an d T yph on , 1 56 s
o; f ilos s bon es of
°

ex ti n c t an m a s i l a

s ou rc e o f t a es o f l gi an ts , 1 57 s
o; c h as m of O lb i an Z e us at Ka n y t e lide i s ,

5 8 s o ; th e
1 go d of h h t ese c as m s ca ll ed Z e us by t h e G re e k s , bu t robab p ly
a n a t i e go d v of f ti l i y 5 9
er t I s
o; an a l y og h
o f t e s e c a e rn s to I bree z a n d v
wg d
,

th e val e of th e A don i s, 1 60 th e t o o s of O ba l p hp er a s a f h
at e r an d

s on , 1 6 0 so

Ci li c i a n Goddes ses , pp . 1 61 - 1 70 .
—G oddess e s l e ss p rom i n en t t han gods in

Cil i i l i gi p l T a rs us ,
'

61 th e o dde s s A t h e h t h e a rt n e r o f B aa at
c an re on , 1 g
1 62 so ; th e li on -
g o ddess an d t h e bu ll -
god, 1 6 2 - 1 6 4 ; th e old g o ddes s

in l a te r ti m es th e F ort u n e o f t h e C i t y ,
1 6 4 s o ; t h e P oe n c a n an d h i i god El
h is wi f e at M ll a us , 1 6 5 so ; ass i m i l ti
a on of n a t iv
e O r e n t a de t e s t o G re e k i l ii
 d i vi i i n
o t es , 1 66 s ; S a rp e don i a n A rte m i s, 16 7 ; th e go de ss Pe ras i a a t d
Hi e ro poli s -Cas ta bala , 1 67 soo ; th e f i re - wl a k i n th e o rs o f Pe ras i a , w h ip
1 68 so ; i n sen s i bi l i t y to p i a n a m a rk o f i pi r t i o
ns a n, 1 69 so

9 . Tbe B u rn i n g f
o Ci li ci a n Gods , pp . 1 7 0 s
o
— I n te r p ret t i on a of th e fi y it er r es

of S a n da n an d Pe ras i a , 1 7 0 so

C H APTER V I L — S A RD A N A P A L U S A ND HE R
C U LES Pp . 1 7 2-1 87

I . Tne B u rn i n g f
o S a rda n ap a lu s , pp . I 7 I
2 -
74 .
—T a rs u s sa id to hv a e b een
f d d by S d p l
ou n e 7 a r an a a us , 1 2 so h is l e ge n d y d th i
ar ea n th e fi re , 1 73 ;
h i t i l f d ti f th l g
s or ca ou n a on o e e e n d, 1 73 so

Tbe B u rn i n g o f Croes u s , pp . 1 74 -1
79 .
— Im p ro bab i l i ty of t h e s to r y th at

C y rus i n t e n de d to b u rn C ro es us , 1 7 4 so o ld e r an d t rue r t ra d i i th
t on at

C roes us a t t em pt e d t o burn hi m se lf ,
1 75 s
o de a th of S em i r m isa i n th e
fi re , 1 7 6 so grea t bu rn i n gs f or J wi h i g 7 7
e s k n s, 1 so
o

Pu rif i ca t i on 6] Fi re, pp . 1 79 -
1 81 .
— D h by fi
ea t re a m ode of a p ot h ie os s ,

1 7 9 so fi re su ppose d to p urge a w y th
a t l p e m or a a rt s of m en , l vi g
ea n

th e i m m ort a l ,
1 8 0 so

Tne D i o i n i ty o
f Ly di a n If i ngs ,
'

pp . 1 8 2 -1 8 5 .
—D es c en t of L d yi an k i n gs

f He rc ul es d bl li
‘

ro m , t h e go d o f t h e ou e a x e an d th e on , 1 82 so Lyd i an

k i n gs h lde re s p o s i bl f or
n e th w h e ea t e r a n d c ro p s, 1 83 ; th e li on - god of

L d yi a, 1 84 ; i d e t i t y of t h e
n Lyd i a n an d C i l i ci an He rcu l es , 1 8 4 so

5 . Hi tti te Gods a t Ta rs u s a n d S a rdes p 1 8 5 Th e Ci l i c i a n ,

. .
-
and L yd i an

He rc ul e s (S a n da n or S an don ) a pp a re n t ly a Hi t t i te de i ty 1 8 5 , .

6 . Tb e Res u rrect i on of Ty /on , pp . 1 8 6- 1 8 7 .

—D e a t h d an re su rrec t on i of th e

L d y i h an e ro T yl om , 1 86 f ea st of t h e G o de n l Fl w o er a t S a rdes , 1 87 .

C H A PTER V I II .
— V o LC A NI c REL I G I O N Pp . 1 8 8-2 2 2

1 . t e B u rn i n gr f
o a God, pp 1 8 8 . s
o
— T he c u s to m of b i u rn n
g a go d p er a hp s

i n te n d ed t o re c rui t h i d i vi es n e n e rg e s , i 1 88 so

2 . Tlz c Volca n i c Regi on of pp C appadoc i a , . 1 89 -

1 91 .
-
The c us t o m of bu rn i ng

a go d p h ps l ted t o v l c i p h
er a re a o an c en o m en a , 1 8 9 so th e grea t e x ti n ct

vl o c an o M ou t A rg e u i C pp do i n a s n a a c a, 1 90 so

3 . Fi re Wors li ip i n Cappa doci a w h ip i C pp ,

pp . 191 -1
93 .
— Pe rs i an fi re -
ors n a a

d i 9 w h ip f t l fi wh i h b p p t lly 9 o
oc a , 1 1 ors o n a u ra re s c u rn e r e ua , 1 2 s

4 . Tb B t L c d f Ly di pp 9 3 94 Th B t L d f Lyd i
u rn an o a, . 1 - 1 .
-
e urn an o a,

93 o 1it il f v bl t
s h l t i v i f th v i
s so 94 a o u ra e o t e cu at on o e ne, 1 .

5 . T/ E t no l G d pp
ze
94
ar
3 E th q k uai A i Mi t
94 o
e o , . 1 -
20 .
— ar ua es n s a n o r, 1 s

w h ip f P i d th
o rs th q k g d o 95 o ; S p t p pi i i
ose on , e ear ua e o ,
1 s a r an ro t a t on
 C HA PT E R I

T HE M Y T H OF A D O NI S
f

T HE s p e ct acl e of th e
g re a t ch an g e s which a n n u a l ly p as Th e

ov e r t e fa c e o f t h e e a rth h as p ow e rfu lly i m p re s s e d t h

h h g f c an es o

th e s eas on s
m i n d s of m e n i n a ll a g e s a n d s ti rre d th e m t o m e di ta t xpl i d e a ne

t h e c a u se s of t ra n s fo rm a t i o n s s o v as t a n d w
,

by t h l i f
on de rf u
e e
on
d d th an ea

Th e i r cu ri o s i t y h a s n ot b ee n p u re ly d i s i n t e res te d f or e ve f g d o o s

t h e s av a g e c a n n ot fa i l t o p e rc e i v e how i n ti m a t e ly h i s ow
.

l i fe i s bou n d u p w i th t h e l i fe of n a t u re a n d how t h e s a m e
,

p roc e s se s wh i ch fre e z e t h e s trea m a n d s t ri p t h e e a rt h of

v e g e t a ti o n m e n a c e h i m wi th e x ti n c t io n A t a c e rt a i n
.

s t a g e of d e v e l o p m e n t m e n s e e m t o h a v e im a gi n e d t h a t t h e

m e a n s of a ve rti n g t h e t h re a t e n e d c a l a m i ty w e re i n t h e i r
ow n h a n d s a n d th a t th e y cou l d h a s t e n o r re t a rd t h e fl i ght
,

of t h e s e a s o n s by m a gic a rt Acco rd i n gly th e y p e rform e d

.

c e re mo n i e s a n d re ci t e d s p e l l s t o m a k e t h e ra i n t o fa l l t h e ,

s un to s h i n e a n i m a l s to m u l t i p ly a n d t h e fruit s o f t h e
, , ,

e a rth to g row I n c o u rs e o f t i m e t h e s low a dv a n c e of

.

k n owle dg e wh i ch h a s d i s p e l l e d s o m a n y ch e ri s h e d i llu s io n s
, ,

co n vi n c e d a t l e a s t t h e mo re t hough t ful p o rtio n of m an k i n d

th a t t h e a l te rn a tio n s o f s u mm e r a n d w i n te r o f s p ri n g a n d
w e re n ot m e re ly t h e res ul t of t h e i r ow
,

a utu m n n m a gic a l

rit es but th a t s o m e d e e p e r c a u se s om e m i ghti e r p o w e r w

,

as

Th ey n ow
, , ,

a t wo rk b e hi n d t h e s h i ft i n g s c e n e s o f n a t u re .

p ic tu re d t o t h e m s e lv e s t h e g row t h a n d d e c ay o f v e ge t a t i o n ,

t h e bi rth a n d d e a th of l ivi n g c re a t u re s a s e ff e ct s o f t h e
,

w a x i n g Or w a n i n g s t re n g t h of d ivi n e b e i n g s o f g od s a n d
h o w e re bo rn a n d d i e d w
,

g o dd e s s e s w ,
h o m a rri e d a n d b e go t
,

ch i ld re n o n t h e p a t t e rn of hum a n l i fe
,
.
 TIIE M YTH OF A D ONIS B OO K 1

Thu s t h e o ld m a gi c a l th e o ry of t h e s ea s o n s w a s di s

p l a c e d o r ra t h e r s u pp l e m e n t e d by a re l i giou s t h e o ry For
a lth o ugh m e n n o wa tt ri but e d t h e a n n u a l cycl e o f
.
, ,

ch a n g e -

p ri m a ri ly t o co rre s p o n d i n g ch a n g e s i n the i r d e i t i e s th e y ,

s ti l l thought th a t by p e rf o rm i n g c e fi a i n m a g i c a l rit e s
th e y cou ld a i d wa s t h e p ri n ci p l e of l i fe i n ,

Th e y
and

t hey

d e c a y of re p roducti o n a n d d i s s o luti o n by t h e m a rri a g e t h e

, , ,

d e a th a n d t h e re bi rth or re v i v a l of th e god s t h e i r re l igi ou s

, ,

o r ra th e r m a gic a l d ra m a s tu rn e d i n g re a t m e a s u re o n th e s e

th e m e s Th e y s e t fo rth t h e fru i tfu l u n i o n of t h e p ow e rs of

.

fe rt i l i ty t h e s a d d ea th of o n e a t l e as t of t h e d iv i n e p art n e rs
Thu s a re l i g i ou s th e o ry w
, ,

a n d h i s j oyfu l re s u rre cti o n . as

bl e n d e d w i th a m a g i c a l p ra ct i c e T h e com b i n a tio n i s
f e w re l i gi o n s h a v e e v e r
.

fa m il i a r I n h i s to ry In deed .
,

s ucc ee d e d i n wholly e x t ri c a ti n g th e m se lv es fro m t h e ol d

t ra m m e l s of m a g i c T h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f a cti n g o n t w
. o

p h i lo s o p h e r ly t roubl es t h e com mo n m a n ; i n d ee d h e
,
ra re

i s s e l do m e v e n a w a re of i t Hi s a ffa i r i s t o a c t n o t to
.
,

a n a ly s e t h e mo t i ve s of h i s a ct i o n I f m a n k i n d h ad a l ways.

b e e n l ogic a l a n d w i s e h i s t o ry wou l d n o t be a l o n g ch ro n ic l e
,

1
o f fol ly a n d c ri m e .

1
p vl
A s i n th e res en t o u m e I a m c on t h i whe ro nd f ili ous e s an am es a re en

c e rn e d wi h li f p i
t t h e b e e s an d rac t c e s o f ti ly t
re g s ra nW fi d t e rs e n as ron om e rs

wh d y t w
.

i l f ll w i
O r e n ta s I m ay q u ote th e o o n g o p di t l ip
can re h c ec se s, a n e o

p a s sa e
g f
ro m w
on e liv l
h o h as ed on
g b l i v th t
e e el ip a d by
ec ses are c au s e a

w w ll
i n th e E as t a n d k n o s i t e Th e d g ra w ll w i g th
on s a W fi d
o n e s un e n

wh
.

i l i f f
O r e n ta m n d i s re e rom t h e t ra m m e sl h lyo m en di d w i t h i
o a re c re te m ra c u

of l
og ci I t is a li l f h
t e ra a c t t at t h e l pwou s d wi h l
o e rs an i t c o se c o m m u n o n

w i th h D i ty wh l iv i d k
.

i l i p
O r e n ta m n d c an ac c e t an d e e e b li v t e e o e n run e n n e ss

w l i y d wh
,

t o o pp hi
os i t e t g i
n s a t t h e s am e t m e . an d i m m ora tp bl , an o a re ca a e

f lly l i fi d
W e fi n d u q ua e an d e en e arn ev l d o f l b t f
e a d
ora e th T th
ra u s on o e rs . o e

di p ii
I n a n do c to rs ra c t s n g G re e k m e d i O i t l i d
r en a h i g t b i di bl
m n at n m us e n c re e

w
,

i li h i i dy b l i f ( Ri t
“
”
c n e, as e ll a s E n g s m e d c n e , an d t o d
com m a n a re a e e o s

f
e n o rc n i g it y t i i
san ar t wh i h
res r c t o n s o c an dU t i th P j b f
n res n e un a , rom a c o rre
 THE M YTH OF A DONIS

aff e ct v e g e t a t i o n .

though g re a t i s n o t n e a rly s o m a n i fes t , H e n ce i t i s .

n a t u ra l t h a t i n t h e m a gic a l d ra m a s d e s i g n e d t o d i s p e l

w i n t e r a n d b ri n g b a ck s p ri n g th e e m p h a s i s s hould be l a i d
e t at i o n a n d th a t t re e s ,

c e re mo n i e s . I n d ee d th e y com mo n ly be l i e v e d t h at th e tie
w
w —
n un s a rt
“ .

M
b e tw e e n t h e i mal
‘

an an as e ve n
W h e n c e th e y oft e n Gombf ried th e is ;
'

d ra m a t i c re p re s e n t a t i o n of re vivi n g p l an t s w i th a re a l or a
d ra m a t i c u n i o n of t h e s e x e s f or t he p u rp o s e of fu rth e ri n g
a t t h e s a m e t i m e a n d by t h e s a m e a c t t h e m u lt i li ca t i o
p
th em e p ri n ci p l e of
l i fe a n d fe rti o r v e ge t a bl e w as o n e a n d ,

i n d ivi s i bl e . to l i v e to e at foo d a n d t o ,

b eg e t ch i ld re th e se w e re t h e p ri m ary w a n t s of m e n i n t h e I
p as t a n d t h e y w
;
,
i ll be t h e p ri m a ry w an t s of m e n i n t h e ,
.

fu t u re s o lo n g as t h e wo rl d l as t s O th e r thi n gs m ay be .

a dd e d to e n ri ch a n d b e a utify hu m an l i fe but u n l e s s t h es e ,

w a n t s a re fi rs t s a ti s fi e d hum a n i ty i t se l f m u s t c e ase t o e x i s t
Th e s e t w o thi n g s th e re fo re food a n d ch i ld re n w e re wh a t
,
)
, , ,

m e n ch i e fly s ought t o p rocu re by t h e p e rfo rm a n c e o f m a gic a l

ri t e s f o r t h e re gu l a t io n of t h e se a s o n s .

N o wh e re a pp a re n tly h a v e t h es e ri te s be e n mo re w id e ly
, ,

s pon den t,
”
Th e Ti m es Weekly E di t i on , d e t e rren t f
f ll wi g
orce . If in th e o o n

M ay 2 4, 1 90 7 , p . A ga i n , s p e ak pg a l k f l gi l i y i h
es a ac o o ca un t s o

ing of th e p e op l e of th e Lo w C g
er on o, v d i t t b p t t th d bi f
se r e ,
m us e u o e e t o
an xp e i e c d m i ssi o r es
e r n e na y d ib cr es th tiv
e na i d h l k f l gi l
e m n , as t at ac o o ca

th i r
e l igi ous i d s
re o c ea t as c h ti i h
a n e un i ty lly p re at h i ti f re resen s t e m s n ess o

e x t re m d i m p os i b l e t o r d c th i vi w R h H ”
e an to s e u e e r S j
e s . ee ev . o n .

y sy tem ti c o de r W k Nt
an s a Th e m e pe
r sa r ee s, C t “ f o es on s om e us o m s o

L w C g P pl
.

s on w i ll t ll d i i s th t F lk l ”
ou t
e f f t t m e re n e a th e o er on o eo e, o - ore ,

w
a
y
th e d p rt e d s pi ri t go s t o t h e n e th r
e a e e xx ( 9 9 ) pp 5 4 o U l
1 0 s n e ss e

ll wf th i i t p i ty f h
. .

re
g i o s n o r t o d k for sat o r t o t h
ar e e a o or s nna e ca ac o t e
h y
, ,

m oon , or to th e s un T h e re is no um an m i dt t i di
n o e n t er a n c on t ra c to r

b li f w h ll i
.

co h h i b li f d h i
e re n c e in t e r e e s, an t e r e t th
e s ti a e sam e m e, e s a n

id b t
ea s a g y dout h f tc os m o on an e u u re v i tt p t t d t d h h i y
a n a em o un e rs a n t e s t or

a re v y bl erA l th gh t h y
ne u o us ou e o f t h gh t i g
ou l d f l i gi i n e n e ra an o re on n

p i l
.

b li v i p
e e ih e t f nd h th i
un s m en a te r ea t e r a rt c u a r.

f i h i h y h t i t h l t ll i t
a t s so az t a as os a s
 THE M YTH OF A D ONIS B OOK I
Pre vl a en c e an d s ol e m n ly c e l e b ra t e d t h a n i n t h e l a n d s wh ich bo rd e r t h e
of t h e se
E a s te rn M e d i t e rra n e a n U n d e r t h e n a m e s o f O s i ri s T a m
ri t e s in .
,

W e s t ern m uz Ad o n i s a n d At t i s t h e co le s o f E
, ,
t a n d W e s t e rn
A sia and

Eg yp t .

es t bl e l i fe whi ch t h e
e c i a ll of e rs o n i fi e d a se
aw g od
e a ,

who a n n u a l l y d i e dw- a n d rose agai n f ro m t h e Wd e a d In n a m e

w
.

W
E
1 h “ M m fi (

a n d d e t a i l t h e ri t es v a ri e d fro m p l a c e t o
‘ ‘
‘

p l a c e : i n s ub s t a n c e

H
-
“ m m

t h e y w e re T E: same I IIe s u pp o s e d d e a th an d re s u rre c .

ti Ofi o f t h i s o ri e n ta l d ei t y a go d o f m a n y n a m e s Bu t of
”

o n e n a tu re i s t h e s u b e ct of t h e p re s e n t I n gu i r
(
e s se n t i a ll
y j 1 y , .

We b e i n w ith T a m mu z o r Ado n i s
ar

T h e wo rs hi p of Ad o n i s w
.
:

as p ra cti s e d by t h e S e m i tic

p e o p l e s of B a bylo n i a a n d Sy ri a a n d t h e G ree k s bo rrow e d i t ,

2
1 fro m t h e m a s e a rl y a s t h e s e v e n th c e n tu ry b e fo re C h ri s t

Th e t ru e n a m e of t h e d e i ty w
.

,
a s T a m mu z : t h e a pp e l l a tio n

of Ado n i s i s m e re ly t h e S e m i t i c A don “
lo rd a ti t l e of , ,
”

ho n ou r by whi ch h i s wo rs h i pp e rs a dd re s se d h i m 3
I n the .

H e b re w t e x t of t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t t h e s a m e n a m e Ad o n a i ,

1 The e qu iv l
a e n ce of Tam m uz an d clo padi e
'

f ur p rotes t a n t i s c/
ze Tlz eologi e
A don is h as b een doub t e d or de n e i d by un d s . v. Ta m
s om e s c hl
o ars , a s by R en an (III i s s i on de m uz i d A don i s
. u n d E sm u n (Le ip s i c ,

8 64 , Pa ri s , 1 pp 2 1 6, 2 3 5 ) pp 94 s oo ; W M an n h a rdt ,

w
. . .

an d by C h olsoh n (D i e S s a o i er u n d A n ti ke Wa ld un d Feldé u lte (B e r i n l ,

der S s a oi s m u s , S t Pe t ersb urg, 1 8 5 6 , pp 2 73 s

oo ; C h Ve llay , Le “

w
. . .

ii . B ut th e t o gods a re i de n t i d i eu T am m uz , h ”
Rev u e de ZHi stoz re
’

i
fi e d by O r ge n (S elect a i n E z ec/z i elem , des Religi on s , i xl x .
( 9 4)
1 0 1 54 - 1 62 pp . .

M i gn e s Pa trologi a Gra eca ,

’
i xi i . s h t a t T a m m uz an d

J e rom e (Ep i s t 3 a n d Com m en t ar . lv iii . . di f f eren t gods s run g p

i n E z ec/z i elem , v i i i 1 3 , 1 4 , M i gn e s
’
. ro ot (A don i s u n d
Pa t rologi a L a t i n a , 581, xxii xx v A n A ss r an or g n yi i i
d i w l g g
. .

y il lx i
C r of A e an dr a (I n I s a i a m , li b . ii . of th e cu lt of A on s as on a o

t o m us iii , a n d Com m en t
. . on Hosea , . affi d by M rm e bi (S t i ac ro us a . . 2 1 .

iv M
1 5,
. i gu e s Pa t rologi a Gra eca ,
’
l xx . O Ad i n d hi w h ip i g l
on s an s ors n e n e ra

44 1 , l xxi Th e odo re tus

.
(I n l F C M v D i P/ i i
see a s o . . o e rs, e z oen z er ,

E z ecni eli s cap v i i i M ign e s Pa trologi a i (B 8 4 ) pp oo ; W H

’
. . .
9
on n , 1 1 . 1 1 s . .

Graeca , l xxx i t h e a u t or o f t h e
. h E g l Aj p
n (B l i
e ,
ii 5 3 6 / ros er n , .

h l h i l Mi
Pa s c a C ron c e ( gu e s Pa trologi a
’
soo ; Ch . Vellay , Le cu lte et les f
‘
etes

Gra eca , c 3 2 9 ) an dx ii e to (i n W
. M li .
’
d A don i s Tna m m ou z dan s
’
Z Ori en t
C u re to n s S p i ci legi u m Sy ri a c u m , L on
’
q
a n t i u e (Pa r s , i
do n , 1 8 5 5 , lya n d acc ord n pg i 2
Th e m ou rn i ng f or A don is is m en

w y f i ly pp h o w
.

e l d th t wh t
m a a r c on c u e a , a t i o n e d by S a h o fl ou i sh ,
r e d a b ou t

ev hi er i gi y h v
t e r re m ot e or n m a a e 6 00 B C S e e T h B e rgk s I oetae Ly ri c z
. . .
’ ’

b T
ee n ,d Ad i w i th a m m uz an on s e re n e G a ec ,
r i 3
(Le s c , 1 8 6 7 ) iii
897 . ip i p .

l t p i d f ti q i y p ti lly
a er er o o an u t ra c ca Pa usan as , 29 8 i ix . . .

e
q iv l t h h
u C
a en t p o eac ot e r. om a re
3
Ed e e r, . M y
Gescni cnte des A lter
W W G f B di i
. S t di . ra au ss n , u en z ur tum s,
2 i . 2 (B e r i n l , pp .
3 94 s o ;
s emi t i s cti en Reti gi on sges cli i cnte (Le s c , ip i W W . . G ra f B au di ss i n , A don i s un d
1 876 2 9 9 ; i d , i n Rea len cyi . . E sm un , pp . 65 s
oo
 CH AP
. I THE M Y TH OF A D ONIS
igi n a l ly p e rh a p s Ad o n i
or my l o rd i s o ft e n a pp l i e d to , ,
1
J e hova h B ut t h e G re e k s th ro ugh a m i s u n d e rs t a n d i n g
.

c on ve rt e d t h e t i tl e of ho n ou r i n t o a p ro p e r n a m e Wh il e .

T a m m u z or hi s e qu iv a l e n t Ado n i s e n joy e d a wi d e a n d
l as ti n g p o p ul a rity a mo n g p e o p l e s of t h e S e m i t ic s tock ,

th e re a re g rou n d s f or th i n k i n g th a t h i s wo rs h i p o ri gi n a t e d
wi th a ra c e of o t h e r blood a n d oth e r s p e e ch t h e S u i on s , ,

who I n t h e d a w n o f h i s to ry i n h a bite d t h e fl a t a ll u vi a l p l a i n
a t t h e h e a d of t h e P e rs i a n Gul f a n d c re a t e d t h e c ivi l i z a t i o n

wh ich w a s a ft e rw a rd s c a l l e d B a by logi a n T h e o rigi n a n d .

a ffi n i t i e s o f thi s p e o p l e a re u n k n ow n i n p hy s ic a l t y p e a n d
l an gu a g e th e y d i ffe re d fro m a ll th e i r n e i ghb o u rs a n d t h e i r ,

i s ol a t e d p o s i tio n w e dg e d i n b e tw e e n a l i en ra c e s p re se n t s
, ,

t o t h e s tud e n t of m an k i n d p robl e m s o f t h e s a m e s o rt a s t h e
i s ol a tio n of t h e B as qu e s a n d E t ru s c a n s a m o n g t he A ry a n
p e o p l e s of E ur

bu ryi n g
—
g s a nd .

Wh at e ve r th é ir pIzI c gp f o ri gi n may h a v e b e e n i t i s c e rt a i n
_

' '

t h a t i n S outh e rn B a bylo n i a t h e Su m e ri a n s a t t a i n e d a t a
ve ry e a rly p e riod to a co n s id e ra bl e p i t ch o f civil i z a t i o n f or
t h e y ti ll e d t h e s o i l re a re d c a ttl e bu i lt c i t i e s dug c a n a l s , , , ,

a n d e v e n i n v e n t e d a s y s t e m of w rit i n g wh ich th e i r S e m i t ic ,

n e ighbou rs i n t i m e bo rrow e d fro m th e m

2
I n t h e p an t h e o n .

1
E n cy clop a edi a B i bl i ca , ed T K
'

. . . pp . 1 0 so , 3 49 ; Fr . Hom m e l
Gru n d ,

hy
C e n e an d J
S B a ck , i i i 3 3 2 7 . . l . ri s s der Geogr ap /i i e u n d Gescni clz te des

M ih
.

I n t h e O ld T es ta m en t th e t t e A don i , il a l ten Ori en ts ( un c , 18 pp .

m y ord,
”
li s req u en t g en t o m en f ly i v . so o ; E d e . M y
e r, Gescni cnt e des A lter

S e e , f or e a m x
e , Ge n e s i s pl
i 8, xxxii . tu m s,
2 i . 2 li
(B e r n , pp .
40 1 s oo

13 , 1 4, 1 5 , x l ii 1 0 x l iii xl i v 2 0, 5, A S to th e hy p th o esi s t h at th e S um er an s i
w f l
. .
, .

7 9,, 22, 24 . e re im m ig ran t s rom C e n t ra A s i a , see

P Ti e l e, Ges cni clz t e der Reli gi on L W K i n g, Hi s t ory o

f S um er an d

l
. . . .

i ltert u m
(G ot a , 1 8 96 h i . A é lea d, 35 1 s oo pp . Th e gra dua
1 34 soo G M as pe I O , Hi s toi re . d i
es cc a t on of C e n tral
i A sia , c wh i h
A n ci en n e des Peup les de l Ori en t
’
i
s j t d t hv
c on e c u re o a e c au s e d th e
C la ss i ou e, les Origi n es (Pa r s , i S i
u m e r an ig ti h b m i i ra on , as een s m

pp 5 5 0 so
. L W K n g, B a by lon i a n . . i l ly i v k d t
ar n xp l i th d w f ll
o e o e a n e o n a

Reli gi on an d IlIy t/z ology (Lon on , d o f th R e pi ; f by dom a n em re or ren er

1 s oo ; i d , A Hi s tory o
pp f i g g
n t g ire a i h b i t b lrei t i on s un n a a e s

pp d t h v d i v h d
. .

S u m er a n d A ké ad (Lo n on , d su ose o f a e r en or es o

pp 1 s oo , 4 0 soo ; H W n ck e r, i n
. i l fi b b i t fi d wh
e rc e a r a r an s i o n ne om e s n

p S P f g y
.

. h
E S c ra de r s D i e K ei li n scli rzf ten u n d
’
E uro e ] W G ee ro e s s o r . . re or
’
s

l t h d yi g p ?
.

da s a lte Tes ta m en t 3 (B e r n , li e c ure I th “

s e e art r n u
”
 T HE M Y TH OF A D ONIS BOOK I

wate r ,
mo n g t h e an d a

m s urvi ve d t h e w re ck of e m p i re s a re a n u mb e r of hym n s
i n h i s ho n o u r wh ich w e re w rit t e n d o w n n o t l a t e r t h an a bou t
tw
,

o t hou s a n d y e a rs b e fo re o u r e ra b ut w e re a l mo s t c e rt a i n ly

co m p o se d a t a much e a rl i e r t i m e 3
.

I n t h e religi ou s l i t e ra tu re of B a bylo n i a T a m mu z a ppe a rs

a s t h e youthful s p ou s e o r lov e r of I s ht a r t h e g re a t moth e r ,
- w" "
f lr r
m

p ejir oE l
'

z
ji b 1m e n t of w thgi fi pm du gti y gw ggergi e of t ‘

D e s cen t of n a t u re T h e re fe re n c e s to t h e i r co n n e x i o n w i t h e a ch o t h e r
.

i n my t h a n d ri t u a l a re bo t h fra gm e n t a ry a n d ob s cu re but
we ga th e r fro m t h e m t h a t e v e ry y e ar T a m muz was be l i e ve d
,

w ldor to
M a re n

Hf f i g fifl
I C CO VCI
' '

t o di e fro m t h e ch e e rful e a rth t o t h e l

T am m uz .
é fi ,a o o
m y
s ubt e rra n e a n w o rl d a n d th a t e v e ry y e a r h i s d i vi n e m i s t re s s
‘

,
—
j ou r n e y e d i n t of h i m t o t h e l a n d fro m wh i ch th e re i s

th ei r k i n d s : a ll l i fe w as th re a t e n e d w i t h e x ti n cti o n . So

d l i v d b f th R y l G g p h i l
e e re e ore e o a eo ra ca

S i ty
oc e d p t d i Tl Ti
an re or e n ie m es , ta m en t
3
(B e r i nl , p
3 97 ; P . .

D b
e ce m 9t h 9 3
er It i h ld by ,
1 1 . s e h
D orm e , L a Rel i gi on A ssy ro - B a o
y
P f Hro . l ( p i t pp 9 oo ) th t
om m e o . c . . 1 s a l on i en n e (Pa r s, i p . 1 05 ; W .

th e S i l g g b l g t th
um e r an an ua e e on s o e . f
W G ra B audi ssi n , A don i s und E sm un

U l lt i f
ra -a i ly b t th b t t p i i
a c am , u e e e ro n on (Le ip s i c , p . 1 04 .

s ee m s t b th t i t o l i g i ti ffi i ti
e a s n u s c a n es
3 H . Z im m
D er a e rn ,
on s c e
“
b byl i h
a re u n k w Th v i w no n.d tly e e on ce ar en
”
G ot t T a m uz , A olz a n dl d R on S ti cks
'

i w
. . . .
,

adv t d th t S
o ca e , t a u m er an as no a Gesells cli af t der Wi ss en scnaf t en , xx v ii .

l g g bt
an ua ly b l i ti
e u d m e re a ca a s c m o e No xx
(Le s i c , 1 909 ) ip 723 For p
wg
. . . .

of w i ti g S r i ti in emlly c, s no en e ra x
t h e t e t an d t ra n s a t o n of t h e m ns, l i hy
exp l d d o e . see H Z m m e rn ,
.
“
i
S u m er sc - bab i h y
”
lon i s ch e T a m fi z li eder,
H Zi
1
. D b byl i h
m m e rn ,
”
er a on sc e
di e Ve r/z a n dl u n gen der
B eri cnt e i i oer
K on zlgl i clz
’

G ot t T am i i z , A ona rz dl u n gen der p ni lo

S acbs i s c/z en Gesellscnaf t der Wi ssen
’

logi s c/z ni s tori s clz en K /a sse der

s clz a ten z u L e ipz i g, P/
S a clz s i s c/z en Gesellscnaf t der I/Vi ss en f z i lologi s c/
z lz i s

f
s clz a ten , N o xx v ii
(Le s c , xx ip i t ori s c/z e K la ss e, ( 9 7)
1 0 2 0 1 l ix
-2
52 . pp . .

C o m are H G ressm an n , A lt ori en ta

p
. . .

9 0 9 ) PR 7 0 1 , 7 2 2
.

1
li sc/z e Tex t e u n d B i lder (T ub n ge n , i
2
D u m u z i , or i n u e r orm D u m u
-
f ll f 9 3 s oo ; W W G ra B a udi s
i . . . f
z i -a ozu S ee P . e n sen , A s sy ri sclz . J si n , A don i s u n d E s m u n (Le s c , ip i
B a by lon i s clz e My t fi en u n d Epen (B e r 9 9 so ; R W Roge rs ,
pp . . .

li n , 5 6 0 ; H Z m m e rn , op
p . . i . Cu n eif orm Pa ra llels to t lz e Ol d Tes ta
ci t . pp
7 0 3 soo ; i d , i n E S c rade r s
.
’
. . h m en t (O f o rd, x 1 79 1 85 pp .
-
.
 THE M Y TH OF A DONIS B OO K I
Her la m en t i s t/z e la m en t f or a nerb tlz a t grow s n ot i n t be bed

Her la m en t i s fi re la m en t f or t/z e corn t/za t grow

,

s n ot i n t b e ea r

Her c/z a m ber i s a p osses s i on t/z a t bri ngs n ot f ort/z a p osses s i on

w w w
,
'

A ea ry om a n , a y ea r c/ ul d,
f ors p en t

w/zere n o wi llows grow

.

Her la m en t i s f or a grea t ri v er,

Her la m en t i s f or a fi eld w h ere corn a n d berbs grown ot

,

Her la m en t i s f or a p ool w nere fi s nes grown ot

, .

Her la m en t i s f or a tni cé et of reeds w h ere n o reeds grow

, .

Her la m en t i s f or w oods w nere ta m a ri s bs grown ot

, .

Her la m en t i s f or a w i ldern ess w lzere n o cyp res s es (t ) grow

, .

Her la m en t i s f or tbe dep t/z of a ga rden of trees w /z ere h on ey a n d w

.

i ne
w
,

ro n ot
g
w wl w
.

Her la m en t is f or m ea do s, zere n op l a n ts
gro
wn l w
.

Her la m en t is f or a p a la ce, ere en t/

g c o l f e
f i g ro s n ot .
” 1

Th
t ra gi c a l s t o ry a n d t h e m e l a n choly ri t e s o f Ad o n i s
e

a re b e t t e r k n ow n t o us fro m t h e d e s c ri p t i o n s 0 G re e k
Wi te rs th a n f ro m t he f ra gm e n t s of B apy lo n i a n l i te ra tu re or W

1
A . J
e re m a s , D i e ba b y lon i s c/z a si -
E sm un (Le ip s i c ,
pp .
99 so
o,
sy ri sc/ z en Vors t ell u n en vom L eben n a e/
g z 353 soo A cc o rd i ng to J e ro m e (on
dem Tode (Le s c , 4 s ooip i pp E z ek i e l vm 14 ) t h e m on t h of Ta m m uz

w J
. .

i d , i n W H Rosch e r s L ex i kon der i

’
. . . as un e bu t a c c ord n
g to m ode rn

g ri ec lz u n d
. ro m M y t /
z o l ogi e , 8 0 8, . ii . sc hl o a rs it c o rre s p on d e d ra t h er to J lyu ,

iii .2 5 8 s oo a st ro , T e Re g
b M J
li i on . w or t o p art ofJ un e an d p a rt of J lyu .

o f B a by lon i a a n dA ssy ri a (B os ton , 1 S ee F C . D i e Pboen i z i er,

. M v o e rs , i .

pp 5 6 5 5 7 6 , 5 8 4 , 6 8 2 so ; W L K n g, i F Le n orm an t , i
“
.
-
. . 2 10 ; . I l m to di
B a by lon i a n Rel igi on a n d My tbology , pp . A don e -T a m m u z n e i doc um en t c un e i i
1 78-1 83 P en s en , A ssy r i s clz ba b
.
y J -
form ,
”
i
A tti del I V Congress o I n ter .

lon i sclz e My t/z en u n d Ep en , 81 pp . n a z i on a le de l i

g Ori en ta l i st i (F ore n c e , l
so o , 9 5 oos ,
1 6 9 ; R F H a r e r , . . p i .
4 4 so ; W h dtM an n
1 . ar ,

A s sy ri a n a n d B a by lon i a n L i tera t u re A ti b n e Wa ld u n d Feldbu lte,

p 75 2

w
.

(Ne Y ork , 3 1 6 so , 3 3 8 , pp . E y l p di B i bl i
nc c o ae M th a ca , s v . . on s,

4 0 8 soo ; H Z m m e rn , i n E S c ra de r s . i’
. h iii 3 94 M y f i d W R b t
. 1 . r en . o e r s on

D i e K ei l i n sc/i rifl en u n d das A [to Tes ta S i th i f

m d th t w i g t th
n o rm e m e a o n o e

m en t , “ PP 3 9 7 S ee- i 5 6 1 S 97 id . . v i ti
ar a f th l on s ol Sy i l d e oc a r an c a en a rs

S um er sc ba i
on s c e h T a m f i z li e byl i h th th
e m on f T f ll i di ff t o a m m uz e n e re n
”
de r, B eri c/z t e u ber di e Ver/z a n dl u n ge n
'

pl t di f f
a ces t ti a f id e re n m es , ro m m

der Ron zgli c/z S aclz s i sclz en Gesellsc /z af t

' ' '

s um m er t f oJ autu m n , or ro m un e

der l Vi ss en s c/z af t en z u L e ipz i g, Pni lolo t oS pt b e A em di g t P f er . cc or n o ro .

g i s c/z -bi s tori sc/ z e R7 a s s e, ( 1 90 7 ) l ix pp M J t w th f ti v l f T

as ro e es a o a m m uz

w l b t d j t b f th
. .
.
,

2 2 0 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 6 so ; i d ,
“
D e r ab . b y as c e e ra e us e ore e sum m e r

lo n i sch e G ot t T a m f i z , A blz a n dl u n gen l t i (Tb R l gi f B by l i d

so s ce e e i on o a on a an

der p /z i lologi s cli -li i s tori sclt en K la sse der

'

A y iss pp r a, H b v . e o se r e s

K on igl S acli s i sclz en Gesellsclz af t der

’

.
'

t h t tha l d
“
f th e J wi h c a en ar o e e s

Wi ssen scbaf ten , N0 (Le s c , xx v ii . xx . ip i Ch h i ll

u rc k th st 7 th d y f m ar s e 1 a o

f t dH t h
.

I 9O 9 ) PP 72 5 s
o, 7 9 7
2 -
35 ; H . T a m m uz as a as ,
an ou s m a as

G re ssm an n , A ltori en ta l i sclz e Tex te un d sh w t h t th

o n i tia f th d y e a ss oc a on o e a

B i lder z um A lten Test a m en t e (T u bi n w i th th p t f Je l by th

ca ure o e rus a e m e

ge n, 6 5 6 9 ; R W Roge rs ,
i .
-
. . R p
o m a n s re t ly th t t p t re se n s m e re e a em

Cu n eif orm Pa ra llels to t bc Old Tes ta t ogi v i t f ti v l w h i

e an a n c en es a a ort er

m en t (O o r , xf
1 2 1 3 1 d pp .
-1 i n t rp r tati o
e e n .
”

W . W G ra B audi ssi n , A don i s u n d

. f
CH A P. 1 THE WY TH
r OF A D ONIS
the b ri e f re fe re n c e of t h e p ro p h e t E z e k i e l who s a wt h e fl ti , re ec on

f
w o m e n of J e ru s a l e m w e e p i n g f or T a m mu z a t t h e n o rt h g a t e O i tth o e

r en a l
o f th e te m p l e
1
M i rro re d i n t h e l a ss of G re e k m y t h o l o gy T m m
.
,
a uz .

t h e o ri e n t a l d e i t a e a rs a s a com e ly y o u t h e love by
A phrodi t e I n h i s i n fa n cy t h e go
. ess 1 1m I n a c e st ,

whi ch s h e g a ve i n ch a rg e t o P e rs e p h o n e qu e e n o f t h e n e t h e r ,

wo rld B u t wh e n P e rse p ho n e O p e n e d t h e ch e s t a n d b e h e l d
.

t h e b e a u t y o f t h e b a be s h e re fu se d t o giv e h i m b a ck t o ,

A p h rod i te though t h e godd e ss of lov e w e n t dow n h e rs e lf to

,

h e l l t o ra n s o m h e r d ea r o n e fro m t h e p ow e r o f t h e g rav e .

T h e d i s p u t e b e tw e e n t h e two godd e ss e s of lov e a n d d ea t h

w as se t t l e d by Z e u s w h o d e c re e d th a t Ado n i s s h o uld a bid e
,

with P e rse p h o n e i n t e n u or one a rt o f t h e r ,

a n d w it p ro 1te i n t h e u pp e r wo rl d f or a n oth e r a rt
wa s 1 e I n u n t m g by a wi ld bo ar
.

A t l as t t h e fa i r you
M
,
-
ES M es s

of a bo a r in d
or e r to com pa s s th e death of hi s ri va l .

G ET ?
'

tt e rl em o lo s t S e nt lov d an d
w
T h e s t rife b e tw e e n t h e d ivi n e ri v a l s f o r t h e p o s se s s i o n o f
”

A do n i s a pp e a rs to be d e p ict e d o n a n E t ru s c a n m i rro r T h e
tw
.

o godd e s se s i d e n ti fi e d by i n s c ri p t io n s a re s t a t io n e d on S ol om on 1

e i t h e r s i d e of J u p i t e r w
, ,
“on “ t

h o occu p i e s t h e s e a t of j udgm e n t
,

a n d l i ft s a n a d mo n i t o ry fi n g e r a s h e l o ok s s t e rn ly t ow a rd s

P e rs e p h o n e O v e rco m e wi t h g ri e f t h e godd e s s of love bu ri e s

.

h e r fa c e i n h e r m a n tl e whi l e h e r p e rt i n a c i o u s riv a l g ra s p i n g
, ,

a b ra n ch i n o n e h a n d p o i n ts w ith t h e o t h e r a t a clo s e d
,

c o ffe r whi ch p rob a bly c o n t a i n s t h e y o uthfu l A d o n i s

,
3
In .

1 E z ek i el V1 1 1 . 1 4 . k i n d re d go d s d i
A on s , A t t s , a n d O s r s i ii
iii c Wi ld,
B i bli otbeca , .
4 1 .
f
s e e Sp i ri t s o t b f
c Corn a n d o t b
S clz ol . ii .2 2 s oo , e re I a e s ugges te dwh hv
h i
t a t t h e dea of th e boa r as th e f o e o f
t h e god m ay be ba se o n th e t e rr b e d l i
by J . Re n dle Ha rri s (C a m br dge , i ra vwh i h w i l d pig t
age s c s n o or ous i ly
pp 44 .
°
, 1 0 6 so yl i
I n B ab on an c om mit i fi ld f n e s o c orn .

x l i
t e t s re at n g t o T a m m u z n o re e re n c e f
b f
h as y e t e en ou n d t o dea t a oa r h by b . W W G f B di i
3 . Ad i. ra au ss n , on s

S ee H Z m m e rn , . i
S u m e r sc a i h b by un d E (L ip i
sm u n pp 5 e s c, . 1 2

l i h
on sc e T am uz li ede r, 45 1 id , p so w i h
,
p l t itv A h p a e . s to t e re re

y h f Ad i
. .

“
yl i h
D e r b ab on s c e G ot t T a m uz , ”
p t i
se n a t o nf th o e m t o on s on

d l t w k f
.

73 1 .B a udi ss i n n c n e s to t n k t a ti li hi h Et i
rus ca n m rrors an a e or s o

i i
t h e n c den t of th e b oa r i s a a t e m or l i p R om a nt p i lly ar ph g , es ec a s arc o a u se s

i
ta t i on n t o t h e m t o f A don s yh
S ee i and w ll p i i g a O- J ha nt n s, see tt o a n,

A b ol gi l B i t g (B l i
.

hi s A don i s u n d E s m u n , 1 4 2 soo pp . rc a
'

o sc ze e ra e er n ,

l i
A s t o th e re a t on of th e bda r t o th e PP 4 5 5
- 1 .
12 THE M Y TH OF A D ONIS B O OK I
th i s fo rm of t h e my t h t h e co n t e s t b e t w ee n A p h rod it e a n d
,

P e rs e p ho n e f or t h e p o s se s s i o n of Ad o n i s cl e a rly re fl e c t s t h e
s t ru ggl e b e t w e e n I s h t a r a n d A lla t u i n t h e l a n d o f th e d e a d,

whi l e t h e d e c i s i o n o f Z e u s t h a t A d o n i s i s t o s p e n d o n e p a rt
of t h e y ea r u n d e r g rou n d a n d a n oth e r p art a b ov e g ro u n d
i s m e re ly a G re e k v e rs i o n o f t h e a n n u a l d i sa pp e a ra n c e an d
re a pp ea ran c e o f T a m muz .
 C HA PT E R II

AD O N IS IN S Y RI A

n is w
T
M Ado a s l o c a l i z e d a n d h i s rit e s c e l e b ra t e d
of orsh i p

with much s ol e m n i f y at t w
“
Ado n i s
o p l a c e s i n W e s t e rn A s i a One
”

of th e se w t h e o th e r w
.

as B
M W as ,
at B y blus ,

P a p h o s i n C y p ru s Both w e re g re a t s e a t s of t h e wo rs hi p a
Bil ff
?
i
.

of A p h rod i t e or ra th e r o f h e r S e m i t i c cou n t e rp a rt A s t a rt e ; 1 Ce aS

bo t h i f w
, ,

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t h e g re a t god E l who m G re e k s a n d Ro m a n s i d e n t i fi e d w i t h
,

C ro n u s a n d S a tu rn re s p e ctiv e ly 3
H ow e v e r th a t m a y h a v e .

b ee n i n hi s to ri c a l ti m e s i t ra n k e d a s a h o ly p l ac e t h e
, I
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l . Cf _ ,

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p
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.

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1
Th e n c i n ts w ere a w a e th t th B
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.
,

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a n m (Lo d o an c e u ac u n n,

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ru m iii 2 3 5 9 ; J o es Lydus D
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s, O A d
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n g li i i 10 ; n n , ra e a ra an e , .

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M ull er i i i 5 6 8 ; S teph us
,

A do i n d E m u
s un (Le ip i c s ed nC s ,
. .
, . an

PP 7 I 99 5 B y t i s v B fl k B y bl i z an n , s . . v os . us s a
2 A
s to C i yr s ee F C n M ov e as , G ek orru p ti o o f th S m i ti c G b l
. . rs , re c n e e e a

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. . a e c e a e s

231 W H E g l Rj p o (B l i
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e s, S ee E Re/ r s M i io d er n , ai n . . n an , ss n e
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-
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- p 155 , z n
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s v
. .
“
K i n y ras , ”
in W H . . Ros ch e r s ’
4 R . Pi e ts ch m an n , Gesc/z i cbte der
L ex i kon der gr i ec/z . un d rom . My t /z o
. P/z oen i z i er (B e r i n l , p . 1 39
M lit ll
.

logi e, ii
1 1 8 9 soo. e o ca s th e i
O n t h e c o n s i t i s des gn a t e i d Holy
f th f Ad i by h
a er o f C h on s t e n am e o ut a r, B y b lus .

an d p t rehi k i g f th
re s e n s m as n o e 5
S t ra o, I b xv i
1 8, 75 5 . . p . .

Ph i i w i t h h i pi t l t G b l
o e n c an s s ca a a e a
6
i
Luc a n , D e dea S y ri a , 6 .
 A D ONIS IN S YRIA B OO K 1

in th e m i d s t of u rrou n d e d by a s p aci o u s o p e n cou rt ,

s

C l o i s te rs a n d a pp ro a ch e d fro m b e l ow by s t a i rc a s e s ro se a ,

1
t a l l co n e o r ob e l i s k t h e h o ly i m a g e o f t h e god d e ss In , .

2
t h i s s a n ctu a ry t h e ri t e s of Ado n i s w e re c e l e b ra t e d I n d ee d
t h e whol e c i t y w
.

as s a c re d to h i m a n d t h e ri ve r N a h r
3
.

I b ra hi m which fa l l s i n t o t h e s e a a l i t tl e to t h e s o u th of
Thi s w
,

4
B y b lu s bo re i n a n t i qu i t y t h e n a m e o f Ado n i s
,
as .

5
t h e k i n gd o m of C i n y ras F ro m t h e e arl i es t to t h e l a t es t .

t i m es t h e c i ty a pp e a rs to h a v e b ee n rul e d by k i n g s a s s i s t e d ,

p e rh a p s by a s e n a t e or cou n c i l of e ld e rs 6
T h e fi rs t of t h e
k i n g s of who m w e h a v e h i s to ri c a l e v id e n c e w
.

a s a c e rt a i n

Z e k a r b aa l He re i g n e d a bout a c e n tu ry b e fo re Solomo n ;
-
.

t fro m th a t d i m p as t h i s figu re s t an d s out s t ra n g e ly fre s h

y e

a n d l i fe l ik e i n t h e j ou rn a l of a n E gy p ti an m e rch a n t o r o f fici a l

n a m e d W e n A m mo n wh i ch h a s fo rtu n a t e ly b e e n p re s e rv e d
-
,

i n a p a p y ru s Thi s m an s p e n t s om e t i m e w i th t h e k i n g a t
.

B y blu s a n d re c e i v e d fro m h i m i n re tu rn f or ri ch p re s e n t s a
, , ,

s u pp ly of t i m b e r fe l l e d i n t h e fo re s t s of L e b a n o n
7
A n oth e r .

k i n g of B y blus who bo re t h e n a m e of S i bi t t i b aa l p a i d ,
-
,

t ri but e to Ti gla t h p i le s e r I I I k i n g of A s s y ri a a b o ut t h e -
.
, ,

ye ar 7 3 9 B C 8
Fu rth e r fro m a n i n s c ri p tio n of t h e fift h o r
fo u rth c e n t u ry b e fo re o ur e ra w
. .
,

e l e a rn th a t a k i n g o f B y blu s ,

by n a m e Y e b aw m e l e ch s o n of Y e h a r b aa l a n d g ran d s o n -
,
-
,

of A do m m e l e ch o r U ri m e l e ch d e d ic a t e d a p i l l a re d p o rtic o
- -
,

w i th a c a rv e d wo rk of gold a n d a b ro n z e a l t a r to t h e g o dd e ss ,

who m h e wo rs h i pp e d u n d e r t h e n a m e o f B a a l a th G e b a l th a t ,
9
i s t h e fe m a l e B a a l of B y blu s
,
.

1
T h e s c tu y a d i m ge an re N t Hi t v 7 8 ; E Re an M i i o
ar n a a a . s . . . n ,
ss n

fi gur d o coi s of Byblus S ee T d P/ t i i e pp 2 8 2 oo

e n n . . e i n c , . s

ld
L D on a son , A rc/z i t ect u ra Nu m i s 5
Eus ta th i us, Com m en ta ry on D i ony
d
.

m a t i ca (Lon on , 1 0 5 so pp . s i n s Peri egetes , 9 1 2 (Geograp bi Graeci

E . Ren a n , M i ss i on de P/z en i ci e,
’

p . tidi n ores , e d C M IIlle r, . . ii .

1 77 ; G Pe rrot e t C h C
. e z , Hi s . h ipi M li e to , i n W C u re ton s Sp i ci legi u m
’
.

’
t oi re do l A rt da n s l A n t i ou i t e,
’ '
iii . S y ri a cu m ,
p .
44 .

( P a r s , 1 8 8 i5 ) 6 0 ; R P i e t s c p
h m a
. nn, .
6 E z ek i e l xx v ii .
9 . A s to th e n am e

Gesclz i c/z te der P/z oen i z i er, 2 02 G p G e ba l s ee a b

3, o e,v 1 n ote
1

7 L B Pa ton p
. . . .

M p as e ro , Hi s t oi re A n ci en n e des Peup les ,.n o E a rly Hi s tory/ of

.

do l Ori en t Cla ss i u e,
’
(Pa r s , 1 8 9 7 ) q ii . i Sy ri a a n d Pa les t i n e (Lo n on , d
p .
73 1 vtd
. iv
Re n an e x ca a e a m as s e pp 1 69 1 7 1
. S ee e o , -
7 5 so
. b l w pp .

s
q p d t l b i lt f l l t
ua re e es a u o c o ossa s on e s ,
8 L B Pa t on o
, .
p c i t . 2 3 5 R F . . p . . .

wh i h h th gh t y h v pp t d
c e ou m a a e su or e Har e r, A ssy ri a n a n d B a by lon i a n
p
th d b l i k ( p i t pp 7 4
e s a c re o e s o . c . . 1 L i tera tu re, 5 7 (th e N m ru i n sc ri pp . i d
L i 2D d Sy i 6
u c an , e ea r a, i
t on o f T i gla th p i les e r -

w i v d by
.

St b xvi
3 8 p 755
ra o, . 1 . 1 , . .
9 T h e i n s éri ti on
p a s d s c o e re

L i 4D d Sy i 8 ; Pl i y
u c an , e ea r a, n , Re n an S ee C h Vel lay, Le cu lte et
. .
CH AP . II A D ONIS IN S YRIA
The
m e s of t h e s e k i n g s s ugg e s t th a t t h e y cl a i m e d
na v iy
D i in t of

5 8m m
a f fi n i t y w i t h th e i r go d B a a l o r Mol o ch f o r M o loch i s o n ly ,
k i n gs
a co rru p ti o n of m elee/
.

t t h a t IS
“
ki ng S uch a cl a i m a t , , .
”

a ll e v e n t s a pp e a rs t o h a v e b e e n p ut fo rw a rd by m a n y
1
o th e r S e m i t i c k i n g s Th e e a rly m o n a rch s of B a byl o n w e re .

w o rs hi pp e d a s g o d s i n th e i r l i fe ti m e ?
M e sha k i n g of ,

Mo a b p e rh a p s c a l l e d h i m se l f t h e s o n of h i s go d Ke m os h
,
3
.

A mo n g t h e A ra m e a n s ove re i g n s of D a m a s cu s m e n tio n e d
i n t h e B i bl e w
,

“
e fi n d mo re th a n o n e B e n h a d a d t h a t i s
, s on -
, ,

of t h e god H a d a d t h e chi e f m a l e d e i ty of t h e Sy ri an s ; 4

a n d J o s e p hu s t e l l s us th a t dow n to h i s o w
,

n t i m e i n t h e fi rs t ,

c e n t u ry of o ur e ra B e n h a d a d I whom h e c a l l s s i m p ly ,
-
.
,

Ad a d a n d hi s s ucc e s s o r H a z a e l c o n t i n u e d to be wo rs hi pp e d
, , ,

a s g o d s by t h e p e o p l e of D a m a s cu s who h e ld p roc e s s io n s ,

d a i ly i n th e i r ho n ou r 5
S o m e of t h e k i n g s o f E d o m s ee m .

t o h a v e go n e a s t e p fa rth e r a n d i d e n ti fi e d t h e m s e lv e s w i t h
t h e god i n t h e i r l i fe t i m e ; a t a ll e v e n t s th e y bo re h i s n a m e
H a d a d wi t hout a n y q ua li fi c a ti on 6
K i n g B a r re k u b who .
-
,

les f
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tes d A don i s
’
Tb a m m ou z da n s 4 2 K i n
gs V III .
7 , 9, 11 1 11 . 2 4 so ;
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l Ori en t a n ti
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pp . J h x l ix 7 A t
e re m i a . 2 . S o th e go d
sq G A C ook e , Tex t -boob o
. .
f Nort/z
. Hd d a M bi S t
a s ee ac ro u s, a u rn . i . 23 .

S em i t i c I n scrip t i on s (O or xf d 1 7 9 (wh 1 f i l ere , a s so o ten n a te w it r e rs ,

No 3 , . 1 8 sq pp
I n t h e t m e of . . i th S y i e ll d A y i
r an s a re c a e ss r an s ) ; Ph i l o

lx d i
A e an e r th e G re a t t h e k n g of B y blu s of B y blus , i n Fragm en ta Hi s tori coru m
w i
as a c e rt a n E n y lus (A rri a n , A n a bas i s , Gra ecoru m , e d C M Ii ller, 5 69 ; . .
'

iii .

ii . wh pp i
os e n am e a e a rs on a c o n F B ae th ge n , B ei trage z u r sem z t i sclz en
.

o f th i ty (F C M v
e c D i Rb . . o e rs , e oc Rel i gi on sgesclz i cbte (B e r n , li pp .

i i
n z er, ii p 3 t . I , . 10 , no e 6 6 - 6 8 ; G A C ook e , Tex t - boob of . .

O 1
th d i v i i t y f S i ti k i g
n e n o em c n s Nortli - S em i t i c In scrip t i on s , Nos 6 1 , .

an d th k i g h ip f S e i ti g d n s o em c o s s ee 6 2 , PP 1 64 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 5 ; M - J

W R S i th R l gi
. .
f tb S i t
m , e i on o c em es
2 Lagran ge , E t u des s u r les Rel igi on s
(L d on pp 44 o 6 6 qq
on , . s , s . S em i t i q u es 2 (Pa r s ,
‘
9 3 , 4 93 , i pp .

H R d
2 E ly B by l i a Hi au , ar a on a n s 4 9 6 sq T h e ro e t Z e c a ri a p ph
s e ak s h h p
t y (N wY k
. .

or d L de or an on on , (x i i 1 1 ) of a gre at m ourn n g of or f or
. i
pp 3 7 3 7 P D h
. 0 -
L R l igi
1 o rm e , a e on di
Hada r m m on i n th e a n of M egi d pl i
hi f
.

A ssy ro- B a by lon i en n e (Pa r s, I 9 1 i pp . don T s h a s b e en ta k e n t o re e r to

.

1 68 s
qq . a l
am e n t f or Ha da d R m m on , th e i
3 Th e e vi d en c e f or t hi s is th e yi
S r a n god o f ra n , st orm , an d t un de r, i h
M i
o a b t e s to n e , bu t t h e re a di n g of the l i k th l
e e a m en t f or A d i on s . S ee S . R .

ins rip t i o R d bfl D iv th e p ( Tbe

’
c is ou t u S ee S n . . . r er s n ot e on a s sa
ge
iv
D r er, i n E n cy clopaedi a B i bl i ca , s v . . Ill i n or Prop hets , pp . 2 6 6 so ,Cen t u ry
M h
es a ,
”
vol 3 04 1 sqq id , iii B i ble) ; W W G ra f B audi ssi n , A don i s
w
. . . . . .

Notes on t lze Hebre Tex t a n d t bc un d E sm un , 92 p .

J ph
.

Topogr ap by of t lze B oobs of S a m u el , 5 ose us , A n t i q u i t j u d 4 6 . . ix . . .

S e c on d E d t on (O o rd, ii xf pp 6 G en es i s
3 5 s o ; 1 K n gs xxx v i . i
h il i
.

l xxx v , , . l xxx v i
i so ; G A l xxx v ii . . xi .1 4 -2 2 ; 1 C ron c es 5 0 s q O f . .

h i d
. .

C ook e , Tex t - boob o f Nort /z S em i t i c i

th e e g t k n gs of E om m en t on e d i n i
I n scrip ti on s , No 1 , 1 so , 6 . pp . . G en es i s ( 3 3 9)
1 - a xxx v i
n d i n 1 C ro.n h
16 A D ONIS IN S YRIA B O OK 1

re v e r S a m a l i n N o rt h W e s t e rn Sy ri a i n t h e t i m e of
i gned o -

T i gl t p
a h i le s e r (7 5
4
—
7 2 7 B C-
) a pp e a rs fro m h i s n a m e t o . .

h av e re ck o n e d h i m s e lf a s o n of Re k u b e l t h e go d to who s e -
,

fa vou r h e d e e m e d h i m s e l f i n d e b t e d f o r t h e k i n gd om 1
Th e .

k i n gs of Ty re t ra c e d t h e i r d e s c e n t from B a a l a n d a pp a re n tly
2

p ro fe s s e d to be god s i n th e i r ow
,

n p e rs o n
3
S e v e ra l o f t h e m .

bo re n a m e s wh ich a re p a rtly com p o s e d of t h e n a m e s o f

B a a l a n d A s t a rte ; o n e of th e m bo re t h e n a m e of B a a l p u re
an d s i m p le
4
T h e B aa l who m th e y p e rs o n a t e d w
. as no

dou bt M e lc a rt h t h e k i n g of t h e c i ty a s h i s n a m e s ig n i fi e s , ,
”
,

t h e g re a t god whom t h e G re e k s i d e n ti fi e d wi th H e rcul e s ;

f or t h e e qu iva l e n c e of t h e B a a l o f Ty re b o th to M e l c a rt h
a n d to H e rcul e s i s p l a c e d b eyo n d t h e re a ch o f d o u bt by a
bi l i n gu a l i n s c ri p t i o n i n P ho e n ic i a n a n d G re e k which w as , ,
5
fou n d i n M a lt a .

I n l i k e m a n n e r t h e k i n g s of B y blus m a y h a v e a s s u m e d
t h e s tyl e of A do n i s f o r Ad o n i s w a s s i m p ly t h e d i vi n e A d o n

i ol e s (i .
4 3 5 0 ) n ot - on e w as t h e s on vi
S er us s n o t e
’
S i l i us I ta li e ns , Pu n i ca ,
of h is p hire de c e ss or t i . T s s e em s o . 8 6 sqq .

i d i t h t i Ed
n ca e t l wh th a n i l xx v iii
om 9 a s e se e re , e
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bl d y l w t d i th f l
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oo ro a as M d f E ph rac e
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4
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li n e , and th t h k i g w a f J p h C t Ap i
t e n i 8 d
s e re m en o ose us, on ra on em 1 an 21
wh F g t Hi t i
.
,

o th f i li er v f ig
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th y i g d C M Ill i v 4 4 6 q A di g
,

s uc c e ed d t th e by o e ron e m arr n e . . I e r, . s . ccor n

t h h dit y p i
e e re S Tb ar t th t xt f J ph
r n c e sse s di t d by . ee e o e e o ose us , as e e

M gi A ta cd t b E l ti r f
o K ian g B N i t h c f th k i g i
vo u on n s, . ese , e n a m es o e n s n

ii 6 8 qq Th I l i t w
. 2 s .f q ti w Abib l Balb
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b i dd t h v f ig f en o ki g a t t M th
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s on o e as ar ,

(D t y x vi i 5 w i th S R I th b l B l
e u e ro n o m B l B l t
. 1 M bl . . o a , a e z or, aa , a a or, er a .

D iv wh i h i p ly Th p g f M t d l
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er s t
no e c d i q s ee m s o m e a ss a e o en an er s uo e a so

w k w
,

th t t ha e c us t o mg b y E bi Cl i as i pp 8 no n a m on u se us , z ron c . . . 1 1 , 1 2 0,

th i i gh b
e r ne It i ig i fi t th t ou rs d A S h . s s n c an a e . . c o en e .

s om e o f th f th k i g f Ed e n a m es o G A C k T t b k f N t/e n s o om
5
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s eem t b th f di v i i t i
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ose o ip t i N 36 p n e s , as ro . em t c n scr on s , o .
, . 1 02 .

A H S y . b v d l g g (L
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se r e on a o ec s o e c ar ,
e r an e rc u es ,

t u res th R l igion f t b A i e t E d
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oq t i e n c en see . e er, s v . .
“
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n

L d d E d i b gh W H R h ’
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1 8 8 7 P 5 4) ,
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th Ty i ki g t h v b e r an n s se e m s o a e een
p it N
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PR 63 I 73 n o
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w i th th g d H d d El R h f d p v d i th T l l A
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p it N 6
. .

am m u (G A C k .

t
.

t i l wh i h i p l i
oo e, o
th th b
. c . o . 1 ,
o a t e c m es at e ea re r

f i w th f h
p f b l w
g d
.

o t as e at er o a o s ee e o

Vi gi l
, ,
2 A i 7 9 o w i th pp 5 Q
r , en . . 2 s , . I S .
 A D ONIS IN S YRIA B OO K 1

1
th ese s t ra n g e cl e rgy wom e n wov e g a rm e n t s f or t h e a s neri m ,

t h e s a c re d p ol e s whi ch s tood b e s id e t h e a l t a r a n d whi ch

a pp e a r to h a v e b e e n by s o m e re g a rd e d a s e mbod i m e n t s o f
? “ ”
A s t a rt e C e rt a i n ly th e s e s ac re d m e n m u s t h a v e di s
ch arge d s o m e fu n ctio n which w a s d ee m e d re l igiou s i n t h e

t e m p l e a t J e ru sa l e m ; a n d w e c an h a rd ly d o ub t th a t th e
p roh i bitio n to b ri n g th e w a ge s of p ro s titu t i o n i n to t h e hou s e
of G od wh i ch w as p ubl i s h e d a t t h e v e ry s a m e ti m e th a t t h e

wa s d i re cte d a ga i n s t
,

m e n w e re e xp e l l e d from t h e t e m p l e
3
,

a n e x i s ti n g p ra ct i c e I n P a l es ti n e a s i n oth e r S e m i tic l a n d s
t h e hi re o f s ac re d p ro s ti tut e s w
.

as p rob a bly d e d i c a t e d to

t he d e i ty a s o n e of h i s re gul a r du e s : h e took t ri but e of m e n

a n d wom e n a s of flock s a n d h e rd s of fi e ld s a n d vi n e y a rd s ,

a n d ol i v e y a rd s .

B ut i f J e ru s a l e m h a d b e e n fro m o f old t h e s e a t of a
dy n as ty of s p i ri tu a l p ot e n t a t e s or G ra n d L a m a s who h e ld ,

t h e k e y s of h ea v e n a n d w e re re v e re d f a r a n d wi d e a s k i n g s
a n d god s i n o n e w e c a n e a s i ly u n d e rs t a n d why t h e u p s t a rt

D a vi d cho se i t f or t h e c a p ita l of t h e n e wk i n gdom wh i ch h e

,

h ad w o n f o r h i m se l f a t t h e p o i n t of t h e s wo rd Th e c e n t ra l .

p o s i t io n a n d t h e n atu ra l s t re n g t h of t h e vi rgi n fo rt re s s n e e d
n ot h a v e b e e n t h e o n ly o r t h e p ri n c i p a l i n duc e m e n t s wh ich

1 2 K i n gs xxiii 7, wh e re , f ll w i
o o ng sc hl o a rs h
S ee on t i s sub ec t W Ro ert j b
w
. . .

th e p
S e t u ag n t , i e m ust
‘

a pp are n t ly s on Sm t i h , Re i g
l i o of t bc S em i tes, pp
n 2
.

re a d Dun n f or t h e of th e M ass ore t c i 1 8 7 s qq . . . v

S R D ri e r, on D e u t e ron o m y
Te t x S o R K i t te an d l
S k n n er J i xv i . 21 J . S k i n n e r, o n 1 K i n gs xi v .

M J
. . . .

l
T h e a s lz era li (S n gu a r of asli Eri m )
’

2
'

i 23 ; L a g an ge , E t u des s u r les
r .

w
.

i ly w d J vi rel i gi on s S em i t i q u es , 2 pp
’

a s c e rt a n of oo ( udges 2 6) 1 7 3 s qq . .

M
.

hv
i t se e m s t o a e b ee n a t ree s t r ipp d e G F . oore , i n E n cy clop a edi a B i bl i ca ,
.

of h
i ts b ra n c es a n dpl d an t e i n th e vo l . i .
3 3 0 s qq .
, s v..
“
As h h e ra .
”

g r o ud b id
n e s e l an awh h
t a r e t e r o f
Jhvh
e o a h
,

y
o r o f o t e r gods (D e ut e ron om
3 y xxiii
D eu t eron om 1 7 sq (i n
b w
. .

xvi J i h xv i
2 1 e rem a i h T at t h e d
He re 1 8 so ) Th e co e o f D eute r
w p li h
.

w
. .

as li era li d d
as rega r e d a s a god e ss , t h e o n om y as ub s e d i n 6 2 1 B C in . .

f l p
em a e pp
a rtn e r o f B aal, a f ears rom i i J i h wh
t h e re gn o f K n g os a , os e re

i x v iii
1 K n gs i xxi xxi i
1 9 ; 2 K n gs 3, i form s ,i l i
n c ud n j i
g t h e e ec t o n of th e
w i ifi f pl w
. . .

4 h hi
an d t a t t s goddess as de n t ed bedes /i i m ro m t h e te m e, e re bas e d

wi h h h
t A s t o re t (As tarte ) m ay b e i n p
u on i t b
S ee W Ro e rts on S m t ,
'
h i
w
. .

f f
e rre d ro m a c om p i J d ii
a r s on o f u ge s Tb e Old Testa m en t i n tbc j c i s n
i b h
.

13 wi h J t iii
udge s 7 Y e t on th e
. .
Cb u rcli 2
(L on don a n d E d n u rg ,
h h d
o t er an p l
th e o e or t ree s e e m s b y pp
2 5 6 s q q , 3 5 3 sqq ; S
. R . . . .

h
o t e rs t o hv vi w d
a e b ee n e l
e as a m a e iv
D r e r, Cri t i ca l a n d E x eget i ca l Com
‘

p w J i h ii
o e r ( e re m a 27 l w pp
see b e o m en ta ry on D e u t eron om y
3
(Ed n bu rg , i h
pp x l v d
.
, .

1 07 i ifi i
a n d t h e de n t c at on of t h e i s
qq ; K . B u de , . . .

wi h d Gescb i cbte der a lt bebra i scli en L i ttera t u r

'

a s lz era li t A s t a rt e h as b ee n oub t e d

or d i p t d by
s u e i t s om e d e m n en m o e rn (Le s c , ip i 1 0 5 s qq pp . .
C HAP . 11 A D ONIS IN S YRIA 19

d e cid e d t h e p ol itic m o n a rc h to t ra n s fe r h i s th ro n e from

H e b ro n to J e ru s a l e m 1
By se rvi n g h i m s e lf h e i r t o t h e .

a n ci e n t k i n g s of t h e c i t y h e m i gh t re a s o n a bly h O p e t o
i n h e ri t th e i r gh o s t l y re p u t e a l o n g wi t h th e i r b ro a d a c res ,

to w e a r th e i r n i m bu s as w e l l a s t h e i r c row n ?
S o a t a l ate r
t i m e wh e n h e h a d co n qu e re d A m mo n a n d c a p tu re d t h e
roy a l c ity o f R a bb a h h e t o o k t h e h e a vy gol d c row n of t h e

A mmo n i t e god M i lc o m a n d p l a c e d i t o n h i s ow
,

n b row s ,

t hu s p o s i n g a s t h e d e i t y i n p e rs o n
3
I t c a n h a rdly th e re .
,

fo re be u n re a s o n a bl e to s u pp o s e th a t h e p u rs u e d p re c i se ly
,

t h e s a m e p ol i cy a t t h e co n qu e s t o f J e ru sa l e m A n d on .

t h e oth e r S i d e t h e c a l m c o n fid e n c e wi t h wh ich t h e J e bu s it e
i n h a bit a n t s of th a t ci t y a w a i t e d h i s a t t a ck j e e ri n g a t t h e ,

b e s i e ge rs from t h e b att l e m e n t s m a y w e l l h a v e b e e n bo rn of
4
,

a fi rm t ru s t i n t h e loc a l d e i ty ra th e r th a n i n t h e h e i ght an d

t hi ck n e s s of th e i r g ri m ol d w a l l s C e rt a i n ly t h e ob s t i n a cy .

1 Hed v y re ig ne se en ea rs in Heb ron on Da vid at a l a t er t m i e wh en th e

an d th i t y t h i J l
r -
re e n e ru s a e m (2 S a m ue l i
b r g tn es s h of his f am e h ad ec l ip d se

v .
5 ; 1 K i n gs ii . 1 1 ; I C h ron c e s i l t h a t of m an yl ess e r h e ro es .

xxix .
3
S am l 2 6 -3 1 1 C h i l
f
Pro e ssor A H S a c e h a s a rgue
2 y d xx 2 ue x 11

i i cs
.

lly
ron c e s

w lh Cr t to
. .
1 3 s ee m
h vi l ge n e ra
-

i
. .

t a t D a d s ori g n a n am e as E
h h th w
’
a n an
gre e t at in t p ord
(2 S am u e c om l xxi
a re d t p w i h xxiii. .
a

513 m us t be
e se

p oi
assage s

d M i lcom
e

n ot
h
an d t a t t h e n am e D a d, v i wh i h
c
h h M
03

m a lck a m
“
ir ki
n te
”
,

l
h e t ook a t a a te r t m e , s ou d b e i h l ti t xt f ll w
g
d by th
t
E gl i h
t e n ,
as e a ss o

wi r t ten D o d or D o o,
“
d
th e B e o e lvd v i h i t Th di g M i l
re e e , o o e e n s

O n e,
”
c a cc or n wh i h di
g t o Pro S a ce f y wh i h i v lv h i l
e rs on , as . e rea n com ,

w h i
.

g f t g c n o es n o c an e o e or na
as f
a Tn am e ( Ad i ) i
or
H b w a m m uz
x pp t d by h
on s n

d w i p ti l
t i d
th
e re te s su or e t e rea
S C
,
ou e rn an aan , an as n ar c u ar
i g f th S p t gi t M xxop 0
b w d by th J b i t f J
es t o e l e e
w us
wh es o
h h
e ru s a e m
l
n o e e ua n o . 7 0

th i d i y B é fi
’
x t t t ree
A H
a ot i r t u,
ar e re e as
on p e r su S re m e
w p e t
b b ly
.

l ee
M AX S/
. .
s

S y
d g o r s a re ro a a oss on O C L.

b w
L t tl R l gi f th S R D iv
c e, ec u res on on
a
o ie
N
e i e

i t B by l i
S t tl H ee r e r, o es on ie e re
A (L d d
. .

n c en a on an s on on an
d tl T p g pl y f t l B k
Edi b gh
T t o o ra i o oo s
pp 5 5 7 I f h d E d i ti
ex an ie ze

Oxf d
n ur , . 2- . e

is i gh t h i
r l i w ld
, s d f
c on c us on s
S
p
l S
D K
ou
i p
(
i a c co r
k i
o am ue , econ on or ,

p f t ly w i th th wh i h I h d
e r ec h d hi t
ose
9 4 ;
S
c
l a
xii
k t
reac e
. 2 ean r a rc , n

i d p d tly
n e en d it w
en ld b , an
b i dg B i bl f S l l
ou
3 ( C
ec om e
s no e on 2 am ue . 0 am

p b bl th D v i d ly d th E l di B i bli iii 8 ; R d C ll g )
.

r e e or c i oo s an o e es
ro a e at a on a ss u m e e

f D v i d (D d D d ) ft p 5
3 nc c o ae a ca , 0
th y . .

K i t t l B i bl i H b i ; B w
n am e o a o o o a er e

J l
,
i 4 3 3 e a e ra ca , ro n,

b w
t f d f h , .

D iv
c on q u es o t e ru s a e m
p an or e ur

p f i d t i fy i g h i
os e o lf w i th th g d E li l L i
en n m se
,
d B i gg H d r e r, an r s, e re an
e o

o f th i ty w e h h d b
c th
, o
g
x f a
f
pp
t l
orn e
Ol d T
e
D
t
vsa m e
i d
n s i ex con o ie es a m en
’
t

ti l f ti i i l ( O d 5 7 5 q or s a s
B t
. .
,

d p t d th w h
t e rom m e m m e m or a u on
ip
.

th wh l i t
e o e l i k ly f Mil
s e em s
d
d
m ore
d h i h p l
e
f, as
s on an s ucce ssor a o e e ors

P f
co m m a e a a ce or
K tt p i t g o an

th t i
ro es s or

a th i gi l t y Elh h
n e
t t en n e

or
hi
na
t id J
o n s

s or
l ou
S
an a
o
Ki g
m e,
a
m ou s e e ru s a e m . ee 1 n s

K i g xxi i i
,

tot ally di f f t p f D vid

e re n
i 5 ;
e rs on
3 ro m a
x . 2 n s . 1 .

w h l y l v 6 ; Ch i l
,

as t f G l i th
e s a d th t
er o S o a an a
4 2 am u e -
10 1 ron c e s

w th t xi 4 9
.
,

h p t f h gi t k i ll
t e ar o t e an - er as rus .
-
.
 A D ONIS IN S YRIA B OOK I
wi t h which i n a ft e r a g e s t h e J e w s d e fe n d e d t h e s a m e p l a c e
a g a i n s t t h e a rm i e s of A s s y ri a a n d Ro m e s p ra n g i n l a rg e

m e a s u re fro m a s i m i l a r fa i t h i n t h e God of Z i o n .

B e t h a t a s i t m a y t h e h i s to ry of t h e H e b re w k i n g s ,

p res e n t s s om e fe a tu re s wh ich m ay p e rh a p s wi thout s tra i n i n g ,

th e m too f a r be i n t e rp re t e d a s t ra c e s o r re l ic s of a ti m e
,

wh e n th e y o r th e i r p re d e c e s s o rs p l a y e d t h e p a rt of a
d i vi n ity a n d p a rti cu l arly of A do n i s t h e d ivi n e lo rd o f t h e
I n l i fe t h e H e b re w k i n g w
, ,

a s re gu l a rly a dd re s se d
'

a s A don i ka m m eleck
“
My L o rd t he K i n g
-
1
-
a n d a ft e r
”

d e a th h e w
, ,

a s l a m e n t e d wi th c ri e s o f Hoi a ki ’ Hoi A don ’ . .

A l a s my b roth e r ! a l a s L o rd T h e se e x cl a m a tio n s of
g ri e f utt e re d f o r t h e d e a th of a k i n g of J u d a h w e re w e ,

c a n h a rd ly do ubt t h e v e ry s a m e c ri e s which t h e w e e p i n g ,

wom e n of J e ru s a l e m u t t e re d i n t h e n o rth p o rch of t h e

3
f or t h e d e a d T a m m u z H ow e ve r l ittl e s t re s s c a n .
,

be l a i d o n s uch fo rm s of a dd re s s s i n c e A don i n H e b re w
i n E n gl i s h w
,
“
l i ke lo rd as a s e cu l a r as we l l as a ,

re l igi ou s t i tl e B ut wh e th e r id e n ti fi e d w i th Ad o n i s o r
.

n ot the ,
H e b re w k i n g s c e rt a i n ly s ee m to h av e b e e n
re g a rd e d as i n a s e n s e d ivi n e a s re p re s e n t i n g a n d to ,

1
S e e f or e xam p l e 1 S am ue l xxi v . doub t S ee G A C ook e , Tex t -book
. . . o
f
8 ; 2 S am u e l xi v 9.
,
1 2, 1 5, 7 1 8 , 1 , Nortli -S e m i t i c I n scrip t i on s , No 1 , . pp .

1 9, 2 2 , xv 15, 21, xvi 4, 9 xviii 1 3 , 1 1 ; E n cy clop aedi a B i bli ca , ii 3 0 4 5

w
. . . .
,

2 8, 3 1 , 3 2 ; 1 K i n gs i 2
.
,
1 3, 1 8, 2 0, S R D r e r, Notes on t li e Hebre
. . iv
2 1 , 2 4, 2 7 ; l xxi 3 3 1 C h ron c es i .
, 2 . Tex t a n d ti n Top ograp ky of tli e B ooks
J i h xxii 8 xxxi v 5 I
2 e re m a . 1 ,
di i xf . . n f S a m u el , S ec on d E t on (O o rd,
o

th f e p g
orm er di g t th
as sa pp l xxx v l xxx v i
e, a cco r ; Fn o e . .
, .
, xc . .

M ti
a s s ore t xt th c f ll f l f B th g B i t g
e e u i ti l o rm u a o ae en , e ra e z ur sem s c i en

i g w
,

m ou rn n Al y b h
a s, ! R l“
gi g k i / t (
as B l i m p ro t er e i on s es c c i e er n ,

3 4 ; H Wi k l
.

l it
a as s s e r l l d l h i gl y a as or G / i /t I
a as l s or 2 nc e r, es c z c z e s rae s

Wh w t h l
.

o as t d i ? P e (L i p i
am e n e 8 95 ii 5 8 A s st e r ro e s c, 1 . 2 . s to
fes s or T K Ch y pp th t Hb w e ne f df su th t
oses a e re n am es o rm e rom e roo

h w A t t
. .

s e as d by v y l i gh t dbd i th
s a r e, a n f blvd a er S n e sen se o
“
e o e
”
se e

Hb w
,

c h g ( f
an e ) h
111 1 w l d d B
or w
nan D i v d B i
e gg ou rea ro n, r e r, an r s, e re
“
D d h h i gl y th “ d E gli l L i f tk Old T t
” ”
o f a or s or us re an n s i ex con o e es a

8 7 o ; G B G y S t di
,

t i g th b l b tw th l t pp m en 1 s ra u es

w t i H b wP p N
s or n e a an c e e ee n e c a us es , . . .
,

for D d h“
w ld th
o a
”
ou en (L d an s er o n e re ro er a m es on on ,
“
Ad l( d)
on
”
it or w as pp 6 i qq “
s s er
”
an s e rs . 0 .

t o b th
“
ro I h v t th k P
er
”
a e o an ro

w p i v d by R
.

f Ch y
e s s or f k i dly
e ne i ti g or Th i n c om m un c a n
3 s as e rc e e en a n

th i j t t b y l tt H (Hi t i l iii
’
s c o n e c u re o m e d p pl d I 7e er . e s o re u eu e s ra e , . 2
w i t th t D d h i i l f I h t
r es a o a d P f T K Ch y
“
w it t
s a t t e o s a r, an ro . . . e ne r es o m e
j t D Od i ti tl f T fi
us as s d a Th f l f p bl i
e o am i g z ,
”
an
“
e orm u a e o u c m ou rn n
for e vi d h f
e n ce t th D d h w d i v d f th
e re e rs m e o i f e o a e re er e ro m e c e re m o n es o

o f th M b i t S t
e oa wh h w v e th A d
on e , i ; th i L t
e re , wl g o e e r, e on a s e n o rm an sa on

th e di g D d h i
rea n f f og a s n ot re e rom a o .
C H AP . 11 A D ONIS IN S YR I A
s om e e x t e n t e mb o dyi n g J e h o v a h o n e a rt h Fo r t h e
k i n g s th ro n e w
.

1
a s c a l l e d t h e t h ro n e o f J e hov a h ; a n d t h e
’

a pp l i c a t io n o f t h e holy o i l to h i s h e a d w as be l i eve d to

i m p a rt t o hi m d i re c t ly a p o rt i o n of t h e d i vi n e s p i rit ?

H e n c e h e bo re t h e t itl e o f M e s s i a h wh i ch w i t h i t s G ree k ,

e qu i v a l e n t C h ri s t m e a n s n o mo re th an th e A n o i n ted O n e .

Thu s wh e n D a vi d h a d cut off t h e s k i rt of S a u l s rob e i n t h e ’

d a rk n e ss of a c a v e w h e re h e w a s i n hi d i n g h i s h ea rt s mo t e ,

hi m f o r h a vi n g l a i d s a c ri l e gi o u s h a n d s u p o n A don i M es s i a k
‘

j e k ova k
“
my L o rd t h e A n oi n t e d o f J e hov a h
,
3
.
”

L i k e oth e r d i vi n e o r s e m i d ivi n e rul ers t h e H e b re w k i n g s -

w e re a pp a re n t ly h e ld a n s w e ra bl e f or fa m i n e a n d p e s t i l en c e .

Wh e n a d e a rth c a u s e d p e rh a p s by a fa i lu re of t h e w i n t e r ,

ra i n s h a d vi s i t e d t h e l an d f o r th re e y e a rs K i n g D a v i d
, ,

i n qu i re d o f t h e o ra cl e wh ich d i s c re e tly l a i d t h e bl a m e n o t
T h e d ea d k i n g w
,

o n hi m but o n h i s p re d e c e ss o r S a u l as .

i n d e e d b e yo n d t h e re a ch o f p u n i s h m e n t but hi s s o n s w e re ,

1 1 C h ron c es i l xxix . 23 ; 2 C h ron c e s i l h un t . Th e p r ti ac ce w p as robab ly a

c h a rm to se c ure s u cc ess in th e h un t .

2
S am u e 1
1 3 , 1 4 , c om are i d , l xvi p S ee C H -T out, Tbe Hom e o. i llf Me
wp
. .

x 1 an d 2 0 T h e oi l as oure on th e d S a l i s b a n d D en e (Lon don , 72

' '

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bl o t t e d m a n y p a g e s of hi s t o ry l e s t th e y S hou l d p e rp etu a t e
t h e m e mo ry o f p ra cti c e s to whi ch t h e y t ra c e d t h e c a l a m i ti e s
of th e i r cou n t ry A l l t h e h i s to ri c a l book s p asse d th rough
o f fic e of t h e P u ri t a n c e n s o r a n d w
.

1
the e c an h a rd ly ,

dou bt th a t th e y e m e rg e d from i t s t ri p t of m a n y ga y
fe a th e rs wh i ch th e y h ad fl a u n t e d wh e n th e y w e n t i n .

A mo n g t h e S h e d p lu m a g e m ay w e l l h a v e b ee n t h e p a s s a g es
which i n v e s t e d hum a n b e i n g s wh et h e r k i n g s or c o m mo n e rs , ,

wi th t h e a tt ri bu t e s of d e i t y C e rt a i n ly n o p a g es coul d se e m .

to t h e c e n s o r m o re ra n k ly bl a s p h e mou s ; o n n o n e th e re
fo re w
,

a s h e l i k e ly to p re s s mo re fi rml y t h e o f fici a l s p o n g e
,
.

Th B e l
aa B ut i f S e m iti c k i n g s i n g e n e ra l a n d t h e k i n g s of
B y blu s i n p a rticul a r oft e n a s s u m e d t h e s tyl e of B a a l o r
B aa al th A do n i s i t fol low s th a t th e y m ay h av e m at e d w i t h t h e
e rt a i n ly w
,
l
E
e s ou rce s
god d e ss t h e B a a l a th o r A s t a rt e o f t h e c ity C e
i ll
a , .

f t i l i ty
er h e a r of k i n g s o f Ty re a n d S i do n who w e re p ri e s t s of A s t a rt e ?

N ow to t h e a g ri cu ltu ra l S e m i t es t h e B a a l or god of a l a n d
was t he a u t ho r of a ll i t s fe rt i l i ty ; h e i t wa s who p rod uc e d
t h e co rn t h e w i n e t h e fi gs t h e oi l a n d t h e fl a x by m e a n s
, , , , ,

of h i s qu ick e n i n g w a t e rs which i n t h e a ri d p a rts of t h e ,

S e m it i c wo rl d a re oft e n e r s p ri n g s s t re a m s a n d u n d e rg rou n d , ,
8 “
flow th a n t h e ra i n s of h e a v e n Fu rth e r t h e l i fe gi vi n g -

p ow e r of t h e god w
.
,

as n o t l i m i t e d to v e g e t a ti v e n a tu re bu t

to h i m a l s o w
,

as a s c ri b e d t h e i n c re a s e of a n i m a l l i fe t h e ,

1O r t h e D eut eron om c redac t or, as i J phose Con t ra Ap i on em ,

us, 1 8 (Frag i .

ii
th e cr t cs c a h i m S e e W Ro e rts onll . . b m en ta Hi s t ori coru m Gra ecoru m , e d .

h i
S m t , Tbe Old Testa m en t i n t ke C u e r, M ll iv
G A C ook e ,
w
. . . .

2
f e i sli Ck u rclz (Lon don an d E n di Tex t -book of Nor li -S em i t i c I n scrip t i on s ,
i
b ghur . PP 3 95 so . 42 5 ; No 4 , . 26 p
A cco rd n g to
. us t n ,
. i J i
E n cy clop aedi a B i bli ca , ii 207 8 qq , s h wv pi
o e e r, t h e r es t o f l h
He rc u es , t a t
w di ti t
. .

2 6 3 3 s qq .
, iv .
4 2 7 3 s qq ; K . . B udde , is, of M l th t Ty e ca r , a re , as s nc

Ges cki c/z te der a lt kebrai scli en Li t t era t u r

'

f th k i g d
rom d t hi
e i n an s e c on o m n

(Le s c ,ip i pp 9 9 1 2 1 qq 1 2 7 .
, s .
,
di g i t y Sn J ti x v iii 4 5
. ee us n, . . .

sqq 1 3 2, P ri n c ip l J S k i r i h i s a . nn e , n

5 qq ; W R b t
.

i trod uc ti on to Ki n gs (i n Tbe C t u y
n en r H 3 o s ea I1 . s . . o e r son

B i bl ) pp 1 0 sq q
e , . . S i th R l gi
m f
o ,
t b S i t (L
e i on c em es
2
on

e an d e r of E p h e sus q u ot e d by
2 M don , PP 9 5 07
-1
n ,
.
C H AP . 11 A DON IS IN S YRIA
m ulti p l ic a tio n o f fl o ck s a n d h e rd s a n d n o t l e as t of t h e , , ,

hum a n i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e l a n d Fo r t h e i n c re ase o f a n i m a t e
.

n a t u re i s obvi o u s ly c o n d i t io n e d i n t h e l a s t re s o rt by t h e , ,

fe rti l i t y o f t h e s oi l a n d p ri m i t i v e ra c es wh ich h a v e n ot
, ,

l e a rn e d t o d i ff e re n ti a t e t h e v a ri ou s k i n d s of l ife w ith
p re ci s io n t h i n k of a n i m a t e as w e l l a s ve g e t abl e l i fe a s
,

root e d i n t h e ea rth a n d s p ru n g fro m i t Th e e a rth i s t h e .

g re a t moth e r of a ll th i n g s i n mo s t my t hol ogic a l p hi lo s o p hi e s ,

a n d t h e com p a ri s o n of t h e l i fe of m a n k i n d o r o f a s tock of ,

m e n w i t h t h e l i fe of a t re e wh ich i s s o com mo n i n S e m i t i c
, ,

a s i n o t h e r p ri m itiv e p o e try i s n ot i n i ts o ri gi n a m e re ,

fi gu re Thu s wh e re t h e g rowth of ve ge t a tio n i s a s c ri b e d to

.

a p a rti cul a r d ivi n e p ow e r t h e s a m e p ow e r re c e iv es t h e ,

th a n k s a n d hom a g e o f h i s wo rs h i pp e rs f or t h e i n c re a se of
c a t t l e a n d of m e n Fi rs tl i n g s a s w e l l as fi rs t fru it s w e re
.
-

off e re d a t t h e s h ri n e s of t h e B a a l i m a n d on e of t h e ,

com mo n e s t cl a s se s o f p e rs o n a l n a m e s give n by p are n t s t o

th e i r s o n s o r d a ught e rs d e s i g n a t e s t h e ch i l d a s t h e gift of
t h e B aa l w
“
the I n s ho rt as co n c e iv e d a s t h e m a l e
,

p ri n c i p l e of re p roductio n t h e hu sb an d of t h e l a n d wh ich h e ,

fe rti l i s e d 1
So f a r th e re fo re a s t h e S e m i te p e rs o n i fi e d t h e
.
”
, ,

re p rod uctiv e e n e rg i e s of n a tu re a s m a l e a n d fe m a l e as a ,

B aa l a n d a B aa l a th h e a pp e ars to h a ve i d e n t i fi e d t h e m a l e
,

p ow e r e s p e ci a l ly w i th w a t e r a n d t h e fe m a l e e s p e c i a lly wi t h
e a rth O n th i s v i e w p l an t s a n d t re es a n i m a l s a n d m e n a re
.
, ,

t h e o f f s p ri n g or ch i ld re n of t h e B aa l a n d B aa l at h
If th e n a t B y blus a n d e l se wh e re t h e S e m itic k i n g w
.

, ,
as P ,
e rs on a .

l g g
o t
a l low e d o r ra th e r re qu i re d to p e rs o n a t e t h e god a n d m a rry fi
, , zg f e
y
t h e godd e s s t h e i n t e n
,
tio n of t h e cu s tom c a n o n ly h a v e b e e n k i g n

to e n s u re th e fe rti l i t y of t h e l a n d a n d t h e i n c re a se o f
m e n a n d c a t t l e by m e a n s of h o mo e o p a t h ic m agic Th e re
i s re a s o n t o th i n k t h a t a s i m i l a r cu s t om w
.

as ob s e rv e d fro m

a s i m i l a r mot i v e i n oth e r p art s of t h e a n ci e n t wo rld a n d ,

p a rt icu l a rly a t N e m i wh e re b o th t h e m a l e a n d t h e fe m a l e
,

p ow e rs t h e D i a n n s a n d D i a n a w e re i n o n e a s p e ct of t h e i r
, ,
?
n a tu re p ers o n i fi c a t i o n s of t h e l i fe gi v i n g w a t e rs -

Th e l as t k i n g of B y blus bo re t h e a n ci e n t n a m e of C i y r n as .

C i n y ra s a n d w ,
a s b e h e a d e d b y P o m p e y t h e G re a t f or h i s g g
fi
W i th
‘

1 . Rob e rtson S m ,
Rel i gi on f
o
2 Tbe M agi c A rt a n d tbc E volu t i on
t li e S em i tes , 2 pp . 1 0 7 sq .
f
o lfi ngs , ii
1 2 0 sqq , 3 7 6 sqq
. . .
 A D ONIS IN S YRIA B OO K 1

ty ra n n ou s e x c e s s e s Hi s l e ge n d ary n a m e s a k e C i n y ra s i s
?

s a i d to h a v e fou n d e d a s a n ctu a ry of A h ro di t e t h a t i s of
'

p , ,

A s t a rt e a t a p l a c e o n M ou n t L e b an o n d i s t a n t a d ay s ’

The s p o t w
, ,

j o u rn e y fro m t h e c a p i t a l ?
as p rob a bly A p h a c a

a t t h e s ou rc e of t h e ri v e r Ado n i s h a lf w
,

a y b e tw e e n B y blu s -

f or a t A p h a c a th e re w
,

a n d B aa lbe c ; as a fa mou s g rove

a n d s a n ctu a ry o f A s t art e wh ich C o n s t a n t i n e d e s t roy e d o n
A ph ac a a ccou n t of t h e fla i t i ous ch a ra ct e r of t h e wo rs h i p
g
?
T h e s it e

3211 of t h e t e m p l e h a s b ee n d i s cov e re d by mod e rn t ra v e l l e rs n e a r

Ad on i s .
t h e m i se ra bl e vi l l a g e wh ich s t i ll b ea rs t h e n a m e of A fk a a t
e h e a d of t h e w i ld rom a n t i c wood e d go rg e of t h e A do n i s
, , .

m
7
m on

the b ri n k of A l i ttl e w
th e ly n ,
a y off t h e riv e r ru s h e s

fro m a c a v e rn a t t h e foot of a m i ghty a m p h i th e a t re of

tow e ri n g cl i ff s to p l u n g e i n a s e ri e s of c a s c a d e s i n to t h e
a wful d e p th s of t h e gl e n Th e d e e p e r it d e s c e n d s t h e .
,

ra n k e r a n d d e n s e r g ro w s t h e v e g e t a ti o n wh i ch s p routi n g , ,

fro m t h e c ra n n i e s a n d fi s s u re s of t h e rock s s p re a d s a ,

g ree n v e i l ov e r t h e ro a ri n g o r m u rmu ri n g s t re a m i n t h e
t re m e n dou s C h as m b e low Th e re i s s o m e thi n i d e l ici ou s
.
g
,

a l mo s t
w
i n t o x i c at i n i n t h e fre s h n e s s of th ese tu m bl i n g
W
m m m

r
” r

w a t e rs I n t h e s w e e t n e s s a n d p u—ri ty o f t h e mou n t a i n a rr I n
.

, ,

W h
w

T i
fl

p
” n
'

g m en o t e Y e g e a t O T h e t e m l e of wh ich .
,

s o m e m as s iv e h e w n bl ock s a n d a fi n e col u m n of Sy e n i t e
g ra n i t e s ti l l m a rk t h e s i t e occu p i e d a t e rra c e fa c i n g t h e ,

s o u rc e of t h e ri v e r a n d com m a n d i n g a m a n i fi Ce n t p ro s p e ct
g .

A c ros s t h e fo a m a n d t h e ro ar of t h e w a t e rfa l l s you look

u p to t h e c a ve rn a n d a w ay to t h e to p o f t h e s ubl i m e
p re c i p i c e s a b o v e So l oft y i s t h e cl i ff th a t t h e go a t s
.

whi ch c re e p a lo n g i t s l e dg e s to b row s e o n t h e b u s h e s
a pp e a r l i k e a n t s t o t h e s p e ct a to r hu n d re d s o f fe e t b e low .

S e a w ard t h e v i e w i s e s p e ci a lly i m p re s s i v e wh e n t h e s u n
flood s t he p rofou n d go rg e wi t h g o ld e n l i ght re v e a l i n g a ll ,

t h e fan t a s ti c butt re ss e s a n d rou n d e d t o w ers of i t s mou n

t a i n ra m p a rt a n d fa l l i n g s oftly o n t h e v a ri e d g re e n o f t h e
It w
,

wood s wh ich C loth e i t s d e p th s ?

as h e re t h a t a cco rd i n g .
,

1
S tr b o x v i 1 1 8 p 7 5 5
a , . . Zo im u
, . i 58 . s s, . .

2 Lu ci D d
an ,
e S y r i 9 ea
4a,O th v ll y of t h e N h r I b h i m
. n e a e a ra ,
3 E use b i s Vi t Co u ,
t t i i iii 5 5
a i t c ery
n s an d m o um e t
n ,
e Edw
. d s s en an n n s , se ar

S oz om en us , Hi s tori a E ccles i a s t i ca , i i 5 . Robi n son , B i bli ca l Resea rckes i n Pa les

S ocrat es , Hi stori a E ccles i as ti ca , i 1 8 ; . ti n e 3 (Lon d on , iii . 603 609 ;
-
C H AP . 11 A DONIS IN S YRIA
t o t he l e g e n d A do n i s m e t A p h rod i te f o r t h e fi rs t o r t h e l a s t
,

ti m e a n d h e re h i s m a n gl e d b o dy w
1
, as bu ri e d
?
A fa i rer
s c e n e coul d h a rdly be i m a gi n e d f or a s t o ry o f t ra gic lov e
an d d e a th Y e t s e qu e s t e re d a s t h e v a ll e y i s a n d mu s t
al w
.
,

ay s h av e b e e n i t i s n o t whol ly d es e rt e d A co n v e n t or , .

a vi l l a g e m a y be ob s e rv e d h e re a n d th e re s t a n d i n g o u t
a g a i n s t t h e s k y o n t h e t o p of s om e b ee tl i n g c ra g o r cl i n gi n g ,

t o t h e fa c e of a n e a rl y p e rp e n d i cul a r cl iff hi gh a b o v e t h e
foa m a n d t h e di n of t h e rive r ; a n d a t e v e n i n g t h e l ight s
t h a t twi n k l e th ro ugh t h e glo o m b e t ra y t h e p re s e n c e of
hu m an h a bi t a t i o n s on S lo p e s wh ich m i ght s ee m i n a cc e s s i bl e

w
I n a n t i ui t t h e wh o l e of t h e lov e l v a l e a pp e a rs
M
to m a n .

“ N

to h a ve ay T is
h a un t In M on u

c res t e d a t v a ri o u s p o i n t s by ru i n e d mo n u m en t s of h i s fi a “
l
n
a re

wo rs hi p s o m e of th e m ove rh a n gi n g d re a dful a by s s e s dow n

, ,

wh ich i t tu rn s t h e h e a d d i zzy to look a n d see t h e e a gl e s

whee l i n g a bout th e i r n e s t s f a r b e low O n e s uch mo n um e n t .

e x i s t s a t Gh i n e h T h e fa c e of a g re a t ro ck a bov e a roughly .
,

h e w n re c e s s i s h e re c a rve d w i th figu re s o f Ado n i s a n d

,

A h rodi t e He i s ort ray e d w i th s p e ar i n re s t a w a i t i n g

.
,

t h e a t t a ck of a b e a r wh i l e s h e i s s e a t e d I n a n a t t i t ud e o f ,

m m n
g

W . M . h
T om s on , Tbe L a n d a n d t ke p
S e tem be r d “
I hv a e no goo

B ook, L eba n on , D a m a scu s , a n d bey on d m ap o f Pa l ti b t t gly p t es n e, u s ron s us ec

j orda n (Lon on , d 2 3 9 46 ;
-2 pp . th t a y w m d i g t h an
q i t S ix
er n t y s e re , u e

E Re n an , M i ss i on de Pk en i ci e,
.
’

pp . y ea rs
g t k a t
o, t h p
ool y m e o e ace ou

2 8 2 s qq G . . M p
as e ro , Hi s t oi re A n ci en n e m en ti b v th g g
on , a f th
o e iv e or e o e r er

des Peup les de l Ori en t Cla ss i u e,

’
q ii . Ad i B
on s th t . it e
y I hv a as m a ,
a e

( P a r s , i1 8 97 ) 1 -1 pp
7 5 7 9 ; S i r C a r es . h l t ly
c on s t a n t d th t t h v i w I t h
a sse r e a e e en

il
W son , Pi ct u res u e Pa lest i n e (Lo n on , q d h d f
a d p
o vi a d bl
ee ra n e an ue s ea seen

iii
1 6, 1 7 , 2 7 A m on g t h e th gh th l i f f th t b d d i
ro u e c s a ou n e t,
w th
. .

t ree s c wh i n e t he h li a e a re oak , v ll y as t b ti f l I h d
e m os v t
e au u a e er s e

y
s ca m ore , bay , la n e , oran ge , an d p ey es on .
”

l
m u be rr (W y T o m s on , op c i t
. M . h . . p .
1 E ty m ologi cu m M ag nu m ,

v ll
T ra e e rs a re u n a n i m ou s i n
”
A oa ica , p 175 . .

t es t i fy i
n g t o t h e e t ra ord n a r bea u t x i y y 2 M l i to O
e
“
,
i
rat on to A n t o n n us i
of vl
th e a e i
of h t h e A don s T us . Cae s ar, i n W Cure t on
”
.
’
s Sp i ci legi u m
i
Rob n son wi h r t es :p “
T ere i s n o s ot Sy ri ac u m (Lon don , 1 8 5 p .
44 .

w i wh i h
i n all m y an de r n gs on y c m e m or
3
E Re n an , M i ss i on de Pli en i ci e,
wi
.

li wi
n ge rs l h h
t h gre a te r de i g t t a n o n th e pp . 2 9 2 - 2 94 Th e
. r te r s ee m s to
s e ues te re d re t rea t a n d e x ce e di n
q g l ov e hv a e no d ou b t t a t t h e h b e a s t a t ta ck n g i
f
l i n e s s of A k a y h
”
Ren an sa s t a t t h e A don i s is a b e a r, n o t a boa r . Ve s i w
gi v e
.

l p
a n ds ca e i s on e o f b if l th e m os t e a ut u of th e m on u m e n t a re n by A .

w l My f i
i n th e or d l r en d th e
. a te S i r J e re m i as, D a s A lt e Tes ta m en t i m
'

L i cli te
i l w
Fran c s G a ton rot e to m e (2 0 th des A lten Ori e n t s
2 Le i s i c
( , p P
 A D ONIS IN S YRIA B OOK 1
A p h rod it e of t h e L e b a n o n d e s c ri b e d by M a c ro bi u s a n d t h e ,
1

re c e s s i n t h e ro ck i s p e rh a p s h e r lov e r s to mb Eve ry y e a r ’

do n i s w
.
,

i n t h e b e l i e f of h i s wo rs hi pp e rs a s wou n d e d to
,

d e at h o n ou n t a i n s a n d e ve r c a r t h e fa c e of n a tu re

i t s e lf w a s dy e d wi t h h i s s a c re d blood So y e a r by y e a r t h e .

2
Sy ri a n d a m s e l s l a m e n t e d h i s u n ti m e l y fa t e , wh i l e t h e re d
n e m o n e h i s flow e r bl o om e d a mo t h e c e d a rs of L e b an o n
n ,

n d t h e ri v r a n r d t w i d i g ho r
e e e n n s e s

of t h e bl u e Me di t e rra n e a nww h e n ev e r t h e w i nd s e t i n s ho re
M

T — F"
IP V ,
” m fl

90 , an d by B au di s s i n , A don i s un d 1 M acro bi us , S a t u rn . i . 2 1 .
5 .

E sm un , pl t i
a es . an d ii . w i th h i s di s
c u ssi on , pp .
78 sq
q .
2 Luc i an ,
D e dea Sy ri a , 8 .
 C HA PT E R III

AD O N IS I N CY P RU S

T HE i s l a n d of C y p ru s l i e s but on e d ay s s a i l fro m t h e co as t ’

of Sy ri a I n d ee d o n fi n e s u m m e r e v e n i n g s i t s mou n t a i n s
.
,

m a y be d e s c ri e d loom i n g low a n d d a rk a g a i n s t t h e re d fi re s

of s u n set
?
W i th i t s rich m i n e s o f co pp e r a n d i t s fo re s t s of
fi rs a n d s t a t e ly c e d a rs t h e i s l a n d n a tu ra l ly a tt ra ct e d a c o m ,

m e rc i a l a n d m a ri ti m e p e o p l e l i k e t h e Pho e n i ci a n s whi l e t h e
a bu n d a n c e of i t s co rn i t s wi n e a n d i t s o i l mu s t h a v e re n d e re d , ,

i t i n t h e i r e y es a L an d of P rom i s e by com p ari s o n wi t h t h e

n igg a rd ly n a tu re o f th e i r ow n rugg e d co a s t h e m m ed i n ,

b e tw e e n th e mou n t a i n s a n d t h e se a ?
Acco rd i n gly t h e y
s e ttl e d i n Cy p ru s a t a v e ry e a rly d a t e a n d re m a i n e d th e re

l o n g a ft e r t h e G ree k s h ad a l s o e s t a bl i s h e d th e m se lve s o n i t s
S ho re s f or w e k n ow fro m i n s c ri p tio n s a n d co i n s th a t
P ho e n i c i an k i n g s re i g n e d a t C i ti u m t h e C h itt i m of t h e ,

H e b re w s dow n t o th e ti m e of A l e x a n d e r t h e G re at
,
3
.

1 F C . . M v
D i e Pli oen i z i er, o e rs , ii . an d ri g a s h ip pl t f h
c om e e, rom er kee l
2, p
224 . G as e ro , Hi stoi re . M p to h e r t p il
o w i h th t i v
sa s, t e na e p ro
A n c i en n e des Peup les de l Ori en t Clas duc t s o f th i i l d (A i M ar
’
e r s an m m a n us

q
s i u e, 1 99 G A S m i t , Hi st ori ca l
ii . . . h c e lli n u s , xi v 8 4 ) . . I .

Geograp ky of t k e Holy L a n d (Lon on , d 3

G A C ook e , Tex t -B ook of Nort k
. .

P 1 35 S em i t i c I n s crip t i on s , Nos 1 2 2 5 , 55 -
pp
w
. .

2
O n th e n a ura ea t o t l w l h f Cy p
rus 7 6 , 3 4 7 3 49
-
; P G a r d n.e r, N e C /z a ters
p
se e S trab o, xi v 6 5 ; W H E g l
n e , . . . . i n Greek Hi story (Lon don , pp .

Kj/p ros , 1 0 1 .
4 7 ;
o e rs ,F C M v
-
. . 1 7 9, 1 8 5 . hl h
I t h a s be e n e d t a t th e

D i e Pli oen i z i er, 2, 2 2 4 so ; ii pp ii y l i lly i

n a m e of C t um i s e t m o og ca de n
h w
. .

G M p
a s e ro, Hi stoi re A n c i en n e des i l wi h i i
t ca t H tt te I f t a t as s o, i t
w w il
. .

Peup les de l Ori en t Cl ass i u e,

’
2 00 q ii . w ld
ou h
see m t a t th e t o n as b u t

so ; E . b h
O er u m m e r, D i e I n sel Cy i h i i i p pl
an d n a b t e d by a n on S e m t c eo -
e

p ern , i (M u i ch
. n , 1 90 3 ) pp . 1 75 s qq .
,
f iv l h i
b e o re th e a rr a of th e P o en c i a n s .

2 43 A s to t h e fi rs an d c e dars
s qq S e e E n cy clop a edi a B i bli ca , s v Ki t . .

h h i ld
.

of C yp
ru s s ee T e o h ph
ra stu s , Hi s tori a t im O t e r t ra ces of t s o e r ra c e ,
p i i iv
.

Pla n t a ru m , 7 I, v9 I v Th e . . . i
ak n t o th e rm t i e s to c k o f As a
hv b d yp
.

yp i b d h hy ld b i l Mi
.

C r an s oaste t at t e cou u d n or, a e e e n det ec t e i n C rus ;

 A D ONIS IN C YPR US B OOK I
N a tu ra lly th e
S e m i t ic c o lo n i s t s b rought th e i r god s w i t h
th e m fro m t h e mo t h e r l a n d Th e y w o rs h i d B l of the
’

-
pp e a a .

L e b a n o n who m ay w e l l h a ve b ee n Ad o n i s a n d a t A m a th us
1
, ,

o n t h e s o uth co a s t t h e y i n s titut e d t h e
E t e s o f Ad o n i s a n d

A h ro di t e o r ra th e r A s t a rt e
,
?
H e re a s a t By blus t h e s e , ,

ri t es re s e m bl e d t h e Egy p t i a n wo rs hi p o f O s i ri s s o clo se ly

th a t s o m e p e o p l e e v e n i d e n t i fi e d t h e Ado n i s o f A m a t h us
wi t h O s i ri s T h e Ty ri a n M e lc a rth o r M o loch w
3
. as a l s o

wo rs h i pp e d a t A m a t h u s a n d t h e to mb s d i s cov e re d i n t h e
4
,

n e i ghbou rhood p rov e th a t t h e c ity re m a i n e d P ho e n ic i a n to

a l a t e p e ri od
5
.

B ut t h e g re a t s e a t of t h e wo rs hi p of A p h rod i t e a n d
Ado n i s i n Cy p ru s w a s P a p ho s o n t h e s o uth w e s t e rn s id e of -

t he i s l an d A mo n g t h e p e t ty k i n gdom s i n to which Cy p ru s
was d ivid e d from t h e e a rl i e s t ti m e s u n ti l the e n d of t h e fou rth
.

c e n tu ry b e fo re our e ra P a p ho s m u s t h a v e ra n k e d wi t h t h e b e s t .

I t i s a l a n d of b i lls a n d bi l l owy ri dg e s d i v e rs i fi e d b y fi e l d s ,

a n d vi n e y a rd s a n d i n t e rs e ct e d by riv e rs wh ich i n t h e cou rs e ,

o f a ge s h a ve c a rv e d f or th e m s e l ve s b e d s of s uch t re m e n dou s
d e p t h th a t t ra v e l l i n g i n t h e i n t e ri o r i s d i f ficul t a n d t e d iou s .

Th e lofty ra n g e of M ou n t O lym p u s (t h e mod e rn T ro o dos ) ,

c a pp e d w i th s n ow t h e g re a t e r p a rt of t h e y e a r s c re e n s P a p ho s ,

fro m t h e n o rth e rly a n d e as t e rly wi n d s a n d cut s i t off fro m t h e

res t of t h e i s l an d O n t h e s lo p e s of t h e ra n g e t h e l as t p i n e
.

wood s of Cy p ru s l i n g e r s h e lt e ri n g h e re a n d th e re m o n a s t e ri e s ,

a m on gs t t h em t h e m os t i s th e ob vi ous Cyp ru s d p 7 5 Th
(Lon on , . 2 . e
yp i yll
C r an s ab ar , th e c arac te rs o f y h ty
s ca n i f A h
ru n s py o m at us occ u an

wh i h c i h
a re n e t e r P oen c a n n or G re ek h i i i l t d h i ll b i d th
so a e A g es e e s ea . m on

i i
i n or g n . S e e P G a rdn er, op ci t . . . pp . th em i s t j
an h l t e n o rm ous s on e ar a

b i d i th th f wh i h h f
,

1 5 4) 1 7 3 4 7 5 , I 7 S 5 9 ur e n e e ar , o c t e o ur
1
G A C ook e , Tex t-B ook o
. .
f Nort li h dl
an des d w i th fi g
a re f a orn e u re s o

S em i t i c I n scrip t i on s , No 1 1 52 . p . . b ll
u It i
s . p b bly f Ph i i s ro a o o e n c an
2 S te ph
an us B y z an t i u s , s v Aua . .
’

,
. m an u f a c t u re S e e L Ross , Rei sen n acli
. .

0009 ; Pa usan i as , 4 1 2 sq Acix R os , Ha l i ka rn assos , Rli odes u n d der I n sel

w
. . .

i
c ord n g t o Pa us an a s , t e re as i
a h Cyp ern (Ha lhe, 1 6 8 s qq pp . .

re m ark a bl l
e n e ck a ce of gree n s ton es
3 ph y
S te an us B z an t i n s, s v Au a 90ii s . .
’
.

l i
,

l
a n d go d i n th e s an c tu ar o f A don s y i For th e re a t on of A don i s t o O s r s a t ii
an d A ph d i
ro t e a t A m at h us Th e . B y b lus s e e b e o , vol l w
9 so , . ii pp . .

G reek s c om m on ly i den t ed i t t ifi wi h 2 2 so , 1 27 .

l
t h e n e ck a c e o f Ha rm on a or E r
i e iphyl .
4
He sy ch i us ,
s v
. . M em o .

A t e rra - c o tta s ta t ue t te of A s ta rte , 5 L . P

C e sn ola , Cyp ru s ,
. di pp .

f d
oun at A m a th u s (P ) , re resen ts h e r p 2 5 4 -2 8 3 ; G Pe rrot e t C h C ez , . . h ipi
w i e a r n g a n ec k ace c l
sh e t ouc e s wh i h h Hi stoi re de l A rt da n s l A n t i qu i te,
’ ’ '

wi h t on e an h d S ee L P . Cesn ola , . . di iii (Par s, 1 8 8 5 )

. i
2 1 6 2 22 pp .
-
.
 A D ONIS IN C YPR US B OOK 1

ho rn s a n d p i l l a rs re m i n d u s of t h e s i m i l a r re l igiou s e m bl e m s
wh ich h a v e b ee n fou n d i n t h e g re a t p re hi s t o ric p a l ace of
C n o s s u s i n C re t e a s w e l l a s o n m a n y mo n u m e n t s of t h e ,
?
M yc e n ae a n or M i n o a n a ge of G ree ce If a n ti qu a ri e s
a re right i n re g a rd i n g t h e g o ld e n mod e l s a s co p i e s of t h e

P a p h i a n s h ri n e t h a t s h ri n e m u s t h a v e s uff e re d l i t t l e out
,

w a rd C h a n g e f or mo re th an a thou s a n d y e a rs ; f o r t h e
roy a l g ra v e s a t M yc e n a e i n which t h e m o d e l s w e re fou n d , ,

c a n h a rd ly b e of l a t e r d a t e th an t h e tw e lft h c e n tu ry b e fo re

o u r e ra

Thu s t h e s a n ctu a ry o f A p h rod it e a t P a p h o s w

.

as a pp a r

e n tly of g re a t a n t i qui t y
?
Acco rd i n g to H e rodo t u s i t w as ,
3
fou n d e d by P ho e n i c i a n colo n i s t s fro m A s c a l o n ; but i t i s
p os s i bl e th a t a n a tiv e godd e s s o f fe rti l i ty w a s wo rs h i pp e d

o n t h e S p ot b e fo re t h e a rriv a l of t h e Pho e n ic i a n s a n d th a t

t h e n e wco m e rs id e n ti fi e d h e r w i th th e i r o w
,

n B a a l a th o r
A s t art e whom sh e m ay h a ve cl o s e ly re s e mbl e d I f two
d e i t i e s w e re thu s fu s e d i n o n e w
.
,

e m ay s u pp o se th a t t h e y ,

w e re b ot h v a ri e ti e s of th a t g re a t god d e s s o f m oth e rhood a n d

fe rt i l ity wh os e wo rs h i p a pp e a rs to h a v e be e n s p rea d a ll o ve r
W e s t e rn A s i a fro m a v e ry e a rly ti m e Th e s u pp o s i tio n i s .

c o n fi rm e d a s w e l l by t h e a rch a ic S h a p e of h e r i m a g e a s by
t h e l i c e n ti ou s ch a ra c te r of h e r rit e s ; f o r both t h a t s h a p e
an d tho s e rit es w e re s h a re d b y h e r w i th oth e r A s i a t i c
d e i ti es He r i m a ge w
. a s S i m p ly a wh it e co n e o r p y ra m i d
?

1 A .
J . E an s ,v “
T re e My cen ae an t i n ct . S e e Ed . M y
Gesck i cli te dose e r,

and Pi ll ar
”
C u t, j l f Hellen i c
ou rn a l o A ltert u m s , 2 i
2 (S t u t tga rt an d B e r n ,
. li
S tu di es , xxi .
( 1 90 1 ) 99 s qq pp . . pp
6 0 5 , 6 5 0 sq
. F B ae t h gen , . .

2 Tac it us , A n n a ls , 62 iii . . B ei t rage z u r S em i t i s cken Rel i gi on s

3
Herod o tus i , . 1 05 ; com p are Pau gesclz i ckte (B e r n , li 6 8 sqq pp . .

s a n i as , i 1 4 7 He rod otus on ly F C um on t , s vv A ta rga t i s

”
an d

w
. . . . . .

s p eak s of th e s a n c t ua r y of A p h rodi t e
“ ”
D ea S r a , i n Pa u yi -Wi sso a s Rea l
’
ly
in C yp rus , bu t h e m us t re e r f t o th e E i i cy clop adi e der classi s c/i en A ltert u m s
'

gre a t h on eAt A l w at Pa p os s ca on a i ss en sclz af t ; Re n D us sau d, Notes de é

w
.

g dd o w h
essipp d i i d as o rs e n m e rm a My tli ologi e S y ri en n e (Pa r s, i pp .

sh p d tha e un f D t d
er e n am e o e rc e o , an 8 2 s qq ; R, A S t e a rt
. aca s t e r,
. w M li
fi h d d v
s wan d t h (Di o es e re s a c re o er o Tbe Plz i l i st i nes , t k ei r Hi stoi y an d

do rus S i c ulus , i i Lu c an , .
4 ; com p a re i Ci v i l i z a ti on (Lon don , 9 4 s qq pp . .

D e dea Sy ri a , T h e n a m e D e rce to, d ib d

4 It is i
e s cr e by an c e n t r te rs wi
li k e th e m uc h
m o re c orre c t A t a r a t i s ,
g fi d
an d g u rie on co n s S ee Tac tus , . i
i s a G reek c orru t o n of A tt dr, th e
‘
pi Hi st
ii M xi3 ; a m us T y ri us , D i ss ert

w v iii
. . .

i f
A ra m a c orm o f A st a rte, but t h e t o vi i il
8 ; S e r us on V rg , A en
.
720 . i .

g o d d e s s es A t a rgat i s an d A s ta rt e , in .ld
T L D on a s on , A rck i t ect u ra Nu m i s
.

s pi
t e of t h e a ffi n t of t e r n am es , i y hi p
m a t i ca , wi h 1 07, . t fi g 3 1 j ou r na l .

a pp e a r to a e een hv b
s t o r ca l di s hi i ly o Hellen i c S t u di es ,
f ( 1 8 8 8 ) 2 10 ix . pp .
CH AP . 111 A D ONIS IN C YPR US 35

In l i k e m a n n er a c o n e w as the e mbl e m of A s t a rte a t ,

1
B y blu s of t h e n a tive god d es s wh o m t h e G re e k s c a l l e d
,

A rt e m i s a t P e rg a i n P a m p h yl i a an d o f t h e s u n god H e l io
2
,
-

a t E m e sa i n S y ri a e s wh i ch a pp a r
?
g a b a l u s C o n ic a l s to n ,

e n t ly s e rv e d as i dol s h av e a l s o b ee n fo u n d a t G olg i i n ,

Cy p ru s a n d i n t h e Pho e n ic i a n t e m p l e s of M a l ta ; a n d
,
4

c o n e s of s a n d s t o n e c a m e to l i ght at t h e s h ri n e of t h e
“
M i s t re ss of To rq uoi se a mo n g t h e b a rre n h i l l s a n d frow n
i n g p re ci p i c es of S i n a i T h e p re c i s e s i g n i fic a n c e of s uch
5
.

212 A ccord ing to M xi a m us Ty ri us, w

h h ld o f or e an d h ad to m ak e
e off i ce lif
id w v y w
.

th e m ate r a i l of th e py ra m as un in t e rces s on f or t h e c t i
a t e er n e iy
kno w n. w t Pro ba bly it as a s on e . m oon S ee G D i tten berger, Sy lloge
. .

Th e E gl i h h l gi t f d
n s a rc a eo o s s oun I n script i on u m G e a
ra c ru m 2
(Le s c , ip i
se v l f g t f wh i t
e ra ra m en s o e c on e s on 1 8 98 vol 3 7 3 , No 6 0 1 . ii p. . . .

th S i te f th t pl t P ph
e o e em e a a os on e 3 He rod i an v T hi
wh i h ti ll c i i i t i gi l p i
s re m a n s n s or
wi h na
ll os
w l
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5 . s c on e

ti on i th t l h b w f
n e ce n ra
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c am
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as o
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li t d f
m es on e a n wh t l g i o
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s om e
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ess n us
on , e

s
e

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on
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co n s
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o
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m e sa ee ea s or a
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,

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t d i hly d
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C yb l wh i h th R gh t
is re re se n e t d as d rc ec o ra e an
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p l x v N 3 ; G F Hi ll A d
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.

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e v M G F Hi ll w i t t
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co n s l pi g p ti i
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t ly lb v il h d su es e
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.

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d ress Th h d t t h d t th
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i i P ly Wi w R l i S i i (L d
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, .

A t r em s,
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E y l padi d
nc c o l i k e A lt t er c a ss sc 89 V ti v en d f l yh v er u m s 1 o e c on e s m a e o c a a e

wi
.

k f t ii
ssen s c l
a 3 97 A p h 1 b f co d i l 1g b i B b y ro ee n oun n ar e n um e rs n a

l i p i l ly t L g h d Ni p
. . .
, ,

di t t P ph
e a b th a os t i tl ore e sa m e e. on a , a rt c u ar a a as an

S b l wp 4
ee e o t , Th w .
p 2, S M 5
no e . J t w T k R l gi
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o e i on

s h ip f P g o A t i t H li
e r a ean o f B b
y l i
r em d As y ia ( B a ca r a on a an ss r a o s t on ,

n as sus w d f as by pi t
ca re or pp 6 7 6 7 4 a r e s ess , . 2- .
 A D ONIS IN C YPR US BO K I O

an mbl e m re m a i n s a s ob s cu re a s i t w
e as i n the t i me o f
I t a pp e ars to h a v e b e e n cu s t o m a ry t o a n oi n t t h e
?
T a c itu s *

s a c re d co n e w i t h ol ive o i l a t a s o l e m n fe s t i v a l i n which ,

p e o p l e from L yci a a n d C a ri a p a rtic i p a t e d T h e cu s to m of ?

a n o i n ti n g a holy s to n e h a s b e e n ob s e rv e d i n m an y p a rt s o f

t h e wo rl d ; f o r e x a m p l e i n t h e s a n ctu a ry of A p ol lo a t D e l p h i
?
,

To th i s day t h e o ld cu s tom a pp e a rs to s u rviv e a t P a p h o s f or ,

“
i n ho n ou r of t h e M a id of B e thl e h e m t h e p e a s a n t s o f K uk li a
a n oi n t e d l a t e ly a n d p rob a bly s ti l l a n o i n t ea ch y e a r
,
th e ,

g re a t co rn e r s to n e s o f t h e ru i n e d T e m p l e o f t h e P a p hi a n
-

Go dd e s s . tic
ri t e s so ,
as

ed

” 4
wo m e n or i n c re ase t h e m a n h o od of C y pri ot e m e n
, Thu s .

t h e a n c i e n t wo rs h i p o f t h e godd ess of fert i l i ty i s co n ti n u e d

u n d e r a d i ff e re n t n a m e E ve n t h e n a m e of t h e o ld godd es s
.

i s re t a i n e d i n s o m e p a rt s of t h e i s l an d ; f or i n mo re th a n
o n e ch a p e l t h e e r o f C h ri s t

u n d e r t h e t i tl e
S ac re d I n C y p ru s a ll wom e n

Pros ? ”
t ron In th e
w e re fo rm e rly obl i g e d by cu s to m t o p ro s ti tut e t h e m s e lve s to
w hi p
ors s t ra n g e rs a t t h e s a n ctu a ry of t h e godd e s s wh e t h e r s h e w en t ,

12
by t h e n a m e of A p h ro d i t e A s t a rt e o r wh a t n o t
$
?
1 5
(

an
S i m i l ar , ,

A p h diro te cu s to m s p re va i l e d i n m an y p a rt s of W e s te rn A s i a Wh a t
e v e r i t s mot i v e t h e p ra ctic e w
.

an d f o
a s c l ea rly re g a rd e d n o t a s a n
oth er , ,

A sia tic r of lu s t but a s a s o l e m n re l i giou s d u t y p e rfo rm e d i n

[ o gy ,

gO dde s se s '

l t h e se rvi c e of th a t g re a t M o t h e r Godd e s s of W e s t e rn A s i a
,

who se n a m e v a ri e d wh i l e h e r ty p e re m a i n e d co n s t a n t from
p l a c e to p l a c e Thu s a t B a byl o n e ve ry o m an wh e t h e r
.
,

w ,
,

ri ch o r p o o r h a d o n c e i n h e r l i fe t o s ubm it t o t h e e mb ra c e s
,

o f a s t ra n g e r a t t h e t e m p l e of Myl itt a th a t i s of I s ht a r o r , ,

1 T c i tu Hi t
a 3 s, s s h.i e S
11 e .B l d r ik B
. t if l r . e o e e ea u u , 11 .

2 W l e n th i s from i n sc ip t i on 1 8 7
e ar an r . 0
5 G Pe ro t e t Ch C h ipi e
foun d at P p h os S j ou l of a . ee Hi t i r
rn a . r . z , s o e

H ll i S t u di e ix ( 1 8 8 8 ) pp 1 8 8
e en c s, d lA t d . l A t i q i t i ii 6 2 8
.
, e
’
r an s
’
n u
‘
e, . .

3 He rod ot i 1 99 ; A th e us us ,
23 1 . . n ae

i x 2 4 6 w i t h m y ot e p 5 1 6 A ; J u ti x v ii i 5 4 ;
,
3 P us an a s , 1 1 n xi i s n,
a . .
, . .
, . . .

4 D G Hog th. A W d i g
. L ct t i u D i vi
ar ,
I t i 17 an W H
er n a an s, n . ns . . .

E ge l [(y p o
.

S k l
c i M L v t (Lo d
o ar n e e an ii 1 4 2 qq A si ti
n on , n ,
r s, . s a c

f t h i s o t h v b en ri gh t ly
.

pp 1 7 9 q W om u e d to
s . ep c us tom en s c re s o s r a e e

t h ro gh h o l e d s t o h i l dre e xpl i d by W M h d t (A t i ke
.

u t o o bt i
a ne a n C n a ne . an n ar n

at p l e o th e D ee i n A b erd en
a ac n W ld u nd F ldku lte pp 2 8 3 e a e , .
CH AP . III A DONIS IN C YPR US 37

A s t a rte a n d t o d e d ic a t e t o t h e g o dd e s s t h e w a g e s e a rn e d by
,

t h i s s a n c t i fi e d h a rlot ry T h e s a c re d p re ci n c t w a s c rowd e d .

w i th wo m e n w a i t i n g t o ob s e rve t h e cu s to m S o m e o f th e m .

A t H e l i o p o l i s o r B a a lbec i n
?
h a d to w a it th e re f o r y e a rs
Sy ri a fa mou s f or t h e i m p o s i n g g ra n d e u r o f i t s ru i n e d
,

t e m p l e s t h e cu s tom of t h e cou n t ry re qu i re d t h a t e ve ry
,

m a i d e n s hou l d p ro s t i t u t e h e rs e lf t o a s t ra n ge r a t t h e t e m p l e
'

of A s t arte a n d m a t ro n s a s w e l l a s m a id s t e s ti fi e d t h e i r
,

d e votio n t o t h e godd e s s i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r Th e e m p ero r .

C o n s t a n ti n e a bol i s h e d t h e cu s t o m d e s t roy e d t h e t e m p l e an d , ,

I n Pho e n ici a n t e m p l e s wom e n

?
bu i l t a chu rch i n i ts s t e a d
p ro s t i t u te d t h e m s e lve s f or h i re i n t h e s ervi c e of re l igio n ,

b e l i e vi n g th a t by t h i s co n d uct th e y p ro p i t i a t e d t h e godd e s s
an d w o n h e r fa vou r
? “
It w a s a la w of t h e A mo ri t e s th a t ,

1 H od o tu i 1 99 ; S trabo i 1
er p o s i t i v e t e s t i m o y o t h i s p oi t t o b e
s, . xv . . n n n
,

20 p 7 4 5 A s t o th e i d ti ty of out w i gh e d by th e si l e e of t h e l t r en e nc a e

M yl i tt w i th A t rt s H Z i m m e r h i sto i S o om us w
.
, .

a s a e h o w ro t l o g
ee . n r an z en , e n

i E S ch r d r s D i If i l i
n . k f t
a e d fter th cu tom h d b
’
e e b ol i h d
n sc ri en u n a e s a e en a s e .

d as alt T t m t pp 4 2 3
3
e ot
es a
7
42 8 E useb i us h d good re so to k o w th e
en , .
, n e , , a a n n

n ot
4 A o d i g t o h i m th
e cc m e h e th e i h c tom wh i ch w k e pt
r n e na a n s us s e re

h i di o ese ; f o r h e ws h p ly
.
,

M yl i tt com e f om M lli dt
a sh e up i
s r u
’
a u, n s c a s ar

wh o h el p w om e i t v i l I th i tak e to t sk by Co st ti f o ll ow
s n n ra a .
”
n s n a n an ne r a

ch ct r I h t
ara w oul d s w r to the i g c i fi ces t o be off r d o l t rs
e s ar an e n sa r e e n a a

G r ek A t m i s
e d th L ti
r e Di un d r t h an s c re d o k o r t e eb i t h
e a t n an a . e e a a r n a

A to s c d p ros t i tu t i o i th w o sh ip
sa re M m re d i o b d i e c t o th i m
n n e r a an n e n e e

of I h t r s s M J trow Tk R l gi o
a ee p i l com m n ds h e us d th l t s
. as ,
e e i n er a a ca e e a ar

i pp o b d roy e d d y b
o
f B by lo i a d A y n 4 7 5a ano t t ss n o r
r a,t o t o e . s ,
e es an a a r

4 48 q P sD h o m L R l igi . b i l t i t d u d r th
r e, t S o i
a e on u n s ea n e e ree . n

pp I r l d t h i t h e th e s tu i es
.

A y o B by lo i e
ss r -
e (P i s a n nn ar , . e an e an c en a n an c ar

8 6, 3 00 sq . u n de r th e sa cre d o ak s w e re co n v e rt e d

2 Eu seb i us Vi ta Con s t a n t i n i , iii 58 ;

hi i
by C r s t an m s si on a r e s n to c u rc es i i i h h
S e e S oc ra te s , Hi s
i
.
,
a n d m on a s te r es
S oc rat e s , Hi s tori a E ccles i ast i ca , 18 i .

Tli e M agi c i
. .

t ori a E ccl es i as t i ca , 18
7 9 ; S oz om en us , Hi s tori a E ccles i a s t i ca ,
.
-

v .10 7 y h li
S oc ra te s s a s t a t at He o
. .
A rt a n d tk e E volu ti on of Ki ngs, ii .

p li l l
o s oc a li w
c u s t om o b ge d th e om en
2 4 2 sq
3
.

h i
hl
to b e h p
e d i n c om m on , s o t a t y a t e rn i t
A t a n a s us , Ora t i o con t ra Gen tes ,
xx v
w w h w 2 6 (M i gn e s Pa t rologi a
’
“ Gra eca ,
as u n k n o n , f or t e re a s n o di s
w
.

5 ri sj
i i
t n c t on ofp hil
a re n ts a n d c dren , an d 7 1

w ij
1 10
1 1271 6 9 7 0 11 iv eld k elors

p pl p h h I dka t oexa dé orr o, f di ra pxbne

‘

< >o uc s n u
'

th e ros t i tu t e d t e i r daug t e rs p
wé w17
eo e

w vi i h Oo cboa r os
'’

y o u 7 029 ( ire? Oé o f a vrtt V TO

'
7
to t h e s tran ge rs ho s te d t e m
.

( w
T oi s T a t oflO l f é uo )
p p i iT h e ro st tu t on
'
a brtdu
’

ut o fla pri a v, vonl ova a t f

'

fi
T i ropve tq .

Tij
. .

w ll
of m a t ron s as e i
as of m a ds i s m e n u fléou éa vrtbv i AdO KGO OCu
’
’ ‘

Ka i
’
eI s educ
‘

ti on e d by E u s ebi us w As he as b o rn reta wdy w e a br i ju 61 61 T obr

'
w zl Th e
w
. .

p l if
a n d s en t h i s yi
e i n S r a , an d as a a c c ou n t of th e P h i i
oen c an c us tom wh i h c

p y
c on t e m ora r of p i th e ra c t ce s h e de v
i s gi e n by H P oss (D as IVei b, . l / 2
i .

ib ih p
s c r es , t h e b s o of C a e sa rea h ad th e
'

3 0 2 ) a n d re ea t e d a t e r h im p b y F r f
w
.

b pp
e st o iy
ort u n t i f i h i lf
of n orm n g m se S ch ally (S em i t i scli e
h
a s t o t e m, a n dw h f
e ou g t n ot , a s Pro . ip
L e s i c , 1 90 1 , 7 6 s q ) m ay re s t pp . .

M . l
P Ni sson does (Gri ec/i i sck e Fes t e ,
. on ly
on a m i s a re e n s on of t i s a ss pp h i h p
ip i
Le s c , 1 90 6 , p ll w
2
3 6 6 n ) , to a o h i s . . age o f A t an as us B ut hi t i s c orrec t, i . if
38 A D ONIS IN C YPR US B OO K 1

sh e who w a s a bout to m a rry s h o u l d S i t i n fo rn i c a tio n se v e n

d ay s by t h e g a t e ” 1
A t B y blus t h e p e o p l e s h a v e d th e i r
.

h e a d s i n th e a n n u a l mou rn i n g f o r A do n i s Wo m e n who .

re fu se d t o s a c ri fic e th e i r h a i r h a d to giv e th e m s e lv e s u p to

s t ra n g e rs o n a c e rt a i n da y o f t h e fe s tiv a l a n d t h e m o n e y
w h i ch t h e y t hu s e a rn e d w
,
?
as d e vot e d to t h e god d e ss Thi s
cu s t om m ay h a v e b ee n a m i t i g a ti o n of a n old e r ru l e whi ch
a t B y blus a s e l s e wh e re f o rm e rly com p e l l e d e v e ry w o m a n

w ithou t e x c e p ti o n to s ac ri fic e h e r v i rtu e i n t h e s e rvi c e of

re l i gi o n I h a v e a l rea dy s ugge s t e d a re a s o n why t h e
o ff e ri n g of a wo m a n s h a i r w
.

a s a cc e p t e d a s a n e qu iv a l e n t
’

f or t h e s u rre n d e r of h e r p e rs o n
?
We a re tol d t h a t i n L yd i a
a ll gi rl s w e re obl ig e d to p ro s t i tut e th e m s e lv e s i n o rd e r to

e a rn a dow ry but w e m a y s u s p e c t th a t t h e re a l moti ve

of t h e cu s to m w a s d e votio n ra th e r th a n e co n o my Th e .

s u s p ic io n i s c o n fi rm e d b y a G re e k i n s c ri p tio n fou n d a t
T ra l l e s i n L yd i a whi ch p rov e s t h a t t h e p ra ct i c e of re l i gi ou s
,

p ro s ti t uti o n s u rviv e d i n th a t cou n t ry a s l a te a s th e s e co n d

c e n tu ry of our e ra I t re co rd s of a c e rt a i n wom a n Au re l i a
.
,

A e m i l i a by n a m e n ot o n l y th a t s h e h e rse l f se rv e d t h e go d
,

i n t h e c a p a ci t y of a h a rlo t a t h i s e xp re ss com m a n d b ut th a t ,

h e r moth e r an d oth e r fe m a l e a n c e s to rs h a d d o n e t h e s a m e
b e fo re h e r ; a n d t h e p ubl ici ty of t h e re co rd e n g ra v e d o n a ,

m arbl e colu m n wh ich s u pp o rte d a votiv e o f f e ri n g s how s th a t ,

n o s t a i n a tt a ch e d t o s uch a l i fe a n d s uch a p a re n t a g e
?
In
A rm e n i a t h e n obl e s t fa m i l i e s d e d ic a t e d t h e i r d a ug h t e rs t o
t h e s e rvi c e of t h e godd e ss A n a i ti s i n h e r t e m p l e a t A c i li s e n a ,

wh e re t h e d a m s e l s a ct e d a s p ro s t i tut e s f or a lo n g ti m e b e fore
th e y w e re giv e n i n m a rri a g e N ob o dy s c ru p l e d to t a k e o n e
of t h ese gi rl s to wi fe wh e n h e r p e riod of s e rvic e w
.

?
a s ov e r

w e m ay c on ec tu re lv w h j t h at th e s a es o but s tran ge rs w e re a ll wo ed to en oj y
d fl w
e d th v i gi
o e re w th d e r ns ere e s ac re th e w om e n 56
’
ct
y opi) n obuo w Edi i/ om i t

l v f t h t p l th k d l i
s a es o e d em es , e e es i m , an wp a a xé c ra t ) .

t h t th y d i h g d th i ffi
a e th sc ar e s o ce as e 3
Tli e M ag
i
c A rt an d tke E volu ti on
l i vi g p n t ti v
re f th g d A t
re s en a es o e o . s o o f If i n gs , i .
3 0 sq
th
.

e sek d ki e d
es m , or
“
sac re m en , s ee 4 He rodot us i 93 so ; At h en ae us,

b v pp 7 o d b l w pp 7 qq
, .

a o e, 1 s an e o 2 s xi i . 1 1, pp 5 1 5 so
Twl
. .
.
, ,

y di
.

1
Tb T t et f tl es a m en s o ie e ve 5 W M Ra m
U n e ted I n scri p sa ,
“

l t d d d i t d by
. .

P t i k
a r a rc s, t ran s a e an e e i
t on s of A s a i Mi
n or, B u l let i n dc Corre

R H Ch l
.
(
.L d h
ar es p t on on , c a er sp on da n ce Hell én i q u e, (1 8 8 3 ) 2 7 6 v ii . p .

xii p . . 81 . i d Ci t i es a n d D i skop ri cs of P/i i j /gi a ,

.

i
Lu c an , D e dea Sy ri a , 6
2 Th e (O i or
.d,
1 8 9 5 ) xf 9 4 s
o , 1 1 5 pp . .

b xi
.

wi r te r i s c a re u t o n ca te t a t fl i di h n on e
6
S tra o, 14 1 6, 532 . . p . .
CH AP 1 1 1. A D ONIS IN C YPR US

A g a i n t h e godd e s s M a w ,a s s e rv e d by a m ul t i t ud e o f s a c re d

h a rlo t s a t C o m a n a i n Po n tu s a n d c ro wd s of m e n a n d w o m e n ,

flock e d to h e r s a n ctu a ry from t h e n e i ghb o u ri n g ci ti e s a n d

c o u n t ry to a t te n d t h e bi e n n i a l fe s tiv a l s or to p ay th e i r vow s
?
to th e godd e ss
If w e s u rv e y t h e whol e of t h e e vi d e n c e o n th i s s ubj e c t T h e

s om e of which h a s s ti l l to be l a i d b e fo re t h e re a d e r w
,
A i ti s a c
e m ay M t h , o er

M oth e r G o dd e e rs o n i fic a t i o n of G dd o es s a

pe rs on ifi c a
t i o n o f a ll
p
t h e re ro
d u c t i ve
e n ergi es of
n a ture .

1
S t ra b
3 2 , 3 4 an d 3 6 , pp
o, x i 1 .
3 . . w l g f i t f l d th t y
e re n o on er ru u an a m an

5 5 7 5 5 9 ; c om p a re x i i 2 3 . P 5 3 5
- m i h p b f ll t h
s a s th y p y d h
e e em , e ra e t e

h
O t e r san c tua ri e s i n Pon tus, C a pp a em p t
e ror ll w th t t i th
o a o em o re a n e

h w
doc i a , an d P ryg i a s arm ed i t sacred w h t
c u s om f i t w by
“
or f th i as re a so n o s

d w
,

Sl va j
e s , an
y e m a c on ec u re , t th gh ou u sa g th t th i g d b t w d
e a e r p o s es o e u on

w e t t ld th t
a re no o a m an y f h o t es e th em ll t h a g d th i g e h th y oo n s t at e

d d wi h t i t h y w t
,

l v w p ti t t
s a es e re ros u es S St b
ee ra o, p ossesse an t ou t e sa no

h w th y
.
,

xi . 8 .
4, xii . 2 .
3 an d 6, xii .
3 .
3 1 an d o l d ti
e t
c ou xi t c on n ue o e s .
”

3 7, xii 8 1 4 S Tb B k f S M P l
®l v
. . . ee e oo o er a rco o o,

Dn t hi s gre at A s i ti c godd s n d a es a t l t d d di t d by C l l H y
ran s a e an e e o on e en r

h er o e rs see esp i lly S i r W M

ec a . . Y l S
u e, d Edi t i
e c on (L d 87 on on on , 1

Ram sa y C i t i es an d B i sk op ri cs o
f i 2 12 s
q H pp t ly h fe re a i l i ty a ren t e e rt

il w d
. .
,

Pk rygi a , i . 87 s qq . o f th e so d t d p d as e em e o e en on
3
C om p are W . M an n h dtar ,
A n t i ke th ei t n e rcou rs ef th w w i tho e o m en

Wa ld u n d Feldku lte pp 2 8 4 so ; , . s t ran g t

e rs , w i h t h noi h b d t e r us an s .

W Robertso n S m i th Tbe Prop k ets of S i i l ly

m ar g th O l d A bdi
a m on e u a an

I s ra el Ne wE d i t i on (Lon d on
.
, , ,

, , A b t ibra f M
r e o h w orocc o,
“
t e om e n

pp . 1 7 1ly i C l f
-1
74 . S im il ar n am u , or o ft en k se e di v d a g g i orce an en a e n

m er ly p v i f th Ch i
a E pi
ro n ce o e n es e m re , p ti t t i i th i t v l b w
ros u on n e n er a s et ee n

th d t pl
e m en u s e th i w i v t th o ace e r es a e t hi i g d i g th t ti th y
e r m a rr a es ur n a m e e

di p s l f y f i g wh
osa o t an ore n e rs o cam e o i
c on t n ue t dw ll i h i f i l io e n t e r am es ,

l dg w i th th
o e d d d it em , an e em e an an d th i l ti
e r re a g d h i d t
on s re ar t e r c on uc

h if h g t
on ou r d f th i t e u es s m a e use o e r as v y t l Th d i i t ti v
er n a ura . e a m n s ra e

o pp t i i Th
or un t e s p h ig . e em e ro r, e ar n au th i t y h v i g b t i
or a d i t lf n d es rre se an

o f th t f b d th p p l t
e c us om or a e e eo e o a tt p t d t g l t h i p i ti
em e o re u a e t s ros t tu on ,

wh l p p l i
,

o b v i F th y
se r e th yt or re e ea rs e th e o e pp d th
o u a t on o os e e

p t ll gi g th t h
.

o b y d th
e fi di g th t h i l d
e , en , n n a t e r an s a tt em , a e n a s uc a m eas ure
 A D ONIS IN C YPR US B OOK 1
er co n c e p tio n of s uch a M o t h e r G o d d e s s d a t es a s s e e m s
p rob a bl e fro m a t i m e wh e n t h e i n s ti t u t i o n of m arri a ge w
,

, as

e i t h e r u n k n o w n o r a t m o s t b a re l y t o l e ra t e d a s a n i m m o ra l

i n fri n g e m e n t of ol d co m mu n a l ri gh t s w e c an u n d e rs t a n d
bo t h why t h e godd e s s h e rs e lf w
,

a s re gu l a rly s u pp o s e d to b e

a t o n c e u n m a rri e d a n d u n ch a s t e a n d wh y h e r wo rs h i pp e rs ,

w e re o bl i g e d t o i m i ta t e h e r mo re o r l es s c o m p l e t e ly i n t h e s e
re s p e c t s Fo r h a d s h e b e e n a d ivi n e w ife u n i t e d t o a d ivi n e
.

hu s b a n d t h e n a tu ra l cou n t e rp a rt of th e i r u n i o n woul d h a v e
,

b e e n t h e l a wful m a rri a ge o f m e n a n d wo m e n a n d t h e re ~

woul d h a v e b e e n n o n ee d t o res o rt to a s y s te m of p ro s ti t u
t io n or p ro m i s cui t y i n o rd e r to e ff e ct tho se p u rp o s es whi c h ,

o n t h e p ri n c i p l es o f h o m o a t h i m a g ic m i ght i n th a t c a s e
p C ,

h a v e b e e n a s w e l l or b e tt e r a tt a i n e d by t h e l e gi t i m a t e i n t e r
cou rs e o f t h e s e x e s i n m a t ri mo n y Fo rm e rly p e rh a p s
e v e ry wo m an w
.
, ,

as obl i g e d t o s ubm i t a t l e a s t o n c e i n h e r l i fe

to t h e e x e rc i s e o f t ho se m a ri t a l ri ght s wh ich a t a s t i l l e a rl i e r
p e ri od h a d th e o re ti c a l ly b e lo n ge d i n p e rm a n e n c e to a ll t h e
m a l e s of t h e t ri b e B u t i n cou rs e of ti m e a s t h e i n s t itutio n
.
,

of i n d ivi du a l m a rri a g e g re w i n fa vou r an d t h e ol d com ,

m u n i s m fe l l m o re a n d m o re i n t o d i s c re d i t t h e re v i v a l of t h e ,

a n c i e n t p ra c t ic e e v e n f o r a s i n gl e occ a s io n i n a wo m a n s l i fe
’

b ec a m e e ve r mo re re p ug n a n t to t h e mo ra l se n s e of t h e
p e o p l e a n d a cco rdi n gly th ey re s o rt e d t o v a ri o u s e xp e d i e n t s
,

f or e v a d i n g i n p ra c t ic e t h e obl i g a t i o n wh i ch th e y s ti ll
a ck n owl e dg e d i n th e o ry O n e o f th e s e e v a s i o n s w
. a s t o le t

t h e wo m a n o ff e r h e r h a i r i n s t e a d of h e r p e rs o n ; a n o th e r
a pp a re n tly w as to s ub s ti t ut e a n o b s c e n e s ymbol f or t h e
?
ob s c e n e a c t B ut wh i l e t h e m aj o ri ty o f wom e n thu s c o n
t ri ve d t o o b s e rv e t h e fo rm s of re l igi o n wi t hout s a c ri fici n g
th e i r V i rtu e i t w a s s ti l l
,
though t n e c ess a ry to t h e g e n e ra l
w e lfa re t h a t a c e rt a i n n u mb e r of t h e m s houl d d i s ch a rg e t h e
o ld o bl ig a t i o n i n t h e ol d w ay Th e s e b e c a m e p ro s t i t ut e s
.

e i th e r f o r l i fe o r f o r a t e rm o f y e a rs a t o h é o f t h e t e m p l e s

d e d ic a t e d to t h e s e rvi c e of re l igi o n th e y w e re i n v e s t e d w i th ,

w ld i p i
ou m a r th e a b un d an ce of th e II . 1 4, p . 1 3, ed
. Po tte r ; A rn obi us,
c ro p s .
”
S e e Edm on d D outt é , III agi e A dvers u s Na t i on es , v . 1 9 ; c om p a re

Rel i gi on da n s l Af ri q u e da Nord Fi rm i cus M at ern u s , D e

’
et errore
p ro

l i
(A g e rs, 5 6 0 sq pp . .
f a n a ru m reli gi on u m , 10 .

1 l
C e m e n t of A e an dr a , Protrept lx i .
42 A D ONIS IN C YPR US B OO K I

s ee m to co n t a i n re m i n i s c e n c e s of k i n gdo m s i n C i l ici a an d
Cy p ru s wh ich p as se d i n t h e fe m a l e l i n e a n d w e re h e l d b y ,

m en s o m e ti m e s fo re ig n e rs who m arri e d t h e h e re d i t a ry
p ri n c e s s es f "Th ere a re s o m e i n d i c a t i o n s th a t C i n y ra s w
, ,

. . as

n ot i n fa ct t h e fou n d e r of t h e t e m p l e a t P a p ho s An .

old e r t ra d i t io n a s c ri b e d t h e fou n d a ti o n t o a c e rt a i n A e ri as ,

whom s o m e re g a rd e d as a k i n g a n d o t h e rs a s t h e godd e ss ,

h e rs e l f ?
Mo re ove r C i n y ra s or h i s d e s c e n d a n t s a t P a p ho s ,

h a d to re cko n wi th riv a l s Th e s e w e re t h e T a mi ra ds .
,

a fa m i ly of d ivi n e rs who t ra c e d th e i r d e s c e n t fro m T a m i ra s

A t fi rs t i t w
,

a C i l ic i an a u gu r as a rra n g e d th a t both .

fa m i l i e s s houl d p re s i d e a t t h e c e re mo n i e s but a ft e rw a rd s
t h e T a m i ra ds g a v e w
,

?
ay to t h e C i n y ra ds M a n y t a l es
w e re tol d of C i n y ras t h e fou n d e r of t h e dy n as ty He
wa s a p ri e s t of A p h rod i t e a s w e l l as a k i n g? a n d h i s
.
,

ri ch es p a sse d i n to a p ro ve rb
4
To h i s d e s c e n d a n t s t h e .
,

C i n y ra ds h e a pp e a rs to h a v e b e qu ea th e d h i s w ea lth a n d hi s
,

d i g n i t i e s a t a ll e ve n t s th e y re ig n e d a s k i n g s of P a p h o s a n d ,

s e rve d t h e godd es s a s p ri e s t s Th e i r d e a d bod i e s w i th th a t .

,

of C i n y ra s h i m se lf w e re b u ri e d i n t h e s a n ctu a ry ?
But by ,

t h e fo u rth c e n tu ry b e fo re o ur e ra t h e fa m i ly h a d d e cl i n e d
a n d b e co m e n ea rly e x t i n ct Wh e n A l e x a n d e r t h e G re a t .

e xp e l l e d a k i n g of P a p h o s f o r i n j u s ti c e a n d wick e d n e s s h i s ,

e n voy s m a d e se a rch f or a m e m b e r of t h e a n c i e n t hou s e to

s e t o n t h e th ro n e of h i s fa th e rs A t l a s t th e y fou n d o n e of .

W i lh e l m , Re i s en i n K i i k i e n ,
D en k l V III .
(vol 1 p . . . 1 4 9, e d . L . D i n dorf ) ;
s ck rif t en de r ka i s A ka dem i e der Wi s sen . J ul i an Ep i s t
, . l ix p . .
5 74, ed F C . . .

sck a ten , Pk i los o k -k i s tori sck e Cla ss e,

f p . He rt l e i n ; D i oge n i a n us , v iii .
5 3 ; S ui
xliv vi p
( 1 8 9 6 ) No
.
94 T h e s ta t e . . . . das , K a ra y nporoa t s
s v..
’
.

h y ph i
m en t t at th e san c t ua r o f A rod t e 5 Sc o hl
on P n dar, Py tk i15 II
ph w f d
. . .

a t Pa os di
a s ou n e d by th e A rca an ( 7)
2 H esy c hi us s v v
’

pot ba t ;
w pl d
.
, .

A ga p e n or, l y
ho a n te a c o on in l
C e m en t of A e an dr a , Prot rep t lx i III
j w
. .

yp f
C rus a ter th e T ro an a r (Pa usan i as , 45 , p
4 0, ed. Pot ter ; A rn obi us,
.

v ii
i 5 . f ly i d
m ay s a e
. b e d s rega rde A dv ers u s Na t i on es , 6 T at th e vi . . h
ph w l
.

1 T a c tu s, i Hi st . ii .
3 ; A n n a ls , iii . i
k n gs of Pa os e re a so r e s ts of pi
d
t h e go d ess i s pro e d, a art rom t h e v p f
2
Tac t us , i Hi st . 1 1. 3 ; Hesych i us ,
s v.
. i y
t e s t m on o f a n c e n t i
r t e rs , by i n s c ri p wi
Ta ntpdda t . i
t on s f o un d on t h e s ot S ee H p . .

3 Pi n dar, Py t k . II . 1 3 -
1 7 . C olli tz , S a m m l u ng der gri eck i s ck en
4T rta eu s , y 6 (Poet a e Ly ri ci xii . D i a lekt i n s ck rij ten , (G Ott i n ge n , 1 8 8 4 ) i .

G ra eci , e
d T h B e r k
g ,
3 Le s c, 1 8 66
. . ip i p . 2 2 , Nos 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 . Th e t t e of . i l
1 867 , ii
P n a r, Py t k 18 ; i d v iii d
t h e go des s i n t e s e n sc r t on s h i
is ip i
w ii
. . .

l
P a to , La s , 6, 6 60 E ; C e m en t . p . l Q uee n or s tre s s Mi It
lx di
o f A e a n r a , Pa edag 6, 2 7 4, . iii . p . p hp
i s e r a s a tra n s a t on of th e S e m t c l i ii
ed . Pot t er ; Di o C r s ostom , Ora t hy . Baa l th
a .
 C HAP . 111 A D ONIS IN C YPR US
th e m l i vi n g i n ob s cu ri ty a n d ea rn i n g hi s b re a d a s a m a rk e t
g a rd e n e r He w as i n t h e v e ry a c t o f w a t e ri n g h i s b e d s
.

wh e n t h e k i n g s m e s s e n ge rs c a rri e d h i m o f f much t o h i s
’

as to n i s hm e n t t o re c e iv e t h e c ro w n a t t h e h a n d s of th e i r
,

?
m aste r Y e t i f t h e dy n a s ty d e c ay e d t h e s h ri n e of t h e ,

godd e s s e n ri ch e d by t h e offe ri n g s of k i n g s a n d p ri va t e
,

p e rs o n s m a i n t a i n e d i t s re p ut a tio n f o r we a l t h dow n t o Rom a n

,

t i me s
?
Wh e n P t o l e my Aul e t e s k i n g of E gy p t w a s e xp e l l e d , ,

by h i s p e o p l e i n 5 7 B C C a t o o ffe re d hi m t h e p ri e s t h o o d of . .
,

P a p h os a s a s u f fici e n t c o n s ol at io n i n mo n e y a n d d i g n i ty f or
?
t h e l o s s of a t h ro n e
A m o n g t h e s t o ri e s wh ich w e re t o ld of C i n y ra s t h e I t of n ce s

Ci y
,

a n c es t o r of th e s e p ri e s t ly k i n g s a n d t h e fa t h e r of Ad o n i s
n ra s

w i th h i s

th e re a re s o m e th a t d e s e rv e o ur a t t e n t io n I n t h e fi rs t pl a c e d gh t au er

M y h
.
,
rr a ,
h e i s s a i d t o h av e b e go t t e n h i s s o n Ado n i s i n i n c e s t uou s d b i th an r

i nt e rcou rse wi t h h i s d a ugh te r M yrrh a a t a fe s t iv a l o f t h e of Ad i on s .

co rn g o dd e s s a t wh i c h w o m e n rob e d i n whi te w e re wo n t to
-
,

o ff e r co rn w re a t h s a s fi rs t fru i t s of t h e h a rve s t a n d to o b s e rv e
- -

s t ri ct ch a s tity f or n i n e d a y s
? S i m i l a r c a s e s of i n c e s t wi t h

1 l
P utarc h De A lex a n dri M agn i l h P ll l
P uta rc S h l a ra e a, 22 c o on

I t i O vid w
, , .

f oi tu n a au t v i rt u te , ii 8 Th e n am e Th it ie oc r 7 us , h 10 s o

w
. . . .

of th e
ga r e n e r k i n g d
a s A l n om u s
y . d i b (M
esc r es x 4 3 qq ) h e/a m . . 1 s . t e

h
T a t t h e C i n y I adS e s t ed as a a m xi f i ly f ti v l f C
es a t wh i h
o h i e re s , a c t e n ce st

w
do n t o M
a c e do n an t i m es i s urt e r i f h w as c om m i tt d Hi wp b e . s s ourc e as ro

p v
ro e d by a G re ek n sc r t i on ou n d a t i f
i p ab ly t h M t pk e f th G k
e a m or oses o e ree

O ld Pa os, c ph wh i h
re c ords t at a c e rta n h i w i t Th d
r er wh i h Pl t h (l )
eo o rus , c u arc . c .

D e m oc ra tes , s on of Pto e m , ea of l y h d f t
re e rs hi th iyf h
o as y s au or t or t e s t or
f t i v l i q ti w p h p
.

t h e C i n y rads , an d h i s e E u n ce , w if i Th e es a n ues on as er a s

i
de d ca t ed a s ta t ue of t e r da ug t e r t o hi h th eTh ph i t wh i h w
esm o or a , a c om e n

th e Pa an A ph i
rod t e S e e L Ross , ph i . . w b dt
e re ou ni h a t (S h l o re m a n c s e c o .

h if
I n sc r ten von C e rn , Rkei n i sck es yp on Th it iv 5 ; S h l
e oc r us , . 2 c o . on

M u seu m , N F (1 8 5 0 ) .
5 20
. v ii . pp . Ni d can Tk 7
e r, o ; Pl i y N t er . 0 s n , a .

sq I t se e m s t o a e b e en a c o m m on
. hv Hi t xxi v 5 9
s . Di id D. oscor es, e

p
ra c t c e o f i p
a re n t s t o de d ca te s t a t ue s i M a teri a M edi ca , i . 1 3 4 (1 3 5 ) c om

hi
o f t e r so n s or da ug te rs to th e
go des s h d p a re A eli an , D e n a t u ra an im a li u m ,

at Pa os phTh e n sc r be d e de s ta s of
. i i p l ix . p
C om a re E Fe r e , D i e . hl
m an s uc y h
s tat ues e re ou n d by t h e w f ku lt i scke K eu s ck kei t im A lt ert u m
li h h l i
.

En g s a rc a eo og s t s S e e j ou rn a l .
(G ie ss en , pp . 1 0 3 sqq .
, 1 2 1 so ,

o Hellen i c S t u di es ,
f 2 2 8, ix . 1 5 1 sqq . Th e c orn a n d b re a d of C yp ru s

2 3 5 . 2 3 6 . 2 3 7 , 2 4 1 , 2 44 , 2 4 6, 2 5 5 w e re f
i n an t q u t
a m ou s y
S ee A e i i .

2
Ta c i t us , Hi s t 4 ; Pau sa n a s , ii i sc h y lus, S upp li a n ts , 5 4 9 Hi p
by v
. .

v iii
24 6 . . .
p o n ax , c t e d S t rabo, i iii 3 S , p . . .

3 P u tarc
, l h
Ca to t ko You n ger, 3 5 .
3 4 0 ; Eubu us , c te d l i by h
A t e n aeus ,
4
O i d, M et a m v 2 9 8 s qq , Hy x .
°
i ii 7 8 , 1 12 F; p
E O be r u m m e r,
. h .

I
.

i M h
. .

i
g n n s , Fa b Fulge n ti u s , lly t /z D i e I n sel Cy pern , ( un i c , 1 90 3 ) .

h
.

olog 8 ; iii
L ac ta n ti us Pl a c i di us , pp 2 7 4 sqq A cc o rdi n g t o a n o t e r
i w
. .

f i
. .

Na rra t Fa bu l 9 S e r us on x vi a c coun t , A don s a s th e ru t o f t h e i n

hi yi
. . .

i il
V rg , B cl 1 8 , an d A en. x .
72 ; . v . i
c e s t uo us n te rcourse of T e a s , a S r an
 A D ONIS IN C YPR US BOOK I
a d a ught e r a re re p o rt e d o f m a n y a n ci e n t k i n g s I t se e m s
?

u n l i k e ly t h a t s uch re p o rt s a re w ith o u t fo u n d a t io n : a n d p e r
h a p s e qu a l ly i m p rob a bl e t h a t t h e y re fe r to m e re fo rt u i t o u s
outbu rs ts of u n n a tu ra l l u s t W e m ay s u s p e c t th a t th e y a re .

b as e d o n a p ra ctic e a ctu a l ly ob se rve d f or a d e fi n i t e re a s o n

i n c e rt a i n s p e ci a l c i rcu m s t a n c e s N ow i n c o u n t ri e s wh e re
t h e roy a l bl o od w
.

a s t ra c e d t h rough wom e n o n ly a n d wh e re ,

c o n s e qu e n tly t h e k i n g h e l d o f fic e m e re ly i n vi rt u e of h i s
m a rri a g e w i t h a n h e re d it a ry p ri n c e ss w ho w a s t h e re a l s ov e ,

re i g n i t a pp e a rs to h a v e o ft e n h a pp e n e d th a t a p ri n c e
m a rri e d h i s o w
,

n s i s t e r t h e p ri n c e s s roy a l i n o rd e r to obt a i n , ,

wi th h e r h a n d t h e c row n wh i ch oth e rwi s e woul d h a v e go n e

to a n oth e r m a n p e rh a p s to a s t ra n g e r ?
M ay n o t t h e sa m e
,

rul e of d e s c e n t h a v e fu rn i s h e d a motiv e f or i n c e s t wi th a

d a ught e r ? For i t s ee m s a n atu ra l c o rol l a ry f ro m s uch a

rul e th a t t h e k i n g w a s bou n d to v a c a t e t h e t h ro n e o n t h e

d e a t h of h i s wi fe t h e qu e e n s i n c e be occu p i e d i t o n ly by
, ,

vi rtu e of h i s m a rri a g e w i t h h e r Wh e n t h a t m a rri ag e .

t e rm i n a t e d h i s ri ght to t h e th ro n e t e rm i n a t e d w i th i t a n d
,

p as s e d a t o n c e to h i s d a ughte r s hu s b a n d H e n c e i f t h e ’

k i n g d e s i re d to re i g n a ft e r h i s w ife s d e ath t h e o n ly w
.

’
ay

i n whi ch h e cou l d l e giti m a t e ly c o n ti n u e to do s o w

,

as

by m a rryi n g h i s d a ught e r a n d thu s p rolo n g i n g th rough ,

h e r t h e ti tl e wh ich h a d fo rm e rly b e e n h i s th rough h e r

moth e r .

k i w i th
n g, hi s
daug t er h My h ht f O
rr a . Hy gi n us ,
Fa b . t a o en o

S ee A p ll d o iii 4
o o rus , B i bl i ot keca , k i g f Pi w i th h i d gh t
1 m a us , n o sa , s au er

4 (w
. .

h it o c th Hipp d i (
es Pan y asi s a s h i s p au J T t
or o am a com a re . z e z es ,

i ty ) ; J T
t S k l
. Ly
z e z es , S k l c o Ly p k
. on 56 ; L i
co e o . on co ron , 1 u c an ,

p l i ron 8 9 ; A t i 2 L i b l i C k i
n on n usd 9 ) t h t f
era E h th
s, ar em u s , 1 a o rec e us ,

w
,

T f 3 (
ra n s orm
4 h l y th. f k i g
o fa A s t h e w i
sce n et h h i od g th n o e n s, s au er

th t y
e M t Lb
s or on ) Wi thou n P i ; d th t f E p p
e an on . ki g rocr s an a o o e u s, n

th e w h
c o rrr - ti d i th re a t f L b
s m en w i th h i d gh t Ny ti
on e n e o es os , s au er c m en e

t xt w
e y pe m a t h w hc omwh i h ( a re p e H y g i
re at F sb c com a re n u s, a .

th R e A v l B th
om an w r at re re n ore a

th i d f ti
e r s ac re d w i th wh i h
un c Th
on s , a n t f b th c d i t 2 e c us om
’
o ro e r an s s er

th y e t h vse e m w d th i g o a e c ro i g ne t h v b
e m a es p i llym a rr a e se e m s o a e een e s ec a

o f th g d d e oS G H e ss es A t . ee i . y l f ili
en z en , c a S c om m o n
y n ro a am es . ee m

F t ra ru m A li (B l i rv a pp uin t P
er n , i i 7 ( l ii pp . no e on au san a s, . . 1 vo . . .

2 4 7 33 q
-2 C
,
p P s . i v ii om8 4 o )
a re ; t t h
a us an a s , f E gy p
. t s as o e c ase o see

20 q 1 s b l w l ii pp 3 q q Th t e o vo 2 1 s e ru e

w fi
. . . .
. .
,

by xp l t i f th
.

A l i t f th i gi v
'
1 s o ese c a s es s t
en e an a on o e c u s om as rs t ,

Hygi Fb 53
n us , I t i l a d . t h 2 f
. I k w
nc u i d i es t d by eJ F
so ar a s no , n ca e . .

in ces t f C ly o ki g f A di
m e n us , M L n Tk P t i
o rca k l Tk y a, c en n an e a r a rc a eoi ,

w i th h i d gh t H p ly ( p
s au erL d ar a 885 p ce c om a re on on , 1 , .
CH AP . 111 A D ONIS IN C YPR US
th i s co n n e x i o n i t i s w o rth wh i l e t o re m e mb e r t h a t a t T h
In
Rom e t h e Fl a m e n D i a li s w
e

a s b o u n d t o v a c a t e h i s p ri e s t h ood
F l m a en

Di l a is
?
o n t h e d e a t h of h i s wi fe t h e Fl a m i n i c a T h e rul e would
, d hi an s

Fl m i i
be i n t e ll i gi bl e i f th e Fl a m i n ic a h a d o rigi n a l ly b ee n t h e mo re
a n ca

t R m a o e .

i m p o rt a n t fun ctio n ary of t h e two a n d i f t h e Fl a m e n h e l d ,

offic e o n l y by V i rtu e of h i s m arri a ge w i th h e r ?

E l s e wh e re
I h av e S how n re a s o n to s u pp o se th a t h e a n d h i s wi fe re p re
se n t e d a n old l i n e of p ri e s t ly k i n g s a n d qu e e n s who p l ay e d ,

t h e p a rt s of J u p it e r a n d J u n o o r p e rh a p s ra t h e r D i a n n s a n d ,

D i a n a res p e c t iv e ly I f t h e s u pp o s i t i o n i s Co rre ct th e cu s tom

,
?
,

wh i ch o bl i ge d h i m to re s i g n h i s p ri es t hood on t h e d e a t h
o f h i s wi fe s ee m s t o p rov e th a t o f t h e two d e i t i e s whom t h e y

p e rs o n ate d t h e godd e ss wh e th er n a m e d J u n o or D i an a w
, , as ,

i n d e e d t h e b e tt e r h a l f B ut a t Rom e t h e godd e s s J u n o .

a lw a y s p l a y e d a n
old d o ubl e D i a n a w
i n s i g n i fic a n t p a rt ; wh e re a s a t N e m i h e r
a s a ll p ow e rful c a s ti n g h e r m a t e D i a n n s
, ,
-
, ,

o r V i rbi u s i n to d e e p S h a dow
,
Thu s a rul e wh ich p oi n t s to .

t h e s u p erio rity of t h e Fl a m i n i c a ov e r t h e Fl a m e n a pp e a rs to
i n d ic at e th a t t h e d ivi n e o rig i n a l s of t h e t w
,

o w e re D i an n s

a n d D i a n a ra th e r t h an J u p i t e r a n d J u n o a n d fu rt h e r t h a t i f ,

J u p i te r a n d J u n o a t Rom e s t ood f or t h e p ri n ci p l e o f fa th e r
k i n o r t h e p re d o m i n a n c e of t h e hu s b an d o v e r t h e w i fe
, ,

D i a n u s a n d D i an a a t N e m i s tood f or t h e o ld e r p ri n ci p l e of
mo t h e r k i n or th e p re do m i n an c e of t h e w i fe i n m a tt e rs of
-
,

i n h e rit a n c e ov e r t h e hu s b a n d If t h e n I a m ri ght i n hold i n g

t h a t t h e k i n g s h i p a t Rom e w
, ,
.

a s o ri gi n a l ly a p l e b e i an i n s t i t u

t i o n a n d d e s c e n d e d t h rough wo m e n w 4
e mu s t co n cl ud e th a t

t h e p eop l e w
,

h o fou n d e d t h e sa n ctu a ry o f D i a n a a t N e m i
w e re of t h e s a m e p l e b e i an s tock a s t h e R o m a n k i n g s t h a t ,

t h e y t ra c e d d e s c e n t i n t h e f e m a l e l i n e an d th a t they ,

w o rs hi pp e d a g re a t M o th e r God d e s s n ot a g re a t F a t h e r Go d
Th a t g o dd e ss w
.
,

a s D i a n a ; h e r m a t e rn a l fu n c t i o n s a re a bu n

d a u t ly p rov e d by t h e vo t ive off e ri n g s fo u n d a t h e r an ci e n t

?
S h ri n e a mo n g t h e wood e d hi l l s O n t h e o t h e r h an d t h e ,

1 Au l
G elli us ,
us 1 5 x 22 ; J p 74
w
. . . . .

M a rq u ardt , Ro m i sck e S ta a t s ver a l t u ng,

'
3 Tk e M agi c A rt an d t k o E vol u t i on
.
2 ip i
i i i (Le s c , 1 8 8 5 ) 328 p . .
f R i ngs
o
'

,90 s q qii . 1 7 9, 1 .

2 Pr i
e s t e ss e s a re s a d t o a ei p re hv 4 Tbe M a i c A rt a n d t ke E vol u t i on
g
ce de d pi
r e s ts i n s om e E g t a n c t es yp i ii .
f
o Ri n gs , 2 68 s q
q ii . .

S ee W . M li
F n de rs Pe t r e , Tli e R e
. i 5 Tk e Magi c A rt a n d tk e E volu t i on
.

lzg i on of .
A n ci en t Egyp t (Lo n do n , f R i ngs
o
’

,
i . 1 2 n o te
1
.
 A D ONIS IN C YPR US BOOK 1

p a t ric i a n s wh o
,
a ft e rw a rd s i n va d e d
cou n t ry b rought the ,

w i th th e m fa th e r ki n i n i t s s t ric te s t fo rm a n d co n s i s te n t ly
-
,

e n ou gh p a i d th e i r d e voti o n s ra t h e r t o F a t h e r Jov e th a n t o

M o the r J u n o .

A p a ra ll e l to wh a t I co n j e ctu re to h a ve b een t h e o ri gi n a l
re l a ti o n of t h e Fl a m i n ic a to h e r hu s b a n d t h e Fl a m e n m ay to

a c e rt a i n e x t e n t be fou n d a m o n g t h e K h as i s of A s sa m who ,

p re se rve to th i s day t h e a n ci e n t s ys t e m of moth e r k i n i n -

m a t t e rs of i n h e rit a n c e a n d re l i gio n For a mo n g th e s e p e o p l e .

t h e p ro p i ti a t i o n of d e c e ase d a n c es t o rs i s d ee m e d e s se n ti a l t o
t h e w e l fa re of t h e co m m u n ity a n d of all th e i r a n c e s to rs t h e y
,

re v e re mo s t t h e p ri m ae v a l a n c e s t re s s of t h e cl an Acco rd i n gl y .

i n e v e ry s a c ri fic e a p ri es t m u s t be a s s i s t e d by a p ri e s t e s s ;
i n d ee d w ,
e a re tol d th a t b e m e re ly a c t s a s h e r d e p uty a n d ,

th a t s h e i s w i thout doubt a s u rviv a l of t h e ti m e wh e n u n d e r

t h e m a t ri a rch a t e t h e p ri e s t e s s w
,

,
a s t h e a g e n t f o r t h e p e rfo rm

I t do e s n ot a pp e a r th a t
”
a n c e of a ll re l igi ou s c e re mo n i e s .

t h e p ri e s t n e e d be t h e hu s b a n d of t h e p ri e s t e ss ; but i n t h e
K h y ri m S t a t e wh ere e a ch d i vi s i o n h as i t s o w
,
n godd es s to

who m s a c ri fic e s are off e re d t h e p ri e s t ess i s t h e moth e r s i s t e r

, , ,

n i e c e o r oth e r m a t e rn a l re l a t i o n of t h e p ri e s t
,
I t i s h e r d uty .

to p re p a re a ll t h e s a c ri fic i a l a rticl e s a n d wi thout h e r as s i s t ,

a n c e t h e s a c ri fi c e c a n n ot t a k e p l a c e
?
H e re th e n a s a mo n g
t h e a n c i e n t Rom a n s o n my hy p oth e s i s w
, ,

e h a v e t h e s u p erio ri ty ,

of th e p ri e s t e s s ove r t h e p ri e s t b as e d on a co rre s p o n d i n g
s u p e rio ri ty of t h e godd e s s o r d i vi n e a n c e s t res s ov e r t h e go d

or d i v i n e a n c es to r ; a n d h e re a s a t Rom e a p ri e s t woul d
, ,

cl e arl y h a v e to v a c a t e o f fic e i f h e h a d n o wo m an of t h e
p ro p e r re l at i o n s hi p to a ss i s t h i m i n the p e rfo rm a n c e of h i s
s a c re d du t i e s .

S a c re d Fu rth e r I h a v e co n j e ctu re d th a t a s re p re s e n t a tiv e s of

,
m a rri age
of a p
ri es t
J u p i t e r a n d J u n o re s p e ctive ly t h e Fl a m e n a n d Fl a m i n ic a a t
an d Ro m e m ay h a v e a n n u a lly c e l e b ra t e d a S a c re d M a rri a g e f or
p ri e s tess as
t h e p u rp o s e of e n s u ri n g t h e fe rti l ity o f t h e po w e rs of n a tu re
?
re p re s e n t a

t i ves o f
Th i s co n j e ctu re a l s o m ay be s upp orte d by a n a n a logou s
cu s tom whi ch i s s ti l l ob s erv e d i n I n d i a We h av e s e e n h ow
th e S un
god a n d
.

t h e E a rt h a mo n g t h e O ra o n s a p ri m i tiv e h i l l t ri b e of B e n g a l t h e
,
-
,
goddes s .

1 Mj a or P . R . T . G ur d on , Tk e 2 Tk e M agi c A rt a n d t ko E volu ti on
R k a sz s (Lon
‘

d on , pp . 1 09 - 1 1 2 , f
o K i n gs , ii
1 9 1 s qq . .

1 2 0 sq .
CH AP 1 11
. A DONIS IN C YPR US 47

m a rri a g e of t h e S u n a n d t h e E a rth i s a n n u a l ly c e l e b rat e d

by a p ri e s t a n d p ri e s t e s s who p e rs o n a t e re s p e ctiv e ly t h e god
of t h e S un a n d t h e g o dd es s of t h e E a rt h ?
T h e c e re m o n y
of t h e S a c re d M a rri a ge h a s b ee n d e s c ri b e d mo re fu lly by a
J e s u i t m i s s i on a ry who w ,
a s i n t i m a t e ly a cqu a i n t e d wi th t h e

p e o p l e a n d th e i r n at iv e re l ig io n Th e ri te i s c e l e b ra t e d i n
.

t h e mo n th of M ay wh e n t h e s a l t re e i s i n bl o om a n d t h e
, ,

fes tiv a l t a k e s i ts n a t iv e n a m e (kka ddi ) fro m t h e flow e r of t h e

“
t re e . I t i s t h e g re a t e s t fe s t i v a l of t h e y e a r Th e obj e ct .

of thi s fea s t i s t o c e l e b ra t e t h e my s tic a l m a rri a g e of t he

S u n god (B kaga w
-
a n ) w i t h t h e Godd es s e a rth
(D k -
a rt i m a i
) -
,

to i n duc e t h e m to be fru i t fu l a n d give g o od c ro p s A t the .

s a m e t i m e a ll t h e m i n o r d e i t i e s o r d e m o n s o f t h e vi ll a g e a re

p ro p i t i at e d i n o rd e r th at th e y m ay n ot hi n d e r th e be n e fi ce n t
,

a c t ivi t y o f t h e S un God a n d t h e E a rt h Godd e s s O n th e .

e ve of t h e a pp o i n t e d day n o m a n m ay p lough h i s fi e ld s a n d ,

t h e p ri es t a ccom p a n i e d by s om e of t h e vi l l a g e rs re p a i rs to
, ,

t h e s a c re d g rov e wh e re h e b ea t s a d ru m a n d i n vit e s a ll t h e
i n vi s i bl e gu es t s t o t h e g re a t fe a s t th at w
,

i l l a w a i t t he m o n
t h e mo rrow N e x t mo rn i n g v e ry e a rly be fo re cock c row
.
,
-
,

a n a c o lyt e s t e a l s out a s qu i e tly as p os s i bl e t o t h e sa c re d

s p ri n g to fe t ch w a t e r i n a n e w e a rt h e n p ot Th i s holy w a t e r
.

i s full of a ll k i n d s of bl e s s i n g s f o r t h e c ro p s Th e p ri e s t h a s
.

p re p a re d a p l a c e f or i t i n t h e m id dl e o f h i s hou s e s u rrou n d e d
by co tt o n th re a d s o f d i v e rs e c o lou rs So sa c re d i s t h e w at e r
.

th a t i t would be de fi le d a n d lo s e a ll i t s vi rtu e w e re a n y p ro ,

fa n e e y e t o fa l l o n i t b e fo re i t e n t e re d t h e p ri es t s hou s e ’
.

D u ri n g t h e mo rn i n g t h e a colyt e a n d t h e p ri e s t s d e p uty go ’

rou n d fro m hou s e to hou s e col l e cti n g v i cti m s f or t h e s a c ri fic e .

I n t h e aft e rn oo n t h e p e o p l e a ll g a th e r a t t h e s a c re d g rove ,

a n d t h e p ri es t p roc e e d s to co n s um m a t e t h e s a c ri fic e Th e .

fi rs t vi cti m s t o be i m mol at e d a re a wh it e cock f or t h e S u n

Go d a n d a bl ack h e n f or t h e E a rt h God d ess ; an d as t h e
fe a s t i s t h e m a rri a g e of th e s e g re a t d e i ti e s t h e m a rri a g e
S e rvi c e i s p e rfo rm e d ov e r t h e two fowl s b e fo re th e y a re
hu rri e d i n to e te rn ity A mo n g s t oth e r thi n g s b o th bi rd s a re
m a rk e d w
.

i th ve rm i li o n ju s t a s a b ri d e a n d b ri d e g room a re
‘

m a rk e d a t a hu m a n m a rri a g e a n d t h e e a rth i s a l s o s m e a re d
w i th ve rm i l i o n as i f i t we re a re a l b rid e o n t h e s p ot wh e re
, ,

f K i ngs , i i 48
1 t k o E vol u t i on
Tli e Il/I agi c A rt an d o . 1 .
 A D ONI S I N C YPR US B OOK I
t he sa c ri fi c e i s off e re d S a c ri fi c e s of fowl s o r g o a t s t o t h e
.

m i n o r d e i t i e s or d e mo n s fo l low Th e bod i e s o f th e vi cti m s

.

a re col l e c t e d by t h e vi ll a g e b oy s who cook th e m o n , th e

s p o t ; a ll t h e h ea d s go to t h e s a c ri fi c e rs T h e god s t a k e .

wh a t t h e y c a n ge t a n d a re m o re o r l e s s th a n k ful M e a n ti m e .

t h e a c o ly t e h a s c o l l e ct e d flow e rs of t h e s a l t re e a n d s e t th e m
rou n d t h e p l a c e of s a c ri fic e a n d h e h a s a l s o fe tch e d t h e holy

A p roc e s s io n i s n o wfo rm e d
,

w a t e r fro m t h e p ri e s t s hou s e ’

a n d t h e p ri e s t i s c a rri e d i n t ri u m p h t o h i s o w
.

M a rri a ge of n a bod e Th ere .

h i s w i fe h a s b ee n w a tch i n g f o r h i m a n d o n h i s a rriv a l t h e
tw
,

E art h o go th rough t h e m a rri a g e c e re mo n y a pp lyi n g v e rm i l i o n

to e a ch oth e r i n t h e u s u a l w
,
goddes s “
a cte d by ,
ay to s ym bol i s e t h e my s ti c a l
m a rri a g e o f t h e S un god wi t h t h e E a rth godd e ss M e a n ti m e
ii i i é
re f nd

g
- -
.

a ll t h e wo m e n of t h e vi ll a g e a re s t an d i n g o n t h e t h res hold s

of th e i r hou s e s e a ch w i th a wi n n ow i n g f a n i n h e r h a n d -

I n t h e f a n a re t w
.

o cu p s o n e e m p ty to rec e iv e t h e h o ly
,

w a t e r a n d t h e oth e r ful l of ri c e b e e r f or t h e c o n s um p t i o n o f
,
-

t h e holy m a n A S h e a rri v e s a t e a ch hou s e h e d i s t ri bu t e s

flow
.
,

e rs a n d holy w a t e r t o t h e h a pp y wo m e n a n d e n rich e s ,

th e m w i th a S how e r of bl e ss i n g s s ay i n g M ay you r roo m s

“
, ,

a n d g ra n a ry be fi l l e d w ith ric e th a t t h e p ri e s t s n a m e m ay
’

,
”
be g re a t Th e holy w a t e r whi ch h e l e a v e s a t e a ch hou s e
i s s p ri n kl e d o n t h e s e e d s t h a t h a v e b e e n k e p t t o s o wn e x t
.

y e a r s c ro p
’
H a vi n g th u s i m p a rt e d h i s b e n e d i c t i o n t o t h e
.

h o u s e hol d t h e p ri e s t s w i g s t h e b ee r ; a n d a s h e re p e a t s h i s
b e n e d i ctio n a n d h i s p o t a ti o n a t e v e ry hou s e h e i s n a t u ra l ly
d e a d d ru n k by t h e t i m e h e g e t s to t h e e n d o f th e vi l l a g e
-
.

By t h a t t i m e e v e ry on e h a s t a k e n c 0 p i ous l i b a ti o n s of ri c e
b e e r a n d a ll t h e d e vi l s of t h e v i l l a g e s e e m to be le t l o o s e
a n d t h e re fol lo w
, ,

s a s c e n e of d e b a uch e ry b a ffl i n g d e s c ri p t i o n

— a ll t h e s e to i n d uc e t h e S u n a n d t h e E a rth t o b e fru i t fu l ” 1 .

Thu s t h e p e o p l e of C y p ru s a n d W e s t e rn A s i a i n a n t i qu i ty
w e re by n o m e an s s i n gu l a r i n th e i r b e l i e f th a t t h e p ro fli ga c y
of t h e hu m a n s e x e s se rv e d to qu i ck e n th e fru i t s of t h e
?
e a rth

C i n y ras i s s a i d to h a ve b e e n fa m e d f o r h i s e x qu i s it e

1 Th e l at e Rev
D eh o n , S J ,. P
. . . pp . 1 44 -1
46 .

“ li i
Re g on a n d C us tom s o f th e U ra on s ,
” 2
For m o re e vid
e n ce s ee Tke M agi c
[M em oi rs of t ke A s i at i c S oci ety of A rt an a t b c E volu t i on f
o K i ngs , ii
l
.

B enga lb vol No 9 (Ca c utta,

. i . .
97 s qq .
 A D ONIS IN C YPR US B OO K 1
d ivi n e n a tu re a s w e l l a s t h e hum a n d ig n i t y o f Ado n i s Th e .

s to ry o f Pygm a l i o n p oi n t s t o a c e re m o n y of a s a c re d
m a rri a g e i n wh ich t h e k i n g w e dd e d t h e i m a g e of A p h ro d i t e
I f th a t w as s o t h e t a l e w
,

o r ra th e r of A s t a rt e as i n a s e n s e
.
,

t ru e n o t of a S i n gl e m a n o n ly but of a wh o l e s e ri e s o f m e n
, , ,

a n d i t woul d be a ll t h e mo re l i k e ly to be t o ld of Pygm a l io n

i f that w
,

as a c o m mo n n a m e of S e m i tic k i n g s i n g e n e ra l ,

a n d of Cy p ri a n k i n g s i n p a rt icul a r Py gm a li o n a t a ll .
t

e ve n ts i s k n ow n a s t h e n a m e of t h e fa m o u s k i n g of Ty re
,

fro m whom h i s S i s t e r D i do fle d ; a n d a k i n g of C iti u m

1

a n d I da li u m i n Cy p ru s who re ig n e d i n t h e t i m e of Al e x
a n d e r t h e G re a t w
,

a s a l s o c a l l e d Pygm a l i o n o r ra th e r P um i
, ,

a t h o n t h e P ho e n i c i a n n a m e wh i ch t h e G re e k s c o rru p t e d
y ,

?
i n to Pygm a l i o n Fu rth e r i t d e se rv e s t o be n o t e d th a t ,
‘

t h e n a m e s Pygm a l i o n a n d A s t a rt e occu r t o g e th e r i n a P u n ic
i n s c ri p t io n o n a gol d m e d a l l io n wh i ch w as fou n d i n a g ra v e

a t C a rth a g e ; t h e ch a ra c te rs of t h e i n s c ri p ti o n a re of t h e
e a rl i e s t t y p e A s t h e cu s t o m of re l i gi ou s p ro s titutio n a t
?

P a p h o s i s s a i d to h a v e b ee n fou n d e d by K i n g C i n y ra s a n d
o b s e rv e d by h i s d a ught e rs ? w e m a y s u rm i s e th a t t h e k i n g s

of P a p ho s p l a y e d t h e p a rt of t h e d ivi n e b rid e g roo m i n a

l e s s i n n oc e n t rit e th a n t h e fo rm of m a rri ag e with a s t a tu e ;
i n fac t th a t a t c e rt a i n fe s ti va l s e a ch o f th e m h a d to m a t e
,

w ith o n e o r m o re of t h e s a c re d h a rlot s o f t h e t e m p l e who

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by C i n y ras w a s a c o m m o n wh o re T h e fru i t o f t h e i r u n i o n
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w ould ra n k a s s o n s a n d d a ug h t e rs o f t h e d e i t y a n d w o uld ,

i n t i m e b e c o m e t h e p a re n t s o f g o d s a n d g o dd e s s e s l i k e ,

t h e i r fa t h e rs a n d moth e rs b e fo re t h e m I n t hi s m a n n e r .

P a p ho s a n d p e rh a p s a ll s a n c t u a ri e s o f t h e g re a t A s i at i c
godd e s s wh e re s a c re d p ro s ti t u t i o n w
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w e l l s t ock e d w i t h hu m a n d e i t i e s t h e offs p ri n g o f t h e d ivi n e ,

k i n g by h i s wi ve s co n cubi n e s a n d t e m p l e h a rl ot s A n y o n e , , .

o f t h e s e m i gh t p ro b a bly s ucc e e d h i s fa t h e r o n t h e t h ro n e
2

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g ra v e j u n c t u re s c a ll e d a s t h ey s om e t i m e s d i d ? f or t h e d e a t h ,

o f a ro y a l vic t i m Such a t a x l e vi e d o cc as i o n a l ly o n t h e
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k i n g s n um e rou s p roge n y f or t h e good of t h e c o u n t ry woul d

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n e i t h e r e x ti n gu i s h t h e d ivi n e s t o ck n o r b re a k t h e fa t h e r s
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h eart who d i vi d e d h i s p a t e rn a l a ffe c t i o n a m o n g s o m a n y

, .

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.

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,

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mu s i c of t h e ly re or h a rp w a s n o t a m e re p a s ti m e d e s i g n e d

t o wh i l e a w a y a n i d l e hou r but fo rm e d p a rt of t h e s e rvi c e ,

of re l igi o n th e mov i n g i n fl u e n c e of i t s m e l od i e s b e i n g p e r
,

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.

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b a n d of p ro p h e t s com i n g dow n fro m a h i gh p l a c e wi t h a

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of J ud a h a n d Ep h ra i m w e re t ra v e rs i n g t h e wi ld e rn e s s o f
M o a b i n p u rs u i t o f t h e e n e my th e y coul d fi n d n o w a t e r f o r ,

1 Tk e M agi c A rt an d t ko E volu t i on 4 F C . D i e Pkoen i z i er,

. M v o e rs ,

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t i sckes L eben i m A ltert u m (T u n gen , un d rom My t kologi e, 1 1 91

. 1 ii .

p . 1 1 3 . S a m ue l x vi
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sq. Ren an ,E . Hi stoi re du p euple

lv ii d I s rael (Pa ri s , ii 2 80
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lx
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( 1 90 5 ) pp . 2 5 44 7 0.
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CH AP 1 11
. A D ONIS IN C YPR US
th re e d a y s a n d w e re l i k e to di e of th i rs t t h e y a n d t h e b eas t s
I n t hi s e m e rg e n cy t h e p ro p h e t E l i s h a w
,

ho w
,

of bu rd e n . as ,

with t h e a rmy c a ll e d f or a m i n s t re l a n d b a d e h i m p l a y
, .

U n d e r th e i n flu e n c e of t h e mu s i c h e o rd e re d t h e s old i e rs
to d i g t re n ch e s i n t h e s a n dy be d of t h e w a t e rl e s s w a ddy
th rough whi ch lay th e l i n e of m arch Th e y d i d s o a n d .
,

n e x t mo rn i n g t h e t re n ch e s w e re ful l of t h e w a t e r t h a t h a d

d ra i n e d dow n i n to t h e m u n d e rg rou n d fro m t h e d e s ol a t e ,

fo rbi dd i n g mou n t a i n s on e i th e r h a n d T h e p ro p h e t s s ucc e ss .

’

i n s t ri k i n g w a t e r i n t h e wi l d e rn es s re s e mbl e s t h e re p o rt e d
s ucc e s s of m o d e rn d o w s e rs though h i s mod e of p roc e du re
w
,

as d i ff e re n t I n c i d e n t a l ly h e re n d e re d a n oth e r s e rvic e
.

t o h i s cou n t rym e n Fo r t h e s k ul k i n g M oa bi t e s fro m th e i r

l a i rs a mo n g t h e rock s s a wt h e re d s un o f th e d e s e rt re fl e c t e d
.

i n t h e w a t e r a n d t a k i n g i t f o r t h e blo o d o r p e rh a p s ra th e r
, ,

f o r a n o m e n of t h e blo o d of th e i r e n e m i e s th e y p l uck e d u p , ,

h e a rt t o a t t ack t h e c a m p a n d w e re d e fea t e d wi th g re a t
?
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A g a i n j u s t a s t h e C lou d of m e l a n cho ly wh ic h fro m t i m e T h e

to t i m e d a rk e n e d t h e moody m i n d of S a u l w
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h a n d t h e s ol e m n s t ra i n s of t h e h a rp wh ich s ooth e d a n d com ,

p o s e d h i s t ro u bl e d t hough t s ? m a y w e l l h av e see m e d t o th e
h a g ridd e n k i n g t h e v e ry v o ic e of God o r of h i s go o d a n g e l
-

wh i s p e ri n g p e a c e E v e n i n o u r ow n da y a g re a t re l i gi o u s
.

w ri t e r hi m se lf d e e p ly s e n s i ti v e t o t h e w i t ch e ry of m u s i c h as
, ,

s a i d t h a t mu s ic a l n o t e s wi th a ll th e i r p o w e r to fi re t h e blood ,

a n d m e l t t h e h e a rt c a n n ot be m e re e m p t y s ou n d s an d n oth i n g
,

m ore n o t h e y h a v e e s c a p e d fro m s o m e hi gh e r s p h e re t h e y
, ,

a re o u t p o u ri n g s of e t e rn a l h a rmo n y t h e v o ic e of a n g e l s t h e , ,

M a gn i fi c a t o f s a i n t s ?
I t i s t hu s th a t t h e rud e i m a gi n i n g s
of p ri m i tiv e m a n a re t ra n s figure d a n d h i s fe e bl e l i s p i n g s
e ch o e d wi t h a ro l l i n g re v e rb e ra t i o n i n t h e m u s ic a l p ro s e of

N e wm a n I n d e e d t h e i n flu e n c e of m u s i c o n t h e d e v e l o p
.

1
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2 K i n gs iii .
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oa es t ook t h e rudd y l igh t on th e
e xp l an a t on i of th e su pp ose d m i ra c e , l wta er f or an om en of bl d oo ra t h er

s ee W Robe rts on Sm i h
t , Tke Old than f or a c t ua lg o re

w
. .

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ue . 14 23
-
.

(Lo n d on an d d b ghE in ur ,
pp .
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J . H . Nw e m a n , S erm on s p rea cked

1 46 sq . I h v t th
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K en n et t f or t he s u gge s t on i t h at th e x v pp
.
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 A D ONIS IN C YPR US BOOK 1
m e n t of re l i gi o n i s a s ubj e ct whi ch woul d re p ay a s ym p a th e ti c
s tudy .Fo r w e c a n n ot d o ubt t h a t th i s t h e mo s t i n ti m a t e a n d ,

a ff e cti n g of a ll t h e a rt s h a s do n e m uch t o c rea t e a s w e l l a s to

,

e xp re s s t h e re l i giou s e mot i o n s t hu s mod ifyi n g mo re o r l e s s ,

d e e p ly t h e fa b ri c of b e l i e f to which a t fi rs t s i ght it s e e m s
o n ly to m i n i s t e r T h e m u s i ci a n h as do n e h i s p art a s w e l l
.

a s t h e p ro p h e t a n d t h e th i n k e r i n t h e m a k i n g of re l igio n .

E v e ry fa ith h a s i t s a pp ro p ri a t e mu s ic a n d t h e d i ffe re n c e ,

b e t w e e n t h e c re e d s m i ght a lmo s t be e xp res s e d i n m u s i c a l

n ot a ti o n T h e i n t e rv a l f o r e x a m p l e wh i ch d ivi d e s t h e w i l d
.
, ,

re v e l s of Cyb e l e from t h e s t a t e ly ri tu a l of t h e C a t hol i c

C hu rch i s m e as u re d b y t h e gul f which s ev e rs t h e d i ss o n a n t

c l a s h of cymb a l s a n d t a m bou ri n e s from t h e g ra v e h a rmo n i e s
of P a l e s t ri n a a n d H a n d e l A d i ffe re n t s p i ri t bre a th e s i n t h e
.

?
d i ff e re n c e of t h e m u s i c
Th e l e g e n d wh ich m a d e A p ol l o t h e fri e n d of C i n y ra s m a y2

be b a s e d o n a b e l i e f i n th e i r com mo n d e votio n to t h e ly re
B u t wh a t fu n cti o n w
.

e m a y a s k di d s t ri n g m u s ic p e rfo rm i n
, ,

t h e G re e k a n d t h e S e m i tic ritu a l ? D i d i t s e rv e t o rou s e t h e

hu m a n mouth p i ec e o f t h e god to p ro p h e t i c e c s t a s y ? or d i d i t
m e re ly ban gobl i n s a n d d e m on s fro m t h e h o ly p l a c e s a n d
t h e holy s e rvi c e d ra wi n g a s i t w e re a rou n d t h e wo rs h i pp e rs
,

a m a g i c C i rcl e w i th i n wh i ch n o e vi l th i n g m i ght i n t rud e ?

I n s ho rt di d i t a i m a t s u m mo n i n g good o r b a n i s h i n g e vi l
was i ts obj ect i n sp i ra ti o n or e x o rci s m ? The
,

s p i ri t s ?

e x a m p l es d ra w n from t h e l i v es or l e g e n d s of E l i s h a a n d
D a vi d p rove th a t wi th t h e H e b re w s t h e m u s i c of t h e ly re
m ight be u se d f or e i th e r p u rp o s e f or wh i l e E l i s h a e m p loy e d
i t t o tu n e h i m s e l f to t h e p ro p h e tic p i tch D a vi d re s o rt e d to i t ,

f or t h e s a k e of e x o rc i s i n g t h e foul fi e n d fro m S a ul W i th .

t h e G re e k s o n t h e o th e r h a n d i n h i s to ri c a l ti m e s i t do es n ot
, , ,

a pp e a r t h a t s t ri n g m u s i c s e rv e d a s a m e a n s of i n d uc i n g t h e

co n d i t i o n of t ra n c e o r e c s t a s y i n t h e hu m a n m outh p i ec e s of
A p ol lo a n d t h e oth e r o ra cul a r god s on t h e co n t ra ry i ts s ob e r ,

i n g a n d c o m p o s i n g i n flu e n c e a s co n t ra s t e d wi th t h e e x citi n g ,

i n fl u e n c e o f flut e m u s i c i s t h e a s p e ct wh ich ch i e fly i m p res s e d

,

1 It w ldou be i n t e re st n g i to pu rsu e m uc h doe s Cat h li i

o c sm o w e to Fra
a s m i il li
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n
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t h e ot er a r s Wh t w th i fl
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l igi ? H w
.

of Ph i di as on G k
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2 Pi n d ar, Py tk . II
. 1 5 s
q .
CH AP 111 . A D ONIS IN C YPR US
T h e re l i giou s o r a t a ll e v e n t s t h e s u p e r
?
the G re e k m i n d , ,

s t i t i o us m a n m ight n a tu ra l ly a s c ri b e t h e m e n t a l com p o s u re

w ro ught by g ra ve s w e e t mu s ic t o a ri d d a n c e of e vi l s p i ri t s
, ,

i n s ho rt to e x o rci s m a n d i n h a rm o n y wi t h t hi s vi e w P i n d a r , ,

s p e a k i n g of t h e ly re s a y s t h a t a ll thi n g s h a t e ful to Z e u s i n
,

?
e a rth a n d s e a t re m bl e a t t h e s ou n d o f m u s ic Y e t th e
a ss oci a tio n of t h e ly re w i th t h e l e g e n d a ry p ro p h e t O rp h e u s

a s w e l l a s wi t h t h e o ra cu l a r god A p ollo s e e m s to h i n t t h a t

i n e a rly d ay s i t s s t ra i n s m ay h a v e b ee n e m p loy e d by t h e
G re e k s a s th e y c e rt a i n ly w e re by t h e H e b re w s to b ri n g o n
, ,

t h a t s t a t e o f m e n t a l e x a lt a ti o n i n whi ch t h e t h ick com i n g -

fa n ci e s of t h e vi s i o n a ry a re re g a rd e d a s d i vi n e c om m u n i c a
t io n s
?
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o r t h e n e g a ti v e t h e i n s p i ri n g o r t h e p rot e cti v e p re dom i n a t e d

i n t h e re l i gi o n of Ado n i s w
, ,

e c a n n o t s ay ; p erh a p s t h e
two w e re n o t cl e a rly d i s ti n gu i s h e d i n t h e m i n d s of h i s
w ors h i pp e rs
A co n s t a n t fe a tu re i n t h e myth o f Ado n i s w
.

as h i s T r di t i o a ns

p re m a tu re a n d vi ol e n t d e a th If th e n t h e k i n g s o f P a p ho s 328?
A do n i s w
.
, , 1

re gul a rl y p e rs o n a t e d e m u s t a s k wh e t h e r t h ey C i y ,
n ra s

i m it a t e d th e i r d ivi n e p ro t oty p e i n d e at h a s i n l i fe T ra d itio n .

v a ri e d a s to t h e e n d of C i n y ra s Som e t hough t t h a t h e
slew
.

4
h i m s e lf on d i s cov e ri n g h i s i n c e s t w i t h h i s d a u ght e r ;
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a s d e fe a t e d by A p ol lo ,

?
i n a m u s ic a l co n t e s t a n d p ut t o d ea t h by t h e vi c t o r Y et he
c a n n o t s t ri c t ly be s a i d to h a v e p e ri s h e d i n t h e fl o w e r o f h i s
youth i f h e l ive d a s A n a c re o n a v e rre d to t h e ri p e a ge o f on e
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, ,

hu n d re d a n d S i x ty ?
e mu s t choo s e b e tw e e n t h e two

s to ri e s i t i s p e rh a p s m o re l i k e ly th a t h e d i e d a viol e n t d e a th
,

th a n th a t h e s u rviv e d to a n a ge whi ch s u rp a ss e d t h a t of
1
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ll
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i
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e rs , i . 2 4 3 sq .

3 T hi vi w l
s se e m s t o b e t h e e a s o of W H E n ge , Ryp ros , 1 1 l '

1 09- 1 1 6
ll w h ly
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.
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in . W . H .

i l wi h
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A p ll h t ( p it i My tkologi e, ii
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4Hy gi F b 4 S
n us , i h a . 2 2 o n t e 3 A n a c re on
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v ii l f
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v i f th t y wh i h d A d i
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th e so n of Th i h f th i id t
e as , t e a er s sa o th e l on g lif e of C i n y ra s (D i ony s . xxxi i .

h v k i ll d h i lf wh h l
a e e m se d en e ea rn e 2 1 2 so ) .
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Thom as P a rr by e i ght y e a rs ? though i t fe l l f a r s ho rt of
t h e a n t e d i l uv i a n s t a n d a rd
. T h e l i fe o f e m i n e n t m e n i n
re mo t e a g e s i s e x c ee d i n gly e l a s ti c a n d m a y be l e n gth e n e d

o r s ho rt e n e d,
i n t h e i n t e re s t s of hi s to ry a t t h e t a s t e a n d
,

fa n cy of t h e h i s to ri a n .

1 E n cy clo aedi a
p B ri tan n i ca , 9 xi v . 85 8 .
 SA CRED M E N A ND WOMEN B O OK I
the
obj e ct i o n s which m ay be t a k e n to thi s vi e w a re t h e
fol lowi n g
T h th o y
e e r ( )1 T h e th e o r y fa i l s to a cc o u n t f o r t h e d ee p ly re l i giou s

ch ara ct e r o f t h e cu s tom s a s p ra c t i se d i n a n ti qu i t y all ov e r

th e rel i gi W e s t e rn A s i a Th a t re l igiou s ch a ra ct e r a pp e a rs fro m t h e
.

h
figg f fg g
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'

c u t m
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,
, ,

t h e b e l i e f of t h e wom e n th a t th e y e a rn e d h e r fa v o u r by
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?
t o s e rv e h i m i n thi s m a n n e r

n or f th or e( )
2 T h e th e o r y f a i l s to a ccou n t f o r t h e p ro s ti tuti o n o f

H e l io p o l i s a pp a re n tly
22
?
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at
1

m i d
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tw
“ m “
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e
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, ,

s p e a k o n ly of wo m e n
?
n ot o f vi rg i n s e ,

k n ow fro m H o s ea t h a t y o ri n g m a rri e d wo m e n p ro s ti tu t e d
th e m s e lve s a t t h e s a n ctu a ri e s o n t h e h i l lto p s u n d e r t h e
S h a dow of t h e s a c re d o a k s p o p l a rs a n d t e re b i n th s
?
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p ro p h e t m a k e s n o m e n ti o n o f vi rgi n s p a rti c i p at i n g i n th e s e
o rgi e s T h e y m ay h a v e do n e s o but h i s l an gu a g e do e s n o t
.
,

i m p ly i t : h e s p e a k s o n ly o f you r d a u ght e rs an d you r

“ “ ”

d a ught e rs i n la w Th e p ro s ti t utio n of m a rri e d wom e n i s

”
- -
.

whol ly i n e xp l ic a bl e o n t h e hy p oth e s i s h e re c ri t ici z e d Yet .

i t c a n h a rd ly be s e p a ra t e d fro m t h e p ro s t i tuti o n of vi rgi n s

wh i ch i n s o m e p l a c e s a t l e a s t w
,

a s c a rri e d o n S id e by s i d e

w ith i t .

n or f or th e(3 ) T h e t h e o ry f a i l s to a ccou n t f or t h e re p e a t e d
a n d p ro fe s s i o n a l p ro s t i t u t i o n o f w ome n in L yd i a P o n tu s
p o tt
r s i u
, ,

ti on o f th A rm e n i a a n d a pp are n tly a ll ov e r P a l e s t i n e
e
,
?
Y e t th i s
a bi tu a l p ro s ti tu t io n c a n i n t s t u rn h a rd ly be s e p a ra t e d
fi x er
].
h i

m an u sc r ip t h ad b een se n t t o th e pi
r n te r. an d Drll f lly
. Farn e g i th u rec o n z e e

Wi t h He rtz ’
s t rea t m e n t o f j t th e s u b ec rel igi p t f
ous as t f th
ec o m os o es e

I am i n gen e ra l g t d I h v
re e m e n t
c u s om s i ti i ty d P f Ni l u ro
a ,
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de r i v ed from '

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ea rn e re a se se e ra att pt em it t
s , as s ee m s o m e , u n s uccess

f
re e re n c e s to a uth i i wh i h I h d
or t e s c a f lly t i d i t h w p i
u ,
o n ca e o a rac t c e

o v l d
e r ook e . supp d t b p ly os e o l i i gi
e u re s ec u ar n or n
1 Ab v o p 37 e, . . sh ld h v
ou a t e t t c om e o c on ra c a
2 Ab v o p 3 8 P f Ni l
e, i . . ro . ss on s rel i gi h t o us c a rac e r .

m i t k i f fi i g ( p i t p 3 67 )
s a en n a rm n o c Ab v
3 p 37 o e,

p ti w p ly
. . . . .

t h t th
a Ly di
e an ra c ce as u re Ab v
4 pp 3 6 o 3 8
o e, . s , .

l th i ipti wh i h I h v
se c u a r : e n sc r on c a e H3 i 3 q
ose a v . 1 s .

c i t d p v th
e ro t
es y B th h e c o n ra r . o e Ab v
3 pp 3 7 qq
o e, . s .
CH AP I v . AN A L TE RNA TI VE THE OR Y
from t h e fi rs t p ro s t i tutio n i n a wom a n s l i fe O r a re w
’
e to .

s u pp o se t h a t t h e fi rs t a c t of u n ch a s ti ty i s t o be e xp l a i n e d i n

on e w a y a n d a ll t h e s ub s e qu e n t a ct s i n qu i t e a n o t h e r ? th a t

t h e fi rs t ac t w a s p u re ly s e cu l a r a n d a ll t h e s u b se qu e n t a ct s

p u re ly re l igiou s ?
(4 ) T h e th e o r y fa i l s to a ccou n t f o r t h e K e d es ki m o f

d
th n
”
r or e

“ s a c re
S i d e w i t h t h e K edes kotk ( s a c re d
”
s a c re d m e n ) s i d e by m b en
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e
1
wo m e n at th e s a n ctu a ri e s ; f o r wh at e v e r t h e re l igiou s i d t h s e e

b e en i t i s w i t?
“ ”
fu n ctio n s of th e s e s a c re d m en m ay h a v e ,

highly p ro b a bl e th a t th e y w e re a n a logou s t o tho se of t h e

s a c re d wo m e n a n d a re to be e xp l a i n e d i n t h e s a m e w ay

w
.

( )
5 O n t h e hy p o t h e sis which I a m co n s id e ri n g e d i i an s rre

S houl d e xp e ct to fi n d t h e m an w h o de flow e rs the m a i d

W th t h i e

re m u n e ra t e d f or re n d e ri n g a d an g e rou s s e rvi c e ; a n d s o i n p y m t a en

fa c t w e com mo n ly fi n d h i m re mu n e ra t e d i n p l a c e s wh e re t h e

s u pp o se d cu s to m i s re a l ly p ra cti se d
?
B ut i n W e s t e rn A s i a i t
wa s ju s t t h e co n tra ry I t wa s t h e wo m a n wh o was p a id n ot "

t h e m an ; i n d e e d s o w e l l w
.
,

a s S h e p a i d th a t i n L yd i a a n d
,

Cy p ru s th e gi rl s ea rn e d dow ri e s f or th e m se lv e s i n th i s fa s hi o n ?

Th i s cl e a rly S how s th a t i t w as the w om a n a n d n o t t h e m a n

who w O r a re w
, ,

as b e l i e v e d to re n d e r t h e se rvic e e t o s u pp o se
"
.

th a t t h e m a n h ad to p ay f or re n d e ri n g a d a n g e rou s s e rvic e ?
Th e se co n s i d e ra ti o n s s e e m to p rov e co n cl u s ive ly th a t
wh a t e ve r t h e re m ot e o rigi n of t h e s e W e s t e rn A s i at ic cu s tom s
m ay h a v e b e e n th e y c a n n o t h a v e b e e n o b s e rv e d i n h i s
,

1
S ee a bo v ppe, . 1 7 sq. und 8 98 ,
Urgesck i ckte, 4 8 1 (Az i m ba, 1 p .

2
L di Va rth em
. a, Tra v els (Hak l yt
u l fi
C e n t ra A r c a ) ; S i r H H o n s t on , . . Jh
S oc y i et , pp . 1 41, 2 0 2 -2 04 B ri t i sk Cen tra l Af ri ca (Lon on , 1 d
(M l b a a ar ) ; J . A . de M a n dlesloe , i n p 4
. 1 0 (t h e W a -Y a o of
C e n t ra A r c a ) l fi .

J . Harri s s ’
Voy ages an dTra vels , i . f h
S e e urt er, W He rtz , “
D i e S age
.

(Lon don , p . M l
7 6 7 ( a abar) ; vom G if t m adch e n , Gesa m m elte A b
Ri c a r , h d Hi stor “
y of T on q u n ,i”
in ka n dlu ngen , 1 9 8 2 04 pp -
.

J ti
.

J Pi n k ert on s Voy ages

’
an d Tra vels , ix 3 He rod otus i 5 93 ; us n , x vn i

d w
. . . . .
,

7 60 sq (A ra c an ) ; A de
. orga , Tk c . M 4 . P t f th w g t h
ar o e a es us ea rn e as

Pk i lipp i n e I s la n ds , M ol u ccas , S i a m , p b b ly p i d i t th l l t p l S
ro a a n o e oc a em e . ee

Ca m bodi a , j ap a n , a n d Cki n a (Hak u t ly ab v o pp 3 7 3 8 H w v

e, .
,
d . o e e r, a cco r

S oc i e t , y pp 3 04 s q (th e . i g t S t b (xi
n o 4 ra 6 p 5 3 ) th
o 1 1 , . 2 e

hl
. . .

P i ippi n e s ) ; J M ll
a a t , Les Pk i l i p i gi l f i h f i l i ft
'

. A rm e n an rs o r c am es o en

p n es (Pa ri s ,
i i 6 1 (th e P i ip . hl g va t h ei l v e r t h
o h ye rs m ore an t e re

pi n es ) L M on celon , i n B u lleti n s de la
. i d f
ce ve th ro m em .

S oci et e d A n tk rop ologi e de Pa ri s, -3 m e T h i f t l bj ti th t h y

‘ ’ 4 s t
a a o ec on o e e or

S é ri e , ix (1 8 8 6 ) p 3 6 8 (Ne
. Ca e . w l un d di er i h b l ly t d
s c us s on as ee n c e a r s at e

don i a ) ; H C ra o rd A n ga s, i n . wf by W H t .
p i p
er z
,7 Io . c t . . 2 1 . am

Verk a n dlu ngen der B erli n er Gesell gl d t a fi d o y lf i n g m t w i t h se n a re e m e n

f f ar A n tk rop ologi e, E tkn ologi e

sck a t so j di i u d l d i qi
c ou s an ea rn e an n u re r .
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B O OK 1
t o ri c a l ti m e s fro m a n y s uch m o tiv e as i s a s s u m e d by t h e
hy p ot h e s i s u n d e r d i s cu s s io n At t h e p e riod wh e n w e h a ve .

to do w i th t h e m t h e cu s tom s w e re t o a ll a pp e ara n c e p u re ly
re l i giou s i n ch a ra ct e r a n d a re l i giou s m otiv e mu s t a cco rdi n gly ,

be fo u n d f o r th e m Such a mo t iv e i s s u pp l i e d by t h e .

th e o ry I h a ve a do p t e d wh ich s o f a r as I c a n j u d g e , , ,

a d e qu a t e ly e xp l a i n s a ll t h e k n ow n fa ct s .

Th e
A t t h e s a m e ti m e i n j u s tic e to t h e w ri t e rs who s e v i e w s ,

Pra c t i c e of I h a v e c ri t ic i z e d I wi s h to p o i n t o u t th a t t h e p ra cti c e from

,

wh ich th e y p ro p o se to d e riv e t h e s a c re d p ros ti t uti o n o f

h a s s om e W e s te rn A s i a h a s n o t a l w a y s b e e n p u re l y s e cu l ar i n ch a ra ct e r .

t i m es h a d
a re li gi o u s
Fo r i n t h e fi rs t p l ac e t h e a g e n t e m p loy e d 1 5 s om e t i m e s re
, ,

c h ara c te r
p o rt e d to be a p ri e s t ; a n d i n t h e s e co n d p l a c e t h e s ac ri fic e
1
, ,

of vi rg i n i ty h a s i n s o m e p l a c e s f or e x a m p l e a t Ro m e a n d i n ,

p a rts of I n d i a b ee n m a d e d i re ctly to t h e i m a ge of a m a l e
,

T h e m e a n i n g of th e s e p ra ct i c e s i s v e ry o b s cu re a n d
?
d e i ty ,

i n t h e p re s e n t s t a t e of o ur i g n o ra n c e o n t h e s ubj e ct i t i s u n
s a fe to bu i l d co n c lu s i o n s o n th e m I t i s p o s s i bl e th a t wh a t
‘

s ee m s to be a p u re ly s e cu l a r p re c a uti o n m ay b e o n ly a
d e g e n e ra t e fo rm of a re l igi ou s ri t e ; an d o n t h e oth e r h an d
i t i s p o s s i bl e th a t t h e re l i giou s rit e m a y go b a c k to a p u re ly
p hy s i c a l p re p arat i o n f or m a rri ag e s uch a s i s s ti ll ob se rv e d ,

a mo n g t h e a bo ri gi n e s of Au s t ra li a
?
B ut e ve n i f s uch a n
1
L di Va rth e m
. a, Tra vels (Hak l yt
u D i e S age vom G i f t m adch en , Ges a m
”

S oc , i et y de p . 141 ; J . A . m elte A bka n dlu n gen , 2 04 2 0 7 For pp .

-
.

M an dlesl oe , i n Harr s s Voy ages a n d

’
J . i ii i
a c r t c sm o f t h e a a ar e M l b
de n c e s e e vi
Tra vels, i
(Lon don , 1 7 4 4 ) 7 67 ; p h id
K S c m t, j u s pri m ae n oct i s (Fre b urg i
w
. . .

A Ha m t on ,
.
“
il
Ne A c c ou n t of th e i m B re sgau , i 3 1 2 3 20 pp .
-
.

”
E a st I n d e s , i n i
P n k e rton s Voy ages
’
J . i 2
Lac tan t i us , D i v i n I n s t i t u t 20 . . i .

a n d Tra vels , i i 3 7 4 ; Ch La ss en , vi . . A rn ob i u s, A dvers u s Nat i on es , 7 iv .

I n di sck e A ltert k u m s ku n de, (Le s c , iv . ip i i

A ugus t n e , D e c i vi ta te D ei , 9, vi . v ii .

4 0 8 ; A de He rre ra , Tk o
p . . 24 ; D B a r osa , D escrip t i on of
. b t ko
Gen era l Hi st ory of t ke Vast Con t i Coa sts of E a s t Af ri ca a n d M a la ba r
n en t a n d I s la n ds o
f A m eri ca , t ra n s (Hak u t S oc e t , ly i y
9 6 ; S on p .

la te d by
C a ta n p i J
S t e en s (Lon don , . v n e ra t , Voy age a u x I n des Ori en t a les et

1725 iii .
3 1 0 , 3 40 ; Fr . c) la Ck i n e (Pa r s , 68 ; F i i . .

C oreal, Voy ages

°
a ux I n des Occi den ta les i b h
L e re c t , Z u r V olksku n de (He bron n , il
(A m s te rdam , i . 10 so , 1 39 3 96 s o , 5 1 1 ; W He rtz ,
pp . .

so C F Ph
; . M art i n s , B ei trage
. . v . D i e S a ge vom G i f tm adch en , Gesa m
”

z u r E t kn o ra k i e u n d S ra ck en ku n de
g p p m elt e A bk a n dlu ngen , 2 70-2 7 2 pp
w
. .

’
A m eri ka s , (Le s c , 1 8 6 7 ) i 1 13 ip i pp i
A c c ord n g t o A rn ob i us , i t as m a tron s ,
w
. .

sq fi h
T h e rs t t ree o f t ese a u t or t es h h ii n ot m a en s, id
h o re sorte to th e m age d i
w
. .

f
re e r t o a a ar ; M l b
th e ourt re e rs f h f hi
T s s ugge s ts t at t h e c ust om h as a

b di
t o C a m o a ; t h e as t t ree re e r t o l h f c h a rm to p ro c u re o ff p i
s r ng .

t h e I n d an s o f i
C e n tra a n d S out l h 3 R S ch om burgk , i n Verka n dlu n gen
.

A m e r ca i
S ee u rt e r W
. He rtz , f h . der B erl i n er Gesellsckaf t f
_
ur
'

A n tk ro
CH AP . Iv A N A L TERNA TI VE THE OR Y

hi s t o ric a l o rigi n c o u ld be e s t a bl i s h e d i t woul d n ot e xp l a i n ,

t h e mo t i v e s fro m wh i ch t h e cu s to m s d e s c ri b e d i n th i s v o l u m e
w e re p ra cti s e d by t h e p e o p l e o f W e s t e rn A s i a i n h i s t o ric a l
t i mes T h e t ru e p a ra l l e l t o th e se cu s tom s i s t h e s a c re d
.

p ro s t i t u t i on whi ch i s c arri e d on to th i s day by d e d ic a te d

wom e n i n I n d i a a n d A fri c a A n e x a m i n a t io n of t h e s e .

m od e rn p ra c t ic e s m ay t h row l i ght o n t h e a n c i e n t cu s tom s .

2 . S a cred Wom en i n I n di a

In I n d i a th e d
ci g gi rl s d e d i c a t e d t o t h e s e rvic e o f S d
an n -
a cre
.

t h e T a m i l t e m p l e s t a k e t h e n a m e of deva da s i s
“ m

gi f é ifi
’
s e rv a n t s o r -
, l n

s l a v e s of t h e g o d s bu t i n c o m mo n p a rl a n c e th e y a re s p ok e n t m pl f
,
”
e es o

of s i m p ly as h a rl o t s E v e ry T a m i l te m p l e of n ote i n .

S ou t h e rn I n d i a h as i t s t roo p of t h es e s a c re d wom e n Th e i r .

o f fici a l d uti e s a re to d a n c e twi c e a da y mo rn i n g a n d e v e n i n g , ,

i n t h e t e m p l e to f a n t h e i dol w i t h T ib e t a n o x t a i l s to d a n c e
,
-
,

a n d S i n g b e fo re i t wh e n i t i s bo rn e i n p roc e s s i o n a n d t o ,

c a rry t h e holy l i gh t c a ll e d K i i i n ba rt i I n s c ri p tio n s S how .

th a t i n A D 1 0 0 4 t h e g re a t t e m p l e of t h e Chol a k i n g
. .

R aj a ra j a a t T a n j o re h a d a tt a ch e d to i t fou r hu n d re d w o m e n
of th e te m p l e
”
who l iv e d a t fre e qu a rt e rs i n t h e s t re e t s rou n d
,

a bo ut i t a n d w e re a l l o w e d l a n d fre e o f t a x e s ou t of i t s e n
dowm e n t F ro m i n fa n cy t h e y a re t ra i n e d to d an c e a n d
.

sing . I n o rd e r t o obt a i n a s a fe d e l iv e ry e xp e ct an t m o t h e rs
wi l l oft e n vow t o d e d ic a t e t h e i r chi l d i f S h e S houl d p rov e t o ,

b e a gi rl to t h e se rvi c e of God ,
A m o n g t h e w e a ve rs of .

T i ru k a l l i k u n dra m a l i ttl e tow n i n t h e M a d ra s P re s id e n cy

- -
, ,

t h e e ld e s t d a ught e r o f e v e ry fa m ily i s d e vo t e d t o t h e t e m p l e .

G i rl s t hu s m a d e ove r t o t h e d e i t y a re fo rm a l ly m a rri e d S h ,
uc

s o m et i m e s t o t h e i dol s om e ti m e s to a s wo rd b e fo re t h e y
31133 ?
, ,
0

e n t e r o n th e i r d uti e s ; fro m wh ich i t a pp e a rs t h a t t h e y a re m i d to a rr e

1
o ft e n i f n ot re gul arl y re g a rd e d a s t h e wi v es o f t h e go d
, ,

s e ss e d by
n t ra l A u s t ra l i a (Lon don ,
p ologi e, E tk n ologi e
d Urgesck i ck te, un o
f C e h i m .

1 8 7 9, pp 2 3 5 s o ; M i k l uc h o -
. ac a , M l y pp . 1 3 3 -1 3 6 I n A us t ra a th e ob
. li
i bi d . 1 8 80, 8 9 ; W E Rot ,p . . . h v
s e r an ce of th e c us tom i s regu a r l ly
S t u di es a m ong tk e
Cen t ra l Nortk West - -
f ll w
o o ed b y th e e e rc se of x a t s ee mi wh
Q u een sla n d A bori gi n es (B r s an e a n d i b l
t o b e o ld c om m un a r g t s of t h e m e n i h
Lo n don , 1 7 4 so , 1 8 0 ; B pp . . ov th w
er e om e n .

p
S en c e r an d F G i e n , Na t i ve .
J . ll 1
J A . . D ub o i s, M a u rs ,
I n st i t u
Tri bes f
o Cen tra l A u st ra li a (Lon on , d t i on s et Cerem on i es de s Peup les de
pp 9 9 5 ; i d , Nort kern Tri bes (Pa r s , i ii
’
. 2 - . l I n de .
353 s qq .
62 SA CRED M E N A ND W OMEN B OOK I
A mon g t he K a i ko lan s
l a rg e c as t e of T a m i l w e a v e rs ,
a

who a re s p re a d a ll o ve r S o u t h e rn I n d i a a t l e as t o n e gi rl ,

i n e ve ry f a m i ly s h o ul d be d e d ic a t e d t o t h e t e m p l e s e rvic e
’

T h e ri tu a l a s i t i s ob s e rv e d a t t h e i n i t i a t io n o f o n e of
,

th e s e gi rl s i n Coi mb a t o re i n clud e s a fo rm of n u p t i a l
“
,

c e re m o n y Th e re l a tio n s a re i n vi t e d f o r a n a u s p iciou s da y
.
,

a n d t h e m a t e rn a l u n c l e o r h i s re p re s e n t a t iv e t i e s a gol d
, ,

b a n d on t h e gi rl s fo re h e a d a n d c a rryi n g h e r p l a c es h e r o n
’

, , ,

a p l a n k b e fo re t h e asse m bl e d gu e s t s A B ra hm an p ri e s t .

re cit e s t h e m a n t ra m s a n d p re p a re s t h e s a c re d fi re
(k om am
)
T h e u n cl e i s p re s e n t e d wi th n e wclo t h s by t h e gi rl s mo t h e r
, .

’
.

Fo r t h e a ctu a l n u p ti a l s a ri ch B ra h m an i f p o ss i bl e an d i f , , ,

n ot a B ra h m an o f mo re lowl y s t a tu s i s i n v i t e d
, A B ra h m an .

i s c a l l e d i n a s h e i s n e x t i n i m p o rt a n c e to a n d t h e re p re
, ,

s e n t a t i v e of t h e idol I t i s s a i d th a t wh e n t h e m a n who i s
.
,

to re c e iv e h e r fi rs t fa v o u rs j oi n s t h e gi rl a s wo rd m u s t be
p l a c e d a t l e as t f or a f e wm i n ut es by h e r S id e
, ,
”
Wh e n o n e
of th e s e d an ci n g gi rl s d i e s h e r b ody i s cov e re d w i t h a n e w
, , .

-
,

cl o t h wh ich h a s b e e n t a k e n f or t h e p u rp o s e from t h e idol ,

a n d flow e rs a re s u pp l i e d from t h e t e m p l e to whi ch s h e

b e lo n g e d N o wo rs h i p i s p e rfo rm e d i n t h e t e m p l e u n ti l th e
.

l a s t rit e s h a ve b e e n p e rfo rm e d ov e r h e r b ody b e c a u s e t h e ,

i d o l b e i n g d e e m e d h e r hu s b an d i s h e l d to be i n th a t s t a t e
, ,

of c e re mo n i a l p ol luti o n c o m mo n to hu m an mou rn e rs wh i ch
?
d e b a rs h i m fro m t h e offic e s of re l i gio n I n M a h ra t t a s uch
a fe m a l e d e vot e e i s c a l l e d M u rl i C om mo n fol k b e l i e ve t h at .

from t i m e to t i m e t h e s h a dow o f t h e go d fa l l s o n h e r a n d

J. S h T h e B a a dere o r dan c n g
ort t , y i 1 d
E ga r T u rs ton , Cas tes a n d Tri bes h
gi l h
M em oi rs of di M
”
r s o f S ou t e rn I n a,
of S ou tkern I n di a ( adras , iii .

f L on don ,
t ke A n tk rop ologi ca l S oci e ty o 3 7 39
-
C om are i d , E tk n ograpk i c
. p .

iii .
( 8 6 6
7 9)
1 1 8 2 -1
94 ; E pp
a rd . dw Notes i n S ou tk ern I n di a ( adras , M
Ba lf
ou r, Cy clop aedi a o
3
f I n di a (Lon don , pp . 2 9 so I n S out h e rn Ind i a

i
9 2 2 s qo . W Fra n c s , i n . i th e m a t e rn a l un c e l o t en f t ak es a

Cen s u s of I n di a , 1 901 , vo l . xv . p rom i n en t p a rt i n th e m a rr age i c e re

M a dra s , Pa rt I ( adras 1 90 2 ) . M , pp . m on y to th e e x l i
c us on of th e gr i l ’
s

1 5 1 so ; E h
T urs ton , E t k n ograp k i c
. f th
a e r. S ee , f or e x am pl e E T urs t on ,
,
. h
Notes i n S ou tkern I n di a ( adras , M Ca stes a n d Tri bes o
f S ou tk ern I n di a
pp
3 6 s o , 4 0 sq
. T h e Offi ce . ii 4 9 7 i v 1 4 7 Th e cu tom i de
.
, . . s s

of h w
t es e s ac red o m e n h a s i n re c e n t ri v ed fro m th o ld s y s t m of m ot h e r e e

y b li h d d ki u d r wh i c h h i s r ot ’
e a rs b e en a o s e , o n th e groun of n, n m e a an s e r a e n

i l i y by iv v h i s ow ch i ld r b ut h i s s i s t e r s
’
m m ora t , t h e n a t e G o e rn m en t n en

ofMy s o re w
S ee Hom e a rd M a i l, 6 th
. c h i l dren A t o t h i sy t e m
. e b l ow s s s se e ,

J x i dly
un e 1 9 0 9 (e t ra c t k n sen t m e by C h p ter X I I
a M oth r k i d M ot h r . e - n an e

G l B gbi )
e n e ra e e . G oddesses .
C HA P . 1V SA CRED WOMEN I N I ND I A

p os s e s s e s her p e rs o
A t s uch ti m e s t h e p os s e s s e d wom a n
n .

ro ck s h e rs e l f t o a n d f ro a n d t h e p e o p l e o cc as i o n a l ly co n s ul t ,

h e r a s a s oo t h s a y e r l ay i n g m o n e y a t h e r fe e t an d a cc e p t i n g
,

a s a n o ra cl e t h e wo rd s o f wi s do m o r fol ly th a t d ro p fro m
he r l i p s
?
Nor i s t h e p ro fe ss i on of a t e m p l e p ro s t itu t e
a do p t e d o n ly by g i rl s
'
I n T ula v a a d i s t ric t of South e rn .
,

I n d i a a n y wom a n of t h e fo u r high e s t c a s t e s who w e a ri es

,

of h e r hu s b a n d o r a s a w i dow a n d t h e re fo re i n c a p a bl e of
,

m a rri a g e g ro w s ti re d of c e l i b a cy m ay go t o a t e m p l e a n d
, ,

e a t o f t h e ric e off e re d to t h e i dol T h e re u p o n if s h e i s a .

,

B ra h m a n s h e h a s t h e righ t t o l ive e ith e r i n th e t e m p l e o r

,

o ut s id e of i t s p re ci n c t s a s S h e p l e a s e s I f S h e d e ci d e s to ,
.

l ive i n i t S h e g e t s a d a i ly a l l o w a n c e of ri c e a n d m u s t s w e e p
, ,

t h e t e m p l e f a n t h e i d o l a n d co n fi n e h e r a m o u rs t o t h e
, ,

B ra hm a n s T h e m a l e chi ld re n o f th e s e wom e n fo rm a
.

s p e ci a l cl a s s c a l l e d M oy la r but a re fo n d of a s s u m i n g t h e ,

t i tl e of S t a n i k as A S m a n y of t h e m a s c a n fi n d e m p loym en t
.

h a n g a bout t h e t e m p l e s w e e p i n g t h e a reas s p ri n k l i n g th e m
wi th c o wdu n g c a rryi n g t o rch e s b e fo re t h e god s a n d doi n g
, ,

-
, ,

oth e r o dd j o b s So m e o f th e m d e b a rre d from th e s e h o ly

.
,

o f fic e s a re re duc e d to t h e p a i n ful n e c es s i t y of e a rn i n g t h e i r
,

b rea d by ho n es t wo rk T h e d a ught e rs a re e i t h e r b rou ght.

u p to l iv e l i k e t h e i r m oth e rs o r a re giv e n i n m a rri a ge t o t h e

S tan i kas B ra h m an wo m e n who do n o t ch o o se to l ive i n
.

t h e t e m p l e s a n d a ll t h e wom e n of t h e t h ree low e r c a s t e s

, ,

c o h a bi t w i t h a n y m an of p u re d e s c e n t but t h e y h av e to p ay ,

a fi x e d s u m a n n u a l ly to t h e t e m p l e
?

I n T ra v a n co re a d a n ci n g gi rl a t t a ch e d to a t e m p l e i s I T -
n rava n

th ” c ore
k n o w n a s a D ds i o r D i va dci s i o r D i va ra t i ci l a s e rva n t 0 f d i e

T h e fol l o w i n g a ccou n t of h e r d e d ic a t i o n a n d w
, , ,
an c n
g
a y of gi l
”
God r s are

g l ly
.

re u ar
l i fe de se rv es t o be quo t e d b e c a u s e wh i l e i t i g n o re s t h e b a s e r m i d to , a rr e

s i d e of h e r voc a tio n i t b ri n g s cl e a rly ou t t h e i d e a of h e r th god

,
e

m arri a ge t o t h e d e i ty M a rri ag e i n t h e c as e o f a D éva ra t i ci l

.
’

i n i t s o ri gi n a l i m p o rt i s a re n u n c i a t i o n of o rd i n a ry fa m i ly l i fe
a n d a co n s e c ra ti o n t o t h e s e rvi c e of God W i th a la dy n u rs e .
‘

a t a H o s p i t a l o r a s i s t e r a t a Co n v e n t a D i va dci s i a t a H i n du

s h ri n e s uch a s s h e p rob a bly w

, ,

,
a s i n t h e e a rly a g e s o f H i n d u

1 E . Ba lf ou r, o p . ci t . II . 1 01 2 . My s ore ,Ca n ara , a n d a a ba r, M l

in
”
J .

2 Fran c i s B uc h an an ,
“
A J ou rn e y i
P n k e rton s Voy ages a n d Tra vels ,
’
i v ii .

f
rom M adra s h
t roug h t h e c oun t r es o f i (Lon don 1 8 1 1 ) , 7 49 p . .
64 S A CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K I

s p i ri t u a l i ty woul d h a ve cl a i m e d fa vou ra bl e com p a ri s o n

,
. In
th e c e re m o n i a l of d e d ic a t i o n m a rri a ge of t h e D ds i
t he -
,

e l e m e n t s a re n o t w a n ti n g wh i ch i n d i c a t e a p a s t qu i t e t h e

re v e rs e o f d i s re p ut a bl e T h e gi rl to be m a rri e d i s g e n e ra l ly
.

fro m s i x to e igh t y e a rs i n a ge T h e b ri d e g ro o m i s t h e
.

s i d i n g d e i ty of t h e loc a l t e m p l e
p r e T h e c e re mo n y i s do n e .

a t h is hou se T h e e xp e n s e s o f t h e c e l e b ra t io n a re s u pp o s e d
.

to be p a rt ly p a i d fro m h i s fu n d s To i n s t a n c e t h e p ra cti c e
.

a t t h e Such i n d ra m t e m p l e a Yo g a o r m ee ti n g o f
,
t h e ch i e f
fu n ctio n a ri e s of t h e t e m p l e a rra n g e s t h e p re l i m i n ari e s The .

gi rl to be w e d d e d b a t h e s a n d g o e s to t h e t e m p l e w ith two
p i e c es of cloth a tci li b e t e l a re c a n ut e t c T h e s e a re p l a c e d
, , ,
-
,
.

by t h e p ri e s t a t t h e fe e t o f t h e i m a g e T h e gi rl s it s w i t h .

t h e fa c e tow a rd s t h e d e ity T h e p ri e s t k i n dl e s t h e s a c re d
.

fi re a n d go es t h rough a ll t h e ri tu a l s o f t h e Ti ru kka ly ci n a m
fe s ti v a l He th e n i n i t i a t e s t h e b ri d e i n to t h e Pa n ckdks ka ra
.

m a n t ra i f i n a S a i v a t e m p l e a n d t h e A s k tdks /
, i a ra i f i n a
, , .

V a i s h n a v a t e m p l e O n b e h a l f of t h e d i vi n e b ri d e g room h e
p re s en t s o n e o f t h e t w
.
,

o Cloth s s h e h a s b ro ugh t a s offe ri n g

a n d ti e s t h e Tci li a ro u n d h e r n e ck Th e p ra c t i c e how o ld .
,

i t i s n ot p o s s i bl e to s ay i s th e n to t a k e h e r to h e r hou s e
,

wh e re t h e u s u a l m a rri a g e fe s ti vit i e s a re c e l e b ra t e d f or fou r

d ays . A s i n B ra h m i n i c a l m a rri a g e s t h e Na lu n ku c e re m o n y , ,

i e t h e rol l i n g of a coco a n ut by t h e b ri d e to t h e b ri d e g ro o m
. .

a n d v i ce vers a a n u mb e r of t i m e s to t h e a cc o m p a n i m e n t of

m u s ic i s go n e t h ro ugh t h e t e m p l e p ri es t p l ayi n g t h e b ri d e
, ,

g ro om s p a rt ’
Th e n c e fo rt h S h e b e com es t h e w i fe of t h e
.

d e i t y i n t h e s e n s e t h a t s h e fo rm a l ly a n d s ol e m n ly d e d ic a t e s
t h e re s t of h e r l i fe t o h i s s e rvi c e w ith t h e s a m e co n s t a n cy
.

a n d d e v o ti o n th a t a fa i t hfu l w ife u n it e d i n h o ly m a t ri mo n y

S how s to h e r w e dd e d l o rd Th e l i fe of a D i va dci s i b e d e ck e d
w i t h a ll t h e a cc o m p l i s h m e n t s th a t t h e m u s e s cou ld gi ve w
.

as

o n e of s p otl es s p u ri ty E ve n n owS h e i s m a i n t a i n e d by t h e
.

t e m p l e S h e u n d e rt a k e s fa s t s i n co n n e ction wi th t h e t e m p l e
.

fes t i v a l s s uch a s t h e s e v e n d a y s fa s t f or t h e Ap a m ci rga m

,
’

c e re mo n y D u ri n g t h e p e ri o d of t hi s fa s t s t ri c t co n ti n e n c e
.
,

i s e n j oi n e d s h e i s re qu i re d to t a ke o n ly o n e m e a l a n d th a t ,

e m p le — i n fa ct to l iv e an d b e h a v e a t l e a s t f or a

m an n e r o rd a i n e d f o r h e r t h roughout l i fe Som e .

a tt e n d s
 SA CRED M E N A ND W OMEN B OOK I
p ri e s t s an d i n m a t e s of t h e m a l e s e m i n a ri e s a n d a t t h e
the
t e rm i n a ti o n of th e i r n ovi ti a t e t h e y b e c o m e p ubl i c p ro s t itu t e s .

Th i s co n d i t i o n how e ve r i s n o t re g ard e d a s o n e f o r re p roa ch

, ,

th e y a re co n s i d e re d t o be m a rri e d t o t h e god a n d t h e i r ,

e x c e s s e s a re s u pp o se d to b e c a u s e d a n d d i re ct e d by h i m .

P ro p e rly s p e a k i n g th e i r l i b e rt i n a g e S hould be co n fi n e d t o
,

t h e m a l e wo rs hi pp e rs a t t h e t e m p l e of t h e god but p ra ctic

C hi ld re n w
,

a l ly i t i s i n d i s c ri m i n a t e h o a re bo rn f ro m s uch
.

1 ”
u n i o n s b e l o n g t o t h e god Th e se wom e n a re n ot a l low e d .

?
t o m a rry s i n c e t h e y a re d ee m e d t h e w iv e s o f a go d
A ga i n i n th i s p a rt of A fric a t h e fe m a l e K os i o of
,
“

D a nh gbi or D a nk s i o th a t i s t h e wive s p ri e s te sse s a n d

-
,
-
, , , ,

t e m p l e p ro s ti t ut e s of D a nh gbi t h e p ytho n god h av e th e i r - -

ow
, ,

n o rg an i z a ti o n G e n e ra l ly th e y l i v e tog e th e r i n a g rou p
.

o f h o u s e s o r hu t s i n clo s e d by a fe n c e a n d i n th e s e i n c lo s u re s ,

t h e n ovic e s u n d e rgo th e i r th re e y ea rs of i n iti a tio n M ost '

n ew
.

m e mb e rs a re o bta i n e d b y t h e a ffil i a tio n of y o u n g gi rl s ;

but a n y w o m a n wh a t e v e r m arri e d or s i n gl e Sl av e o r fre e , , ,

by p ubl icl y s i m ul a ti n g p o s s e s s i o n a n d utt e ri n g t h e c o n ve n ,

t i o n a l c ri e s re cog n i z e d a s i n d ic a tiv e of p o s s e ss io n by t h e
god c a n a t o n c e jo i n t h e b o dy a n d be a d m i t t e d t o t h e
, ,

h a bit a tio n s of th e o rd e r T h e p e rs o n of a w o m a n who h a s .

jo i n e d i n th i s m a n n e r i s i n vi ol a bl e a n d d u ri n g t h e p e ri od o f ,

h e r n oviti a t e S h e i s fo rbi dd e n i f S i n gl e t o e n t e r t h e hou s e , ,

of h e r p a re n t s a n d if m a rri e d th a t of h e r hu s b a n d
, ,
Th i s , .

i n vi o l a bi l ity wh i l e i t giv e s wo m e n O pp ortu n i t i e s o f g ra t i fy i n g

,

a n i l l icit p a s s io n a t t h e s a m e ti m e s e rv e s occ a s io n a l ly t o
,

s a v e t h e p e rs e cut e d s l a v e o r n e gl e ct e d wi fe from t h e i l l , ,

t re a t m e n t o f t h e lo rd a n d m a s t e r ; f o r S h e h as o n ly to go
t h rough t h e co n v e n tio n a l fo rm of p o s s e ss io n a n d a n a s y lu m
T h e p ytho n god m a rri es th e s e wom e n s e c re t ly
3 ”
i s a ss u re d .
-

i n h i s t e m p l e a n d th e y fa th e r th e i r offs p ri n g o n h i m
,
bu t i t
i s t h e p ri e s t s who co n s u m m a t e t h e u n io n
?

Fo r o u r p u rp o s e i t i s i m p o rt a n t t o n ot e th a t a cl o s e .

1 A . B . ll i
E s , Tke E e sp ea ki ng
Peop les of tk e S la ve Coast of West
w - Gu i n tf e et

ii
d Cay enn e
P
(A m
B ou c
s t e rdam

h
,

La
. 1 44 -1
5 1 ; . e,

Af ri ca (Lon don , pp 1 4 0 so Cdte des E scla ves (Pa r s , i p . 1 28

bb é h ll h w
. .

2 A B E ll i s Th e A B ouc e ca s t ese om en
. op it p 1 42
.
, . c . . .

3 A B E ll i s op i t pp 1 4 8 c s
o
4 A B E ll i ci t. p 6 0 ; D es
, s, o p
. . . . .
.

C om p r D s M r h i s hi
. . .

a e e Voy g a c a , a e en M arc a s, o p . ci t . ii . 1 49 sq .
CH . Iv SA CRED M E N A ND WOMEN I N WE S T A FRI CA 67

c on n ex i o n is a pp a ren tly
u pp o s e d t o e x i s t b e twe e n th e S ppo d
s u se

fert i l i ty o f t h e s o i l a n d t h e m a rri a g e of t h e s e w o m e n t o
t h e s e rp e n t Fo r t h e t i m e wh e n n e wb ri d e s a re s ought f o r t h f til ity
. e er

”
t h e re p t i l e god i s t h e s e as o n wh e n t h e m i l l e t i s b e gi n n i n g t o Z fiéfhi
-
h o

s p ro ut Th e n t h e ol d p ri e s t es s e s a rm e d w i th cl ub s run m i g
.
, ,
a rr a e

fra n t ic a l ly th rough t h e s t re e t s s h ri e k i n g l i k e m a d w o m e n f 5 g 3
a

a n d c a rryi n g o f f to be b ri d e s of t h e s e rp e n t a n y l i tt l e gi rl s p t s er e n

b e tw e e n t h e age s of e i ght a n d tw e l ve wh o m th e y m ay fi n d
out s i d e of t h e hou ses P i ou s p e o p l e a t s uch t i m e s w i l l
.

s o m e ti m e s l e a v e th e i r d a ught e rs a t t h e i r d o o rs o n p u rp o se

t h a t th e y m a y h a v e t h e ho n ou r of b e i n g d e d i c a t e d to t h e
god ?
T h e m a rri a g e of w i v es to t h e se rp e n t god i s p rob a bly -

d e e m e d n e c e s s a ry to e n a bl e h i m to d i s ch arge t h e i m p o rt a n t
fu n ct i o n of m a k i n g t h e c ro p s to g row a n d t h e c a t t l e to
multi p ly ; f or w e re a d th a t th e s e p e o p l e
“
i n vok e t h e s n a k e
i n e x c e s s iv e ly w e t dry o r b a rre n s e a s o n s ; o n a ll occ a s i o n s
, ,

re l a t i n g to th e i r gov e rn m e n t a n d t h e p re s e rv a tio n o f th e i r

c a t t l e o r ra t h e r i n o n e wo rd i n a ll n e c e s s i ti e s a n d d i f ficu lti e s
i n whi ch t h e y do n ot a pp ly to t h e i r n e wb a tch of god s
, , ,
” 2
.

O n c e i n a ba d s e a s o n t h e D utch fa cto r Bo s m a n fou n d th e

K i n g o f Whyd a h i n a g re a t ra g e Hi s M aj e s ty e xp l a i n e d .

t h e re as o n of h i s d i s com p o s u re by s a yi n g
“
th a t th a t y e a r h e
h a d s e n t much l a rg e r o ff e ri n g s t o t h e s n a k e hou s e th a n -

u s u a l i n o rd e r t o o bt a i n a good c ro p ; a n d t h a t o n e of h i s
,

vic e roy s (whom h e s h e w e d m e ) h a d d es i re d h i m a fres h i n

-
,

t h e n a m e of t h e p ri e s t s who th rea t e n e d a b a rre n y e a r to , ,

s e n d y e t m o re To wh ich h e a n s w e re d t h a t h e d i d n ot i n t en d
.

to m a k e a n y fu rth e r o ff e ri n g s th i s y e a r ; a n d i f th e s n ak e
would n ot b e s tow a p l e n ti ful h a rv e s t o n th e m h e m i ght le t i t ,

a l o n e ; f or s a i d he b
( ) I c an n o t e m o re d a m a g e d th e re by t h e ,

g re a t es t p a rt o f my c o rn b e i n g a l re a dy ro t t e n i n t h e fi e ld ” 3
.

T h e A k i k uy u of B ri ti s h E a s t A fri c a
“
h a ve a cu s t o m H m u an

Wiv f
which re m i n d s on e of t h e W e s t A fric a n p ytho n god a n d h i s k
-
a sn a
es O

wi ve s At i n t e rv a l s of I b e l i e ve se v e ra l y e a rs t h e m e d ici n e god m o g
.
, ,
a n

h
m e n o rd e r hut s t o b e bu i l t f o r t h e p u rp o s e of w o rs h i pp i n g a A lf ik yu u .

ri ve r s n a k e T h e s n a k e go d re qu i re s w i v e s a n d w o m e n o r
.
-
,

ch i x vi (Lon d on
1 D es M Voy g
ar Gu i a s, Vy g a e d T vel
en
’
n ee o a es an ra s, .
,

et d C y a (A m s te
en n erd m i i 1 8 1 4 ) p 4 94
a ,
. . .

1 46 sq .
3 W . B o sm an , l . c
. Th e n am e of
2
W . B osm an ,
“
ip i
D es c r t o n o f t h e W hy dah is s p el t by B os m an as Fi da,
C oast of Gu i n ea , in J . i
P n k e rton s
’
an d by D M h i es arc a s as J uda .
 SA CRED M E N A ND WOME N B OO K I
mo re e s p e ci a l ly gi rl s go t o t h e hut s H e re t h e u n io n i s .

co n s u m m a t e d by t h e m e d ic i n e m e n I f t h e n u mb e r of -
.

fe m a le s who go to t h e h ut s vol u n t a ri ly i s n ot s u f fici e n t ,

gi rl s a re s e i z e d a n d d ra gge d t h e re I b e l i e v e t h e off s p ri n g .

of s uc h a u n io n i s s a i d to be fa th e re d by God (N g a i ) : a t
a n y ra t e t h e re a re chi l d re n i n K i kuyu who a re re g a rd e d a s
1 ”
t h e chi ld re n o f God
A mo n g t h e n e g ro es of t h e S l a v e C o a s t th e re a re a s w
.

e ,

h a ve s ee n m a l e kos i o a s w e l l as fe m a l e kos i o ; t h a t i s th e re
, ,

a re d e d ic a t e d m e n a s w e l l a s d e d ic a t e d wom e n p ri es t s a s ,

w e l l as p ri e s t e s s e s a n d t h e i d e as a n d cu s t o m s i n re g ard t o
,

th e m s e e m t o be s i m il a r L i k e t h e wo m e n t h e m e n u n d e rgo .
,

a th re e y e a rs n ovi t i a t e a t t h e e n d o f wh i ch e a ch c a n d i d a t e
’

h a s t o p ro v e th a t t h e god a cc e p t s h i m a n d fi n d s h i m w o rt hy
o f i n s p i ra tio n E s co rt e d by a p arty o f p ri e s t s h e g oe s to a
.

s h ri n e a n d s e a t s h i m s e lf o n a s tool th a t b e l o n g s to t he d e ity .

Th e p ri e s t s th e n a n oi n t h i s h e a d w i th a my s ti c d e coct io n a n d
i n vok e t h e god i n a lo ng a n d wi l d C h oru s D u ri n g t h e .

S i n gi n g t h e youth if h e i s a cc e p t a bl e to t h e d e i t y
,
t re m bl e s ,

vi o l e n t ly s i m u l a t e s co n vul s i o n s fo a m s a t t h e mou th a n d
, , ,

d a n c e s i n a fre n zi e d s tyl e s o m e t i m es f o r mo re th a n a n hou r ,

.

Thi s i s t h e p roof th a t t h e god h a s t a k e n p o ssess i o n of h i m .

Aft e r th a t h e h as t o re m a i n i n a t e m p l e w ithout s p ea k i n g
f o r s e v e n d ay s a n d n ight s At t h e e n d of t h a t ti m e h e i s .
,

b rought ou t a p ri es t o p e n s h i s mouth to S how t h a t h e m ay

n o wu s e h i s to n gu e a n e wn a m e i s gi v e n hi m
,

,
an d he i s ,

ful ly o rd a i n e d ?
H e n c e fo rth h e i s re g a rd e d a s t h e p ri es t
a n d m e d i u m of t h e d e i ty whom h e s e rv e s an d t h e wo rd s ,

which h e utt e rs i n th a t mo rbi d s t a t e o f m e n t a l e x cit e m e n t

whi ch p a s se s f or d i vi n e i n s p i ra ti o n a re a cc e p t e d by t h e ,

h e a re rs a s t h e v e ry wo rd s o f t h e god s p ok e n by t h e mouth
A n y c ri m e wh i ch a p ri e s t c o m m i tt e d i n a s t a t e
?
of t h e m a n
o f fre n zy u s e d to re m a i n u n p u n i s h e d n o doubt b e c a u s e t h e

act w
,

a s thought t o be t h e a c t o f t h e go d B ut th i s b e n e fi t 0

o f cl e rgy w a s s o m uch a bu se d t h a t u n d e r K i n g G e z o t h e la w
.

h a d to be a lt e re d ; a n d a l t hough whi l e h e i s s ti l l p o s s e s s e d ,

1 MS . n ote s , k i n dly se n t to m e by Le R . P . B au di n, Fé t i c h e u rs ou

th e au t h o r, Mr A C Holl i s z rs t mi it n s re s l igi x re eu de s Negre s de la

w
. . .
,

M ay G i é Mi
”
,
1 90 8 . u n e, L es ss i on s C a t k oli q u es ,
ll i No 7 8 7 (4 j i ll p
2 A . B E s , Tke E
. e - s
pea ki n g . u et .
322 .

Peoples f
o t ke S l a ve Coa st , pp . 1 4 2 - 1 44 ; 3 A B E ll i
.
p . s, o . ci t . pp . 1 5 sq
0 .
CH . Iv S A CRED M E N A ND WOMEN I N WE S T A FRI CA 69

by t h e god i n s p i re d c ri m i n a l i s s a fe h e i s n owl i a bl e t o
, th e ,

p u n i s hm e n t as s oo n a s t h e d i vi n e s p i ri t l e a v e s h i m N e ve r .

t h e le s s o n t h e whol e a m o n g th e s e p e o p l e t h e p e rs o n o f a
“

p ri e s t or p ri es t ess i s s a c re d N ot o n ly m u s t a l aym a n n o t .

lay h an d s o n or i n s u lt o n e ; h e mu s t be c a re ful n o t e v e n t o
k n o ck on e by a cci d e n t or jo s tl e a g a i n s t on e i n t h e s t ree t
th a t o n c e wh e n h e w
, .

T h e A b b é Bouch e re l a t e s a s p a yi n g
1

a vi s i t to t h e ch i e f of A gw e h o n e of t h e wi ve s of t h e chi e f

wa s b rought i n to th e hou se by fou r p ri e ste s ses h e r fac e

,

bloody a n d h e r body cove re d w i th s t ri p e s

, S h e h a d b ee n .

s a v a g e ly flogg e d f o r h a vi n g a ccid e n t a l ly t rod d e n u p o n t h e

fo o t of o n e of th e m a n d t h e chi e f n ot o n ly d a re d n ot g i v e
ve n t t o h i s a n ge r but h a d to g i ve th e m a b ottl e of rum a s
,

a p e a c e off e ri n g
” 2
-
.

A mo n g t h e T s hi s p e a k i n g p e o p l e s of t h e Gol d Co a s t S i m i l ly
-
ar

wh o bo rd e r on th e E w
,

e s p ea k i n g p e o p l e s of t h e Sl a v e Co a s t
3121 31 ,
3
03
-
1

to t h e w es t t h e cu s tom s an d be l i e fs i n re g ard to t h e d e d i P pl f eo es o

th G ld
,

c a t e d m en a n d d e d i c at e d wom e n t h e p ri es t s a n d p ri es t e s s e s C
e o

t th , , o as e re

a re v e ry s i m i l a r
‘

Th ese p e rs o n s are b e l i e ve d to be fro m

.
d are s ac re

t i m e to ti m e p o s s e ss e d o r i n s p i re d by t h e d e i ty whom th e y
s e rv e a n d i n t h a t s t a t e th e y a re co n s ul t e d a s o ra cl es T h ey “1 1 0 a re

ppo d
.

su se
w ork th e m se lv e s u p to t h e n e c e ss a ry p i tch of e x c i t e m e n t t b i o e n .

by d a n ci n g to t h e m u s i c of d ru m s e a ch god h as h i s s p e ci a l 352 313

hym n s u n g to a s p e ci a l b e a t of t h e d ru m a n d a ccom p a n i e d
, ,

by a s p e ci a l d a n c e I t i s wh i l e thu s d a n ci n g to t h e d ru m s
.

th a t t h e p ri es t or p ri e s t e ss l e t s fa l l t h e o ra cu l a r wo rd s i n a
c ro a k i n g o r gu t tu ra l voi c e wh i ch t h e h e a re rs t a k e to be t h e
voic e of t h e god H e n c e d a n c i n g h a s a n i m p o rt a n t p l a c e
.

i n t h e e duc a t i o n o f p ri e s t s a n d p ri e s t e s s es ; t h e y a re t ra i n e d
i n it f o r mo n th s b e fo re th e y m ay p e rfo rm i n p ubl ic Th ese .

mouth p i e c e s of t h e d e ity a re co n s u lt e d i n a l m o s t e ve ry c on
c e rn of l i fe a n d a re h a n d s om e l y p a i d f or th e i r s e rv i c e s ?

P ri e s t s m a rry l i k e a n y oth e r m e m b e rs of t h e com mu n i ty ,

a n d p u rch ase w i v e s ; but p ri e s t es se s a re n e v e r m a rri e d n o r ,

c a n an y h e a d mo n e y be p a i d f or a p ri e s t e s s T h e rea s o n
’
.

a pp e a rs to b e th a t a p ri e s te s s b e lo n g s t o t h e god S h e se rv es ,

a n d th e re fo re c a n n ot b e com e t h e p ro p e rty of a m a n as w o ul d ,

1 La Cbte des E scla ves , pp . 127 3 A . B . E ll i s, Tke Tsk i -s

p ea ki ng

Peoples f
o t ko Gold Coa st f
o West Af ri ca
2 A . B . E ll i s, o p . ci t . p . 1 47 .
(Lon don , pp . 1 2 0- 1 38 .
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN BO0K 1

be t h e c a s e i f S h e m arri e d o n e Thi s p ro h ibitio n e x t e n d s t o .

m a rri a g e o n ly a n d a p ri e s t e ss i s n o t d e b a rre d f ro m se x u a l
,

c o m m e rc e T h e ch i ld re n of a p ri e s t or p ri e s t e ss a re n ot
.

o rd i n a ri ly e duc a t e d f or t h e p ri e s tly p rofe s s i o n on e g e n e ra ti o n ,

b e i n g u s u a l ly p a s s e d o v e r a n d t h e g ra n dchi ld re n se l e ct e d , .

P ri e s t es se s a re o rd i n a ri ly mo s t l ic e n t iou s a n d cu s to m a l low s
th e m to g ra t i fy th e i r p as s io n s wi t h a n y m a n w
,

h o m a y c h an c e
Th e ra n k s of t h e h e re d i t a ry p ri es t
” 1
t o t a k e th e i r fa n cy .

hood a re co n s t a n tly re c ru i t e d by p e rs o n s who d e v o t e th e m

s e lv es o r w h o a re d e vot e d by t h e i r re l a ti o n s o r m a s t e rs t o
t h e p rofe s s i o n M e n wo m e n a n d e v e n ch i l d re n c a n t hu s
.
, ,

b e com e m e m b ers of t h e p ri e s thood I f a moth e r h as l o s t .

s e v e ra l of h e r chi l d re n by d e a th s h e w i l l n o t u n co m mo n ly ,

vow to d e vot e t h e n e x t bo rn to t h e s e rvi c e of th e god s f o r

i n th i s w ay S h e ho p e s to s a v e t h e ch i ld s l i fe So wh e n t h e ’
.

chi l d i s bo rn i t i s s e t a p a rt f or t h e p ri e s thood a n d o n a rri vi n g ,

a t m a tu ri ty g e n e ra l ly ful fil s t h e vow m a d e by t h e moth e r

a n d b e co m e s a p ri es t o r p ri es t e ss A t t h e c e re mo n y of .

o rd i n a ti o n t h e vot a ry h a s t o p rov e h i s o r h e r voc a ti o n f or

t h e s a c re d l ife i n t h e u s u a l w a y by fa l l i n g i n to or s i m ul a ti n g

co n vul s i o n s d an ci n g fra n t i c a l ly to t h e b e a t of d ru m s a n d
, ,

S p e a k i n g i n a ho a rs e u n n a tu ra l vo i c e wo rd s wh i ch a re d e e m e d

to be t h e utt e ra n c e of t h e d e i ty t e m p o ra ri ly lodg e d i n t h e
b ody of t h e m an or wom a n ?

4 . S a cred Wom en in Wes tern Asia

Thu s i n A fric a a n d s o m e t i m e s i f n ot re gul arly i n I n d i a

, ,

t h e s a c re d p ro s t i t ut e s a t t a ch e d to t e m p l e s a re re g a rd e d a s
t h e w i v e s of t h e go d a n d th e i r e x c e ss e s a re e x cu s e d o n t h e ,

g rou n d t h a t th e wom e n a re n ot th e m s e lv e s but th a t t h e y a c t ,

u n d e r t h e i n flu e n c e of d iv i n e i n s p i ra tio n Th i s i s i n s ub s t a n c e .

t h e e xp l a n a ti o n wh ich I h a v e giv e n of t h e cu s to m of s a c re d
o o
p ro s t i tut i o n a s I t w
0 o o o o
a s p ra ct i s e d I n a n t i qu i t y by t h e p e o p l e s
0

2
A
A
. B
B
. Ell i
E ll i
s, o p . ci t .

ci t
p .

pp
12 1 . S t a m m e IlIa teri a l z u r R u n de des E e
‘
.

Volkes i n D eu tsck - Togo, B er n , 1 90 6 ,

’

li
w
. . s, p
o . . . 1 2 0 so ,

1 29 T h e sla ves , m al e an d e m a e , f l pp . 2 2 8, 3 09 , 4 5 0 , 4 7 4 , 7 9 2 ,
2 2 9,

d di d t g d f
e ca t e h i ldh d o a o rom c oo a re 7 97 , i
B u t h i s n orm at on does f i
f
o te n i d b y th G
m e n t on e e e rm an m is n ot i ll us t ra te th e r nc a p i ip l
o n ts t o p i
i y M
S on a r J S pi th i hi lb
r e n s e a ora t e wh i h c I hv
a e ca e ll d
a t ten t on i n t h e i
Ew p pl
. .

w k
or h on (D i E
t e e eo e e
’

z oe x
te t .
CH AP . IV S A CRED PVOM E N I N IVE S TE RIV A S I A 71

of W e s t e rn A s i a I n t h e i r l ic e n t i o u s i n t e rc o u rs e a t t h e
.

t e m p l e s t h e wom e n wh e t h e r m a id e n s o r m a t ro n s o r p ro ,

f e s s i o n a l h a rlot s i m i t a t e d t h e l ic e n t i ou s co n d uct of a g rea t

,

godd e s s o f fe rt i l i ty f or t h e p u rp o se o f e n s u ri n g t h e fru itful

n e s s of fi e ld s a n d t re e s of m an a n d b e a s t a n d i n d i s ch a rgi n g ,

thi s s a c re d a n d i m p o rt a n t fu n cti o n t h e wo m e n w e re p rob a bly

s u pp o s e d l i k e th e i r W e s t A fric a n S i s t e rs to be a c t u a l ly
, ,

p o s ses s e d by t h e g o dd e ss Th e hy p oth e s i s a t l e a s t e xp l a i n s .

a ll t h e fa ct s i n a s i m p l e a n d n a tu ra l m a n n e r ; a n d i n ass u m

i n g t h a t wom e n coul d be m a rri e d t o god s i t a s s um e s a

p ri n c i p l e which w e k n ow to h a v e b e e n re cog n i z e d i n B a bylo n ,

A s s y ri a a n d E gy p t ?
,
A t B a bylo n a wom a n re gu l a rly S l e p t
i n t h e g re a t be d o f B e l o r M a rd uk wh ich s tood i n h i s t e m p l e
an d it w
,

o n t h e s um m i t of a lofty p y ra m i d as be l i e ve d th a t

t h e god cho s e h e r fro m a ll t h e wom e n of B a b ylo n a n d s l e p t

with h e r i n t h e be d H ow e ve r u n l i k e t h e I n d i a n a n d W es t .
,

A fric a n wiv e s of god s thi s s p ou s e of t h e B a bylo n i an d e i t y

Y et w
,

i s re p o rt e d by H e rod otu s to h a v e b e e n ch a s t e
?
e m ay

d o ubt wh e th e r S h e w as s o f or th e se wi v e s o r p e rh a p s p a ra
m o u rs o f B e l a re p ro b a bly to be i d e n ti fi e d w ith t h e w i v e s o r
v o t a ri e s of M a rd u k m e n tio n e d i n t h e cod e of H a m m u ra b i
an d w
,

e k n ow from t h e cod e th a t fe m a l e vot a ri es of t h e god s

?
m ight be moth e rs a n d m arri e d to m e n At B a bylo n t h e
s u n go d S h a m a s h
-
as w e l l a s M a rduk h a d hu m an w i v es
fo rm e rly d e d i c a t e d to h i s s e rvi c e an d th e y l i k e t h e vot a ri es ,
?
of M ardu k m igh t h a v e chi ld re n I t i s s i g n i fic a n t t h a t a
n a m e f o r th e s e B a bylo n i a n vot a ri es w a s ka di s k t u whi ch i s ,

t h e s a m e wo rd a s kedes ka co n s e c ra t e d w o m a n t h e re gul a r
I t i s t ru e t h a t t h e la w
, ,

H e b re w W ord f o r a t e m p l e h a rlot ?

1 Tk c M agi c A rt a n d tk e E volu ti on ca n j ou rn a l o f S em i t i c L a ngu ages an d

f
o R i ngs ,
'

1 2 9- 1 3 5 ii . . L i t era t u res , xix .

(J an ua r y 90 3 )
1 pp .

2 He rodotus i 1 81 sq . I t i s n ot 9 8 -1 0
7 C om p a re S A C ook , Tk e
wf
. . . .
,

l
c ear wh h h dif et er t e s am e or a f e re n t La s o M oses an d tk e Code o f Ha m
w l p t v y igh t i th
om an s e pl e er n n e tem e . m u ra bi (Lon d on , pp . 1 47 -1
50 .

H Wi k l
3 Di G t H nc e r, e es e z e am 4 C H W J oh n s “
Notes on th e
wh w
. .
. .
,

bi (L ip i p 3 of Ha m m u rab i
2 ”
m u ra 8 ; e s c, 1 1 2 C ode ,
t e , e re e . .

f l v y
.
,

C H W J h B by l i d o n s, a on a n an re a d ( p
1 0 4 ) of a em a e o ta r of

L w C t hw
. . .

h h
.

A y iss r an t d L tt a s, on ra c s , a n e ers S a m as h o h ad a da ug te r .

(E di b gh pp 5 4 5 5 5 9 6 Code of Ha m m u ra bi , 1 81
5
n ur , .
, , ,
0,

6 1 (ss 1 3 7 . 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 4 6 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 2 , C H W
. o n s,
. Jh
Note s on th e C ode
.

1 8 7 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 3 , of th e C ode of Ha m o f Ha m m u ra b , i
1 00 s o ; pp
”
op ci t . . .

m u ra bi ) A s t o t e s e e m a e o ta r e s
. h f l v i S A C ook , op ci t
. . 1 48 Dr . . p . . .

see e s e c a C H W o n s,
p i lly Not es J h Jh
o n s t ra n s at es t h e n am e by l “
t em e pl
w
. . .

on th e C ode of Ha m m u ra b i ,
”
A m eri m ai
”
(B d
a by lon i a n a n d A ssy ri a n L a s,
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K 1
se v e re l y p u n i s h e d a n y d i s re s p e ct s how n to th es e s a c re d
wo m e n ; but t h e e x a m p l e of W e s t Afric a w a rn s us th a t
1

a fo rm a l re s p e ct s h o w n to s uch p e rs n s e v e n wh e n i t i s
o ,

e n fo rc e d by s e v e re p e n a l ti e s n e e d be n o p roof a t a ll of th e i r ,

I n E gy p t a wom a n u s e d to s l ee p i n t h e
?
vi rtu ou s ch a ra ct e r
t e m p l e of A m mo n at Th e b e s a n d t h e god w a s b e l i eve d to ,

vi s i t h e r
?
E gy p ti an t e x t s oft e n m e n t i o n h e r a s t h e d i v i n e
”
co n s o rt a n d i n ol d d ay s s h e s e e m s to h a ve u s u a l ly b e e n t h e
,

Q u e e n of E gy p t h e rs e l f ?
B ut i n t h e t i m e o f S t ra bo a t t h e ,

b e gi n n i n g of o ur e ra th e se co n s o rt s o r co n cub i n e s of A m mo n , ,

a s th e y w e re c a l l e d w e re b ea uti fu l you n g gi rl s of n o bl e bi rt h
, ,

who h e l d o f fic e o n ly t i l l p u b erty D u ri n g th e i r t e rm of o f fic e .

th e y p ro s t i tut e d th e m s e lve s fre e l y to a n y m an who took th e i r

fa n cy Aft e r p u b e rty th e y we re gi ve n i n m arri a g e an d a
c e re mo n y of m ou rn i n g w
.
,

as p e rfo rm e d f or th e m a s i f th e y .

?
w e re d e a d Wh e n th e y d i e d i n good e a rn e s t th e i r bod i e s ,

w e re l a i d i n S p e c i a l g ra ves ?

5 . S a cred M en i n Wes tern A sia

S i m i ar l ly As inW e s t Afric a t h e d e d i c a t e d wo m e n h a v e th e i r
t h e s ac re d
m e n (,ede _
cou n t e rp art I n th e d e d i c a t e d m e n s o I t w a s I n W e s t e rn ,

sk i m
) of A s i a ; f or th e re t h e s a c re d m e n (kedes ki m ) cl e a rly co rre
s p on de d to t h e sa c re d wom en (kedes kot k) i n oth e r wo rd s t h e , ,

hv
a be e n
e s a c re d m a l e s l a v e s
7
of t h e t e m p l e s w e re t h e com p l e m e n t of
re ga rde d
t h e s a c re d fe m a l e S l a v e s A n d a s t h e ch a ra ct e ri s t i c fe a tu re of
.
as p os
_

ss d by t h e d e d i c a t e d m e n i n W e s t A fri c a i s th e i r s u pp o s e d p o s s e s s io n
fgf o o o o
o r I n s p i ra t i o n b y t h e d e i ty s o w e m ay co n j e ctu re w
'

e l el ty 0

a n d as as I t W i th ,

t h e s a c re d m a l e S l a v es (t h e kedes ki m ) of W e s t e rn A s i a th e y ,
g
h is n am e , too m ay h av e b e e n re g a rd e d a s t e m p o ra ry or p e rm a n e n t
,

e mbod i m e n t s o f t h e d e ity p o ss es s e d from t i m e to t i m e by ,

Con tra cts , an d L etters, p . He is . i d

A W e em an n , Herodots Z ei tes
4
w
sc ru pu l ously po l i te
l di b t t o t e se h a e s, u B u ck (Le s c, ip i 2 68 s
q S ee pp .

I g th f h i th t f l h i f h
.

urt e r Tk e M ag c A rt a n d tk e E volu
a er rom m a a ar ess c ar
i
t bl v i w f t h i l igi v t i i e r re ous oc a on t i on o f Ki ngs, 1 3 0 s qq ii ‘

a e e o s . .

t k
a b F th S h i l t h fi t d i t
en er c e e rs e or w
b p
d t dl t
a 5
,
S tra o, 4 6, 8 16 1 Th e
an f th
ra d s a or o e co e .

i
t t e l “
x vn

i
.

c on c ub n es of Z e us (A m m on
.

)
”
. .

1
A y p v d t h v p i t d
n m an ro e o a e o n e
is i d by
D i odorus S i c ulus ( i
th fi g
e f n t v t y w li bl
er o s c orn a a o ar as a e
47
m en t on e .

t b b
o ed d th f h d (C d of
ra n e on e ore ea o e 3 D i odorus S i culus, i 47
H
. .

bi
a m m u ra ,

S2 b v pp 6 6 6 9
ee a o e, .
,
.
7 Th e i epbdovk or, as th e G re ek s ca ll d
e
3 He rodotus i , . 1 82 . t emh .
 S A CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K I

fa t e of t h e mo o n s t ruck A lb a n i a n p ro p h e t Nor w as the -

.

i n flu e n c e of t h e s e A s i a t i c p ro p h e t s co n fi n e d t o A s i a In -
.
.

S ici ly t h e s p ark wh ich k i n d l e d t h e d e v as t a t i n g S e rvi l e W a r

wa s s t ruck by a Sy ri a n S l av e wh o s i mul at e d t h e p ro p h e t ic ,

e c s t a s y i n o rd e r t o rou se h i s fe l l o w S l a v es to a rm s i n t h e -

n a m e of t h e Sy ri a n godd es s To i n fl a m e s ti l l mo re h i s .

i n fl a m m a t o ry w o rd s th i s a n ci e n t M a hd i i n g e n i ou s ly i n te r
l a rd e d th e m w i t h re a l fi re a n d s mo k e wh i ch by a co m mo n ,

co n j u re r s t rick h e b re a th e d fro m h i s l i p s
’ ?

Res em I n l i k e m a n n e r t h e H e b re w p ro p h e t s w e re b e l i e v e d t o be
l
b a n ce o f
t e m p o ra ri ly p o s s e s se d a n d i n s p i re d by a d i vi n e s p i ri t who
th e He b re w
p ph
ro e ts s p ok e th ro u gh th e m j u s t a s a d i vi n e s p i ri t i s s u pp o s e d by ,
t o th e
s ac re d m en
W e s t A fri c a n n e g ro e s to s p ea k th rou gh t h e m ou t h o f t h e
of W e s tern d e d i c a t e d m e n h i s p ri es t s I n d ee d t h e po i n t s of re s e m
f
.

A ri ca .

H e b re w p ro p h e t s
o rd e r t o b ri n g o n in
t h e p ro p h e tic t ra n c e ;
2
l i k e th e m th e y re c e i ve d t h e d ivi n e ,

S p i ri t th ro ugh t h e a pp l i c a t i o n of a m a gi c o i l to t h e i r;
h e a d s ; l i k e th e m th e y w e re a pp a re n tly d i s t i n gu i s h e d from
3
,

c o m mo n p e o p l e by an d l i k e

F orus Ep i tom a
1 l , hi hi l , II
k 7 ; Di odorus
. it f T h ese e ra rc ca m ar s c on s s o

S i c ulus , Frag xxxi v v .li ll d i . 2 d (vol pp 8 7

d th. . . n es, sc ro s, a m on s, an o er

so d L Di d f i
, e . th T b
. p tt n w i th
or , ti n fig e h eu n er a e rn s , s om e m es a u re , s u c

i )
s e r es . th t f h di l h l as a o t e c roc o e or c a m e e on .

Ab v
2 pp 5 q o e, Th . h ld 2 s f q t ly
. e s ou e rs a re re u en se e n
3K i g xix 1 6 ; I i h 1 n s v d wi h. 1 i fi it sa a b f x. 1 . co e re t an n n e n um er o
4 K i g xx 41 S n i Af i
s ll k l ik d t t l t g th
. 1 . o n r ca sm a m ar s e o s, s e c os e o e er .

pi d p i t
r es t s an di ly A ll t h k
r es es s es id d a re d re a e s e m a r s a re c o n s e re s a c re

w
,

di t i g i h b l
s n f th
u s t
a f th d th
e l i ty
ro m f bi dd t t h e res o e an e a a re or en o ou c

c om m un i t y T h y w t h i h i l g th .
(A e B E ll i T
ear k E p ki g
e r a r on em . . s, e e -s ea n

an d k p t wh i l th p p l x p t P p l f tk S l
un em , e o C er t p eo e, e ce eo es o e a ve oas , .

th w e i th t w
om e n th n Th why th p ph t Sh l d
e o ns on e sea e reas on e ro e
’
s ou e rs

b d h v it t l
oar ,
a h h d
e p i lly
cu k d i p h p gi v
c os e to t e ea . a re e s ec a m ar e s er a s en

F q t ly b h pp
re w i t h by t h t t
ue n t f ot Z l th t a h ea r e s a e m en o a u u a t e

wh i t i l p i t d
e c rc e s d th i y i t i v p t w i h d t [ di i
a n e ro un e r e es , s en s e ar t a oc o r m e c ne

or w i th v i wh i t d v i a r ous k ] i h i h l d e E v e y t h i h
c es , m ar s ,
g m an s s S ou e rs . er n e

or li p i t d n es th f a n e k f l i i th S i g t i f h i S h l d
on e a ce , n ec , ee s s n e na on o s ou e rs .

S h ld (A B E ll i Tk Th t i h pl wh bl k f l
”
ou e rs , o r a rm s . . s, e a s t e a ce e re ac m en ee

T k i p ki g P p l
s -
s fea t k G l d C
n t th A eot g (
es o t l pi i t e) S o oa s , e m a on o a n c es ra s r s . ee

p B id th di y t i b l H C ll w y Tk R l gi Sy t f
es es e or n ar r a . a a a ,
e e i ou s s em o

p t ii p 5 9 T h
.

t tta k b
o o- m ar s by ll ti v th tk A orn e l a na es , e e m az u u , ar . . 1 . ese

p i th d i D h i b
r es oo v i ty f A f i
n a oml gi gg t t h t t h
ea r a ar e o r c an an a o es su es a e

suc h k v y lb t d
m a r s , s om e w d b t w th er e a (l i t lly ora e , an ou n s e e en e a rm s e ra ,

an xp t e t ll by th er k
c an b tw e th h d wh i h h
e m a r s on a e ee n e an s c t e

p i t t wh t g d h i v w d d p ph t Z h i h
r es o a o e ti (xii i 6 )
s o e , an ro e ec ar a m en on s . as

wh t a k h h l d i th
ran d th e b dg f H b w p p h t w
o s n e or e r . e a e o a e re ro e e re
CR AP . IV SA CRED MEN I N WE S TERN A S I A
the m th ey
w e re c o n s u l t e d n o t m e re l i n re a t n a t i o n a l
'

e m e r e n c i e s bu t i n t h e o rd i n a r a f f a rs of e e r da il fe i n , _

wh ich t h e y w e re e xp e ct e d to g i ve i n fo rm a t i o n a n d a dvi c e
f o r a s m a l l f ee For e x a m p l e S a mu e l w . a s co n s ult e d a bout ,

lo s t a s s e s ? j u s t a s a Zul u d i vi n e r i s co n s ul te d a bou t lo s t
cow s ; a n d w
2
e h a v e s e e n E l i s h a a c t i n g a s a dow s e r wh e n

w a t e r ra n s ho rt ?
I n d ee d w e l e a rn t h a t t h e ol d n a m e f o r a

p ro p h e t w
, —

a s a se e r? a wo rd wh ich m a y be u n d e rs t ood t o

i m p ly t h a t h i s s p e c i a l fu n c t i on w a s d i vi n a t i o n ra t h e r t h an

p ro p h e cy i n t h e s e n s e of p re d icti o n B e t h a t a s i t m ay .
,

p ro p h e cy of t h e H e b re w ty p e h as n ot b ee n l i m i t e d t o I s ra e l
i t i s i n d e e d a p h e n om e n o n o f a l m o s t wo rl d w i d e occu rre n c e ; -

i n m an y l a n d s an d i n m a n y a g es t h e wi ld whi rl i n g w o rd s of ,

fre n zi e d m e n a n d wom e n h a v e b ee n a cc e p t e d as t h e utt e ra n c e s

w
o f a n i n dw e l l i n g d e i ty
?
Wh a t do e s d i s t i n gu i s h H e b re w p ro
p h ec
y fro m a ll oth e rs i s th at sm m m
th e rof e s s i o n w re s t e d thi s vu lg a r but ow e rf u l i n s t ru m e n t

fro m b a s e r u s e s a n d b w i e ldi n i t in s t of a h i h

mo ra l i t y re n d e re d a se rvic e o f i n c a l cu l a bl e v a l u e t o hum a n i t y .

Th a t i s i n d e e d t h e gl o ry of I s ra e l but i t i s n ot t h e S i d e of
p ro p h e cy wi t h wh ich w
,

e a re h e re c o n c e rn e d .

M ore to our p u rp os e i s to n o t e th a t p ro p h e cy of t h e I pi d ns re

o rd i n a ry s ort a pp e a rs to h a ve b e e n i n vogu e a t By blus gg lj

g
t o
,
s

t h e s a c re d c i ty o f Ado n i s c e n tu ri e s b e fo re t h e l i fe t i m e of -

H e b re wp ro p h e t wh o s e w ri t i n g s h a ve c o m e
,

t h e e a rl i e s t
d ow n t o us Wh e n t h e E gy p ti a n t ra v e ll e r W e n A m mo n -

wa s l i n ge ri n g i n t h e p o rt of By blus u n d e r t h e K i n g s o rd e rs
.
, ,
’

t o qu i t t h e p l a c e t h e S p i ri t of G o d c a m e o n o n e of t h e roy a l
,

m a rk s d hi
t a tt ooe h l d i t i b f S th E t A t l i
on s s ou e rs n r e o ou - a s e rn us ra a a

t k
o f hi h ly ffi
en o Th
s o
gg od i i ce d t b
e su ll d es m e c ne m an u se o e ca e

fi d by th p p h t w f
.

ti
’
oni s c on rm e kg e ki ro y e
’
s ot n m e i a r, rom m e
‘
e e or
‘
o

w
,

th t h iv d th wi h ti ’
s ta t e m en
t h d a e h a re ce e s ee ,
’
o er se on e o se es , t a s,

th w e d i o un th h s f hi l v
n e th ou se o f l di i p p ls o e rs s e es e c a us es o m a a es n eo e,

(g j
”
)
an a n i p
; f t h w d l
or v d w eh l
s am ed x t t t hor f o h e rs an o c ou e ra c em rom t e

is p t dly pp l i d by th p p h t
re ea e a ff e lly i th f e f qro t e su e re r, u sua n e o rm o ua r z

H t
os ea th B li
o
(H ei i 5 7
aa y t l m (A C W H w
os e a ,i tt T k N t i
, ,
cr s a s
”
. o ,
e a ve

v
.

i T ib f S t k E t A t li L r es o ou -
as u s ra a, on
1 0, 12,
3 1 7 9 ,
e rse s
4 5 , , 1 2, 1 , 1 n

H b w) e re .
d 9 4 p on , 1 0 , .

1
S 1 l ix a m ue T h t th p p h t
1 -2 0 ffi i C 5 a e ro e
’
s o ce n a n aan

w dvl pd
. .

H C ll w y Tk R l gi
2
. a a Sy t
a ,
e e i f th w i d p
ou s d
s em as e e o e ou t o e es rea

f
o k A
t e l p t iii
m az u u , pp 3 qq p
ar t f i . i y i d. ly 00 s g i d . re s ec or n s an t s u re c o n ze

S 3
b v ee app 5 q o e, by Ed M y
. 2 s G li / d A lt . e e r, es c i c i te es er

l ix 9 I th W b i t
.

4
S 1 am u e . . i p 383 n e IIm a o um s,
2
. 2 . . .
76 S A CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K 1
p a ge s h e n chm e n a n d i n a p rO p h e t i c fre n zy h e a n n ou n c e d
or ,

th a t t h e K i n g S h o u l d re c e i ve t h e E gy p ti an s t ran g e r a s a
?
m e s s e n g e r S e n t fro m t h e god A m mo n T h e god who thu s
took p o sse s s io n of t h e p a ge a n d s p ok e th rough h i m w as

p rob a bly Ado n i s t h e go d o f t h e c i t y W i th re g a rd to t h e

o f fic e of th e s e roy a l p a g e s w
.
,

e h a v e n o i n fo rm a tio n ; b ut a s

m i n i s te rs of a s a c re d k i n g a n d l i a b l e to be i n s p i re d by t h e
d e i ty th e y woul d n a tu ra l ly be th e m s e lv e s s a c re d ; i n fa ct
,

th e y m ay h av e b e lo n g e d to t h e cl as s of s ac re d s l a ve s o r
k edes k i m I f th a t w
. a s s o i t woul d co n fi rm t h e co n c lu s i o n to

whi ch t h e fo re go i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n p o i n t s n a me l y th a t o ri gi n , ,

an d t he kedes ki m of God as th e p ro p h e t s
b oth w e re m en ,

w e re co n s t an tly c a ll e d ; i n oth e r wo rd s th e y w e re i n s p i re d
2
,

m e d i u m s m e n i n who m t h e god m a n i fes t e d h i m se l f from

,

t i m e to ti m e by wo rd a n d d e e d i n S ho rt te m p o ra ry i n c arn a ,

t i o n s of t h e d e i ty B ut whi l e t h e p ro p h e t s rov e d free ly a bout

.

t h e cou n t ry t h e kedes k i m a pp e a r to h a v e b e e n re gu l a rly

,

a tt a ch e d to a s a n ctu a ry a n d a mo n g t h e d u t i e s wh i ch th e y

p e rfo rm e d at t h e s h ri n e s th ere w e re cl e a rly s o m e wh i ch

re v o lt e d t h e co n s ci e n c e of m e n i mbu e d w i t h a p u re r
mo ra l ity Wh a t th es e d ut i e s w e re w
. e m ay s u rm i s e p a rtly ,

fro m t h e b e h a v i ou r of t h e s o n s of E li to t h e wom e n who

c a m e to t h e t a b e rn a cl e ? p a rtly fro m t h e b e l i e fs a n d p ra ctic e s
1 W M ax
. M ll
i n III i ttei lu ngen
u e r, w thas yp i
E g t an A m m on , n ot th e
e

der Vora era s i a ti sck en

’
Gesells ckaf t , Ph i ioe n c an i hi vi w
Adon s , bu t t s e

1 900 , No 1 , . 17 Ap E rm an , . l p b l
se e m s t o m e ess ro a b e .

l ix
.

“
E ne i Re se n ac i Ph on i z i en i mh '
2
1 S a m ue i
6 -8 , 1 0 ; 1 K n gs .

1 1
aJ hh
r u n de rt C hr ”
vZ ei tsck rif t
. . xiii 1 , 4 -8 , 1 1 e tc
. .

f
’

u r Agyp t i sck e Sp ra cke u n d A ltert u m s

3 l
1 S am u e 11 2 2 lly d i
T o ta . ff e ren t .

ku n de , xxx v iii (1 9 00 )
. 6 sq pp . . f hi i i w
rom t e r A s a t c n a m es ak es e re th e

G M p
as e ro, Les con tes p o p u la i res de
“
d
s a cre m en
”
an d w
“
s a c re d om en
”

w w h wi h
.

A W e de
’
’
l Egyp t e A n c i e n n e ,
3 1 92 p . . i ho e re c arge d t th e su p e ri n
m an n , A lt a gy pti scke S agen u n d M ar
'

d y i
t en e n ce o f t h e m s t e r es a t A n dan i a
cken (L e s ip i
c , 99 so ; pp . in M i
esse n a hy w T e h. by
e re c osen

H G ressm an n , A ltori en ta li s ck e Tex te h ld fi

l ot a n d e y
o f ce f or a ear The .

dw h ih i d
.

un d B il der z u m A lten Testa m en te s a cre om e n m i g t b e e t e r m a rr e

( T u b n g ein ,
hl 2 2 6 S c p
o a rs. . i l i d w
o r s n g e ; t h e m arr e om en h a d t o

di f f er a s t o wh h e t e r W e n A m m on s
-
’
s w h hy
ea r t a t t e hi
h a d b een t ru e t o t e r
n a rra t iv d d hi y
e i s t o be re ga r e as s to r h us ban ds S e e G D i t ten b e rge r, S y l
. .

o r ro m an c e v if w p v d
but e en i t e re ro e loge I n script i on u m Graeca 2 Le i
( p
t o b e a ct on ,fi i w i h f ly
e m g t sa e a ss u m e s i c, 1 8 9 8 vol 4 6 1 s qq , . ii pp
. . .

h
t a t th e i id
nc p ph i
e n t of th e ro et c No 6 5 3 ; C h c e , Recu ei l a I n Mi h l
”

w b d p
. .

f re n z y
at B y blus as a se u on script i on s Grecq u es (B russe s, l
f am ili f
a r ac ts f id hi
Pro W e em an n t n k s pp 5 96 s qq , No 6 9 4 ; Leges Grae
w i pi d
. . . . . .

h
t a t t h e god p
h o n s re th e a e
g coru m S acra e, e d de Prot t , L .
J . .
CR AP . Iv S A CRED M E N I N WE S TERN AS IA

“
as to holy m e n which s u rviv e t o t hi s day a m o n g t h e
Sy ri an p e asa n t ry
O f t h e se holy m e n w
.

“
e a re tol d th a t s o f a r as th e y Holy “

a re n o t i m p o s to rs th e y a re m e n whom w
m i“ en n
e w o ul d c a l l i n s a n e m d
, em , o

k n ow n a mo n g t h e Sy ri a n s a s m e i n u n p o s s e s s e d by a M Sy i ra
,

o r s p i ri t T h e y o fte n go i n fi l t hy g a rm e n t s o r w i t hout
.
,

clothi n g S i n c e th e y a re re g a rd e d a s i n t o x i c a t e d by d e i t y
.
,

t h e m o s t d ig n i fi e d m e n a n d of t h e high e s t s t a n d i n g a m o n g ,

t h e M o s l e m s s ubm i t to utt e r i n d e c e n t l a n gu a g e a t t h e i r
,

bidd i n g w i t hout re buk e a n d i g n ora n t M o s l e m wom e n d o ,

n o t s h ri n k fro m th e i r a pp ro a ch b e c a u s e i n th e i r s u p e rs ti t i o u s ,

b e l i e f th e y a tt ri but e to t h e m a s m e n p o s s e s s e d by G o d a , ,

d ivi n e a utho ri t y wh ich th e y d a re n ot re s i s t Such a n .

a t ti tud e of c o m p l i an c e m a y be e x c e p ti o n a l b ut th e re a re ,

mo re th a n ru mou rs of i ts e x i s t e n c e Th e s e h o ly m e n ‘ ’

d i ff e r from t he o rd i n a ry de rw
.

i s h e s who m t ra v e l l e rs s o oft e n
se e i n C a i ro a n d from t h e o rd i n a ry m a d m e n wh o a re k e p t
,

i n fe t t e rs s o th a t th e y m ay n ot do i n j u ry t o t h e m se lv e s an d
,

o t h e rs B ut th e i r a pp e a ra n c e a n d t h e e xp re s s io n s re g a rd i n g
.
,

th e m a ff o rd s o m e i l lu st ra tio n s o f t h e p o p ul a r e s ti m a t e of
,

a n ci e n t or p ro p h e t s i n t h e ti m e of H o s e a : Th e ‘
s ee rs , ,

p ro p h e t i s a fool th e m a n t h a t h a t h t h e s p i ri t i s m a d ; 1
,
’

a n d i n t h e t i m e o f J e re m i a h ? t h e m an who m a d e hi m s e l f a

p ro p h e t w a s co n s id e re d a s good a s a m a d m a n
3
T o com .
”

e t h e p a ra l l e l
“
p l e t th ese v a ga b o n d s a re also b e l i e ve d t o

b e p o s s es s e d of p ro p h e ti c p o w e r s o th a t th ey a re a bl e to ,

fo re t e l l t h e futu re a n d w a rn t h e p e o p l e a m o n g whom th e y ,
.

l i ve oi i m p e n d i n g d a n g e r 4
.
”

Z i e h en , Pa rs l
A t e ra , Fasc i c u l us i . v i ll g t v i ll g p f i g t i k
a e o a e, e r orm n rc s,

(Le ip s i c ,
No .
5 8, pp . 1 66 livi gn l
on d j yi g
a m s, i
an en o n c e rt a n

s qq . soc a i l d d an ti p i v i l g wh i h
o m es c r e es, c
1 Hosea ix .
7 . v y f l dt
er o t en dl
ea o s ca n a ou s sc en e s .

2
J e re m i a h xxix . 26 . S om e o f h t d
e s e m en a re m a ,
s om e a re

S I C u rt ss , Pri m i t i ve S em i ti c
3 i f ti b t th
an a cs , j i ty
u I e m a or a re ,

w
. .

Rel i gi on To day (C c ago , Ne Y ork ,-

hi i gi
m a n e , ro
g Th y ues v . d e a re re e ren ce

T o ro n t o, 1 5 0 sq pp . . no t only by th p y bt l e ea s a n t r ,
u a so
4 S I C urt s s , op ci t
. .1 52 As i . . p . . s om e ti by t h g v
m es i g l e I o e rn n c a ss .

to t h e se
“
h ly o m en ,
”
s ee f thur er hv
a e se ent h K dy f N e h t a o az a re t os e n

C R C on d e r, Ten t - wk i or n Pa lest i n e t ti
a ly p p i g f d f
ou s re ar n i bl oo or a m s e ra e

w
. .

(Lon don , 3 1 so : Th e ii 2
“
an d fil hy b gg t h e t i th
a r, o sa n e

j ti h ll d w
.

m ost p li ec u ar c a ss of m en l
i n th e us ce- a anlt d if as c o n su e as

w A D w
,

c oun r t y i th s at o f th e D er i sh e s , or h h d b
e a i pi d
ee n ns i h f re er s o

w w d f
.

sac re d p e rs on age s, ho an e r rom p li

e cu i
ar e m i ft d d i
n en c e s o en re s se n
 S A CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OOK I
l
T h e i cen c e We co n j e ctu re th a t w i t h w o m e n a p ow e rfu l m o t i ve
m ay

fgf i
c

s c
ed
f o r s ubm i tti n g t o t h e e m b ra c e s of t h e holy m e n i s a ho p e ,
”

“
h ly o of obt a i n i n g off s p ri n g by th e m Fo r i n S y ri a i t i s s ti l l .

3?n b e l i e ve d th a t e ve n d e a d s a i n t s c a n b e g e t chi ld re n on b a rre n

Pla i n e d by o
wo m en who a cco rd i n gl y re s o rt to t h e i r s h ri n e s i n o rd e r to
,

obt a i n t h e w i s h o f th e i r h e a rt s Fo r e x a m p l e a t t h e B a th s .
,

f or e tf
’
of Solo mo n i n N o rth e rn P a l e s ti n e bl a s t s of h o t a i r e s c a p e ,
S p rm g
fro m t h e g rou n d a n d o n e of th e m n a m e d Abu R a b a h i s , ,

a fa mou s re s o rt of ch i ld l e s s w i v e s who wi s h t o s a ti s fy t h e i r

m a t e rn a l l o n gi n g s Th e y le t t h e hot a i r s t re a m u p o v e r
.

th e i r b o d i e s a n d rea l ly b e l i e v e t h a t ch i ld re n b orn to t h e m .

?
a ft e r s uch a vi s i t a re b e gott e n by t h e s a i n t o f t h e s h ri n e
B ut t h e s a i n t who e n j oy s t h e high e s t re p ut a t io n i n th i s
re s p e ct i s S t G e o rg e He re v e a l s hi m se lf a t h i s s h ri n e s
. .

wh i ch a re s c a t t e re d a ll ov e r t h e cou n t ry ; a t e a ch of th e m
th e re i s a tom b o r t h e l i k e n e s s of a tomb T h e m os t .

c e l e b ra t e d o f th e s e s a n ctu a ri e s i s a t K a l a t e l H os n i n
N o rt h e rn Sy ri a B arre n wo m e n of a ll s e ct s i n cl ud i n g
.
,

“
M o s l e m s re s o rt to i t ,
T h e re a re m an y n a t i v e s who s h rug .

th e i r s hou ld e rs wh e n thi s s h ri n e i s m e n tio n e d i n co n n e c t i o n

w i th wo m e n B ut i t i s doubtl e ss t ru e t ha t m a n y do n o t
k n ow wh a t s ee m s to be i ts t ru e ch a ra ct e r a n d w
.

h o t hi n k ,

th a t t h e mo s t p u i s s a n t s a i n t a s th e y b e l i e v e i n t h e wo rl d , ,

c a n giv e th e m s o n s B ut th e t ru e C h a ra ct e r of t h e p l a c e
.
”

i s b e gi n n i n g to be re cog n i z e d s o th a t m a n y M o s l e m s h a v e ,

2 ”
fo rbi dd e n th e i r w i ve s to vi s it i t .

6 . S on s f
o God

C u s tom s l i k e t h e fo re goi n g m ay s e rv e to e xp l a i n t h e
b e l i e f whi ch i s n ot co n fi n e d to Sy ri a th at m e n a n d wo m e n
, ,

m ay be i n fa c t a n d n o t m e re ly i n m e t a p ho r t h e s o n s a n d

goo d l th w i t h p tl t b
C o es , a s o e ss u r an , In In di a l
a so S om e M oh am m ed an

an d is p d d by b b
re c e e a an n e r- ea re r, sa n ts i a re t
n o ed a s iv
g ers of c dre n hil .

and f ll w d by o b d w i th d
o e a an ,
rum , h
T us a t Fa t e p i
u r- S i k r , n e a r A ra , i s
g
cy bl d t b i
m a , an It i am our n e . s t h e gra e Sa mv of
s an d c li d C h i h ti ,
hil
t
n a ural t fl t wh th th o re i l ec e er e s oc a les s om e n w t i e rags t o t h e de ca t e li
p i ti
os f thon P ph t o g t h e ro e s a m on e y
t race r o f t h e t om b , “
t u s br n gi n g h i
Jw e y s t h v
m a bl d th t f
no a e re s e m e a o t emh i i
n t o d re c t c om m un on t th e i wi h
th e w
D e r i sh es . s pi i
r t of t h e o m an h ly
(W C rook e , .

1
S I C u rt
. . i ss , p ci t pp 1 1 6 sq
o . . . . Na t i ves of Nort kern I n di a , Lon don ,
2
S I Curti ss,
. .
p ci t pp 1 I 8 , 1 1 9
o . . . . 1 907 , P 2 03 )
CH AP . IV S ONS OF G OD

d a ugh te rs o f a go d ; f or t h e s e m o d e rn s a i n t s wh e th e r
Ch ri s ti a n or M o s l e m w
,

h o fa t h e r t h e ch i ld re n o f Sy ri a n ,

m o t h e rs a re n o t hi n g but t h e ol d god s u n d e r a t hi n d i s gu i s e
, .

I f i n a n t i qu i t y a s a t t h e p re s e n t da y S e m iti c wom e n o ft e n
re p a i re d to S h ri n e s i n o rd e r to h a v e t h e re p ro a ch of b a rre n

n e s s re m o v e d f o mr t h m a n d t h e p ra y e r of H a n n a h i s a
e —

fa m i l i a r e x a m p l e of t h e p ra ctic e ? w e could e a s i ly u n d e rs t a n d

n o t o n ly t h e t ra d i t i o n of t h e s o n s of God w h o b e g a t chi ld re n
o n t h e d a ught e rs of m e n ? b u t a l s o t h e e x c e e d i n gly com mo n

occu rre n c e of t h e d i vi n e ti tl e s i n H e b re w n a m e s o f hum an

?
b e i n gs M ul t i tud e s o f m e n a n d wom e n i n fa ct who s e , ,

m o t h e rs h a d re s o rt e d to h o ly p l a c e s i n o rd e r t o p rocu re
offs p ri n g woul d be re g a rd e d a s t h e a ctu a l chi ld re n o f t h e
,

god a n d would be n a m e d a cco rd i n gly H e n c e H an n a h .

”
c a l l e d h e r i n fa n t S a mu e l wh i ch m e an s n a m e of G o d o r ,

a n d p ro b a b ly S h e s i n c e re ly b e l i e v e d
4 ”
h i s n a m e i s God ;
t h a t t h e chi ld w a s a c t u a l ly b e gott e n i n h e r wo mb by t h e
?
d e i ty T h e d e d i c a ti o n of s uch ch i ld re n t o t h e se rvi c e of
God a t t h e s an ctu a ry w as m e re ly givi n g b a ck t h e d ivi n e s o n

t o t h e d ivi n e fa t h e r S i m i l a rly i n W e s t A fri c a wh e n a .

,

wom an h a s got a ch i l d a t t h e s h ri n e of A gba s i a t h e god ,

who a l on e b e s t ow s o ffs p ri n g o n wom e n S h e d e d ic a t e s h i m ,

?
o r h e r a s a s a c re d s l a v e t o t h e d e i ty

Thu s i n t h e Sy ri a n b e l i e fs a n d cu s t o m s of to day w e Th i t -
e sa n s

i m d
p ro b a bly h a v e th e cl u e to t h e re l i giou s p ro s t i t utio n p ra cti se d S y i n o e rn

Th e n a s n oww o m e n t h q i
r a a re

i n t h e v e ry s a m e re gio n s i n a n ti qu i t y .
e e u

l t f va e n s o
l o ok e d to t h e l o c a l god t h e B a a l o r A d o n i s of ol d t h e A bu t h i t , , e a n c en

R a b a h or S t G e o rg e of t o day to s at i s fy t h e n a t u ra l c ra vi n g B l - aa or

o f a w o m a n s h e a rt ; a n d t h e n a s n o w a pp a re n t ly t h e p a rt
.
,
’ Ad i s on .

, ,

1 1 li
S am ue H b wP p N
.
(L d e re ro er a m es on on , 1

G 2 i v i 3 I th i p g PP 4 9 99
en e s s 1 - n s assa e 1 5

d B i gg H b w
. . °

“
th e f G d (
s on s th of th B w o D iv o r ra er o e
4 ro n, r e r an r s, e re

bly d
,

g d o ) p
s b ”
ro i a d E gli / L
m ea n s , i p n 8 B t
a c c o r an c e an n s i ex con , 1 02 u

wi th
. .

a H b w i di
c om m o n p E y l p di e re B i bl i iii om , no c om a re nc c o ae a ca , .

th j t th 3 8 5 i v 4 4 5
“ ”
m ore th g d
an e o s, us as e 2 , . 2 .

ph ra s e f th p p h t
s on s o A t ef Si i l b l i f p h p
ro e s m ea n s 5 ra c e o a m ar e e er a s

h
t e p ph t t h ro lv F
e s v i v i th
em s e es ti v . f G i or m ore s ur es n e n a rra es o e n es s

x pl
e am f th i es i di o B w xxxi s d J dg omxi i i wh see b ro n, an u es ere a rre n

Hb w d w
, . .
,

D iv r d B i gg
e r, an r p s, t d e re ivi g an om e n a re re re s e n e as c o n ce n

E gli k L i
n s p ex h ild
con , ft th v i i t f G d
. 12 1 . f c re n a er e s o o , or o

x p l ll H b w l l
1

F 3
or e am e, a
g f G d i h e i k re f n a m es an an e o o n t e en es s o a

w
,

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of loc a l god w
the a s p l a y e d by s a c re d m e n who i n p e rs o n ,

a t i n g hi m m ay o ft e n h a v e s i n c e re ly b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e y w e re

a ct i n g u n d e r d ivi n e i n s p i ra ti o n a n d th a t t h e fu n ctio n s whi ch ,

th e y d i s ch a rge d w e re n e c e s s a ry f or t h e fe rt i l i ty of t h e l a n d
a s w e l l a s f o r t h e p ro p a g a t i o n of t h e hu m a n s p e ci e s Th e .

p u ri fyi n g i n flu e n c e o f C h ri s ti a n ity a n d M oh a m m e d a n i s m h a s
re s t ri ct e d s uch cu s t om s w ithi n n a rro w l i m i t s ; e v e n u n d er
T u rk i s h rul e th e y a re n owo n ly c a rri e d o n i n h o l e s a n d co rn e rs .

Y e t i f t h e p ra c t i c e h as dw i n d l e d t h e p ri n ci p l e wh i ch i t
'

e m bod i e s a pp ea rs to be fu n d a m en t a l ly t h e s a m e ; i t is a
d e s i re f or th e co n ti n u a n c e of t h e s p e ci e s a n d a b e l i e f th a t ,

a n obj e ct s o n a tu ra l a n d l e git i m a t e c a n be a cco m p l i s h e d by

d ivi n e p o w e r m a n i fe s ti n g i t s e lf i n t h e bod i e s of m e n a n d

wo m e n .

l f
Be ie T h e b e l i e f i n t h e p hy s ic a l fa th e rhood of God h a s n o t
i n th e
phy ls i ca
b e e n co n fi n e d to Sy ri a i n a n ci e n t a n d mod e rn t i m e s E l se .

f h h
at e r o od wh e re m a n y m e n h a ve b ee n c o u n t e d t h e s o n s of G od i n
of G od n ot

c on fi n ed t h e m o s t l i t e ra l s en se of t h e wo rd b e i n g s u pp o s e d to h a v e ,

to S yi ra .

b e e n b e g o t te n by h i s holy s p i ri t i n t h e womb s of m o rt a l
wo m e n H e re I S h a l l m e re ly i l lu s t ra t e t h e c re e d by a f e w
.

e x a m p l e s d ra w n fro m cl a s s ic a l a n ti qu i t y
?
Thu s i n o rd e r t o .

S on s of th e obt a i n off s p ri n g wo m e n u s e d to re s o rt to t h e g re a t s a n c t u a ry
p o f A e s cul a p i u s s i tu at e d i n a b ea uti ful u p l an d v a l l e y t o
ser e n t

go d .
, ,

wh i ch a p a th w i n d i n g t h rough a lo n g wood e d go rg e l e a d s
, ,

fro m t h e ba y of Ep i d a u ru s H e re t h e w o m e n S l e p t i n t h e .

holy p l a c e an d w e re vi s i t e d i n d re a m s by a s e rp e n t ; a n d
the chi ld re n to who m th e y a ft e rw a rd s g a ve b i rth w e re
be l i e v e d to h a v e b e e n b e gott e n by t h e re p ti l e ?
T hat the
s e rp e n t w a s s u pp o s e d to be t h e god h i m se l f s e e m s c e rt a i n

f o r A e s c ul a p i u s re p e a t e d ly a pp e a re d i n t h e fo rm o f a s e rp e n t ?
a n d l iv e s e rp e n t s w e re k e p t a n d f e d i n h i s s a n c t u a ri e s f o r

t h e h e a l i n g of t h e S i ck b e i n g n o d o ubt re g a rd e d as h i s ,

i n c a rn a t i o n s ?
H e n c e t h e chi ld re n bo rn to wo m e n who h a d
1 For m o re i n st an ce s s e e H .U s en e r, l y
P in ,
Na t . Hi st xxix 7 2 V l e i
. . a r us

D as Wei k n a ck tg es ’
t 2
(B o nn , 1 9 1 1 ), i 7 1 . M xi a m us , i . 8 . 2 O v i d IlI t m xv , e a . .

s qq 6 2 6 -7 44 ; A u re u s l i V i c to r D e v i i , r s

l h
.

2 D i tt en b e rge r, Sy lloge I n s crip

G . i llu s t r 2 2 ; P u t a rc
.
, Q u aest . Rom .

2
t i on u m Graeca ru m , v ol i i 6 62 , . . pp .
94 .

6 6 3 , No 8 0 3 , n es
. 1 1 7 s qq , 1 29li '

.
4 A r s to i ph an es , Pl u tu s , 7 3 3 ; Pa u
s qq sau i He rodas , M i m i a m bi ,
as , i i
8 1 . 1 .

w i th iv
.

3 Pa us an i a s , II . 10 .
3 ( m y .
90 s o ; G D i t t e n b e rge r, Sy lloge .

note ) , ii i . 2 3 .
7 ; L i vy xi , . E pi tom e ; '
2
I n scm pt i on u m Gra eca ru m , vol . ii p. .
 SA CRED MEN A ND W OMEN B O0K 1

s c a l e o n c e a y e a r o n t h e fi ft h da y of t h e b ri ght fo rt n i ght o f
S rav a n a (J u ly a n d Augu s t) T h e re p re s e n t a t i o ns o f s e rp e n t s .

a re cut i n s t o n e S l a b s a n d a re s e t u p ro u n d a n A s v a t t ka t ree

o n a p l a tfo rm o n wh ich i s a l s o g e n e ra l ly p l a n t e d a m a rg o s a
,

t re e T h e s e s n a k e s i n s to n e s a re s e t u p i n p e rfo rm a n c e o f
.

vow s a n d a re s a i d t o be s p e c i a l ly e f fic a c i o u s i n cu ri n g ba d
s ore s a n d oth e r S k i n d i s e a se s a n d i n gi vi n g ch i l d re n The .

w o m e n go t o s uch p l a c es f or w ors h i p w i t h m i lk fru i ts a n d , ,

fl o w e rs o n t h e p re s c ri b e d day wh ich i s ob s e rv e d a s a fe a s t
”
da y T h e y w a s h t h e s to n e s s m e a r th e m w i t h tu rm e ri c
.
, ,

a n d o ff e r t h e m cu rd s a n d fru i t s Som e ti m e s th e y s e arch o u t .

t h e d e n s o f s e rp e n t s a n d p ou r m i l k i n t o t h e hol e s f o r t h e
‘

l i v e re p t i l e s ?

7 . Rei n ca rn a ti on of tke D ea d

o n why s n a k e s w e re s o oft e n s u pp o s e d to be
Th e re a s

t h e fa th e rs of hu m a n b e i n g s i s p ro b a bly t o be fou n d i n t h e
c o m m o n b e l i e f t h a t t h e d e a d com e to l i fe a n d re vi s i t t h e i r
o ld ho m e s i n t h e S h a p e o f s e rp e n t s .

Th i s n otio n i s wi d e l y s p re a d i n A fri c a e s p e c i a l ly a m o n g ,

t ri b e s of t h e B a n tu s t ock I t i s h e l d f or e x a m p l e by t h e .
, ,

2
Z ul u s t h e Tho n g a a n d oth e r C a ff re t ri b e s o f S o uth Afric a ;
, ,

by t h e N go n i of B ri t i s h C e n t ra l Afric a ; by t h e W a bo n de i
3 4
,

t h e M a s a i ? t h e S uk ? t h e N a n d i
7
an d t h e A k i k uy u of ,

G e rm a n a n d B ri t i s h E a s t A fri c a ; a n d by t h e D i n k a s of
8

1 H . V. Nanjun dayy a , Tk e E tk n o 8 5 -8 7 ; Hen r A un od, Tke L if e

pp . i . J
gra p ki ca l S u rvey f My s ore,
o vi . K om a ti
f a S ou tk Af ri ca n Tri be (Ne uch ate l,
o

Ca ste (B an ga ore, l
29 p . . 1 91 2 i i 3 5 8 sq . .

2 T A rb ou sset
. et F D au m a s , .
3 W A E lm s li e , A m ong t ke Wi ld
. .

Voy age d E xp lora t i on a u Nord-E s t de

’
Ngon i (Lon on , 7 1 sq d pp . .

la Colon i e du Cap de B on n e E sp era n ce 4

‘ -
O B au m an n , Us a m ba ra u n d sei n e
.

(Pa r s , i 277 H Ca a a , p . . ll w y Nackba rgebi ete (B e r n , 141 li pp .

Rel igi ou s Sy s t em of t ko A m a z u l u , a rt p sq .

ii pp
. 1 4 0- 1 4 4 ,
. 1 9 6 2 00 , 2 0 8 2 1 2 - - 5 S . L H n de
. i an d H Hi n de
.
, Tk o
J h S oote r, Tk e [( a/i rs of Na t a l (Lon
. L ast o f tko IlI a s a i (Lon don ,
pp .

don , 1 62 ; E p
C asa s , Tk e
. . li '

101 so ; A . C . Holl i s ,
T ko M asa i
B a s u tos (Lon don , 2 46 p .
(O x ford, pp .
3 7
0 so ; S ir H .

d
W or s abou t S r ts , (S ou tk Af ri ca n )
”
pi i Jh o n s t on , Tk e Uga n da Protect ora te
Folk -lore j ou rn a l , (1 8 8 0 ) 101 ii . pp .
(Lon don , ii 83 2 . .

1 03 A K ra n z , Na t u r u n d K u lt u rleben
.
3 M . W . H B eec . h , Tk e S uk
der Z u lu s (W es a e n , i 1 12 bd p .
(O x ford, p . 20 .

F S p eck m an n , D i e He rm a n n sbu rger

.
7 A C . . Ho ll i s , Tk e Na n di (O x ford ,

M i ss i on i n Af ri ka (He rm an n sbu rg, P 90

w
~

1 6 -1 6 7 ;
5 pp D ud e
. K dd, ly i 3 H R T a t e , Th e Na t i e La of
. . v
Tk e E ssen t i a l [f a/f r (Lo n do n , th e h
S out e rn G i k u u of B ri t i s Ea s t y h
CH AP I v
. REI NCA RNA TI ON OF THE DEA D 83

the Upp e r N i l e ?
It
m o n g t h e B e ts i l e o a n d p re va i l s a l s o a
?
o th e r t ri b e s of M a d a g a s c a r A mo n g t h e I b a n o r S e a
D y a k s of Bo rn e o a m a n s gu a rd i a n s p i ri t ( Tu a ) h as i ts “ ’

e x t e rn a l m a n i fe s t a t i o n i n a s n a k e a l e o p a rd o r s om e oth e r ,

d e n i z e n o f t h e fo re s t I t i s s u pp o s e d t o be t h e s p i ri t of .

s om e a n c e s to r re n ow n e d f o r b ra v e ry o r s om e oth e r vi rtu e

wh o a t d e a t h h as t a k e n a n a n i m a l fo rm I t i s a cu s t o m .

a mo n g t h e I b an wh e n a p e rs o n of n o t e i n t h e t ri b e d i e s ,

n o t t o bu ry t h e body but t o p l ac e i t o n a n e i ghb o u ri n g hi l l

o r i n s o m e s ol it a ry s p o t a bov e g rou n d A qu a n ti t y of fo od
i s t a k e n to t h e p l a c e e v e ry da y a n d i f a ft e r a f e wd a y s t h e
.

body d i sa pp e a rs t h e d e c e a s e d i s s a i d to h a v e b e com e a Tn a
,

o r gu a rd i a n s p i ri t P e o p l e who h a v e b e e n s uff e ri n g from

.

s o m e ch ro n i c co m p l a i n t oft e n go to s uch a tomb t a k i n g ,

with th e m a n off e ri n g to t h e s oul of t h e d e c e a s e d to ob t a i n

h is he l p To s uch i t i s re v e a l e d i n a d rea m wh a t a n i m a l
.

fo rm t h e ho n ou re d d e a d h a s t a k e n T h e mo s t fre qu e n t .

form i s th a t of a s n ak e Thu s wh e n a s n a k e i s fo u n d i n a .

D y a k hou s e i t i s s e ldo m k i l l e d o r d ri ve n a w a y ; food i s

o ff e re d to i t f o r i t i s a gu a rd i a n s p i ri t who h a s co m e t o
,

i n qu i re a ft e r th e w e l fa re o f i t s cl i e n t s a n d b ri n g th e m goo d
l uck A n ythi n g th a t m ay be fou n d i n t h e mouth o f s uch
.

i s t a k e n a n d k e p t a s a ch a rm 3
S i m i l a rly i n ”
a s n ak e .

A fi r ca ,
j ou rn a l f
o t k o Af ri ca n S oci ety , Lo w Nger i er a n d i ts Tri bes (Lon d on ,

NO xxx v A p ilr 1 9 1 0, p 2 43 pp 3 27 yh s qq . P t on s a re

Ew p k i g
. . . . .

.
'

E de Pruy ss en a e re , Rei sen u n d

1 w ors h ipp d e by t h e e - s ea n

Fors ck u ngen i m Gebi et e des We i ssen p op l

e es of th Sl v C
e t b t
a p e oa s ,
u a

u n d B la u en I Vi l (G ot a , 27 h p .
p a ren t ly n o rom a e e t f b l i f th t th a e

(Pet erm an n s
’
M i t t/zei l u n gen , E rgon l
s ou s of th e ea are o e n d d l dg d i th em .

z u n gs k
i f t, No Co m p G S ee A B z /e - s E ll i T/ E i p li g
'

. a re . s,
. ze . ea e n

hw i f h Tk l
,

Sc e n u rt , e Hea rt of Af ri ca
3
Peop les of t i e S la ve Coast of l Vest
(Lon do n , i .
55 . Am on g th e Af ri ca ,
pp 5 4 sn

B hi a f A k l
m a o n o e d hi f t
de a c e s u rn 2
G . A . S hw a ,
“ Th e B e ts i l eo ,

i n t o s er e n t s , p bu t d d ki g i
ea li n s n to on s Tbe A n ta n an a ri vo A n n ual an d

C w
.

S ee J
Rosc oe ,
. e a m a, a o
“
Th B hi M adagasca r M aga z i n e, Rep ri n t o f ti e l
i
T r b e of E n k ole i n t h e U gan da Pro Fi rs t Fou r Nu m oers (A n tan an a r o, iv
t ec t orat e , j ou rn a l o
f t k e A n t k rop o 4 1 1 ; H W L tt e , M a aa
p .
’
. . i l
logi ca l I n st i tu te, xxx v ii . pp .
ga sca r, i ts Hi s tory a n d Peo le (Lon don ,
p
1 0 1 so ; A e Mj J
on ,a or Not es . . M ld pp
8 6 so ; A va n G en n e ,
. . . p
o n th e B a m a of A n k o e ,
”
hi
j ou rn a l of l Ta oou et Totc‘m i s m e a M a dagas ca r
tke Af ri ca n S oci ety , No x xl l ( a n u ar J y (Pa ris ,
pp . 2 72 s qq .

l
. .

1 5 1 p
a o r L e on a rd
. o ds
. Mj h l 3 “
Re i gi ous Ri t es an d C ustom s of

h
t a t th e t o n s o rs py h w h ipp
e d i n S o u t e rn h th e I ba n or D y ak s of S a ra w ak ,
”
by
Ni ge ri a a re re
g d d ar e as re i n c a rn a ti on s Le o Ny uak , t ran s a t e l d f rom th e D ak y
of th e dea d; b t hi u t s s e em s v y er by th e Ver Re v y . Edm . D un n ,
d b tf l
ou u . S ee A . G . Le o n a rd, Tk e A n t/t ropos , (1 90 6 ) i . p . 1 82 . As to
 S A CRED MEN A ND W OMEN B OO K 1
K i ri wi n a a n i s l a n d of t h e T rob ri a n d s G rou p t o t h e e a s t o f
Ne wG u i n e a t h e n a t iv e s re g a rd e d t h e s n a k e as o n e of
, ,

“
,

t h e i r a n c e s t ra l ch i e fs o r ra th e r a s t h e a bod e of h i s s p i ri t
a n d wh e n o n e w a s s e e n i n a hou s e i t w
, ,

as be l i e v e d t h a t t h e

ch i e f w a s p a yi n g a v i s i t to h i s ol d ho m e T h e n a ti v e s c o n .

s i de re d th i s as a n i ll o m e n a n d s o a l w a y s t ri e d to p e rs u a d e

t h e a n i m a l to d e p a rt a s s oo n a s p o s s i bl e T h e ho n ou rs o f .

a ch i e f w e re p a i d to t h e s n a k e : t h e n a t iv e s p a s se d i t i n a

c rouch i n g p o s tu re a n d a s th e y d i d s o s a l ute d i t a s a chi e f

N a t i v e p ro p e rty w
, ,

of h i gh ra n k as p re s e n t e d to i t a s a n
.

a pp eas i n g gi ft a ccom p a n i e d by p ra y e rs th a t i t would n ot

,

d o th e m a n y h arm but woul d go a w a y qu ic kly T hey, .

d a re d n ot k i l l t h e s n a k e f or i t s d e a th wou ld b ri n g d i s e a s e ,

a n d d ea t h u p o n tho se who d i d s o
” 1
.

s p t
er en s Wh e re s e rp e n t s a re thu s v i e w e d a s a n c e s to rs com e to
e t h e p e o p l e n a tu ra l ly t re a t th e m w i th g rea t re s p e ct a n d
322 55 2? l i f
11

a n cesto oft e n fe e d th e m w i th m i l k p e rh a p s b e c a u se m i l k i s t he food

rs ,

re p t i l es a re t rea t e d a s hum an
38222 abes a n d t h e
1 0
of hu m an b
t
rea et d b e i n g s i n e mb ryo who c an be bo rn a g ai n fro m wom e n , .

ggt d
t
r s ec
Thuan
s t h e Zul u C a ff re s i m a gi n e th a t th e i r a n c e s to rs g e n e ra lly
-

vi s i t th e m u n d e r t h e fo rm of s e rp e n t s A s s oo n th e re fo re
3?t £ lk a s o n e of th e s e re p ti l e s a pp e ars n e a r th e i r dw e l l i n g s th e y
i .
, ,

h as t e n to s a l ut e i t by t h e n a m e of f a t her p l a c e bowl s of m i l k
i n i ts w
,

ay a n d tu rn i t b a ck g e n t ly a n d w i t h t h e g re a t e s t
, ,

re s p e ct A mo n g t h e M as a i of E a s t Afric a
2 ” “
. wh e n a ,

m e d i c i n e m a n o r a ri ch p e rs o n d i e s a n d i s bu ri e d h i s s o ul
-
,

tu rn s i n t o a s n a k e a s s oo n a s h i s body rot s a n d t h e s n a k e
go e s to h i s ch i l d re n s k ra a l to l o o k a ft e r th e m T h e M a sa i
’
.

i n co n s e qu e n c e d o n o t k i ll th e i r s a c re d s n a k e s a n d i f a ,

wom a n sees o n e i n h e r hut s h e p o u rs s om e m i l k o n t h e ,

3 ”
g rou n d f or i t to l i ck a ft e r wh ich i t w i l l go a w a y A m on g
,
.

th e S ea D y ak re v e re n c e f or s n ak e s an d a re s u ppose d to be h
t os e of h u m an

t h i b l i f t h t pi i t ( t )
e r e e a s r s a n us a re an c e s t ors.

i t i th
n c a rn a e p ti l n f th e re es , s ee ur er 1
G e orge Bro n , D D , Al ela n es i a n s w
h y l
. .

J .P “
S
er am D k,
R i gi ea a e on ,
”
a n a Poly n es i a n s (Lon on ,
’
d pp .

j ou rn a l of t h e S tra i ts B ra n ch f
o th e 2 3 8 sq
NO
.

Roy a l A s i at i c S oci ety , (D e ce m

b e r, pp 222 -2 24
. 10

; H L i ng
2 Rev . E . C asa liTh e B a s u t os
s,

Rot h Th e
.

Na t i ves of S a ra a h w
.

an d (Lon don , p 2 46
. C o m a re . p
,

d A K ran z , Na tu r l
u n a [( u lt u rleben ae r
’

B ri t i s h North B orn eo (Lon on ,

.

i 187 s B ut f
ro m hi l t s a tt e r
Z u l u s (W i esb a de n , p . 1 12 .

q
Holl i s f d
. .

a cc oun t it d oes n ot a pp th t
e ar a th e 3 A . C .
,
Th e M as a i (Ox or ,

s pi i ts
r (
a n tu s ) wh i h p c ossess th e s n ak es P 3 07
C H AP IV. REI NCA RNA TI ON OF THE DEA D 85

th e N an d i of B ri t i s h E a s t Afric a k e go e s o n to t h e ,
“
if a sn a

wom a n s be d i t m a y n ot be k i l l e d a s i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t i t
’

, ,

r o n i fi e s t h e s p i ri t of a d e c e as e d a n c e s to r o r re l a ti o n a n d
p e s ,

t h a t i t h a s b ee n s e n t to i n ti m a t e to t h e wo m a n th a t h e r
n e x t chi ld wi l l be bo rn s a fe ly M i l k i s p ut on t h e g rou n d .

f or i t to d ri n k a n d t h e m an or h i s wi fe s ay s If th o u
wa n t es t t h e c a l l com e thou a rt be i n g c a l l e d I t i s t h e n
,
’
, , .

a llow e d to l e a v e t h e hou s e I f a s n a k e e n t e rs t h e hou s e s of

ol d p e o p l e th e y give i t m i lk a n d s ay : I f thou w
.

‘
a n t e s t th e ,

1 ’ ”
c a l l go t o t h e hu t s of t h e ch i ld re n a n d th e y d ri v e i t a w ay
, , .

Thi s as s oc i a t i o n of t h e s e rp e n t re g a rd e d a s an i n c arn a t io n ,

of t h e d e a d both wi th t h e m a rri a ge be d a n d w i t h t h e hut s

,

of you n g p e o p l e p oi n t s t o a b e l i e f th a t t h e d e c e ase d p e rs o n
wh o i s i n c arn at e i n t h e s n a k e m ay be bo rn a g a i n a s a
,

hu m a n chi l d i n t o t h e wo rl d A g a i n a mo n g t h e Suk o f .
,

B ri t i s h E a s t A fric a i t s e e m s to be g e n e ra l ly b e l i e ve d t h a t
“

a m a n s s p i ri t p a s se s i n to a s n a k e a t d e a th If a s n ak e
’
.

e n t e rs a hou se t h e s p i rit of t h e d e a d m an i s b e l i e v e d to be
,

v e ry hu n g ry M i l k i s p o u re d on to i t s t ra ck s an d a l i t t l e
.
,

m e a t a n d tob a cco p l a c e d o n t h e g rou n d f or i t to e a t It is .

b e l i e ve d th a t i f n o f ood i s gi ve n to t h e s n a k e o n e o r a ll of
t h e m e m b e rs of t h e hou s e hold wi l l di e I t h o w e v e r m ay .
, ,

n o n e t h e l es s be k i l l e d i t e n cou n t e re d out s id e t h e hou s e a n d ,

i f at t h e t i m e o f i t s d e a th i t i s i n h a bit e d by t h e s p i ri t of
a d e a d m a n t h a t s p i ri t d i e s a l s o ,
2
T h e A k i k uy u of .
’

B ri t i s h E a s t A fri c a who s i m i l a rly b e l i e v e th a t s n a k e s a re

,

ngom a o r s p i rit s of t h e d e p a rt e d
“
do n ot k i l l a s n a k e but ,

p o u r o ut ho n e y a n d m i l k f o r i t to d ri n k wh ich th e y s ay i t
l i ck s u p a n d t h e n go e s i t s w
,

ay If a m a n c a u s e s t h e d e a th
of a s n a k e he mu s t w i thout d e l a y s u m mo n t h e s e n i o r E l de rs
i n t h e vi ll a g e a n d s l a ugh t e r a s h e e p wh ich th e y e a t a n d cut
a ru h w
,

a ru from t h e s k i n of i t s righ t s houl d e r f or t h e

offe n d e r t o w e a r o n h i s ri ght w ri s t ; i f thi s c e re mo n y i s
3 ”
n e gl e ct e d h e h i s w i fe a n d h i s chi ld re n w i l l di e
,
A mo n g .

1 A . C . Holl i s ,
Th e Nan a i (O x ford
’
,
Bri t i s h fi j l f
E as t At h r ca , ou rn a o e

p .
90 . Af i S i ty N xxx v A p i l 9
r ca n oc e ,
o . .
,
r 1 1 0,
2
M vy er n W H
. B e ec , The S u h ,
. h p 4 3 S f th C W H bl y
. 2 . ee ur er . . o e ,

t hei r L a n gu age a n d Folh lore (O ord, xf F h R u rt h i K ik y d

er es earc es n to u u an

1 91 p . 20 . K b R l i gi
am B li f
a dC e ous e e s an us t om s ,
3 H . R
T a te (D s tr ct C om m s
. i i i j l
ou rn a
f t h R y l A t h p l gi
o l e o a n ro o o ca

s i on e r, fi
E a st A r ca Pro te c t o ra te ) , Th e I ti t t
ns xl i ( 9 ) p 4 8 A d
u e, 1 1 1 0 cc or

w
. . .

Nat i v e La o f th e S o u t e rn G k u u o f h i y i gt M
n H bl y i t i
o ly p ti
r
. o e s on on e ar
 S A CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K ]

B a g a n d a t h e p yth o n god S e lw
th e a n ga h a d h i s t e m p l e o n

t h e s ho re o f t h e l a k e V ic t o ri a N y a n z a wh e re h e dw e l t i n
Th e t e m p l e w
,

t h e fo rm o f a l iv e p yth o n a s a hut of t h e .

o rd i n a ry co n i c a l s h a p e w i th a rou n d ho l e i n t h e w a l l ,

th rough wh ich t h e s i n u o u s d e ity c ra wl e d ou t a n d i n a t h i s

p l e a s u re A wom a n l iv e d i n t h e t e m p l e a n d i t w
. as her ,

d uty t o fe e d t h e p ytho n d a i ly wi th fre s h m i l k fro m a wood e n

b o wl whi ch s h e h e l d out to t h e d ivi n e re p ti l e wh i l e be
T h e s e rp e n t w
,

d ra i n e d i t a s thought to be t h e gi v e r of
.

ch i ld re n ; h e n c e you n g cou p l es l i vi n g i n t h e n e ighbou rhood

a lw a y s c a m e to t h e s h ri n e to e n s u re t h e bl e ss i n g of t h e go d

on t h e i r u n i o n a n d ch i l d l e ss wom e n re p a i re d from l o n g
,

d i s t an c e s to be re l i e v e d by h i m fro m t h e cu rse of b a rre n

I t i s n o t s a i d th a t th i s p y t ho n god e m b od i e d t h e
1
n ess .

s o ul of a d e a d a n c e s to r bu t i t m a y h a v e b e e n s o h i s p ow e r ,

of b e s t owi n g o ffs p ri n g o n wom e n s u gg e s t s i t .

Th e T h e Ro m a n s a n d G re e k s a pp ea r to h a v e a l s o b e l i e v e d
t h a t t h e s ou l s of t h e d e a d w e re i n c a rn a t e i n t h e bod i e s of
m to
s e rp e n t s A mo n g t h e R o m a n s t h e re gul a r s ym bol of t h e
i
ee

a rd i an s p i ri t o f e v e ry m a n w
.

a ve

s h d th
a re g ene i u s o r gu a s a se rp e n t 2
a n d ,

i n Ro m a n hou se s s e rp e n t s w e re lodg e d a n d f e d i n s uch

gii g
fi
E g
‘

e ls f
th ed d ea n u m b e rs th a t i f th e i r s w a rm s h a d n ot b e e n s o m e ti m e s
“b
re duc e d by c o n fl a gra t i o n s t h e re wou ld h a v e b e en n o l i v i n g
83 e re ”

t d
1 n carn a e

i p t
n se r e n s .f o r th e m
3
I n G ree k l e g e n d C a d mu s a n d h i s w i fe H a rm o n i a
.

c ula r s ort of sn ak e , ca ll d y e n a m uy a t h i , s ou s l of S e e Re v
th e dpe art e d . .
J .

wh i h i th c s oug ht t o b th eb e a ode of a L . pf
K ra , Tra vels , Resea rch es a n a’
spi ri t an d
i s t rea t e c e rem on ous d w i th i M i ss i on a ry L a bou rs i n E a s tern Af ri ca
res p e ct by t h e A k i k u y u C om are P . p . d
(Lon on , pp 7 7 sq Th e . .

C a z ac, y “
La Re g on de s K k u u , li i ”
i y g hy h
n e ro e s of W i li wi
da i n G u n e a k e se
A n t h ropos , (1 9 1 0 ) v 3 1 2 ; a n d f or p f wi h il
eed t m p wh i h h y
k th e s e r en ts c t e
w
. .

m o re e vid
e n ce o f m k off e re il
to se r d w h ip
ors h S ee T om as A s tley s Ne
.
’

p e n t s as e m b o m e n t s o f th e di ea see d d Gen era l Col lect i on of Voy ages a n a’

E de Pruy s sen a e re an d H W L t t e ,
. . . i l Tra vels , iii
(Lon don , 1 7 4 6 ) 29
. p . .

c tei d
abo e , 8 3, v p
n o t e s
1 an d 2
. .
2 L Pre ll e r, Rom i s ch e [lly th ologi e 3
1 R v
J
Roscoe , Th e B aga n da
.

e . .

pp My (B e r i n l ii 1 96 sq ; G
W i s s ow
, . .

L d
.

( o n o n , 3 2 0 sq . .

Rel i gi on ’
K u l tu s ’

fri e n d M r Ros coe t e s m e t at s e r ll h a

Rai n er 2 (
,

M i h
un a

pp
a er

7 6 sq
.

p e n ts a re re e re d an d f e d v t m k by wi h il Th e w h ip
un c

of
,

th e gen i u s w v y
. 1 .

y
t h e B an o ro t o th e n ort o f U gan da ; h p opu l
o rs

in the Rom Em pi r
as er

S ee
b u t h e can n ot say wh h
e t e r th e c re a tu res
ar an e .

a re s u ose pp d
to b e n ca rn a t on s o f t h e i i J . T o u ta i n, L es Cu ltes Pa i en s a a n s ’

dead S o m e o f t h e G a as a so re ll l l E m p i re Rom
’
ai n ,
Pre m i ere Pa rt e, 1 i .

(Pa ri s 9O 7 ) pp 4 3 9 see
.

g ad p
r s e r en t s a s s a c re an d o f f e r m k d il , I

h
t o t e m , bu t i t i s n ot sa d t at t e i h hy 3 P inl y ,
Na t . Hi st . xxix .
72 .

b li v
e e e th e re t es t o e m o p il th e b dy C om pare S e n e ca , D e I ra , iv .
31 . 6 .
CHAP . xv REI NCA RNA TI ON OF T HE DEA D 87

w e re t u rn e d d e at h i n t o s n a k e s
at Wh e n t h e S p a rt a n k i n g 1

C le o m e n e s w
.

a s s l a i n a n d c ruci fi e d i n E gy p t a g re a t s e rp e n t ,

c o i l e d rou n d hi s h e a d o n t h e c ro s s a n d k e p t off t h e vu l t u re s
fro m h i s fa c e T h e p e o p l e re g a rd e d t h e p ro d igy a s a p roof
.

th a t Cle o m e n es w as a son of t h e god s 2

A g a i n wh e n .
,

P l ot i n u s la y dyi n g a s n a k e c ra wl e d fro m u n d e r h i s be d
,

a n d di s a pp e a re d i n t o a hol e i n t h e w a l l an d a t t h e s a m e ,

mom e n t t h e p h i lo s o p h e r e xp i re d 3
App a re n tly s u p e rs t i t io n
s aw
.

i n th e s e s e rp e n t s t h e s oul s of t h e d e a d m e n I n G re e k
t h e s e rp e n t w
.

re ligi o n as i n d e e d t h e re gul a r s ymbol o r

a tt ri but e of t h e wo rs h i p ful d e a d an d w
4
e c an h a rdly d o ubt ,

t h a t t h e e a rly G re e k s l i k e t h e Zul u s a n d o t h e r Afric an ,

t ri b e s a t t h e p re s e n t da y re a l ly b e l i e v e d t h e s oul of t h e ,

d e p a rt e d t o be l o dg e d i n t h e re p t il e Th e s ac re d s e rp e n t .

whi ch l i v e d i n t h e E re chth e u m a t A t h e n s a n d w as f e d w i th ,

ho n e y c a k e s o n c e a mo n t h m ay h a v e b ee n S u pp o s e d to
-
,

h o u se th e s o u l of t h e d e a d k i n g E re chth e u s who h a d re i g n e d ,

i n h i s l i fe t i m e o n t h e s a m e s p ot P e rh a p s t h e l i b a t i o n s
5
.

of m i l k wh ich t h e G re e k s p o u re d u p o n g ra v e s w e re i n 6

t e n d e d to be d ru n k by s e rp e n t s a s t h e e mbod i m e n t s o f t h e
d e c e a se d o n two t o mb s t o n e s fou n d a t T e g e a a m a n a n d a
wo m a n a re re s p e ct iv e l y re p re s e n t e d h o ld i n g o u t t o a s e rp e n t
a cu p whi ch m a y b e s u pp o s e d to c o n t a i n m i l k
7
W e h a ve .

s e e n th a t v a ri o u s Afri c a n t ri b e s fe e d s e rp e n t s w i t h m i l k
b e c a u s e th e y i m a gi n e t h e re p t i l e s to be i n c a rn a tio n s of t h e i r
d e a d k i n s fol k ; a n d t h e D i n k a s w
8
h o p ra c t i s e t h e cu s t o m , ,

a l s o p o u r m i l k o n t h e g ra v e s o f th e i r fri e n d s f o r s o m e ti m e
I t i s p o s s i bl e th a t a com mo n t y p e i n
9
a ft e r t h e bu ri a l .

G re e k a rt w h i ch e x h i bi t s a w o m an fee d i n g a se rp e n t ou t o f
,

1 A p oll od o u r s, B i bli oth eca , i i i 5 . .

4 Phi lostra tus, I m ag . 11 . 1 7 . 6 . S ee
Hygi n us Fa h ,
. 6 ; O d, M et a m vi . iv . f th
ur er m y n o t e on Paus an i as i 18 2.

6
5 3 6 0 3
-
.
(vol i i . . pp . 1 68

2 l
P utarc h , Cleom en es , 39 .
6
S o oc es , E lect ra , ph
8 93 l sq
q .

3 Por phy y r De v i ta Plot i n i , p 1 03 ipi

E ur de s, Orestes , 1 1 2 sqq .

,
.
,

i
D dot e di t on (a i
e n de pp dt o th e l i v ofes 7 M i t thei lu ngen ‘

D eu tsch A rch a o
’
a es .

i
D oge n e s L ae rti u s ) . log . I n st i tu tes i n A th en , (1 8 7 9) iv .

4 hl
P u t arc Cleom en es , 3 9 ; S c h li o as t
pl . v ii i . C om p a re ih 135 sq ,
. pp . .

,
62
A i t ph
1 s
rs o an e s , Pl u t u s , 7 3 3
q .

on .

5 He rodo tus v iii l h P u tarc

8 A bo v pp
e, . 8 4 sq .

.
41 ; ,

v
,

Th em i s tocles , 1 0 ; A i t ph
rs o Ly
a n es ,
9 E . de Pruy s s e n ae re , l . c .
( a bo e,

s i s t ra , 7 5 8 sq , . w i th th eS h li c; o um p . 83, n o te
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K 1
a sa uc e r m a y h a v e b ee n bo rrow e d from a p ra c t i c e of thu s
,

m i n i s t e ri n g to t h e s oul s of t h e d e p a rte d l
.

The Fu rt h er a t t h e s ow i n g fes tiv a l of t h e Th e s mo p ho ri a h e ld

by G ree k w o m e n i n O c t ob e r i t w
, ,
p
s e r e n ts
as cu s tom a ry to th row
f e d a t th e ,

T hesm o c ak e s a n d p i g s t o s e rp e n t s whi ch l i ve d i n c a v ern s or v a ul t s

ph
,
ori a m ay

hv a e b ee n
s a c re d to t h e c o rn godd e s s D e m e t e r
2
We m ay gu e s s th a t - .

de e m e d i n t h e s e rp e n t s thu s p ro p iti a t e d w e re d e e m e d t o be i n c a rn a
c a rn a t i on s

o fh t e t i o n s of d e a d m e n an d wom e n who m ight e as i ly be i n c om ,

de a d .

m ode d i n t h e i r e a rthy b e d s by t h e O p e ra ti o n s of hu s b a n d ry .

Wh a t i n d ee d cou l d be mo re d i s tu rbi n g th an to h a v e th e
ro o f of t h e n a rro w hou s e s h a k e n a n d re n t ov e r th e i r h e a ds
by cl u m s y o x e n d ra ggi n g a p lough u p a n d dow n o n t h e t op
of it ? N o wo n d e r th a t a t s uch ti m e s i t w a s thought d e s i r

Re l u c t an c e a bl e to a pp e a s e th e m w i th off e ri n g s Som e t i m e s h o w e v er .
, ,
t o d i s t u rb
th e E a rt h i t i s n ot t h e d e a d but t h e E a rth G o dd e s s h e rs e l f who i s dis
G o ddes s or t u rbe d by t h e hu s b a n d m a n A n I n d i an p ro p h e t a t P ri e s t .

p
t h e s i ri ts
R a p i d s o n t he M i dd l e C o l um bi a R iv e r d i ss u a d e d h i s m a n y
o f t h e e a rt h ,

“
,

by t h e fol low e rs fro m ti ll i n g t h e g rou n d b e c a u s e i t i s a s i n to

p
o era t i on s

o f di ggi n g
wou n d o r cut t ea r u p o r s c ra tch o ur co m mo n moth e r by ,

an d
a g ri cultu ra l p u rs u i t s 3 “ ”
You a s k m e s a i d t h i s I n d i a n ”

pl h
.
,
ou g i n g
s age t o p lough t h e g rou n d Sh a l l I t a k e a k n ife a n d t e a r
.

.
,

my m o t h e r s bo s o m ? You a s k m e to d i g f or s t o n e
’
Sh a l l .

I d i g u n d e r h e r s k i n f o r h e r bo n e s ? Y o u as k m e t 0 c u t
'

g ra s s a n d h ay a n d se l l i t a n d be ri ch l i k e wh i t e m e n B ut .

1 C O
S ee D en hm aler M ll Hygi ei a S ee R B u rro s, Th e M w
'

u er,. . . . .

’
a er a l ten tYu n st 2
(GOtti n gen , D i scoveri es i n Crete (Lon on , d
p l l xi. wi h
t t h e c o rres on i n g t e t i n
. p d x pp 1 3 7 sq
. T h e s n ak es ,
. c e re wh i h w
vol i wh
( e re th e e cc en tr c s ste m o f
. . i y l y
th e regu a r s m b o of th e Fur es , m a y l i
p i ag n g a o t e dp d ren e rs re e ren ce s t o i t d f hv b
a e i i lly
e e n or g n a hi n ot n
g b u t th e
p ra c t i c a lly l
u s e ess ) I n t e s e gro u s . h p l h b i
e m b e m s o r ra t e r e m od m en ts o f t h e

th e em a e f l i
f gure i s c om m on , a n d ly dea d i h lv
a n d t h e Fu r es t e m s e es m a ,
y
p hp
e r a s c orre c tly i p ,
n t e r re t e d a s th e li l pi h v b vlp
k e A esc u a us , a e een de e o e d
G oddess o f Hea t lh y ii (H g e a ) I t is p il l hi hi
out o f th e re t e s , s o ug n g of f t e r

yii w
.

t o be re m e m b ere d h t at H g e a as p i h h
se r e n t s k n s t roug h p
th e a n t ro o
d h p
dee m e a dau g te r o f t h e s e r e n t -god m orph i y
c t en de n c h h
of G re e k t ou
g t .

l pi
A e scu a us (Pa u san as, i i 23 an d
S h li L i D i l l/
w
. .
2 t
ly
as c on st a n t i d wi h
as soc a t e t h im i n
(S h l
c

i i
o a on

M
u c an ,

ci a n u m ed
a .

H
z ere r.

Rabe ,
i l x pl o
11 . c a n , . .

r t ua an d a rt S e e , f or e a m e ,.

ip i
Le s c , 1 90 6 , 275 pp A s to
i i ii .

Pau sa n as , 40 6 , 4 5 , i i 1 1 6,
. . . . . .

t h e T es m o h ph i i l
ii 23 ii 4, . iii
2 7 6, . v
22 1 3, . 20 3, . . . .

T esm o h
or a ,
”
s ee m y

ph i
art c e ,

E n cy clop a edi a B ri
vi i v iii
.

v . 26 v ii
2, . 23 7, i 28
. 1, . . . .

t a n n i ca , 9
or a ,

i xxi i
S p i ri ts of
3 1 v iii
1 .
, 3 2 v iii
4 ,
.
4 7 1 . T h e . . .
2 95 s qq ;

t h e Corn a n d qf t h e Wi ld, 1 1 1 7 sq q
. .

wi d d
s n ak e en t ne
- wh i
go de ss os e m age
. .

w f d
as ou n p hi i h i
in a re s t or c s r n e a t
3 A . S . G ats ch e t , Th e K la rn a t h
i
G ourn a i n C re te m ay hv b a e een a I n di a n s f
o S ou th Wes tern Oregon
p dre ec e s sor of p f di
th e se r e n t - e e n g (Was hi n gton , p x ii
. c .
 SA CRED MEN A ND W OMEN B OO K I
cul t u re a re wi ll i n g t o re n ou n ce i t out of a re g a rd f o r t h e
hi gh e r p ow e rs ; t h e u t mo s t co n c e s s i o n which t h e y a re w il l
i n g t o m a k e t o re l i gio n i n t h e m a t t e r i s to p roh ibi t a g ri
c ultu ra l o p e ra ti o n s a t c e rt a i n ti m e s a n d se as o n s wh e n t h e ,

e x e rci se o f t h e m wou ld b e m o re th a n u s u a l ly p a i n fu l t o t h e

e a rt h s p i rit s
-
T hu s i n B e n g a l t h e ch i e f fe s t iva l i n ho n ou r
.

of M oth e r E a rth i s h e ld a t t h e e n d of t h e hot s e a s o n wh e n ,

she i s s u pp o s e d to s u ff e r fro m t h e i m p u ri ty c o m m o n t o
wom e n a n d d u ri n g t h a t ti m e a ll p l o ugh i n g s owi n g a n d
, , ,

1
o t h e r wo rk c e a s e O n a c e rt a i n day o f t h e y e a r wh e n
off e ri n g s a re m a d e to t h e E a rt h t h e E w
.
,

e fa rm e r of W e s t

Afri c a w i ll n ot h oe t h e g rou n d a n d t h e E w
,

e w e a v e r wi l l n ot ,

d ri v e a s h a rp s t a k e i n to i t b e c a u s e t h e h oe a n d th e s t a k e ,

woul d wou n d t h e E a rt h a n d c a u se h e r p a i n Wh e n
Ra t u m a i m bu lu t h e god w
.

h o m a d e fru i t t re e s t o blo s s o m
,
-

a n d b ea r fru i t c a m e o n c e a y e a r to Fij i t h e p e o p l e h a d to
, ,

l i ve v e ry qu i e t ly f or a m o n th l e s t th e y s houl d d i s t u rb hi m
a t hi s i m p o rt a n t wo rk D u ri n g th i s ti m e th ey m ight n o t
p l a n t n or bu i l d n o r s a i l a bout n or go to w
.
‘

ar ; i n d ee d m o st

k i n d s of wo rk w e re fo rbi d d e n T h e p ri e s t s a n n o u n c e d t h e .

t i m e of t h e god s a rriv a l a n d d e p a rtu re Th e s e p e ri o d s of

’ 3
.

re s t a n d qu i e t wou l d s e e m t o be t h e I n d i an a n d Fij i an L e n t .

Thu s b e hi n d t h e G re e k n ot io n th a t w o m e n m ay co n c e iv e
by a se rp e n t god s e e m s t o li e t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e y c a n c o n
4 -

c e i v e by t h e d e a d i n t h e fo rm of s e rp e n t s I f s uch a b e l i e f
w
.

a s e v e r h e l d i t w o u l d b e n a t u ra l t h a t b a rre n w o m e n s h o uld
,

re s o rt to g ra v e s i n o rd e r to h a v e th e i r womb s qu i ck e n e d a n d ,

thi s m a y e xp l a i n why th e y v i s it e d t h e s h ri n e of t h e s e rp e n t
god A e s cu l a p i u s f or t h a t p u rp o se ; t h e s h ri n e w a s p e rh a p s

a t fi rs t a g ra v e I t i s s i g n i fic a n t th a t i n Sy ri a t h e s h ri n e s
.

of St G e orge t o wh ic h ch i ldl ess wo m e n go t o ge t o ffs p ri n g

.
, ,

5
a lw a y s i n cl ud e a t omb o r t h e l i k e n e s s of o n e a n d f u rt h e r ,

1 W . C rook e , Na t i ves of North ern w i d t i fi d w i th th

as en e e god (6 6rd KéN/rou
I n di a (Lon d on , p . 232 . Oé os, lx di P
C le m e n t
I
'
of
A e a n r a, ro

pi h t p t ii p Th i 1 4 , e d Po t t e r)
’
2 S D ie 1 6,
J . et , E zrf e S ta m m e re . . . . . s

l
(B e r i n , p .
7 96 m a y b t e a l f h w
rac e of t h e b e i e t a t om e n

p t t h gh
.

3
J . i
E E rsk n e , j ou rn a l of a Cru i se can b i p g t d by
e m re na e s e r en s , ou

pp th t th y
.

a m on g f t he
t h e I s l a n ds o Western it d t
o es no a ea r a e c e re m on

Pac ifi c (Lon don , pp 2 4 5 s q w p f d ly w

as e r orm e on on om e n .

b v p 7 8 A g th
. .

4 P r on i n i t i at e d i
e s s n to t h e m s te ri e s y 5S ee a o e, . . m on e

o f S ab az i us h a d a s e rp e n t dra n t rou g w h h S ou th S l v w g t
a sg v t o m en o o ra es o

t h e bos om of t e r ro es , hi b an d th e re p ti le ge t h i ld c S b l w
ren p 9
.
6 ee e o , . .
CH AP 1v. REI NCA RNA TI ON OF THE DEA D

th at o p i n io n of S y ri a n p e a sa n t s a t t h e p re se n t da y
i n t he
wom e n m ay w i t h o u t i n t e rc o u rs e w i t h a l ivi n g m an b e a r
, ,
1
chi ld re n t o a d e a d hu s b an d a d e a d s a i n t o r a j i n n ee In , ,
.

t h e E as t I n d i e s a l s o i t i s s til l c o m m o n ly b e l i e ve d th a t s p i rit s
c a n co n s o rt with wom e n a n d b e g e t ch i ld re n o n th e m Th e .

0 10 Nga djo e of Bo rn e o i m a gi n e th a t a lbi n oes a re t h e o f f

s p ri n g o f t h e S p i ri t o f t h e moo n by mo rt a l wom en t h e p a l l i d ,

h ue o f t h e hum a n chi ld re n n a tu ra l ly re fl e cti n g t h e p a l lo r of

?
th e i r h e a v e n ly fa th e r
S uch b e l i e fs a re clo s e ly a k i n to t h e i d e a e n t e rt a i n e d by R i , e n c ar

m a n y p e o p l es th a t t h e s oul s of t h e d ea d m ay p as s d i re ctly i n t o 5 33232“

,
3

t h e womb s of wom e n a n d be b o rn a g a i n a s i n fa n t s Thu s A m i . er c a

d Af
t h e H u ro n s u s e d t o bu ry l i ttl e ch i ld re n b e s i d e t h e p a t h s i n
an n ca '

t h e h o p e th a t th e i r s o ul s m i ght e n t e r t h e p a ss i n g s qu a w s
3
a n d be bo rn a g a i n ; a n d s i m i l a rly s om e n e g ro e s o f West
Afri c a th row t h e bod i e s of i n fa n t s i n to t h e bu s h i n o rd e r
t h a t th e i r s ou l s m a y choo se a n e w moth e r fro m t h e wo m e n
w h o p a ss by
4
A m o n g t h e t ri be s of t h e L owe r Co n go a
.
“

b a by i s a l w a y s bu ri e d n e a r t h e hou s e of i t s moth e r n e ve r ,

i n t h e bu s h Th e y th i n k t h a t i f t h e ch i l d i s n ot bu ri e d
.
,

n e a r i t s moth e r s hou s e s h e wi l l be u n lucky a n d n e v e r h a v e

’

T h e n oti o n p rob ably i s th a t t h e d e a d

”
a n y m o re ch i ld re n .

ch i l d bu ri e d n e a r i t s m o t h e r s hou s e wi ll e n t e r i n to h e r
,
’
,

w o mb a n d be b o rn a g a i n f or t h e s e p e o p l e be l i e v e i n t h e
Th e y t hi n k t h a t t h e o n ly n e w
,
“
re i n c a rn a ti o n of t h e d e a d .

t h i n g a bout a ch i l d i s i t s body T h e s p i ri t i s ol d a n d .

fo rm e rly b e lo n g e d t o s o m e d e c e a se d p e rs o n o r i t m ay h av e ,

t h e s p i ri t of s o m e l ivi n g p e rs o n Fo r e x a m p l e i f a ch i l d ”
.
,

i s l ik e i t s m o th e r fa th e r o r u n cl e th e y i m a gi n e t h a t i t mu s t
, , ,

1
S . I . C urt i ss P i m i t i v
,
r e S em i t i c Mr J . i g w .h E
o s ugg s t K w i t h n ,
e s,

m uc h p ob b i l i t y t h t t h e p e i l
.

Reli gi on To o a , y pp 1 1 5 qq
’
-
. s . r a ,
a s c a
2 A C K rui t
j, . . Het A n i m i s m e i n den m o d s of b u i l e d o p t d f or i f t s ira a e n an n

I n di s ch en A rch ipel (Th e Ha gue ,

v i ous p rts of th wo ld m y oft
ar a e r a en

p 3 98 . h v b e i t d d to u e th i
a e e n n en e en s r e r re
3 Rel a t i on s des j
’
es u i tes , 1 6 3 6, p b i th rSe J E K i g
“
I
e f t n n an

i l R vi w v
. . . .
,

1 30 (C a n ad i a n re p ri n t , Q ue b e c , Bu i l Cl
r a ( 1 90 3 )
as s ca e e x n

w p ti
.
, ,

A s m i il a r c ust om as ra c se d f or a pp 8 3 q F a l g oll ec t i o f
. s . or ar e c n o

i il
s m ar re as on by th M e u sq u aki e e vid s t th e b li f i
e n ce a th r o e e n e e

I din S ee
an s ss ar . c M i M y Ali i a O en , w i t i o of t h e d d
n ca rn a nE S H t ea ,
se e . . ar

Fol/ lore of t he [M us qu a ki e I n di a n s of
e-
l an d , Pri m i t i ve Pa tern i ty (Lo n don,

North A m eri ca (Lon don , pp 1 90 9 i . 15 6 s qq .

M y ly
.

2 2 sq , 86 S om e of t h e n s tan c es
. . i 4
ar H . K i n gs e ,
Tra vels in
h e re g e n iv
a e b e e n a rea d hv
c t ed b y l y i Wes t Af ri ca (Lon don , p .
478 .
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B ook i

h a v e t h e s p i ri t o f t h e re l ativ e who m i t rese m bl e s an d t h a t ,

t h e re fo re t h e p e rs o n who s e s o u l h a s thu s b ee n a b s t ra c t e d by .

1
t h e i n fa n t wi l l s oo n di e A m o n g t h e B an g a l a s a t ri b e of .
,

c a n n i b a l s i n E qu a t o ri a l Afri c a to t h e n o rth of t h e C o n g o a
w o m an w
, ,

a s o n e da y s e e n d i ggi n g a hol e i n t h e p ubl i c ro a d .

He r hu s b an d e n t re a t e d a B e l gi an o f fic e r to le t h e r a l o n e ,

p ro m i s i n g to m e n d t h e ro a d a ft e rw ard s a n d e xp l a i n i n g t h a t ,

hi s w i fe wi s h e d t o b e co m e a moth e r T h e good n a t u re d .
-

o f fic e r com p l i e d w i t h h i s re qu e s t a n d w a t ch e d t h e w o m a n .

S h e co n t i n u e d to d i g t i l l s h e h a d u n cov e re d a l i ttl e s k e l e to n ,

t h e re m a i n s of h e r fi rs t b o rn wh ich s h e t e n d e rly c m brac e d -

, ,

hu mbly e n t re a ti n g t h e d e a d ch i l d to e n t e r i n t o h e r a n d gi ve
?
h e r a g a i n a moth e r s joy T h e o ffic e r rightly d i d n ot s m i l e
’
.

Th e B a gi s h u a B a n tu t ri b e of M ou n t E lgo n i n t h e U g a n d a
, ,

P ro t e ct o ra t e p ra cti se t h e cu s to m of th row i n g ou t th e i r d e a d
,

e x c e p t i n t h e c ase of t h e yo u n g e s t ch i l d o r t h e old g ra n d

fa th e r or g ra n d m o th e r f or who m l i k e t h e chi ld a p rolo n g e d , , ,

l ife o n e a rth i s d e s i re d Wh e n i t i s d es i re d to p e r .

p e t u a t e o n t h e e a rth t h e l i fe of s om e ol d m a n o r wom a n o r ,

th a t of s o m e you n g b a by t h e co rp s e i s bu ri e d i n s id e t h e ,

hou se o r j u s t u n d e r t h e e a v e s u n t i l a n oth e r ch i ld i s b o rn t o ,

t h e n e a res t re l a tio n of t h e co rp s e Thi s ch i ld m a l e o r .

,

fe m a l e t a k e s t h e n a m e of th e co rp s e a n d t h e B a gi s h u
, ,

fi rm ly b e l i e v e th a t th e s p i ri t of t he d e a d h a s p a s se d i n to
t hi s n e wch i ld a n d l iv e s a g a i n o n e a rt h T h e re m a i n s a re .

t h e n dug u p a n d th row n out i n to t h e o p e n

” 3 ‘

Me a s ur s e A g a i n j u s t as m ea s u res a re a do p t e d to fa c i l i t a t e t h e re bi rt h
,

t ak e “ t o
of good gho s t s s o on t h e oth e r h a n d p re c a utio n s a re t a k e n
p re v en t th e
,

h f
re b i rt o t o p re v e n t t h e re b i rt h of ba d o n e s T hu s w i t h re g a rd to t h e
B a ga n d a of C e n t ra l Afri c a w
,
.

li p
Zg if i
es l

s ts
e re a d t h a t
“
wh i l e t h e p re s e n t ,

g e n e ra tio n k n ow t h e c a u s e of p re g n an cy t h e p e o p l e i n t h e
.

,
.

e a rl i e r t i m e s w e re u n c e rt a i n a s to i t s re a l c a u se an d thought

th a t i t w
,

as p o s s i bl e to co n c e i v e w i t hout a n y i n t e rcou rs e wi t h

the m al e s ex H e n c e t h e i r p re c a utio n s i n p as si n g p l a c e s wh e re
.

J oh H We ks Not s o urv i s
1 R ev .
“
n .
3
J Be P ,
Th ough Ug d t e n . .
,
r an a o

s om e C u t o m s of th
s L o w r C o go M et E lgo (Lo do e pp n ou n n n n, .

P op l xix ( 1 90 8 ) p
”
e Polh lo
e, - re, 3 0 2 q A s.t o t h B gi h u o r B g shu . s . e a s a e

42 2 . d t h i r p c t i c e of t h o w i g o t t h an e ra r n u e
2
T h M sui G i de de l S t i o d
. a , de d
u R v J Roscoe a
“
No te o
ec n e a ,
s ee e . .
, s n

l
’
Eta tI n di pen dan t du Con go c) l E x
/
e
’

th e B age sh u , j ou rn a l
”
f
o the Roy a l
p os i t i on d e B ru x el les Terv u eren en A n t h rop ologi ca l I n st i t u te, xxxix .
(1 90 9 )
1 8 97 (B ru sse l s, pp . 1 1 3 sq . pp . 1 81 sqq .
 S A CRED [ME N A ND WOMEN B OO K I
the p a re n t s t rc a d d a i ly ove r
g ra v e i t s s ou l wi l l b e re bo rn i ts
H e re a s M r R os e s ugg e s t s w
,

i n t h e fa m i ly .
, e re a ch a n .
,

e xp l a n a t io n o f t h e rul e t h a t ch i ld re n of H i n d u s a re bu ri e d ,

n o t c re m a t e d Th e i r s o ul s do n o t p a s s i n t o t h e e th e r wi t h t h e
.

s mok e of t h e p y re bu t re m a i n o n e a rth to be re i n c a rn a t e d
,

I n t h e Pu n ja ub thi s b e l i e f i n t h e re
” 1
i n t h e hou s e h o ld .

i n c a rn a ti o n o f d e a d i n fan t s g i v e s ri s e to s om e qu a i n t o r
p ath e tic cu s tom s Thu s i n t h e H i s s ar D i s t ric t B i sh n o i s
“
.
, ,

bu ry d ea d i n fa n t s a t t h e th re s hold i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t i t wo ul d ,

fa c i l it a t e t h e re tu rn of t h e s oul t o t h e m oth e r T h e p ra cti c e .

i s a l s o i n vogu e i n t h e K a n g ra D i s t ri c t wh e re t h e b o dy i s ,

bu ri e d i n fro n t o f t h e b a ck doo r I n s o m e p l a c e s i t i s .

b e l i e v e d t h a t i f t h e chi l d d i es i n i n fa n cy a n d t h e m o t h e r
,

d ro p s h e r m i l k f or two o r t h re e d a y s o n t h e g rou n d t h e s o ul ,

of t h e ch i l d co m e s b a ck to be b orn a g a i n Fo r t h i s p u rp o s e .

m i l k d i l u t e d wi t h w a t e r i s p l a c e d i n a s m a l l e a rt h e n p o t
a n d off e re d to t h e d e a d chi l d s s p i ri t f or t h re e co n s e cu t iv e
’

ev e n i n gs . Th e re i s a l s o a b e l i e f i n t h e A mb a l a a n d Guj ra t
D i s t ri ct s th a t i f j ack a l s an d dog s di g out t h e d e a d body of
t h e chi l d a n d b ri n g i t to w a rd s t h e tow n o r vi l l a g e i t m e a n s ,

th a t t h e chi l d w i l l re tu rn to i t s moth e r but i f t h e y t a k e i t ,

to s o m e oth e r s i d e t h e s ou l w i l l re i n c a rn a t e i n s o m e o t h e r
,

fa m i ly . For th i s p u rp o se t h e s e co n d day a fte r t h e i n fa n t s ,

’

d e a th t h e mot h e r go e s o u t e a rl y i n t h e m o rn i n g to s ee
,

wh e th e r t h e dog s h ave b rought t h e body tow a rd s t h e vi l l a g e .

Wh e n t h e chi l d i s b e i n g t a k e n a w a y f or bu ri a l t h e mo t h e r
c ut s off a n d p re s erv e s a p i e c e of i t s g a rm e n t with a V i e w to
p e rs u a d e t h e s oul t o re tu rn t o h er B a rre n w o m e n o r th os e .

who h av e lo s t chi l d re n i n i n fa n cy te a r a p i e c e off t h e cloth i n g

o f a d e a d ch i l d a n d s ti t ch i t to th e i r w e a ri n g a pp a re l ,

b e l i e vi n g th a t t h e s ou l of t h e ch i ld wi l l re tu rn to t h e m
i n s t e a d of i t s o w n m o t h e r O n th i s a ccou n t p e o p l e t a k e .
,

g re a t c a re n ot t o lo s e t h e cl o th e s of d e a d ch i ld ren a n d ,

2 ”
s om e bu ry t h e m i n t h e hou s e I n B i la sp o re a s t il l bo rn -

ch i ld o r o n e w
.

,
h o h a s p a ss e d a w a y b e fo re t h e Ch ha t t i (t h e
s i x th da y t h e da y o f p u ri fic a tio n ) i s n o t t a k e n out of t h e
,

1 W .C rook e, Na t i ves of Nort h ern f

o th e D ead, i . 16 2 sq .

I n di a (Lon don , 2 02 A s top . .

2 Cen s u s o f I n di a , 1 9 1 1 , v ol . xi v .

d
t h e Hi n oo c us t o m o f b u r n g n a n t s yi i f Pu n/ah, Pa rt i , . Re p ort , by Pa n di t
but bu rn i n g o de r l e rs on s , p
see Th e Ha ri k i sh a n K au l (La h ore , p .

B f i n I m m ort a li ty a n d the Worsh ip

eli e ,
2 99 .
CH AP . 1v REI NCA RNA TI ON OF THE DE A D

hou s e f or bu ri a l but i s p l a c e d i n a n e a rt h e n v e ss e l a n d
,

i s bu ri e d i n t h e d o o rw a y o r i n t h e y a rd of t h e h o u s e .

S o m e s ay th a t th i s i s do n e i n o rd e r th a t t h e moth e r
m a y b e a r a n o th e r chi ld
” 1
H e re i n B i las p ore t h e p e o p l e
h a v e d e vi s e d a v e ry s i m p l e w
.

ay of i d e n ti fyi n g a d e a d
p e rs o n wh e n h e or s h e i s bo rn a ga i n as a n i n fa n t Wh e n .

a n ybody d i e s t h e y m a rk t h e body wi th s oot o r oi l a n d t h e

, ,

n e x t b a by bo rn i n t h e fa m i ly w i th a s i m il a r m a rk i s h a i l e d

t h e d e p art e d c o m e to l i fe a g a i n
?
as A mo n g t h e Koi s
of t h e God a v a ri d i s t ri c t i n S o u t h e rn I n d i a t h e d ea d a re , ,

u s u a l ly bu rn t but t h e bod i e s of ch i l d re n a n d of you n g m e n

,

a n d w o m e n a re bu ri e d I f a chi l d d i e s with i n a m o n th o f .

i t s bi rth it i s g e n e ra l ly b u ri e d clo s e to t h e hou s e

“
,
s o th a t

t h e ra i n d ri pp i n g from t h e e a v e s m a y fa l l u p o n t h e g ra v e
, , ,

a n d t h e re by c a u s e t h e p a re n t s t o be b l e s s e d w ith a n o t h e r

ch i l d 3
A pp a re n tly i t i s s u pp o s e d t h a t t h e s oul o f t h e
.
”

d e a d ch i l d re fres h e d a n d re vi v e d by t h e ra i n wi ll p as s a g a i n
, ,
’
i n t o t h e m o t h e r s wom b I n d i a n c ri mi n a l re c o rd s c o n t a i n .

m an y c as e s i n whi ch t h e c e re m o n i a l k i l l i n g of a m a l e ch il d
h a s b ee n p e rfo rm e d a s a cu re f o r b a rre n n e s s t h e th e o ry b e i n g ,

t h a t t h e s ou l o f t h e mu rd e re d boy b e com e s re i n c a rn a t e d i n

t h e wom a n w h o p e rfo rm s t h e ri t e wi th a d e s i re to s e cu re
,

o ffs p ri n g U s u a l ly s h e e ff e c t s u n io n w ith t h e S p i ri t o f t h e
.

chi l d by b a th i n g ov e r i t s b o dy or i n t h e w a t e r i n wh ich t h e
co rp s e h as b e e n w a s h e d C a s es h a v e re c e n tly occu rre d .

i n whi ch t h e wom a n a ctu a l ly b a th e d i n t h e blo o d of t h e

4 ”
chil d .

O n t h e fi fth day a ft e r a d e a t h t h e G o n d s p e rfo rm t h e

c e re mo n y of b ri n gi n g b ac k t h e s ou l Th e y go t o t h e b a n k .

o f a ri v e r c a l l a loud t h e n a m e o f t h e d e c e a s e d a n d e n t e ri n g
, ,

t h e w a t e r c a t ch a fi s h o r a n i n s e c t Thi s c re a tu re t h e y th e n .

t a k e hom e a n d p l a c e a mo n g t h e s a i n t e d d e a d of t h e fa m i ly ,

s u pp o s i n g t h a t i n th i s m a n n e r t h e s p i ri t of t h e d e p a rt e d h as

b e e n b ro ught b a ck t o t h e hou s e S o m e t i m e s t h e fi s h or .

1 E . M . G ordo n , I n di a n Folh Ta les 3

E . T h urs t on , E th n ograp h i c Notes
(Lon d on , 49 p
Ot er ex
. . h i n S ou t hern I n di a (M a dra s, p .

pl a n a t on si of th e c us t o m a re re po rt e d 1 55 id .
, Ca stes an d Tri hes f
o S ou th ern
by th e w itr e r, b ut t h e or gi n a m ot i e i l v I n di a (M adra s iv 52
w p
.
, .

as roba b ly i
a de s re t o se c u re t h e
4
W . C rook e , Na t i v es of Nort h ern
i
re n ca rn a t o n i o f th e de a d c i i n th e h ld I n di a , 2 02 3 p . Cen s u s of I n di a 1 9 0 1 , ,

m ot h er . vo l . xvi
i Pu nj a b, Pa rt i
. .
,
Re p ort , by H .

2 E . M . G or d on , o p . ci t . pp .
5 0 sq . A . Ros e (S i m l a, pp . 2 1 3 sq .
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K !
i n s e ct i s e a t e n i n t h e b e l i e f th a t i t w i l l be thu s re b o rn a s a
ch i l d 1
Thi s l a s t cu s t o m e xp l a i n s t h e w i d e ly d i ffu s e d s to ry
.

of vi rgi n s who h a ve co n c e i ve d by e at i n g of a p l an t o r a n
?
a n i m a l o r m e re ly by t a k i n g i t t o t h e i r bo s o m I n a ll s uch
c as e s w e m ay s u rm i s e t h a t t h e p l a n t o r a n i m a l w a s though t

to co n t a i n t h e s oul of a d e a d p e rs o n which thu s p ass e d i n to

t h e V i rgi n s wom b a n d w
,
’
a s bo rn a g a i n as a n i n fa n t A mo n g .

t h e South Sl a v s ch i l d l e s s wom e n oft e n re s o rt to a g ra v e i n

which a p re g n an t wom a n i s bu ri e d The re th e y bi t e s o m e .

g ra ss from t h e g ra ve i n vok e t h e d e c e as e d by n a m e a n d be g
, ,

h e r to gi v e t h e m t h e fru i t of h e r wo mb Afte r th a t th e y .

t a k e a li t t l e of t h e m oul d fro m t h e g ra v e a n d c a rry i t a bout

w i t h t h e m th e n c e fo rt h u n d e r t h e i r gi rdl e 3
A pp a re n tly t h e y .

i m a gi n e t h a t t h e s ou l of t h e u n b o rn i n fa n t i s i n t h e g ras s o r
t h e mould an d wi l l p ass fro m i t i n to th e i r body
A mo n g t h e K a i of G e rm a n Ne wGu i n e a i m p o ss i bl e ,

a s i t m a y be thought i t i s y e t a fa ct th a t wom e n h e re a n d ,

th e re d e n y i n a ll s e riou s n e s s t h e co n n e x i o n b e twee n s e x u a l
i n t e rcou rs e a n d p re g n a n cy O f cou rse m o s t p e o p l e are cl e a r .

a s to t h e p roc e ss T h e i g n o ra n c e of s om e i n d ivi du a l s i s
.

p e rh ap s b a s e d o n t h e co n s i d e ra tio n th a t n o t u n com mo n ly
m arri e d w o m e n re m a i n ch i ld l es s f o r y e a rs o r f o r l i fe Fi n a l ly .
,

t h e a n i m i s ti c fa i t h co n t ri but e s i t s s h a re to s u pp o rt t h e

1 Cen su s of I n di a , 1 901 , vol . xiii . G . M i

or ce , A u pay s de l Ou rs Noi r
’

Cen tra l Prov i n ces , Pa rt i , Re ort, by . p i

(Par s a n d L on s, 1 8 9 7 , 1 53y A p . .

R V Russe (Nag ur,

. . ll 93 p p . . Raf ra , f y “
Vo age a la c Ot e n ord de y
2 For h vi i bi h
s t or es of s uci r n
g rt s v ll
la Nou e e G u i n é e ,
”
B u llet i n de la
h y
see Com t e H de C are n c , L e olhl ore
.
f S oci ete de Geograp h i e (Pa r s ) , VI S r e ,
’
e
i éi
i
da n s les deu x M on des (Pa r s , xv .
(1 8 7 8 ) 3 9 2 sq ; pp L van de r
. .
J . .

pp . 121 -256 ; l d
E S Ha rt an , The . . T oorn , He t an m sm e bij den n a n g i i Mi
i
L egen d of Perseu s , vol d (Lon on , . . k abau er de r Pa dan gsch e B ove n lan den ,
pp
1 8 94 ) 7 1 s qq ; an d m y n ot e on
. B if dragen t ot de Taa l L a n d en Volhen
i v ii i v pp
.

Pa usan as 1 1 (vol 1 38 hu n de va n Nederl a n dsch -I n di e, xxxix

'

1 7 . . . . . .

i h i d by
T o th e n s ta n c es t e re c te (1 8 90 ) p
7 8 ; E A y m on i e r,
.
“
Le s .

m e a dd :hv A T e e t , Cos m ograph i e

.
”
l
T c h a m es e t e urs re g on s , Rev u e de li i
i
U n i verselle (Par s , ii 91 8 . l Hi stoi re des Religi on s ,
’
( 1 90 1 ) xxi v .

w ly
[ ron g n um be red 9 5 2 ] K von den . pp .2 1 5 sq a or P R T
. Mj
Gur on , . . . d
i
S te n en , Un ter den Natu rvolhern '

Th e K h a s i s (Lbn don , 1 95 p . .

li pp
Z en tra l -B ras i l i en s (B e r n , . I n som e s tor e s t h e c on ce t on i s i pi
3 7 0 , 3 7 3 ; H A C o udre a u , L a Fra n ce
. . b h b
roug t a out n o t ea t n g oo but by i f d
E q u i n ox i a le, ii
(Pa r s , 1 8 8 7 )
. 1 84 i pp . by i i w
dr n k n g a ter B ut th e r n c e
. p i ip l
sq . Rela ti on s des j esu i tes , 1 6 3 7 , pp . i s t h e s am e .

1 2 3 sq (Can ad an re r n t , Q u e ec ,
. i pi b
Fran z B oas , I ndi a n i s ch e S agen 3 F S
. K rauss, S i tte u n d B ra u ch
.

von der Nord-Pa cifisch en K uste A m e S ud-S la ven (Vi en n a , p

'

der
‘

ri has (B e r n , li 3 1 1 sq ; A pp . . .
531 .
 S A CRED M E N A ND . WOMEN B OO K ]
on whi ch i t g row s t h e l a tt e r re s t ri c t i o n re m a i n i n g i n t h o se
,

c a s e s i n wh ich t h e fru i t i s i n e d i bl e I i n qu i re d i n t o t h e.

i d e a a t t h e bo tt o m of t h e p roh i bi t io n of t h e a n i m a l a s foo d ,

a nd i t a pp e a re d t o b e t h a t t h e p e rs o n w o u l d be e a t i n g
h i m s e l f I t s e e m e d th a t t h e ac t w o uld be re g a rd e d a s a k i n d
It w
.

o f c a n n i b al i s m a s e vi d e n t th a t t h e re i s a b e l i e f i n t h e
.

m os t i n t i m a t e re l a ti o n b e tw e e n t h e p e rs o n a n d a ll i n d ividu a l s
o f t h e s p e ci e s wi t h wh ich h e i s id e n ti fi e d .

“
A fu rt h e r a s p e c t o f t h e b e l i e f i n t h e a n i m a l n a tu re of
a chi l d i s t h a t i t p a rt a k e s o f t h e p hy s ic a l a n d m e n t a l ch a r

a c t e rs of t h e a n i m a l w ith which i t i s i d e n t i fi e d Thu s i f t h e .

,

a n i m a l fo u n d h as b ee n a s e a s n a k e a n d t hi s i s a fre qu e n t -
,

occu rre n c e t h e ch i ld w o u ld be w e a k i n dol e n t a n d s low ; i f

, ,

a n e e l t h e re w i l l be a s i m i l a r d i s p o s i ti o n ; if !a h e rm i t c ra b
, ,

t h e chi l d wi l l b e h o t t e m p e re d ; i f a flyi n g f o x i t w i l l a l s o
-
,

be hot t e m p e re d a n d t h e body w i l l be d a rk ; i f a b ru s h
-

tu rk e y t h e d i s p o s itio n w i l l be good ; i f a l i z a rd t h e ch i ld
, ,

wi l l be s o ft a n d g e n tl e ; i f a ra t thoughtl e s s h a s t y a n d , ,

i n t e m p e ra t e I f t h e obj e ct fou n d h a s b e e n a fru i t h e re a l s o

.
,

t h e c h i l d w i l l p a rt a k e of i t s n a tu re I n t h e c as e o f a wi ld .

M a l ay a pp l e (m a lm a laga vzga ) t h e ch i l d wi l l h a v e a bi g
b e l ly a n d a p e rs o n wi th th i s co n d i t i o n w il l be a s k e d D o
, ,
‘

h a lm a la a v i ga ? h
’

y o u co m e fro m t e m g A g ain i f t e fru i t i s

c al l ed w
,

on e om a ra h a ra qa t t h e ch i l d wi ll h a v e a go o d
,

d i s pos i t i o n .

“
I n t h e i s l a n d of M o t l a v n o t f a r from M o t a th e y h a v e
t h e s a m e b e l i e f th a t i f a m o th e r h a s fou n d a n a n i m a l i n h e r
d re s s t h e ch i ld wi l l be i d e n t i fi e d w ith th a t a n i m a l a n d w i l l
,

n o t be a l low e d t o e a t i t H e re a g a i n t h e ch i ld i s b e l i e ve d
t o h a v e t h e ch a ra ct e rs of t h e a n i m a l a n d t w
.

o i n s t a n c e s gi v e n ,

w e re t h a t a chi l d i d e n t i fi e d wi t h a y e l low c ra b w i l l h a v e a
good d i s p o s i ti o n a n d be o f a l i gh t c o lou r wh i l e i f a h e rm i t ,

c ra b h a s b ee n fou n d t h e ch i ld w i l l be a n g ry a n d d i s a g ree a bl e
I n t h i s i s l a n d a wom a n w
, .

h o d e s i re s h e r ch ild t o h a v e c e rt a i n
ch a ra ct e rs wi l l fre qu e n t a p l a c e wh e re s h e i l l b e l i k e ly t o
e n cou n t e r t h e a n i m a l whi ch c a u s e s t h e a pp ea ra n c e o f th e s e
w
ch a ra ct e rs Thu s i f s h e w a n t s t o h a v e a l ight c o lou re d ch i ld
.
, ,

s h e wi ll go to a p l a c e wh e re th e re a re l i gh t colou re d c ra b s
1 ”
.

1
W H
. . R Ri. v e rs ,
“
T o te m i sm in th e Roy a l A n t h rop ologi ca l I n st i t u te,
Po ly i
n es a an d M l i
e a n e s a,
j ou rn a l f
o xxxix .
( 1 909 ) pp . 1 73 -1
75 . C om p a re
CH REI NCA RNA TI ON OF TH DEA D
?
AP . IV

Th ro u gh p ut a l a rg e p a rt o f Au s t ra l i a p a rt i cul a rly i n t h e A t , u s ra li an

C e n t re t h e N o rth a n d t h e W e s t t h e a bo rigi n e s h o ld t h a t
, , ,

t h e c o m m e rc e (o f t h e hum a n s e x e s i s n o t n e c e s s a ry t o t h e bi th
'

r of

p roduc t i o n o f chi ld re n ; i n d e e d m a n y of t h e m go fu rth e r

l h ld C ’ ’ en '

a n d d e n y t h a t s e x u a l i n t e rcou rs e i s t h e re a l c a u se o f t h e
p ro p a g a t io n of t h e s p e c i e s Amo n g t h e A ru n t a K a i t i s h .
, ,

L u ri t c h a I rra a n d o t h e r t ri b e s who ro a m t h e b a rre n

lpi ,
‘
,

s t e pp e s o f C e n t ra l A u s t ra l i a i t a pp e a rs to be a u n i ve rs a l ,

a rt i cl e o f b e l i e f t h a t e v e ry p e rs o n i s t h e re i n c a rn a t io n of a

d e c e as e d a n c e s t or a n d th at t h e s ou l s of t h e d e a d p a s s d i re c t ly R i
, e n c ar

i n to t h e w o m b s o f wom e n wh o giv e t h e m bi rt h wi t h o ut t h e ,

n e e d of co m m e rc e w i t h t h e o t h e r s e x Th e y thi n k t h at t h e i C . n e n t ra l
S p i rit s o f t h e d e p a rt e d g a t h e r a n d dw e l l a t p a rt i cul a r s p o t s
Au t
,
s ra li a'

m a rk e d by a n a t u ra l fe a tu re s uch a s a ro ck or a t re e a n d ,

th a t fro m t h e se l u rk i n g p l a c es t h e y d a rt o u t a n d e n te r t h e -

bod i e s of p as s i n g wom e n o r gi rl s Wh e n a wo m a n fe e l s .

h e r wo mb qu i ck e n e d s h e k n o w s t h a t a S p i ri t h a s m a d e i t s
way i n t o he r from t h e n ea re s t a bod e of t he d e a d Th i s
,

i s t h e i r re gu l a r e xp l a n a tio n of c o n c e p t i o n a n d chi ld bi rt h .

“
Th e n a t iv e s o n e a n d a ll i n t h e s e t ri b e s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e
, ,

chi ld i s t h e d i re c t re s ul t o f t h e e n t ra n c e i n to t h e mo t h e r of
a n a n c e s t ra l s p i ri t i n d i vi d u a l Th e y h a v e n o i d e a of p ro ,

c re a t i on a s b e i n g a s s oci a t e d w i t h s e x u a l i n t e rc o u rse a n d ,

fi rm ly b e l i e v e t h a t ch i ld re n c an b e bo rn w i thout t hi s t a k i n g
p l ace 1
T h e s p o t s wh e re t h e s oul s t hu s co n g re g a t e w a i t
.
”

Totem i s m an d E x oga m y 11 89 s
qq wh th v p l g d i v ig ti
e er e en a ro on e n es t a on

l d w l i i t th i
.
, .

As h i M l i b l i f th t
to t s e a n e s an e e a of th i p i t s o n c ou no e c e or

i l
an m a s t i t w
c an en e r d b n o om en an e gi na l b l i f f th e p pl b t th
e o e eo e a ou e

b o rnf throm h h i ldem as u m an c re n t

n a ure f h i fl o t T e it n uen ce . o m e

w i h i l h t i ti D Ri v
t an m a c a rac e r s cs , r e rs se e m s h t th b l i f d i b d by D
t a e e e escr e r

b v (p 7 4 ) I t w l th t
. .

o se r e s 1 as c ea r a Ri v ie rs h t xt i i n t p i bl w i th
e e s n com at e

th i b l i f w
.

s e et p i d by y
as n o ac c o m an e an th e re c o g i t i f h n f h h
on o d um an at e r oo as

ig n ora n ce f th p hy i l ol f t h
o e s ca r e o e a y di ti f th bi h f
n e c essa r c on on or e rt o

h um an f th d th t th
a f th
e r, an a e a er ch i ld ren , d h t th gh th
an p pl t a ou e eo e

p l y d th
a e p t i e sa m e p ti ar n c on c e on a s m a y w no g i t h t re c oi ty n ze a n ec es s ,

i
n case s o f bi h p i d by rt u n ac c o m an e an p h p
er a s lt f i t
as a res u wi h o n e rc ou rse t

i l pp
an m a a W f d it i
e ara n ce e oun m E u rop h y t i ly
ean s , t t h ve c er a n can n o a e

p i bl t g t d fi i t ly th b l i f d wh
.

o ss e o e e n e e e e as rec o g i n ze i t t h i t h a t e t m e en e

to th te f h i fl
n a u re o x td t e n u e n ce e er e b li f i q
e e ti
n i gi t d
u es on o r na e .

by th i l th we an m a b t it on e om a n , u B l dw i S p
1 a d F J G i ll
n en ce r a n . . en ,

m us t b b d h t
e re m e m y b li f f e re t a an e e o North ern Tri bes f
o Cen t ra l A u st ra li a
th i k i d
s nh dly h v can p d th ar a e e sca e e (Lon don , p .
33 0 ,
c o m a re i d p .

m an yy f E p
ea rs o i fl d u ro e an n ue n ce an i bi d . pp xi .
,
1 45 , 1 47
-
1 5 1 , 1 55 s q. ,

C h i ti rs t h i g wh i h th p p l f
an eac n c e eo e o 1 6 1 s
q .
, 1 69 q s .
,
1 73 sq .
, 1 74 -
1 7 6,
th i gs ph v
rou i v d I t i d btf l
a e rec e e . s ou u 606 ; id .
,
Na ti ve Tri bes o f Cen t ra l
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K I
i n g t o be bo rn a g a i n a re u s u a l ly t h e p l a c e s wh e re t h e
re mo t e a n c e s to rs of t h e d re a m t i m e a re s a i d t o h a v e p as se d
-

i n t o t h e g ro u n d t h a t i s t h e y a re t h e p l a c e s wh e re t h e fore
,

fa th e rs o f t h e t ri b e a re s u pp o se d t o h a ve d i e d o r t o h a v e
b e e n bu ri e d Fo r e x a m p l e i n t h e W a rra m u n g a t ri b e t h e
.
,

a n c e s t o r of t h e B l a ck s n a k e cl a n i s s a i d t o h a v e l e ft m a n y
-

s p i ri t s of B l a ck s n a k e ch i ld re n i n t h e rock s a n d t re e s wh ich
-

bo rd e r a c e rt a i n c ree k H e n c e n o wo m a n a t t h e p re s e n t day
.

d a re s to s t ri k e o n e o f t h e s e t re e s w i t h a n a x e b e i n g qu it e ,

co n vi n c e d t h a t t h e blow woul d re l e a s e o n e of t h e s p i ri t
c h i l d re n who woul d a t o n c e e n t e r h e r b o dy Th e y i m a gi n e
,
.

th a t t h e s p i ri t i s n o l a rge r t h a n a g ra i n of s a n d a n d t h a t i t ,

e n t e rs t h e wo m an t h ro ugh h e r n a v e l a n d g row s i n t o a c h i ld

i n h er wo m b
1
Ag a i n a t se v e ra l p l a c e s i n t h e w id e t e rri
.
,

t o ry o f t h e A ru n t a t ri b e t h e re a re c e rt a i n s t o n e s which a re i n
l i k e m a n n e r t hough t to be t h e a b o d e of s ou l s a w a i t i n g re
bi rth . H e n c e t h e s to n e s a re c a l l e d ch i ld s to n e s
“
I n on e -
.
”

o f t h e m th e re i s a h o l e th ro ugh wh ich t h e s p i ri t ch i ld re n l o ok -

ou t f o r p a s s i n g wo m e n a n d i t i s fi rm ly b e l i e v e d t h a t a v i s i t
,

to t h e s t o n e woul d re s ult i n c o n c e p t i o n I f a you n g wom a n .

i s obl i g e d to p as s n e a r t h e s t o n e a n d d o e s n o t w i s h to h a v e
a ch i ld s h e wi l l c a re fu l ly d i s gu i s e h e r you t h
,
p ul l i n g a w ry ,

fa c e a n d hobbl i n g a lo n g o n a s t i ck S h e wi l l b e n d h e rs e l f .

dou bl e l i k e a v e ry old wom an a n d i m it a t i n g t h e c ra ck e d ,

voic e of a ge s h e wi l l s a y D o n t c o m e t o m e I a m a n o ld
“
,
’

w o m an Na y i t i s thou ght th a t w o m e n m ay c o n c e iv e by
.
,

t h e s to n e wi thou t vi s i t i n g i t I f a m a n a n d h i s w i fe b o th.

wi s h f o r a chi ld t h e hu s b a n d w i l l t ie h i s h a i r gi rd l e ro u n d
,
-

t h e s to n e ru b i t a n d mu t t e r a d i re c t i o n t o t h e s p i ri t s to
, ,

give h e e d t o h i s wi fe A n d it i s be l i e v e d t h a t by p e rfo rm i n g
.

a s i m i l a r c e re mo n y a m a l ic iou s m a n c a n c a u s e wom e n a n d

e v e n ch i ld re n a t a d i s t a n c e t o be p re g n a n t
?

Such b e l i e fs a re n ot co n fi n e d t o t h e t ri b e s o f C e n t ra l
A u s t ra l i a but p re v a i l a mo n g a ll t h e t ri b e s fro m L a k e E y re
'

n o rt hw a rd s t o t h e s e a a n d t h e G ulf of C a rp e n t a ri a
3
Thu s .

A u s t ra l i a
(L o n o n ,
d 5 2 , pp . Na ti ve Tri bes o
f Cen t ra l A u s tra l i a , pp .

1 2 6 , 1 3 2 sq , 2 6 5 ,
'
.
337 5
9
1 B . p
S en c e r an d F G en , .
J . i ll 3 W . Ba ldw i
S en ce r, A n In t ro
n p
Nort h ern Tri bes of Cen t ra l A u st ra l i a , du ct i on to t h e S t u dy of Cert a i n Na t i ve
6 2 , 3 30 5 9 Tri bes of t h e Northern Terri t ory (M e l
PP 1
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. p
S e n c er a n d F G en , .
J . i ll bourn e , 6 : “
p
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. w
 SA CRED [ME N A ND I/ VOIlI E N B OO K ]
The n at i
v e s of t h e Tu lly R i v e r i n Qu e e n s l a n d do n o t
re cog n iz e s e x u a l i n t e rc o u rs e a s a c a u se o f c o nc e p t i o n i n
wo m e n t h o ugh cu riou s ly e n ough t h e y do re c o g n i z e i t a s t h e
,

c a u s e o f c o n c e p tio n i n a ll a n i m a l s a n d p rid e t h e m s e lv e s o n ,

t h e i r s u p e rio ri t y to t h e b ru t e s i n t h a t t h e y a re n o t i n d e bt e d
f o r t h e co n ti n u a n c e of th e i r s p e ci e s to s uch low a n d vulg a r
m e a n s T h e t ru e c a u se s of co n c e p tio n i n a wom a n a cco rd i n g
.
,

to t h e m a re fo ur i n n u mb e r Fi rs t S h e m ay h a v e re c e iv e d
,
.
,

a p a rti cul a r s p e c i e s of bl a ck b rea m from a m a n whom t h e

E u ro p e a n i n h i s i g n o ra n c e woul d c a l l t h e fa th e r ; t h i s s h e
m a y h a v e ro a s t e d a n d s a t ov e r t h e fi re i n h a l i n g t h e s a v o u ry

s m e l l of t h e ro a s t fi s h Th a t i s qu i t e s u f fic i e n t t o ge t h e r
.

wi t h ch i ld O r s e co n d ly s h e m a y h a v e go n e o u t o n
.
, ,

p u rp o se to c atch a c e rta i n k i n d of bul l frog a n d i f s h e -

,

s ucc ee d s i n c a p tu ri n g i t t h a t a g a i n i s a fu l l a n d s a ti s fa c t o ry
,

e xp l a n a t i o n o f h e r p re g n a n cy Thi rd ly s om e m a n m ay .
,

h a v e tol d h e r t o c o n c e i ve a ch i ld a n d t h e m e re co m m a n d ,

p roduc e s t h e d es i re d e ff e c t O r fou rt h a n d l a s tly s h e m ay

h a v e s i m p ly d re a m e d th a t t h e ch i l d w
.
, ,

a s p ut i n to h e r an d

t h e d re a m n e c e s s a ri ly wo rk s i t s o w
,

n ful fil m e n t Wh a te ve r .

wh i t e m e n m ay t hi n k a bout t h e m a t te r t h es e a re t h e re a l ,

c a u ses why b a bi e s a re b o rn a mo n g t h e bl a ck s o n t h e T ull y

R i ve r 1
.A bout C a p e B e dfo rd i n Qu e e n s l a n d t h e n a t i ve s
b e l i e ve th a t b a bi e s are s e n t by c e rt a i n l o n g h a i re d S p i ri t s -
,

w i th two s e t s of e y e s i n t h e fro n t a n d b a ck of t h e i r h e a d s ,

who l i v e i n t h e d e n s e s c ru b a n d u n d e rwo o d Th e ch i l d re n .

a re m a d e i n t h e f a r w e s t wh e re t h e s u n g o e s dow n a n d th e y ,

a re m a d e n o t i n t h e fo rm of i n fa n t s bu t fu l l g row n ; but o n

th e i r p as s a g e fro m t h e s u n s e t l an d to t h e wom b s t h e y a re
ch a n g e d i n t o t h e s h a p e o f s p u r wi n g e d p lov e rs i f th e y a re -
,

gi rl s o r of p re tty s n a k e s i f t h e y a re b oy s So wh e n t h e c ry
, ,
.

of a p l o v e r i s h e a rd by n ight t h e bl a ck s p ri ck u p th e i r e a rs ,

a n d s ay
“
H a l l o ! th e re i s a b a by s o m e wh e re a b o u t
,
A nd .
”

i f a w o m a n i s o ut i n t h e bu s h s e a rchi n g f o r fo od a n d s e e s
o n e of t h e p re t t y s n a k e s wh ich a re re a l ly b a by b o y s o n t h e
,

lo o k out f o r m o th e rs s h e wi l l c a l l out t o h e r m a t e s a n d
, ,

du ct i on to th e S t u dy qf Certa i n Na t i ve E t h n ography , B u llet i n No 5 , S up er .

Tri bes o f t he North ern Terri tory (M el s t i t i on , M agi c, a n d M edi ci n e (B r s ba n e , i

b o urn e , pp .
4 1 -
45 . pp . 2 2, 81 .

1 Wa l t e r E . Ro t h , North Q u een sla n d

CH AP . IV REI NCA RNA TI ON OF THE D EA D

t h e y wi l l c o m e ru n n i n g a n d t u rn o v e r s t o n e s a n d l e a ve s , ,

a n d l og s i n t h e s e a rch f o r t h e s n a k e ; a n d i f th e y c a n n o t

fi n d i t t h ey k n o w t h a t i t h a s g o n e i n t o t h e w o m a n a n d t h a t
1
s h e wi l l s oo n giv e bi rt h t o a b a by b o O n t h P e n ne
y e .

fa t h e r R i ve r i n Qu e e n s l a n d t h e b e i n g who p u t s b a bi e s i n t o
wom e n i s c a l l e d A n j e a He t a k e s a lum p o f mud o ut o f -
.

o n e of t h e m a n g rov e s w a m p s moul d s i t i n t o t h e s h a p e of a n ,

i n fa n t a n d i n s i n u a t e s i t i n t o a w o m a n s wom b
,
You c a n ’
.

n e v e r s ee h i m f o r h e l i ve s i n t h e d e p th s o f t h e wood s
, ,

a m o n g t h e ro ck s a n d a lo n g t h e m a n g rove s wa m p s ; but
,

s om e t i m e s y o u c a n h e a r hi m l a ughi n g t h e re to hi m s e lf a n d ,

wh e n y o u h e a r h i m you m ay k n ow t h a t h e h as got a b a by
?
re a dy f o r s o m e body A mo n g t h e t ri b e s o f t h e C a i rn s
d i s t rict i n N o rt h Qu e e n s l a n d t h e a cc e p t a n c e of fo od fro m
“

a m a n by a wom a n w a s n ot m e re ly re g a rd e d a s a m a rri a g e

c ere mo n y but a s t h e a ctu a l c a u s e of c o n c e p t io n

,
3
.
”

S i m i l a rly a mo n g t h e Au s t ra l i a n t ri b e s of t h e N orth e rn T h o i e r es

T e rri t o ry a bo ut P o rt D a rw ,
i n a n d t h e D a ly R i ve r es p e c i $ 2 5 3 ? ,
1

a lly a mo n g t h e L a rre k i y a a n d Wog a i t “

co n c e p t i o n i s n o t h i l d i c ren n

N th “
,
” or er
re g a rd e d a s a d i re ct re s ul t of coh a b it a t i o n Th e o ld m e n d
.

an

of t h e Wog a i t s a y t h a t th e re i s a n e vi l s p i ri t who t a k e s W t e s e rn

b a bi e s fro m a bi g fi re a n d p ut s t h e m i n t h e wo mb s o f 32 53 312,
1 2

wom e n w h o mu s t giv e bi rth t o th e m

,
I n t h e o rd i n a ry F p ti .
on ce on

”
cou rs e of e ve n t s wh e n a m a n i s out hu n ti n g an d k i l l s 123 323
,

g a m e or col l e c t s o t h e r fo od h e g i v e s i t t o h i s wi fe a n d ,
y
she eat s i t b e l i e vi n g th a t t h e g a m e o r o t h e r food w i l l
,

c a u s e h e r t o c o n c e iv e a n d b ri n g fo rt h a chi ld Wh e n t h e .

chi l d i s b orn i t m ay on n o a ccou n t p a rt a k e o f t h e f o o d

,

1
Wa l te r h p it p E . d t d B i h p L dg T w v i ll
Rot , o . c . . a e s o
’
s o e, o ns e,

8 2 .
Q l d J ly 9 t h 9 9 Th ue en s an , u , 1 0 . e
2
W l t E R th p i t p 3 Bi h p h i t y f th i
’
a er . o , o . t
c . . 2 , s o s a ut or or e s ta e m e n t s

§ 83 M . R th dd v y j ly th R C W M i
r. o a s, er us t : e ev . . . o rr s o n ,

Wh i t i en b dh s re m e m l i g h d f h Y b h Mi i
e re t a t a s a ru e act n ea o t e a rru a s s on .

in ll ha N th t t ib
ese l i t tl I th
or e rn l t D F dh
r es , a e n e s am e et er r . ro s am ,

gi l r
y b gi v
m a t d w i ll l i v w i th
e en p ki g f
o an p l b v i e s ea n rom e rs on a o ser a t o n ,

h er p s wif l g b f
o us e as h f t th b l i f p i lly i
e on e ore s e re e rs o
“
e e e ,
ra c t ca un

rea ch t h t g f p b y th l v l
es e s a e o g h
u e rth t i—b h t e re a e rs a a m on t e n ort e rn r es, t a
ti h i p f wh i h t f
on s o di y i c p l i i t th
o ecun ft ps n o t re co u a t on s no e c au s e o c on c e

co g i d n se h id f — p ti
t e t ti ea S oJ G F c on c e B l i f don no on .
”
ee . . raz e r, e e s an

b i g
e n i ly d t x l
n ece s sa r C ue f h A t li
o se A b i gi
ua c on n e c u s tom s o t e us ra an or n es ,

ti onb p ly i ll igi bl
e c om e s a rtF lh l xx ( 9 9) pp 3 5 3 5
n te e .
”
o -
ore, . 1 0 . 0- 2
3Th Bi h p f N e h Q s l d IVI ix ( 9 9) pp 4 5 4 7 ; T t
o o o rt u e e n s an an ,
. 1 0 . 1 -
1 o em

(D r F d h
.
) i ro l tt s tam i d
n E g a y i 5 77 q
e er o m e, sm an x o am , . s .
1 04 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K I
wh ich c a u s e d c o n c e p t i o n i n t h e m o t h e r u n t i l i t h a s got i t s
fi rs t t e e t h ?
A s i m i l a r b e l i e f t h a t c o n c e p t io n i S c a u s e d by ‘ f
-

t h e food which a w o m a n c a t s i s h e ld by s om e t ri b e s o f
W e s t e rn A u s t ra l i a O n t h i s s ubj e ct M r A R B ro w n re p o rt s
. . . .

“
a s fol l o w s : I n t h e I n ga rda t ri b e a t t h e mouth of t h e
G a s coy n e R iv e r I fou n d a b e l i e f t h a t a chi l d i s t h e p rodu c t
,

of s om e food of whi ch t h e moth e r h a s p a rta k e n j u s t b e fo re

h e r fi rs t s ick n e s s i n p re g n an cy M y p ri n c i p a l i n fo rm a n t o n
.

thi s s ubj e ct t o l d m e t h a t h i s fa th e r h a d s p e are d a s m a l l

a n i m a l c a l l e d ba n da ru p ro b a bly a b a n di c o ot but n o w
,
e x ti n ct ,

i n t h i s n e ighb o u rhood Hi s moth e r a te th e a n i m a l with t h e

.
,

re s u l t th a t s h e g a v e bi rt h t o my i n fo rm a n t He s how e d m e .

t h e m a rk i n h i s S i d e wh e re a s h e s a i d h e h a d b ee n s p e a re d
, ,

by h i s fa t h er b e fo re b e i n g e a t e n by h i s m o t h e r A l i t t l e
gi rl w
.

a s p o i n t e d o u t to m e a s b e i n g t h e re s ul t of h e r m o th e r

e a t i n g a d om e s t i c c a t a n d h e r b ro th e r w a s s a i d t o h a v e b ee n

T h e bu s t ard w
,

p rod uc e d from a bu s t a rd . a s o n e of t h e

t ot e m s o f t h e fa t h e r of t h e s e two chi l d re n a n d th e re fo re of , ,

t h e ch i l d re n t h e m s e lv e s T h i s how e v e r s e e m s to h a v e b e e n
.
, ,

p u re l y a cc i d e n t a l I n m o s t c a se s t h e a n i m a l t o which c o n
.

c e p t i o n i s d ue i s n ot o n e o f t h e fa th e r s t o t e m s Th e s p e ci e s
’
.

th a t i s thu s c o n n e c te d wi t h a n i n d ivi du a l by bi rt h i s n o t
in an y w ay s a c re d to h i m He m a y k i l l or e a t i t ; h e
.

m ay m a rry a w o m a n who s e c o n c e p ti o n a l a n i m a l i s of t h e

s a m e s p e ci es ,
a n d h e i s n o t by t h e a cci d e n t o f h i s bi rth
e n ti t l e d t o t a k e p a rt i n t h e tot e m i c c e re m o n i e s c o n n e ct e d

w i th i t .

I fou n d t ra c es o f t hi s s a m e b e l i e f i n a n u m b e r of t ri b e s
n o rth o f t h e I u g a rd a but e v e rywh e re t h e b e l i e f s ee m e d t o be
,

s p o ra d ic ; t h a t i s to s a y s o m e p e rs o n s b e l i e v e d i n i t a n d
,

oth e rs d i d n ot . S o m e i n d ivi d u a l s c o ul d t e l l t h e an i m a l or
p l a n t from which t h e y o r o t h e rs w e re d e s c e n d e d whi l e o t h e rs
d i d n ot k n o w o r i n s om e c a s e s d e n i e d t h a t co n c e p t io n w
,

as

so caused . Th e re w e re to be m e t wi t h how e v e r s om e , ,

b e l i e fs of t h e s a m e ch a ra c te r A wom a n o f t h e Bu du n a .

t ri b e s a i d t h a t n a t i ve wo m e n n o w a d ay s b e a r h a l f c a s t e -

chi ld re n b e c a u s e th e y e a t b re a d m a d e of whi t e fl o u r M a n y .

1 He rb e rt B a se do w , A n t h rop ologi ca l t ra l i a , pp .
4 s
q .
(se p a ra t e re pi
r nt f
ro m

Notes on t h e Western Coa s ta l Tri bes of t h e Tra n s a ct z on s o

f t he Roy a l S oci ety f
o

t h e North ern Terri tor f S ou th A u s

y o S ou th A u s tra li a , v ol. xxxi .
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K 1

Thu s i t a pp e a rs t h a t a chi ldl i k e i g n o ra n c e a s t o t h e

p hy s ic a l p ro c es s o f p ro c re a ti o n s ti l l p re v a i l s t o s om e e x t e n t
a mo n g c e rt a i n rud e ra c e s o f m a n k i n d who a re a cc o rd i n gly,

d ri ve n to a ccou n t f or i t i n v a ri o u s fa n c i ful w ay s s uch a s

m ight co n t e n t t h e cu ri os i ty of ch i ld re n We m ay s a fe ly
a s s um e th a t fo rm e rly a l i k e i g n o ra n c e w
.

a s f a r m o re w id e ly

s p re a d th a n i t i s n ow ; i n d e e d i n t h e l o n g a g e s whi ch e l a p se d
b e fo re a n y p o rt i o n o f m an k i n d e m e rg e d from s a va g e ry i t i s
p rob a bl e th a t th e t ru e c a u se of ch i ldbi rt h w
,

a s u n iv e rs a l ly

u n k n ow n a n d th a t p e o p l e m a d e S hi ft to e xp l a i n t h e my s t ery
,

by s o m e s uch th e o ri e s a s a re s t i ll cu rre n t a mo n g t h e s a v a g e
or b arb a ro u s ra c e s of C e n t ra l Afri c a M e l an e s i a a n d , ,

Au s t ra l i a A l it t l e re fl e ctio n o n t h e co n d i t i o n s of s a v a g e
.

l i fe m ay s a t i s fy us th a t t h e i g n o ra n c e i s by n o m e a n s s o
s u rp ri s i n g a s i t m a y s e e m a t fi rs t s i ght t o a c ivi l i z e d o b s e rv e r ,

o r t o p ut i t o t h e rwi se t h a t t h e t ru e c a u s e o f t h e bi rth of

chi ld re n i s n ot n e a rly s o obvi ou s a s w

, ,

e a re a p t to t h i n k

A mo n g lowS av a ge s s uch a s a ll m e n w e re o ri gi n a l ly i t i s
.

, ,

c u s to m a ry f o r boy s a n d gi rl s to c o h a bi t fre e ly w i th e a ch
oth e r u n d e r t h e a ge of p ub e rty s o th a t th e y a re f a m i l i a r
,

wi t h a c o m m e rc e of t h e s e x e s wh i ch i s n ot a n d c a n n ot be
a tt e n d e d w i t h t h e bi rth of ch i ld re n I t i s t h e re fo re n o t v e ry
.
, ,

wo n d e rful th a t th e y s hou ld co n fi d e n tly d e n y t h e c o n n e x io n

of s e x u a l i n t e rcou rs e w ith t h e p rod ucti o n of offs p ri n g .

Ag a i n t h e l o n g i n t e rv a l of ti m e wh ich d ivid e s t h e a c t o f
,

c o n c e p t i o n fro m t h e fi rs t m a n i fes t s ym p tom s o f p re g n a n cy

m i ght e a s i ly d i s gui s e fro m t h e h e e dl e s s s a v a g e t h e v i t a l
re l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e t w o Th e s e co n s i d e ra ti o n s m a y re m o v e
.

o r l e s s e n t h e h e s i t a t i o n wh ich c i vi l i z e d m an n a tu ra lly fe e l s a t

a d m i tti n g th a t a co n s i d e ra bl e p a rt o r e v e n t h e wh o l e of h i s

s p e ci es S hould e v e r h a v e doub t e d o r d e n i e d wh a t s ee m s t o

h i m o n e of t h e mo s t Obviou s a n d e l e m e n t a ry t ruth s of
?
n a t u re

I n t h e l ight of t h e fo re go i n g e vi d e n c e s to ri e s of t h e ,

li
A ust ra a , j ou rn a l of t he Roy a l A n
”
1 90 9 wh i h c i
c on t a n s a n am pl e

t h rop ologi ca l I n s t i t u te, x l iii

(1 9 1 3 ) . co ll ti f f t d
ec on o a c s an f l di
a c a re u scus

p 1 68 i
s on o f th E l wh em se e re I h v a
g d
e a r ue

w
. . .

1 T os
e h h o desi re t o u rs ue t
'
p s hi t h t th p i i t i v i g
a e rm e n ora n c e o f p t i ty a e rn

su bj
ec t ur f h
t e r m a y c on s u t t l wi h
ad f i h th k y t t h
urn s es e e o e o ri gi n o f t ote m
v an t a e M r E
g . . .
’
l
S Ha rt an d s ea rn e l d i
sm .S T t i
ee o em sm an d E x oga m y , i .

i
t rea t s e Pri m i t i v e Pa tern i ty (Lon do n , 1 5 5 qq i v 4
s .
,qq . 0 s .
CH AP . IV REI NCA RNA TI ON OF THE DEA D

m i ra culou s bi rt h o f god s a n d h e ro e s fro m vi rgi n

l o s e m uch o f t h e gl a m ou r t h a t e n c i rcl e d t h e m i n d ay s of ( it .

and w e vi e w th e m s i m p ly a s re l ic s o f s u p e rs t i t i o n s u rvi vi n g

l i k e fo ss i l s t o t e l l u s of a bygo n e a ge of chi ld l i k e i g n o ra n c e
a n d c re dul i t y .

8 . S a cred S tochs a nd S ton es a m ong th e S em i tes

T ra c e s of b e l i e fs a n d cu s tom s l i k e t h e fore goi n g m ay P t iv roc rea e

p erh a p s be d e te ct e d a mo n g t h e a n c i e n t S e m it e s Wh e n t h e g ig g i g} .
l n ,

p ro p h e t J e re m i a h s p e a k s of t h e I s ra e l i te s who s a i d t o a i b d t a s cr e o

s t o ck o r to a t ree (f o r i n H e b re w t h e w o rd s a re t h e s a m e
) 25 5 2233, ,

“
“
Thou a rt my fa th e r a n d to a s to n e Thou h a s t b ro ugh t “ 5 ; t ”
0 11 3 5 a

i t i s p ro b a bl e th a t h e w
, ,
8
:3 ,i
1
1 ”
m e fo rth ,
a s n o t u s i n g v a gu e 5

l a n gu a g e but d e n ou n c i n g re a l b e l i e fs cu rre n t “ 1
rh e to ri c a l
65 :

N ow w
,

a mo n g h i s co n t e m p o ra ri e s e k n ow th a t a t a ll t h e .

o ld C a n a an it e s a n ctu a ri e s i n cl ud i n g t h e s a n c t u a ri e s of ,

J e hov a h dow n t o t h e re fo rm a ti o n s of H e z e k i a h a n d J o s i a h
the tw
,

o re gul a r obj e ct s o f wo rs hi p w e re a s ac re d s tock a n d

2
a s a c re d s t o n e a n d th a t th ese s a n c t u a ri e s w e re t h e s e a t s of
,

p ro fl i ga t e r i t e s p e rfo rm e d by s a c re d m e n
(h edes h i m ) a nd

s a c re d wo m e n h edes h oth s i t n o t n a t u ra l to s u pp o s e
( ) I .

th a t t h e s t ock a n d s t o n e which t h e s u p e rs ti t iou s I s ra e l i t e s

re g a rd e d a s t h e i r fa t h e r a n d m o th e r w e re t h e s a c re d s t o ck

( as / zera h
) a n d t h e s a c re d s to n e
( m a s s eba h
) of t h e s a n c t u a ry ,

a n d t h a t t h e ch i l d re n b o rn o f t h e lo os e i n t e rcou rse of t h e '

s e x e s a t th e s e p l a c e s w e re b e l i e v e d to be t h e o ff s p ri n g o r

e m a n a tio n s o f th e s e u n c o uth b ut w o rs h i p ful idol s i n whi ch ,

a s i n t h e s a c re d t re e s a n d s to n es o f C e n t ra l A u s t ra l i a t h e ,

s oul s of t h e d e a d m a
y h a v e b e e n s u pp o se d t o a w a i t re bi rt h ?

O n t hi s vi e w t h e s a c re d m e n a n d wom e n who a c t u a l ly b e g o t
1 J e re m i ah ii 7 T h . 2 . e a n c en t i 12 D e u te ron o m 2 1 sq y x vi . .

G re ek s s ee m l t hv hda so o a e a a n o t on i W Robe rtson S m t , Rel igi on of t h e

. i h
t h at m en w p g f
e re t s run ro m rees or S em i tes , 2 pp
1 8 7 s qq , 2 0 3 s qq
. .G F . . .

rock s S e e Hom e r, Od
. 1 63 ; . xix . M oore , i n E n cy clop a edi a B i bl i ca , svv , .

l
F G We c k e r, Gri ech i sch e Got terleh re h h
A s e ra an d as se b a
”
M I n th eh
w
. . .

(G Ott i n gen , 1 8 5 7 7 7 7 s qq i . . ea rly l i i

re g on o f C re te a s o t h e t o l
A B C o ok , “
Oak an d Roc k , p i p l bj
r n ci a o ec ts of ors see m w h ip
to
w xv
. .

Cla ss i ca l Rev i e , ( 1 90 1 ) 322 pp . hva e bee n a s a c re d

t re e an d a sa c re d
v My
.

sqq . p ll
i ar S ee A J E an s
. .
~
. c e n ae a n
2
Th e a s h era a n d th e m a sseba . S ee T re e a n d P a r C u t , i ll j ou rn a l o fl
1 K i n
gs xi v . 2 3 ; 2 K i n
gs x v iii 4, Hellen i c S t u di es , x xi .
( 1 90 1 ) pp .
99
Mi h v w
.

xxi i i . 14 ; ca . 1 3 sq .
(i n He bre , sqq .
 SA CRED MEN A ND WOMEN B OO K 1

or b o re th e
ch i ld re n w e re d e e m e d t h e hu m a n e m bod i m e n t s of
t he tw o d ivi n i t i e s t h e m e n p e rh a p s p e rs o n a ti n g t h e s a c re d
,

s t ock wh i ch app e a rs t o h a v e b e e n a t re e s t ri p pe d of i t s
,

b ra n ch es a n d t h e w o m e n p e rs o n a ti n g th e s a c re d s to n e
, ,

wh i ch s ee m s t o h av e b e e n i n t he s h a p e of a co n e a n o b e l i s k , ,

or a p i l l ar
?

T h e s e c on Th e se co n cl u s io n s a re c o n fi rm e d by t h e re s u l t of re c e n t re
l
e u s i on s
s ea rch e s a t G e z e r a n a n c i e n t C a n a an iti s h ci ty whi c h occu p i e d
c on fi rm e d , ,

b y th e a h ig h i s o l a t e d p o i n t o n t h e s ou t h e rn b ord e r of Ep h ra i m
, ,

f éf fi a
b e tw e e n J e ru s a l e m a n d t h e s ea H e re t h e E n gl i s h e x c a v a .

S an c t u a f
y t i o n s h a v e l a i d b a re t h e re m a i n s of a s a n ctu a ry w i t h t h e
h
agi s a c re d s to n e p i l l a rs o r ob e l i s k s (m a s s eboth ) s t i ll s t a n d1 n g l n
0 O O 0

a ro wwh i l e b e tw e e n two o f
a n ,

i y
jg
it s c t th e m i s s e t a l a rg e s ock e t e d
b ea u t i ful ly s qu a re d w
,
0 ez er
h ich p e rh a p s c o n t a i n e d t h e
.

s to n e , ,

s a c re d s t ock o r p ol e a s h er ah
( ) I n t h e s o i l wh ich h a d ac c u m u .

l a t e d ove r t h e floo r of t h e t e m p l e w e re fou n d v a s t n um b e rs

of m a l e e mbl e m s rud e ly c a rve d out of s oft l i m e s to n e ; a n d
t a b l e t s of t erra c o tt a re p re s e n ti n g i n low re l i e f t h e moth e r
-
,

godd e s s w e re d i s c ov e re d t h roughou t t h e s t ra t a
,
Th e s e .

obj e c t s w e re n o d o ubt v o t i v e off e ri n g s p re se n t e d by t h e -

wo rs hi pp e rs to t h e m a l e a n d fe m a l e d e i t i e s who w ere re p re
s e n t e d by t h e s a c re d s tock a n d t h e sa c re d s to n es a n d t he i r

o ccu rre n c e i n l a rg e qu a n t i t i e s ra i s e s a s t ro n g p re s u m p tio n

t h a t t h e d ivi n iti e s o f t h e s a n ctu a ry w e re a g o d a n d godd e ss

T h e i n f am s re g a rd e d a s a bov e a ll s ou rc e s of fe rt i l ity T h e s u pp o s i tio n .

5 32? i s fu rth e r s t re n g t h e n e d by a v e ry re m a rk a bl e d i s co ve ry
11
.

s a n c t u ar y U n d e r t h e floo r of t h e t e m p l e w e re fou n d t h e bo n e s o f
22
11

6
11 3 “
m a n y n e wbo rn chi ld re n n o n e mo re t h a n a w e e k ol d bu ri e d
-
, ,

e xp e c ted i n l a rg e j a rs N o n e of th e se l i ttl e b o d i e s s how e d a n y t ra c e

.

b om
zfi
L of mu t i l a t io n o r v i ol e n c e ; a n d i n t h e l i ght of t h e cu s to m s
p ra c t i s e d i n m a n y oth e r l an d s w
o

2
e s e e m to be j u s t i fi e d i n

1 A s to l i g f S i ti c on c a i m a es o em c 1 50 s qq S o i n N k un a u, on e of th e
. i
g dd
o b v pp 3
e ss es , see a4 qq T h o e, . s . e il l
G be rt I s an ds i n t h e S ou t Pa c c , h ifi
d p l
s a c re ( h h ) ppo e l t as era a ea rs a so o t h e n at e s iv ha
d s a n s t o ne S a bs o r d l
h v b by
a e p pl g d d
een s om e eo e re ar e as pi ll
a rs wh i h
c d
re re s e n te
p go ds a nd

th e em b d i t f g dd (A t t )
o m en o a o e ss s ar e goddess e s
“
l
I f t h e s t on e s a b re pre
w
, .

no t f g d
o Sa b v p 8 to ee a o e, . 1 ,
no e
2
. s e n t e d a go dde ss it pl das n o t ace

l id w
.

A m ong h Kh i f A
t th
e d as s o s sa m e s a c re e re c t , bu t a do n on th e groun d .

u p igh t t
r wh i h bl
s on es , h c re s e m e t e i l y h y h h w ld
B e n g a a d t e t o ug t i t ou be
S emii b th
t c g d d
m a sse o , a re re ar e as l l
c rue t o m a k e h e r s tan d s o on g
”
S ee .

l
m a e s, d th fl t t bl
an e a a e - s t on e s as G T urn e r, L L D , S a m oa (Lon don ,
. . .

f l S P R T G d Th
em a e . ee . . . ur on , e p2 96. .

Kh i (L d as s pp on q on , . 1 12 s .
,
2
S ee abo e , v pp
9 1 s qq . .
 CHAPTER V

T HE B U RNI NG OF M ELC A RT H

S e m i tic cu s to m of p utti n g a k i n g o r h i s s o n to d e a th i n t h e
IF a

ch a ra c t e r of a god h a s l e ft s m a l l t ra c e s o f i t s e lf i n C y p ru s
22255212;
a n i s l an d wh e re t h e fi e rc e z e a l of S e m i t i c re l i gi o n w
,

a m m b e er a s e a rly

y l t e m p e re d by G re e k hu m a n i ty t h e v e s t ig es o f th a t glo o my
figzi
t f o a
,
nl

ri t e a re cl e a re r i n Ph o e n l c i a i t s e lf a n d i n t h e Pho e n i ci a n

colo n i e s wh ich lay mo re re m o t e fro m t h e hi ghw a y s o f

,

G re ci a n com m e rc e W e k n o w t h a t t h e S e m i t es w e re i n
.

t h e h a bi t of s a c ri fic i n g s om e o f t h e i r chi ld re n ge n e ra lly ,

t h e fi rs t bo rn e i th e r a s a t ri bu t e re gu l a rly due t o t h e d e i ty
-
,

o r t o a pp e as e h i s a n g e r i n s e a s o n s of p u bl i c d a n g e r a n d
?
c a l a m i ty I f com mo n e rs d i d s o i s i t l i k e ly th a t k i n g s , ,

wi th a ll th e i r h e a vy re s p o n s i bi l i t i e s could e x e m p t t h e m ,

s e lv e s fro m th i s d re a d ful s a c ri fi c e f o r t h e fa t h e rl a n d ?
I n p oi n t of fa ct h i s t o ry i n fo rm s u s th a t k i n g s s t e e l e d
,

?
t h e m s e lv e s to d o a s o t h e rs d i d I t d es e rv e s to be
n o t ic e d th a t i f M e s h a k i n g of M o a b w h o s a c ri fic e d h i s
, ,

3
e l d e s t s on by fi re c l a i m e d t o be a s o n o f h i s go d h e
, ,

w o ul d n o doub t t ra n sm i t h i s d ivi n i ty to h i s o ff s p ri n g ; a n d
fu rth e r th a t t h e s a m e s a c ri fic e i s s a i d t o h a v e b e e n p e rfo rm e d
in the sam e w
,

a y by t h e d i vi n e fo u n d e r o f B y b lu s t h e g re a t ,

se a t of t h e wo rs hi p o f Ad o n i s
4
Thi s s ugg e s t s th a t t h e .

hum an re p re s e n t a ti v e s of A do n i s fo rm e rly p e ri s h e d i n t h e
Th e fl a m es A t a ll e v e n t s a cu s to m o f p e ri o d ic a l ly bu rn i n g
.
,

t h e ch 1e f god o f t h e c i t y l n e ffigy a pp e a rs t o h a v e p re v a i l e d
b i g of
urn n

M el t h
car

a t Ty re 1 Th pp 3 b ov e p 1 5
.
Dy g i e G d 1 6 6 qq
n o Se,
. s . e a , . .

S No t Iee eM ol oc h t h e K i g t
.
,
n ,
”
a

t h e d of t h i v o l u m e
e n s
4 Ph i l o of B yblus i n F gm
. t ,
ra en a
2 Ph i l o of B y b lus uot e d b H i t i o m G o m e d C M ll s or c ru ra ec ru u e r,
q y , ,
. .

E useb i u s P p , Ev g 10 29
rae i i i pp 5 6 9 5 7 0 5 7 1
a r. an . 1. S e b ov
. . .
, , . e a e,

q 2 s K i
.
gs iii 27 n . p 1 3
. . .

1 10
CH AP . V THE B URNI NG OF MEL CA R TH
at Ty re an d i n t he
Ty ri a n c o l o n i e s d ow n t o a l a t e t i m e ,

a n d t h e e ffigy m a y w e l l h a v e b e e n a l a t e r s ub s ti t u t e f o r a

m an Fo r M e lc a rt h t h e g re a t god o f Ty re w as i de n t i fied

by t h e G re e k s wi t h H e rcu l e s ? w
.
, ,

h o i s s a i d t o h a v e bu rn e d
h i m s e l f t o d e a t h o n a g re a t p y re a s c e n d i n g u p t o h e a v e n i n ,

a cl o ud a n d a p e a l o f t hu n d e r
?
Th e co mmo n G re e k l e g e n d ,

i m m o rt a l iz e d by So p hocl e s l a i d t h e s c e n e o f t h e fi e ry ,

t ra g e dy o n t h e t o p of M o u n t O e t a b u t a n o t h e r v e rs i o n ,

?
t ra n s fe rre d i t s ig n i fic a n t ly t o Ty re i t s e l f C om bi n e d with
t h e o th e r e v id e n c e wh ich I s h a l l a dd uc e t h i s l a tt e r t ra d i t i o n ,

ra i s e s a s t ro n g p re s u m p ti o n t h a t a n e f figy of H e rcul e s o r

M e lc a rt h w
,

ra t h e r o f a s re gul a rly bu rn e d a t a g re a t fe s t iv a l,

i n Ty re Th a t fe s t iv a l m ay h a v e b e e n t h e o n e k n ow n a s
wh i ch w
.

t h e a w a k e n i n g o f H e rcul e s
“ ”
a s h e ld i n t h e mo n th ,

4
o f Pe ri t i u s a n s w e ri n g n e a rly t o J a n u a ry
,
T h e n a m e of t h e .

fe s tiv a l s ugge s t s t h a t t h e d ra m a t i c re p re se n t a ti o n of t h e
d e a t h of t h e god on t h e p y re w a s fo l low e d by a s e mbl a n c e

of h i s re s u rre ctio n T h e mod e i n wh ich t h e re s u rre c t io n w

. as

S u pp o s e d t o be e ff e ct e d i s p e rh a p s i n d ic a t e d by t h e s t a t e

m e n t o f a G re e k w ri t e r t h a t t h e Ph oe n ic i a n s u s e d to s a c ri fic e
qu a i l s t o H e rcul e s b ec a u se H e rcu l e s on h i s j ou rn e y t o ,

L i bya h a d bee n S l a i n by Ty p ho n a n d b ro ught to l i fe a g a i n

by I o l a u s w h o h e l d a qu a i l u n d e r h i s n os e : t h e d e a d god
,

?
s n u ffe d a t t h e bi rd a n d re vi v e d Acc ord i n g t o an ot h e r
a ccou n t I o l a u s bu rn t a qu a i l a l iv e a n d t h e d e a d h e ro who , ,

1
S b ov e p 1 6
ee a , T y re h s b ee r c g i se d by s h ol s
. . a n
‘

e o n c ar .

2
S op h o l R l R h “
S H ’
T hi i 1 1 91
c e s, qq ; S e ra c
o u c n t t a e, u l le s . e a - o e e, r e rc u

A p oll odo u B i bl i ot h ii 7 7 D i A y i t Ph i ci M em oi
’

d
’
r s, eca , . . o ss r en e en en , res e

do S i l s i v 3 8 ; Hy gi u
rus cu u , F b l A dem i d
. I ip ti t B ll n s, a .
’
ca e es n scr on s e e es

36 . L tt x v ii D u i ém P rti (P i e res , . e x e a e ar s,

[S C l e m t i Rom i ] R og i pp 2 5 qq H Hubert t M
3
. en s an ,
ec n . s . . e .

ti o x 24 p 233 d E G
n es , .
, M .E s is l , e . . a u ss , s a ur e

d f (M i g
.

G P t l gi ( 1 8 99 ) pp 1 2 2 1 2 4 ;
’
e rs or G S i logi q
ue s a ro o a ra eca , oc o u e, 11 . .
,

i M J Lagra n ge , E t u des su r les Rel i

phu v l
. .

4
J os e s, A n ti q u i t .
j iii ud . .
5 .
3, gi on s S em
‘
i t i q u es , 2 pp .
3 08 3 1 1 . Io a us

Con t ra Ap i on em , i 1 8 e er . . W h th th e i
i s de n tifi d by e hl s om e m ode rn sc o a rs

q u l f iv l
i
a dr e n n i a es t a lof He rc u es a t w i th E h Ph i i
s d C th
m un , a oe n c an an ar a

y
T re (2 M iv
a c c a be e s w 1 8 2 0) as a .
g i i
n and i t y b t wh lei t t l i k wa ou om e s no n .

i ff l i ly
d e re n t c e e bra t o n , o r on “
th e S ee F C M v D i Ph i i i o e rs , e oen z er, .

w i M l h l
. .

a ak e n n
g of e c a rt , c e e bra te d (B on n 1 84 1 ) pp .
5 3 6 sqq . F B a e th
.

w h lp p f y
,

i t u n usua om on ce i n ou r e a rs ,
ge n ,B ei t rage z u r sem i t i sch en Rel i gi on s
wd e k w
o n ot no .
gesch i ch te (B e r n , 4 4 s qq li pp . .

5 E d x f C id
u o
q us d by o n us , u o te l
C P Ti e e , Gesch i ch te der Reli gi on i m
A h h
.

Th t
.

t ix 4 7 p 3 9 D
e n a eu s , .
, . 2 E a A ltert u m (G o t a , 1 8 9 6 2 68 i .

h d f M l th
.
,

th de ea t i an re s u rrec t o n o e ca r W W G ra B audi ss i n , A don i s u n d

. . f
w l b di
e re ce e l f ti v l t
rat e n an a n n ua es a a E sm un ,
pp . 2 8 2 s qq .
 THE B URNI NG OF MEL CA R TH B OO K I

lov e d qu a i l s c a m e to l i fe a g a i n th rough t h e s a v o u ry s m e l l of
,

t h e ro a s te d bi rd
?
Thi s l a t t e r t ra d i t i o n se e m s t o p o i n t t o a -

cu s t o m o f bu rn i n g t h e qu a i l s a l i ve i n t h e Pho e n i c i a n s a c ri fic e s
?
to M e lc a rt h A fe s t i v a l of t h e god s re s u rre c t i o n m i ght ’

a pp ro p ri a t e ly be h e l d i n s p ri n g wh e n t h e qu a i l s m i g rat e ,

n o rthw a rd s a c ro s s t h e M e d i t e rra n e a n i n g re a t b a n d s a n d ,

3
i m m e n s e n um b e rs of th e m a re n e t t e d f o r t h e m ark e t In .

t h e mo n th of M a rch t h e bi rd s re tu rn t o P a l e s t i n e by my ri a d s

i n a s i n gl e n igh t a n d re m a i n to b re e d i n a ll t h e O p e n p l a i n s, ,

m ars h e s a n d c o rn fi e lds 4
C e rta i n ly a c lo s e c o n n e x i o n s e e m s
,
.

to h a v e s u b s i s t e d b e tw ee n qu a i l s a n d M e l c a rth ; f or l e g e n d
ra n t h a t A s t e ri a t h e mo t h e r of t h e Ty ri a n H e rcul e s t h a t i s

of M e lc a rth w It w
, , ,

a s p rob a bly
5
a s t ra n s fo rm e d i n t o a qu a i l
, .

t o t h i s a n n u a l fe s tiv a l of t h e d e a t h a n d re s u rre ct io n of
M e l c a rth th a t t h e C a rth a gi n i a n s w e re wo n t to s e n d a m
6
ba s s a dors e v e ry y e a r to Ty re t h e i r mo t h e r c i t y ,
-
.

W hip f
o rs oI n G a d es t h e mod e rn C a d i z a n e a rly colo n y of Ty re o n
t h e re w
, ,

t h e Atl a n t i c co as t of S p a i n
235252
7
; a s a n a n ci e n t fa mou s
6
, , ,

an d t a n d w ea lthy s a n ctu a ry of H e rcul e s

ra ce t h e Ty ri a n M e lc a rt h
t h e god w
.
,

3 13333; a s s a i d to be bu ri e d o n t h e s p o t N
11
I n deed o .

hi m th i m a g e s to o d i n h i s t e m p l e but a p e rp e t u a l fi re bu rn e d o n
e re

t h e a lt a r a n d i n c e n se w
,

n
a s o ff e re d by wh i t e rob e d p ri e s t s
m e '
'
-
, ,

w i t h b a re fe e t a n d s h o rn h e ad s who w e re b o u n d to ch a s t i t y ,
.

N e i t h e r wom e n n or p ig s m i ght p ol l u t e t h e holy p l a c e by

th e i r p re s e n c e I n l a t e r ti m e s m a n y d i s ti n gu i s h e d Ro m a n s
.

w e n t on p i lg ri m a g e t o t h i s re m o t e s h ri n e o n t h e Atl an t i c
s ho re wh e n th e y w e re a b o ut to e m b a rk o n s o m e p e ri l o u s

1 Z en obi us , Cen tu r . v .
5 6 (Pa roem i a of i
C n dus , q u ote d by A t en a eus , 47, h ix .

graph i Graec i , ed E L Le n t sc h et p 3 92 D C c e ro, D e n a t u ra deor um , i

wi
. . . .

F G S ch n ei de
. . n, Got t i n ge n ,
1 839 iii 1 6 . A s t o t h e t ra n s orm a t o n
. f i
1 8 5 1 , v ol . i p
. . o f A s te r a n to a q u a i i
s e e A o odoru s , il p ll
2
Q ua il w
s e re h p b ti h
p er a s urn n on ou r B i bl i oth eca , 4 1 i
T z e t z es , S ch ol . .
J . .

of th e Ci l i i c an H l S d
e rc u es or an an at on Ly cop h ron , 4 0 1 H g n us , Fa b 5 3 yi .

T a rs us S ee e o , . 1 2 , n ot e b l w p 6 .
2
. vi
S e r us on V rgi , A en 1 11 7 3 Th e i l . . .

3
A re d e lfon , c on a r N wt D i ti y y
( n a m e A s te r a m ay be a G re e k i orm o f f
B i rds (Lo n o n , 1 8 93 d
75 5 p . . A s ta rt e S ee W G ra B audi ss i n ,
. W . . f
4 H B T r s t ra m , Th e Fa u n a i an d A don i s u n d E s m u n , p
. .
307 . .

Flora of Pa les t i n e (Lo n don , p 3 i C u rt i us , iv A rri a n ,

Q
.

1 24 . vid For t th m o re e en ce as o e
A n a bas i s , i i
u n tu s . 2 . 10;

f q il
m ig i ra t on o A g D ill ua s s ee u . m an n s
’ . 24 .
5 .

t y
c o m m en a r Ex d i 3 pp on o us xv . 1 ,
.
7 S t ra b o, 1 11 .
5 .
5, pp . 1 69 q s

1 6 9 qq (L ip i
s e s c, M l e a, iii
4 6 ; S c y m n us C us , hi Orbi s
l w id t
. .

Th Ty i
5 H e r an e rc u es as sa o D escrip t i o, I 5 9 - 1 6 1 (Geograph i Grae ci
be a so n o f Z e us an d A st er a i (Eudox us Ill i n ores , ed . C . M ull e r, i . 2 00
 THE B URNI NG OF MEL CA R TH B OO K 1

v
E i de n ce re m i n i s c e n c e of t h e c u s t om o f bu rn i n g a d e i t y i n e f figy
s e e m s t o l i n g e r i n t h e s t o ry t h a t D i do o r E l i ss a t h e fou n d re s s
o f a c u s to m
,
o f b u rn i n g

a go d o r a n d qu ee n o f t h e c i ty s t a bb e d h e rs e lf t o d e a t h u p o n a p y re , ,

go dde s s a t
o r l e a p e d fro m h e r p a l a c e i n t o t h e bl a z i n g p i l e t o e s c a p e
C a rt h age .
,

t h e fo n d i m p o rtu n i t i e s o f on e lov e r o r i n d e s p a i r a t
t h e c ru e l d e se rtio n of a n oth e r
?
We a re t o ld th a t D i do
wa s wo rs hi pp e d a s a g o dd es s a t C a rth a ge s o l o n g a s t h e
c o u n t ry m a i n t a i n e d i ts i n d e p e n d e n c e ?
He r t e m p l e s tood
i n t h e c e n t re of t h e c i t y s h a d e d by a grove of s ol e m n y e w s
T he t w o a pp a re n tly c o n t ra d ic t o ry vi e w s o f
?
a n d fi rs her
ch a ra ct e r a s a qu ee n a n d a godd e ss m ay be re co n c i l e d i f
we s u pp o se t h at s h e wa s both th e on e a n d th e o th e r ; t h a t
i n fa ct t h e qu e e n of C a rt h a g e i n e a rly d a y s l i k e t h e qu e e n of
E gy p t d ow n to hi s t o ri c a l t i m e s w
,

as re g a rd e d a s d ivi n e a n d , ,

h a d l i k e hu m a n d e i t i e s e l s e wh e re to di e a vi o l e n t d e a t h
, ,

e i th e r a t t h e e n d of a fi x e d p e riod o r wh e n e v e r h e r bod i ly

a n d m e n t a l p ow e rs b e g an to fa i l I n l a t e r a g e s t h e s t e rn .

ol d c us t o m m i gh t be s oft e n e d dow n i n to a p re t e n c e by
'

s ub s ti t u t i n g a n e f figy f o r t h e qu e e n o r b y a ll owi n g h e r t o

T h e fi re p ass th rough t h e fi re u n s c a th e d A s i m i l a r mod i fic a t io n of

t h e a n c i e n t rul e a pp e a rs to h a v e b e e n a l lo w
.

w lka at
e d a t Ty re i t s e l f
Ty re ,

W e h a ve se e n re a s o n t o th i n k
.

t h e moth e r c i ty of C a rth a g e -

th a t t h e k i n g s of Ty re fro m who m D i do w
.

as d e sc en d ed , ,

cl a i m e d t o p e rs o n a t e t h e go d M e lc a rth a n d t h a t t h e d e i ty
was bu rn e d e ith er i n e f figy or i n th e p e rs o n of a m a n a t a n
,

a n n u a l fe s t iv a l
4
N ow i n t h e s a m e ch a p t e r i n whi ch E z e k i e l
.

ch a rg e s t h e k i n g of Ty re w i t h cl a i m i n g t o be a god t h e ,

p ro p h e t d e s c ri b e s h i m a s w a l k i n g u p a n d d ow n a m i d s t t h e
“

T h e d e s c ri p t io n b e c o m e s a t o n c e i n t e l l igi bl e
5 ”
s t o n e s of fi re .

1 J
u ti x v i i i 6 1 7 ; Vi gi l A
s n, . lo i .
(Lo do
- d Edi bu gh r , en . n an s n n an n r ,

i v 4 7 3 qq v i qq O v i d F t i
s .
, . pp 5 6 qq I f t h y e i gh t t h e
. s .
, as , . s . e ar r ,

di v i ch D i do b om s
.

iii 5 4 5 qq ; T i m us i F g m t
. s . ae c t er o f
,
n ra en a ne a ra ec e

Hi t i o m G s or c ru o um d C M ull ra ec r m o p ob bl th an v ,
e . i ce th
.
“
e r, re r a e e e r, s n e

i 1 9 7 C om p W Rob tso S m i th B l v d (D d h ) s e m to h v b
”
a re . er n , e o e o a e s a e e en

t l e of rh p
. .

R l gi
e i of t
onh S m i t 2 pp
3e 7 3 q q et i S
es , m i ti g d d . p s . a a
.
e c o es s , e a s

Th m
e naof D i d o h e be p l u i bly A t rt S ee
as b ov een p 2 0 ot e 2
a s s a e a n

A c o di g t o V rro i t w
.
, .
, .

d i ved by G es i u M ov e
er E M y r
en s, rs , t D i do but e e c r n a as n o

f m th e S em i ti c h r si t r A who l w h s lf o
.
,

an d A H S y . a ce ro e s e n na s e er e n a

p y f or l ov o f A v i us o
.

b l ov d F C M o v rs
“ ”
S s (S
‘ ’
doa , e e . ee . . e ,
re e e n ea er n

D i Ph o i i r i 6 1 6
e en z e M lt e , .Vi gi l A iv e z r, s v
. . r , en . .

2 J us t i x v iii 6 8
Did i W H Rosch
” ’
o, n s L. i ho . er ex n n, . . .

’
a er
g i h r ecu d r m M y t h ologi
n i 3
o S i l i us I t li c u s i
. 8 1 qq e, . a , . s .

b ov
.

1017 q A
s .H S y ce L. t 4
S . pp
a 16 1 1 0 qq
, ec u res ee a e, .
, s .

5 E e k i l xx v iii 1 4 com p a re 1 6
on t h R l
e g i o o
f
e i t h A i t
n B by e n c en a z e .
, .
CH AP v . THE B URNI NG OF MEL CA R TH
if w e S u pp os e t h a t i n l a t e r ti m e s t h e k i n g o f Ty re com
p ou n d e d f o r b e i n g bu rn t i n t h e fi re by wa lk i n g u p a n d dow n
o n h o t s t o n e s t h e re by s a vi n g h i s l ife a t t h e e xp e n s e p e rh a p s

a f e wbl i s t e rs o n h i s fe e t
,

of I t i s p o ss i bl e t h a t wh e n a ll .

w e n t w e l l w i t h t h e comm o n w e a l t h chi ld re n who m s t ri c t law ,

d oo m e d t o t h e fu rn a c e o f M ol och m a y a l s o h a v e b e e n
m e rci ful ly a llow e d to e s c a p e o n co n d i t i o n of ru n n i n g t h e
fi e ry g a u n tl e t A t a ll e ve n t s a re l i giou s ri t e o f thi s s o rt h as
.
,

b e e n a n d i s s t i l l p ra cti s e d i n m a n y p a rt s of t h e wo rld : t h e
p e rfo rm e rs s ol e m n ly p ac e th rou gh a fu rn a c e o f h e a t e d s to n e s
o r glowi n g wood a s h e s i n t h e p re se n c e o f a mul titud e of
-

S p e c t a to rs Ex a m p l e s of t h e cu s to m h a v e b ee n a d duc e d
.

i n a n o t h e r p a rt of th i s wo rk H ere I w i ll c it e o n ly
?

on e A t C a s t a ba la i n S outh e rn C a pp a doc i a th e re w
.
, a s Th fi ,
e re

w orsh i pp e d an A s i a ti c godd e s s who m t h e G ree k s c a l l e d 832 35 21 1 3”

t h e Pe ra s i a n A rt e m i s He r p ri e s t e s s e s u se d t o w a l k b a re
.

fo ot ov e r a fire of ch arco a l wi thou t s u s t a i n i n g a n y i n ju ry

Th a t t hi s rit e w
.

as a s ub s ti tut e f o r bu rn i n g hum a n b e i n g s

a l iv e o r d e a d i s s u gg e s t e d by t h e t ra d i t io n which p l a c e d t h e

a dv e n tu re o f O re s t e s a n d t h e T a u ri c A rt e m i s a t C as t a ba la ;
2

f or t h e m e n o r wom e n s a c ri fic e d to t h e T a u ric A rt e m i s
w e re fi rs t p ut to t h e s wo rd a n d t he n bu rn e d i n a p i t o f
3
s a c re d fi re A mo n g t h e C arth a gi n i a n s a n oth e r t ra c e o f T h C
. e ar

m “
s uch a p ra ct i c e m a y p e rh a p s be d e t e ct e d i n t h e s to ry t h a t
Si g
a

a t t h e d e s p e ra t e b a t t l e of H i m e ra fo ught fro m d a w n of day H m i l ,

a ca r

t i l l l a t e i n t h e e v e n i n g t h e C a rt h agi n i an k i n g H a m i lc a r ,

re m a i n e d i n t h e c a m p a n d k e p t s a c ri fic i n g holoc a u s t s of t h fi e re .

victi m s o n a hug e p y re ; but wh e n h e s a wh i s a rmy givi n g

1 B ld r th aB u t if l
e 1 e
qq o f t h e G ol d C o s t
ea u ,
ub m i t t o
11 n o rde l
. s . a s a a ,

B ut , I h v t h e r p oi t d ou t t h r
as a e t di g o
e by
n e e i row c i
,
le e e s an n ne on n a n ar rc

a re
g o d s f or t h i k i g t h t t h e
r un st m of
n fi n Th i “
ai s s upp o d to h o w cu o re . s se s

o f w l k i g ov e a fi e i n ot
n s ubs t i tu t
r wh th th y h av rem i d p u
r s a d e e er e e a ne re, an

f or h um n cri fi e bu t m r ly
a sa st i c f i d from sex u l i ter ou d u i g
, e e a rn re ra n e a n c rse , rn

g t fo rm o f p u i fi t i o
en O fi re s r th e p i od
ca n f . ti m t n d o a a er o re re en ,
an s a re

p u ri fi t ory g en
ca t s b e l o w a pp 1 7 9 w o t hy
ee o f i pi r t i o by t h,
e g od s I.f r ns a n .

s qq . 1 88 q, s . th y p r th e y w i ll re i v o i j ry e a re u e ce e n n u
2
St b ra2 7 p 537
o, xi l . I d . ff r o p i from th fi (A B
, . . n an su e n a n e re . .

G re ce i t lf
e u d p e so s u ed t o E ll i Th T h i p hi g P pl of th
se acc se r n s s, e s -s ea n eo es e

p v t h ei r i
ro e c by w l k i n g Gold C o t Lo do
n n o ce n e 1 887 p a as , n n, ,
.

th rou gh fi e (S ph l r A t go o 2 64 Th oc es, f v ou r th
n i
p i fi c to y
n e, e se ca se s a e ur a r

s q .
,W i t h J bb s o t ) P
e o i b ly ’
t h xpn l t
e i o o
. f th e fi e w lkss e e an a n r -
a .

fi re - w lk f th p ie t s t C t
a o e r s esse a as a

b la a w s d e ig e ad t o t t th s i h
n 3 E ripi d s Ip h g i
es i T u i
e r c as u e ,
i en a n a r s,

t i ty F t h i p p o th p i t s
. or s d 62 1 62 6
ur se C om p r D i o do u S i c lu
e r es an -
. a e r s u s,

p i st
re o f thesses T h i p k i g pe p l e xx 1 4 6s -
s ea n o e . . .
 THE B URNI NG OF MEL CA R TH B OOK ]

wy b a f t h e G re e k s h e flu n g hi m se lf i n t o t h e fl a m e s a n d w
e o re , as

bu rn e d t o d e a t h Aft e rw a rd s h i s cou n t rym e n s a c ri fic e d t o h i m

.

a n d e re c t e d a g re a t m o n u m e n t i n h i s h o n ou r a t C a rt h a g e ,

wh i l e l e sse r m on u m en t s w e re re a re d t o h i s m e m o ry i n a ll t h e
Pu n i c colo n i e s ? I n p u bl i c e m e rg e n ci e s wh ich c a ll e d f o r e x
t ra o rdi n a ry m e a s u re s a k i n g of C a rth a g e m a y w e l l h a v e fe l t
bou n d i n ho n ou r t o s a c ri fic e h i m s e l f i n t h e old w a y f o r t h e go o d

of h i s cou n t ry Th a t t h e C a rt h a gi n i a n s re g a rd e d t h e d e a th
.

of H a m i lc a r a s a n a c t of h e ro i s m a n d n o t a s a m e re s u ic i d e o f
d e s p a i r i s p rov e d by t h e p o s t hu m o u s h o n o u rs th e y p a i d hi m
,
.

T h e de a t h T h e fo re goi n g e vi d e n c e t a k e n a l t og e t h e r ra i s e s a s t ro n g , ,

He rc u le s
of

a G re e k
p re s u m p tio n t hough i t c an n o t be s a id t o a m o u n t to a
,

v e rs i o n o f p roo f t h a t a p ra ctic e of bu rn i n g a d e ity a n d e s p e ci a lly

, ,
t h e b u rn
i ng of
M e l c a rt h i n e f fi gy or i n t h e p e rs o n of a hum a n re p re
s e n t at i ve w
,

Ml e c a rt h .
as ob s e rv e d a t a n a n n u a l fe s ti v a l i n Ty re a n d
,

i t s colo n i es We c a n t hu s u n d e rs t an d how H e rcu l e s i n

h e re p re se n t e d t h e Ty ri an god w
.
,

so f ar as as be l i e ve d ,

to h a v e p e ri s h e d by a vol u n t a ry d e a t h o n a p y re For .

on m a n y a b e a ch a n d h e a d l a n d o f t h e A e g e a n wh e re t h e ,

Pho e n i ci a n s h a d t h e i r t ra d i n g fa cto ri e s t h e G ree k s m a y ,

h a v e w a t ch e d t h e b a l e fi re s of M e lc arth bl a zi n g i n t h e -

d a rk n e s s of n i gh t a n d h a v e l e a rn e d w i t h wo n d e r t h a t t h e
In th i s w
,

s t ra n g e fo re i g n fol k w e re bu rn i n g t h e i r go d a
y .

t h e l e g e n d of t h e voy a ge s o f H e rcu l e s a n d h i s d e a th i n t h e
fl a m e s m a y be s u pp o s e d to h a v e o ri gi n a t e d Y e t w i th .

t h e l e g e n d t h e G re e k s bo rro w e d t h e cu s to m of bu rn i n g t h e
god ; f or a t t h e fe s ti v a l s of H e rcu l e s a p y re u s e d t o be
k i n d l e d i n m e mo ry of t h e h e ro s fi e ry d ea t h o n M ou n t ’

O e ta ?
We m a y s u rm i se t hou gh w e a re n o t e xp re s s ly told

th a t a n e ffigy of H e rcul e s w
, ,

a s re gul a rly bu rn e d o n t h e p y re .

1 He do tu
ro vu 1 67 T h i s ws
s, of C rth g w
. tw o
. i um b ; a a a e e re n n er

th e C th gi i
ar v e s io of th e sto y wh th er t h y w r e l ec ted f o y
a n an r n r . e e e e r a ear

A cco rd i g t o n oth r ou t H m i l
an r o
e f l i fe seem s to be do b tf l
ac c n a ca r or u u

ws k i ll d by t he G k c v l y C o l i u Ne p w
, .

a e hore e ll th m a a r rn e s os , ca s e

( Di odorus S i c ulu xi 2 2 I ) Hi s, ki g s ys th t th y w e
. . el ct d . s n s, a . a e re e e

w or h ip t C th g i m t i o d by
s a ar a u lly (H
e i b l v ii
s en d L i vy ne an n a an n
'
a , . an

A th e go s (S pp li ti
na ra pro Ch i
ii (xxx 7 5 ) o m p es t h m to t h
ca o r s . . c ar e e

tian s,i p 6 4 e d J C T O tto J

.
, . c o su l s ; b ut C i c ro (D
. . .
p bli ii , en a , n e e re u ca , .

I h v c ll d H m i l c
a e ki g a 23 4 2 q ) e m s to i m p ly th t t h y
e a ar a n . s . s e a e

in ac c o rd w i th th u g o f G e k h l d f fi e f l i f S G A Co k
a n ce e sa e r e e o c or e. ee . . o e,

w i t rs (He od otus v ii 1 6 5 q A i s T t booh of N th S m i t i I ip ti o

r e r , . s . r ex or - e c n s cr n s,

t otl e, P li tio ii 1 1 Poly bi u v i 5 1

cs , . pp 1 1 5 q s, . . s .

D i odo us S i c ul
r x v 54 us , B t 1 . . u

or s pr m m gi t 2 1 an d 5 4
'

the uj te
s e s, te u L i e Am o e a s ra s, uc a n , res , .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K I
his head St atu e s o f hi m h a v e b ee n fo u n d i n Cy p ru s
.
,

wh ich re p re s e n t i n t e rm e d i a t e s t a g es i n t h i s a rt i s t ic e v o lu
B u t t h e re i s n o p ro o f t h a t i n Cy p ru s t h e Ty ri a n
?
t io n
M e lc arth w a s bu rn e d e i th e r i n e f figy o r i n t h e p e rs o n o f a

hu m a n re p res e n t a t iv e ?

O n t h e oth e r h a n d th e re i s cl e a r e v i d e n c e of t h e ,

ob s e rv a n c e of s uch a cu s to m i n C i l ic i a t h e cou n t ry wh ich ,

l i e s a c ro s s t h e s e a from C y p ru s a n d fro m wh ich t h e '

wo rs h i p of A do n i s a cco rd i n g t o t ra d i tio n w
,

?
as d e ri ve d
, ,

Wh e t h e r t h e Pho e n ic i a n s e v e r c o lo n i z e d C i l i c i a o r n ot i s
doubtful ? but a t a ll e v e n t s t h e n a tiv e s o f t h e cou n t ry dow n ,

to l a t e t i m e s wo rs h i pp e d a m a l e d e ity who i n s p i t e of , ,

a s u p e rfici a l a ss i m i l a t i o n to a fas h i o n a bl e G re e k go d ,

a pp e a rs t o h a v e b e e n a n O ri e n t a l by b i rth a n d ch a ra ct e r .

He h a d h i s p ri n ci p a l s e at a t T a rs u s i n a p l a i n o f ,

l u x u ri a n t fe rt i l i ty an d a l mo s t t ro p i c a l cl i m a t e t e m p e re d ,

by b re e z e s from t h e s n owy ra n g e of T a rs u s o n t h e n o rt h
5
a n d from t h e s ea o n t h e s outh Th o ugh T a rs u s b o a s t e d .

of a s chool of G ree k p h i lo s o p hy whi ch a t t h e b e gi n n i n g

of o ur e ra s u rp as se d t ho s e of Ath e n s a n d A l e x a n d ri a 6
,

th e c i ty a pp a re n tly re m a i n e d i n m a n n e rs a n d s p i ri t
e s s e n ti a lly O ri e n t a l Th e wom e n w e n t a bout t h e s t ree t s .

m uffl e d u p to t h e e y e s i n E as t e rn fa s h io n a n d D i o ,

C h ry s o s tom re p ro ach e s t h e n a t i ve s w i th res e m bl i n g t h e

m o s t d i s s o l ut e of t h e P ho e n ic i a n s ra t h e r th a n t h e G re e k s
4 For t rac es o f Ph o i ci i fl uen c
1
G Pe rrot e t Ch Ch ipi e Hi toi e
. . z , s r en an n e

d l A rt d l A ti q u i t e iii 5 66 5 7 8 i C ili i F C M ov r D i
’ ’
e an s n s ee ,
.
- . n c a . . e s, e

T h e c o l oss l st tu e f ou d a t A m th u s Ph o i i ii 2 pp 1 6 7 1 7 4 2 0 7 qq '

a a n a en z er, - s
.
, .
, .

m y b e r l t e d d i rec t ly o r i di r c t ly
a e a He rodo tus s y s (v ii 9 1 ) th t th n e a a e

w
.
, ,

t o th e Egy p t i g o d B es h o i s C i l i cian s w e e m d fter C i l ix ,

an r na e a , a

r p r s n te d
e e e
as a s t u rdy m i sh p s on o f th e Ph oe i i Age or s a en n c an n .

dw rf w e rin g rou d h i s b ody th e

a , a
5 A s t o th f t i l i ty
n
d t h e c l i m te
th er t i b
e er an a
sk i beas t o f th e p
ow
of
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of t h p l
w i th i ts t i l h gi g d ow S ee E v e y m l rious se E J D v i s L if e i
a an
i of T
n
u wh i ch i
an

n.
r e,

.
e a n a rs s, s n

A W ll i s B udge
r a a , e . . a , n
. Th e God
a f t he A i t i c T h y (Lo d o ,
ch p
s o
s a ur e n n, a s .

E gypt i (Lo do 2 84
i v ii d r m i l es rou d
an s n n, 11 .
Th f
A W i e d m n n Rel g g r e o .
- . e a ns n
i o of t h e
th e c i t y l o v e ly b ut w i l d
sqq e a i n
r'
. .
,
e ry a e . v ,
A i t Egy p t i
n c en (Lo do lan s
d f ll n
i fi n,

pp 1 5 9 qq ; A Furtw
. a gle
s v.
nd

tr s
g ec t
s p ec i lly fi
.
u

o k
o f m g
h o
c
n
t
r, s . .
a ne e ,
a n en

He r k l e
e ne as ra n
g ee e a a
in W a H Ro h r s
s,
n d l em o tr e s Th e v i s u
. .

to
sc e
’

a
,

n- e .
,

ne
,

r n
,

L i ho d r gri e h u d rom Ilf y t ho

t h e top of t h e h i gh e s t b r c h
ex n e c n
d
. .

an es , an
log e i 2 1 4 3 q
‘

Ho w v r h um
2
, .

e e
s
l .

v e y g de
v i cti m s w r th e so of t h i h ti l e (E J
m o t
an
r ou d w i th
e e
a s e r ar n es n s
,

b urn e d t S l am i s i Cy p rus
n e n n a
S ee g g g . .

D av i s op i t p
a a n .

b el o w p 1 4 5 , . c . .

3 S t r b o xi v
, . .

3
S ee b ov e p 4 1 a , .
5 1 3 pp 6 7 3 q
. a , . .
, . s .
CH A P v1 . THE BA A L OF TA RS US

who se c ivi l i z a t io n t h e y a p e d O n t h e c o i n s of t h e c i t y .
1

t h e y a s s i m il a t e d t h e i r n a t i v e d e i ty t o Z e u s by re p re s e n t i n g
h i m s e a te d o n a t h ro n e t he u pp e r p a rt o f h i s body b are , ,

t h e low e r l i mb s d ra p e d i n a fl o w i n g ro b e whi l e i n o n e ,

h a n d h e hol d s a s c e p t re whic h i s t o pp e d s o m e t i m e s w i t h ,
'

ah e a gl e but oft e n w ith a lo t u s fl o w e r Y e t h i s fo re ig n .

n a tu re i s i n d ic a t e d b o th by h i s n a m e a n d h i s a t t ri bu t e s ;

f o r i n A ra m a i c i n s c ri p t io n s o n t h e c o i n s h e b e a rs t h e n a m e
o f t h e B aa l of T a rs u s a n d i n o n e h a n d h e g ra s p s a n e a r o f ,

co rn a n d a bu n ch of g ra p e s ?
Th ese a t t ri bu t e s cl ea rl y
m ark h i m ou t a s a god o f fe rti l i ty i n g e n e ra l who c on ,

fe rre d o n h i s wo rs h i pp e rs t h e two thi n g s wh i ch t h e y p ri z e d

a b ove a ll o t h e r gift s of n a tu re t h e co rn a n d t h e w i n e
He w
, .

a s p ro b a bly th e re fo re a S e m i ti c o r a t a ll e v e n t s a n ,

O ri e n t a l ra th e r th a n a G re e k d e i t y For whi l e t h e S e m i te
, .

c as t a ll h i s g o d s mo re o r l e s s i n t h e s a m e moul d a n d ,

e xp e c t e d th e m a ll to re n d e r hi m n e a rly t h e s a m e s e rvi c e s ,

i m a gi n a t io n , i n v e s t e d h i s d e i ti e s w i t h i n d ivi d u a l ch a ra c te r
i s t i c s a l lo t ti n g t o e a ch of t h e m h i s o r h e r se p a ra t e fu n cti o n
,

i n t h e d ivi n e e co n om y of t h e wo rld Thu s h e a s s ig n e d t h e .

p rod uc t io n of t h e co rn t o D e m e t e r a n d th at of t h e g ra p e s
t o D io n y s u s ; h e w
,

as n o t s o u n rea s o n a bl e a s to d e m a n d

b o th fro m t h e s a m e h ard wo rk e d d e i ty -
.

2 . Th e God f
o l breez

N ow
u s p ici o n t h at t h e B aa l of T a rs u s f or a ll h i s
th e s

p os i n g i n t h e a t t i t ud e o f Z e u s w
,

as re a l ly a n O ri e n t a l i s ,

c o n fi rm e d by a re m a rk a bl e ro ck h e w n mo n u m e n t which i s -

t o be s ee n a t I b re e z i n South e rn C a pp a doci a Though t h e .

1
D io C hy r s os t om , Or . xxxii i . v ol . xxix . xxxu. G a c on a d, Ca ta. M d l
11 . pp 1 4 s
q .
, 1 7, ed L
. . D i n dorf logu e of Grech Coi n s i n th e Hu n teri a n
l w
.

(Le ip i s c, Col lect i on (G asgo , 1 8 99 ii .

2 F C . . M v
D i e Ph oen i z i er, 1 1
o e rs , .
5 4 7 G P e r
.ro t e t C h C i ez , H i s to i re . h pi
2, pp
1 7 1 s q ; P G a rdn e r, Ty p es o f . .
’ ’
de l A rt da n s l A n t i q u i tc‘, i v 7 2 7 In . .

l f
.

Greeh Coi n s (Ca m b r dge , i pl x at e r t i m e s , rom a bou t 1 7 5 B C on

w
. . . .

No s 2 9 , 3 0 ; B V Head, Hi s tori a w a rd, th e B aa of Ta rsu s l

as c o m

i il
. . .

Nu m oru m (O ord, 614 ; xf p .

p l e t e ly a s s m a t ed t o Z e us on t h e
G F Hi , Ca ta logu e of Greeh Coi n s ll c oi n s .S e e B V Hea d, op ci t . . . p .

ll
. . .

f
o Ly ca on i a , I sa u ri a , a n d C i l i ci a 6 1 7 ; G F Hi , op ci t. . 1 7 7, . . pp .

( Lo n do n , 1 6 7 -1
7 6, pp . pl . 181 .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1

p l ace is
d i s t a n t l i t t l e mo re t h a n fift y m i l e s fro m T a rs u s a s
t h e c ro w fl i e s y e t t h e j o u rn e y o n h o rs e b a ck o ccu p i e s fi ve
,

d a y s ; f o r t h e g re a t b a rri e r of t h e T a u ru s mou n t a i n s ri s e s
Th p e l i k e a wa l l be t we e n
ass T h e ro a d ru n s t h rou gh t h e fa m o u s
.

3152;
(

1
p a s s of t h e C i l ici a n G a t e s a n d t h e s c e n e ry t h ro ughou t i s o f ,

G t a es t h e g ra n d e s t A l p i n e c h a ra ct e r
. O n a ll s i d e s t h e m ou n t a i n s .

t ow e r S kyw a rd t h e i r p e a k s s h e e t e d i n a d a zzl i n g p a l l of
,

s n ow th e i r l ow e r S l o p e s v e i l e d i n t h e a lmo s t i n ky bl a ck n e s s
,

of d e n s e p i n e fore s t s to rn h e re a n d th e re by i m p a ssa bl e
-
,

ra vi n e s o r b ro k e n i n to p rod igi ou s p re ci p i c e s of re d a n d
,

g re y rock which bo rd e r t h e n a rro w v a ll e y f o r m i l e s Th e .

m a g n i fic e n c e of t h e l a n d s c a p e i s e n h an c e d by t h e e x h i lar
a t i n g i n flu e n c e of t h e b ri s k mou n t a i n a i r a ll t h e mo re by ,

c o n t ra s t w i t h t h e s ul t ry h e a t of t h e p l a i n o f T a rs u s wh ich
t h e t ra v e ll e r h as l e ft b e h i n d Wh e n h e e m e rg e s fro m t h e .

d e fi l e o n t h e w i d e o p e n t a bl e l an d o f A n a tol i a h e fee l s t h a t
i n a s e n s e h e h a s p as s e d o u t of A s i a a n d t h a t t h e h i gh ro a d ,

t o E u ro p e l i e s s t ra i ght b e fo re h i m T h e g re a t m o u n t a i n s
wh ich h e n owlook s b ack fo rm e d f o r c e n t u ri e s t h e
.

on

b ou n d ary b e tw ee n t h e C h ri s ti a n W e s t a n d t h e M o h a m m e d a n
E a s t ; o n t h e s ou t h e rn s i d e lay t h e d o m a i n of t h e C a l i p h s ,

0 11 t h e n o rt h e rn s id e t h e Byz a n t i n e E m p i re T h e T a u ru s
wa s t h e da m th at lo n g re p e l l e d th e ti d e o f A ra b i n v as i o n ;
.

a n d though y e a r by y e a r t h e w a v e s b rok e th ro ugh t h e p a ss

of t h e C i l ic i a n G a t e s a n d c a rri e d h a v o c a n d d e v a s t a t i o n
th r ough t h e t a bl e l a n d t h e re flue n t w a t e rs a l w a y s re t i re d t o
,

t h e l ow e r l e v e l of t h e C i l ic i a n p l a i n s A l i n e of b e a c o n .

l i ght s s t re t chi n g from t h e T a u ru s t o Co n s t a n t i n o p l e fl a s h e d

t o t h e Byz a n t i n e c a p i t a l t id i n g s o f t h e a pp ro a ch o f t h e
?
M o s l e m i n v a d e rs
Th k e ro c Th e vi l l a g e of I bre e z i s ch a rm i n gly s i t u a te d at th e
1
2215322 n o rt h e rn fo o t o f t h e T a u ru s s o m e s i x o r s e v e n m i l e s s ou t h
11 5
,

rep t of t h e tow n of E re gl i t h e a n c i e n t Cybi s t ra

re s e n a F ro m t h e
,
.

g d ” m
n to t h e v i l l a g e t h e p a th go e s th rough a richly cul t iv a t e d
0 ( co

an d g p
t ow ra es

ad d d i s t ri c t of wh e a t a n d v m e s a lo n g g re e n la n e s m o re l o v e ly
o re

b h “
’

54mg ? th a n t ho s e of D e vo n s h l re l i n e d by t t k h e dg e s a n d ro w s ,

p i t of w i llow p o p l a r h a z e l h a w t h o rn a n d hug e ol d w a l n u t
or

im g
r es
‘ , , , ,

t re e s wh e re i n e a rly s u m m e r t h e n i ghti n g a l e s w a rbl e o n

'

1
S ir W . M . Ra m sa y
,
L u he the Hi story of Reli gi on (Lo n do n ,

Phy s i ci a n , a n d ot h er S t u di es i n th e pp . 1 1 2 s qq.
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
fe a t u re i n t h e fa c e b o t h of t h e go d a n d o f h i s wo rs hi pp e r ;
1
t h e h a i r a n d b e a rd of b o th a re t h ick a n d cu rly .

Th e s i tu a t i o n of t hi s re m a rk a bl e m o n u m e n t re s e m bl es
t h a t of A p h a c a o n t h e L e b a n o n ; f o r i n both p l a c e s w
2
e see

a n o bl e riv e r i s s u i n g a b ru p t ly from t h e rock t o s p re a d fe rt i l ity

t h rough t h e ri ch v a l e b e low N owh e re p e rh a p s coul d m a n .

, ,

m o re a pp ro p ri a t e ly re ve re tho s e g re a t p ow e rs of n a t u re t o
who s e fa vou r h e a s c ri b e s t h e fru i t ful n e ss of t h e e a rth a n d ,

t h rough i t t h e l i fe of a n i m a t e c re a tio n W i th i ts co o l .

b ra c i n g a i r i t s m a s s of v erd u re i t s m ag n i fi c e n t s t re a m of
, ,

p u re i c e col d w a t er— s o g rat e ful i n t h e bu rn i n g h e a t of

-

s u m m e r— a n d i t s wi d e s t re t ch of fe rt i l e l an d t h e v a l l e y m a
y ,

w e l l h a v e b ee n t h e re s id e n c e of a n a n c i e n t p ri n c e or hi gh
p ri e s t who d es i re d to t es ti fy by th i s mo n u m e n t h i s d e vo t i o n
,

a n d g ra ti t ud e t o t h e o d T h a t of th i s roy a l o r p ri e s tly
g e s e .

p o te n ta te m ay h a v e b ee n at Cybi s t ra t he mod e rn E re gl i
3

n ow
, ,

a d e c a y e d a n d m i se ra bl e p l a c e s t ra ggl i n g a m i d o rch a rd s

a n d g a rd e n s full of l u x u ri an t g rov e s of w a l n ut p o p l a r wi l low , , ,

m ul b e rry a n d oa k T h e p l ac e i s a p a ra d i s e of bi rd s H e re
, . .

1 E .
J . O n a Ne
Da vi Ham a
s,
“
w
v y i il an c e n t i T y an a , xhibit a e s er s m ar

ip i
t h i t e I n sc r t o n a t I b re e z , fig f ”
Tra n s t ti d u re o a p i st or k i g i
r e n n an a tu e
a ct i on s o
f th e S oci ety of B i bli ca lf d ti Th bl o a o ra on . e re se m an ce ex

A rch a eology , iv pp (1 8 7 6 ) t d v t th p tt h b i d d
3 3 6 3 46 ;
. .
-
en s e en o e a er s e m ro e re

i d , L if e i n A s i a t i c Tu rhey (Lo n don , h b d h wl wh i h i l d on t e ro e an s a c nc u e

w w t i h v d th
.
,

pp 2 4 5 2 60 ;. t h w ll k
G Pe rrot e t -
. e e ~
no n s as a c ar e on e

Ch C h ipi . l w b d f th l g b Th
e z , Hi s toi re de l A rt da n s
’
o er or e r o e on ro e . e
’
iv
l A n t i q u i t e, y fig i
7 2 3 7 2 9 Ram sa an d . l p t d i h i gh l i f
-
u re s s cu ure n re e on a

h M
Hogart , Pre h e lle n i c on um en ts of lb f t d w ld t h v s a o s on e an ou s ee m o a e

pp d i
Ca a oc a , Recu ei l de Tra va u x re b d d by i ip ti th gh e en s u rroun e n sc r on s, ou

lq t i/s a la Ph i lologi e et cl l A rch eologi e

’
p i f th h p ih d S '
a o rt on o em as er s e . ee

xi v
E gy p t i en n es et A ssy ri en n es , J G 1 90 3 )
t g p i t pp 8 5 8 8. w i h . a rs a n , o . c . . 1 -
1 ,
t
pp 77.
-8 1
w i h p l iii
, 8 5 sq , t iv p l lv i F th
a tes an d
. t f T . . at e . or e ro u e ro m a rsus

L M
. h i
e s s e rsc m dt , Corp u s I n s crip
t Ib (I v i ) E J D vi Lif o ree z rz s ee . . a s, e

t i on u m li
Hett i t i ca ru m (B e r n , i A i ti T hy pp 9 8 44 ; J n s a c ur e , . 1 -2 .

f l xxxi v
Ta e ; M
S ir W y G t g p i t pp 4 4 qq
. Ra m sa , . a rs a n ,
o . c . . s .

b v
.

L u he th e Phy s i ci a n (Lon don , S pp 8 q 2

ee a o e, . 2 s .

pp 1 7 1 s qq Jh o n St b
G a rs ta n g, The xii 7 p 537 Wh 3 ra o, 2 en

w p
. .
, . .
. .

L a n d of t he Hi t t i tes (Lo n do n , Ci l f Ci l i i (5 5 c e ro as roc on s u o c a 1 0

pp 1 9 1 - 1 9 5 , 3 7 8 sq hi lp ) h
O f t s scu p d wi h hi yf B C e e n ca m e t s a rm or

d y t Cy bi t f wh i h t w
. . .
.

t u re d gro up M
M ess rs W y Ra m sa . . . s om e a s a s ra , rom c o

a n d D G Hoga rt h h yi l
s ay t a t f hi“
it l tt t A tti
e ds d d o s e e rs o c us a re at e

wh
. . .

w ld
t o n o ro ck re l i e f i n t h e B t h
or i g t h t th P h i
in i m u ea r n a e a rt an s , o

w th
o

p iv h
res s e c a rac te r h d i v d d Sy i
(A m eri ca n j ou rn a l i g a n a e r a, e re re a t e n n

f
o A rch a eolo vi gy ,
p ( 1 8 Ci li i
90 ) h h i d by f d . h c a, e u rr e orc e m a rc es

th h l
.

f
Pro e ss o r G a rstan g w ld d ou a te
g t th e
h p f t h C i i i G t ro u e a ss o e c an a es

lp
sc u h i h
t ure s i n t h e t e n t y t T
or n n t ce n t ur S Ci A d A ti o a rs us ee c e ro , t cu m ,

v 8 9 xv
.

B C
. h i i d i i
A n o t e r n s c r b e H t t t e m on u
.
; Ad F i li . 1 , 1 ,
20 am a res , .

f d
m en t o un i
at B or, n e a r th e s te of th e
4 2, .
CH A P vi
. THE GOD OF I B RE E Z

t h e t h ru s h igh t i n ga l e s i n g fu l l t h roa t e d t h e hoo p oe

an d the n -
,

w a v e s h i s c re s t e d to p k n o t t h e b right hu e d w oo d p e ck e rs fli t
‘

- -
,

from bough to bough a n d t h e s w i ft s d a rt s c re a m i n g by

hu n d re d s t h rough t h e a i r Y e t a l i t t l e w
,

a y off b e y o n d t h e .
,

ben e fice n t i n flu e n c e of t h e s p ri n g s a n d s t re a m s a ll i s d e s o l a ,

t io n i n s u m m e r a n a ri d w a s t e b rok e n by g re a t m a rs h e s a n d
—

wi d e p a tch e s of s a l t i n wi n t e r a b ro a d s h e e t of s t a g n a n t ,

w at e r wh ich a s i t d ri e s u p w i t h t h e g rowi n g h e a t of t h e s un
,

e x h a l e s a p oi s o n ou s m a l a ri a To t h e w e s t as f a r a s t h e e y e .
,

c a n s ee s t re t ch es t h e e n d l e s s e xp a n s e o f t h e d rea ry Ly c a o n i a n
,

p l a i n b a rre n t re e l es s a n d s o l it a ry ti l l it fa d e s i n to t h e b l u e
, , , ,

d i s t a n c e o r i s bou n d e d a fa r o f f by a b ru p t ra n g es o f j a gg e d
,

volc a n i c mou n t a i n s o n which i n s u n s h i n y w e a t h e r t h e s h a d o w s

,

of t h e cloud s re s t p u rp l e a n d s o ft a s ve l v e t ?
,
N o wo n d e r th a t
t h e s m i l i n g l u x u ri a n c e o f t h e o n e l a n d s c a p e s h a rp ly c o n t ras t ,

i n g w ith t h e bl e a k s t e ri l i ty of t h e o t h e r s houl d h a v e re n d e re d ,

i t i n t h e e y e s of p ri m i t i v e m a n a v e rit a bl e g a rd e n of God .

A mo n g t h e a t t ri but e s which m ark o ut t h e d e i t y of T he

I bre e z a s a p ow e r o f fe rt i l ity t h e h o rn s o n h i s h i gh c a p
s h o uld n o t be o v e rl oo k e d Th e y a re p rob a bly t h e ho rn s o f .

a bul l ; f or t o p ri m i tiv e c a t t l e b re e d e rs t h e bu l l i s t h e m o s t -

n a t u ra l e m bl e m of g e n e ra t iv e fo rc e A t C a rch e m i s h t h e .
,

g re at H i t ti te c a p i t a l o n t h e E u p h ra t es a re l i e f h as b e e n ,

d i s cove re d which re p re s e n t s a go d o r a p ri e s t c l a d i n a rich

rob e a n d w e a ri n g o n h i s h e a d a t a l l ho rn e d c a p s u rmou n t e d
,

by a d i s c ?
Scul p tu re s fou n d a t t h e p a l a c e of E uy uk i n N o rt h
W e s t e rn C a pp a doci a p ro v e t h a t t h e H i tt i te s w ors h i pp e d t h e
bul l a n d s a c ri fic e d ra m s t o i t? S i m i l a rly t h e G ree k s c o n
c e i v e d t h e vi n e god D io n y s u s i n t h e fo rm o f a bu l l
-
4
.

1 E .
J . vi
D a s , i n I ra n s a ct i on s of t he or su n S e e D e Vogu , M ela nges
. é ’

S oc i ety of B i bl i ca l A rch a eology , iv d A rch eologi e Ori en t a le (Pa r s ,

’ ‘
i
w i
.

(1 8 7 6 ) pp
3 3 6 so , 3 4 6 ; i a
’
L if e i n p .
46, p
h o n t e r re ts t h e de t a s th e i y
A s i a t i c Tu rhey , 2 3 2 sq 2 3 6 sq , pp . . .
grea t A s a t c go d e s si i A s t o th e d .

2 64 s q , 2 7 0 2 7 2 . C om a re W . p .
J . h o rn e d god o f Ibree z
“
it is a a us i e p l bl
il
Ham t on , Resea rch es i n A si a Ill i n or, h y h h
t eor t a t the orn s m ay , i n t s c as e , hi
Pon t u s , a n d A rm en i a (Lon don , l y
b e a n a ogous to th e A ss ri a n e m b em l
ii .
3 4 3 7
0 - 0 . v iy
o f di i n t lpTh e sc u t ure i s a t e a n d
. l
L 2
. M es s e rs c h i dt
m , Th e Hi tt i tes yl h
i ts s t e ra t e r sugge sts S e m t c i n fl u ii
(Lon don , pp 4 9 sq O n an en ce f J
(Pro ess or G a rs tan g, i n s om e
w
. . .

y i yl i d
A ss r an iih c n e r, no i n th e B r t s w i h wh i h
M S n o te s t c h e h as k n d i ly
w
.

M w l i k d i ty w i t h
use u m e see a ar e e f ih
urn s e d m e
)
b w d
, .

o w t di g
an li a rro s s an n on a on ,
3 lw p
S e e be o , 1 32 . .

and w i g i il bear n t d t d a s m ar on n e ec ora e

4 S i r i ts
p o f t h e Corn a n d of th e
wi h h t d t d by
orn s t an s u rm o un e a s ar Wi ld, 1 1 6 sq , i i 3 sqq
. . . .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A ND A N B OO K 1

3 . S a n da n of Ta rs u s

Th a t t h e god o f I bre e z wi t h t h e gra p e s a n d co rn i n h i s ,

h a n d s i s id e n t ic a l wi t h t h e B a a l of T a rs u s who b e a rs t h e
B u t wh a t w
, ,

s a m e e mbl e m s m a y b e t a k e n a s c e rt a i n ?
, as

h i s n a m e ? a n d who w e re h i s w o rs hi pp e rs ? T h e G re e k s
a pp a re n tly c a l l e d hi m H e rcul e s ; a t l e a s t i n Byz a n t i n e t i m e s

t h e n e i ghb o u ri n g t o w n o f C ybi s t ra a d o p t e d t h e n a m e o f
H e racl e a whi c h s e e m s t o S h o wtha t H e rcu l e s w
, as dee m ed

t h e p ri n c i p a l d e i t y of t h e p l a c e
?
Y e t t h e s t yl e a n d co s t u m e
of t h e figu re s a t I bre e z p ro v e u n qu e s ti o n a bly th a t t h e god
wa s a n O ri e n ta l I f a n y c o n fi rm a t i o n of t h i s Vi e w w e re
.

n ee ded i t i s fu rn i s h e d by t h e i n s c ri p t io n s c a rv e d on t h e
,

ro ck b e s id e t h e s cul p t u re s f or t h e s e i n s c ri p tio n s a re co m

p o s e d i n t h e p e cul i a r s y s te m of h i e rogly p hi c s n owk n ow n a s

,

H i ttit e I t fo l lo w s t h e re fo re t h a t t h e d e i t y wo rs h i pp e d a t

T a rs u s a n d I bre e z w
.
, ,

a s a god of t h e H i t t i t e s t h a t a n c i e n t

a n d l i t t l e k n ow n p e o p l e w
,

-
h o occu p i e d t h e c e n t re o f A s i a
M i n o r i n v e n t e d a s y s t e m o f w ri t i n g a n d e x t e n d e d t h e i r
, ,

i n flu e n c e i f n ot t h e i r d o m i n i o n at o n e t i m e fro m t h e
, ,

E u p h ra te s t o t h e A e ge a n F rom t h e loft y a n d a ri d t a bl e .

l a n d s of t h e i n t e rio r a p ro lo n g a t i o n of t h e g re a t p l a t e a u of
,

C e n t ra l A s i a w ith a cl i m a t e ra n gi n g fro m t h e mo s t bu rn i n g
h e a t i n s u m m e r to t h e mo s t p i e rc i n g col d i n w
,
3
m t e r th e s e

h a rdy h i ghl a n d e rs s e e m to h a v e s w e p t dow

,
’

n t h ro ugh t h e

mou n t a i n p a s s e s a n d e s t a bl i s h e d th e m s e l ve s a t a v e ry e a rly
-

4
d a t e i n t h e ri ch s ou t h e rn l owl a n d s of Sy ri a a n d C i l ic i a .

1 T he id
en t ifi c a t on i is acce pt ed by i n th e i n t e r or o fi As i Mia n or,
p art i c u

E . M y e er (Ges ch i ch te des A lt ert u m s,

2
la rly in Ca pp ado c a , i an d t h at hy
t e
h pi f h th dw t
.

1 2 p G Pe rro t e t C h C i ez s p re a d ro m t e re s o u e as t , a n es

vi w f A H S y W M
. . . . .
, ,

(Hi s t oi re de l A rt da n s l A n t i q u i te,
’ ’ ’
si h t e e o . . a c e, . .

iv . an d P . J
en s e n (Hi tti ter u n d R am say D G Hg h W M , . . o a rt , . ax

A rm en i er, S t ras bu rg, 1 8 9 8 , p . M ull F H e r, l L B Pt

. d om m e , . . a on , an
2 Ra m s
a y
a n d Hogart , Pre - He l h L M . h i dt S P l i E
ess e rs c m . ee a es t n e x

le n i c M
on um e n t s of C a a doc a , pp i pl i
ora t on F d t ly S t un t u a r er a t em en

Rec u ei l de Tra va u x rela tifi d la Ph i lo f or 8 8 4 1p 4 9 ; A ,

H S y Th . . . a ce , e

logi e et i i l A rch eologi e Egy pt i en n es et

’ ‘
Hi tt i t (L d es
3 pp 8 qqon on , . 0 s .

A s sy ri en n es , (1 8 9 3 ) xi v 79
. p . . W M . M ull A i
ax d E p e r, s en un u ro a
3
G M p
as e ro , Hi s toi re A n ci en n e des (L ip i e pp 3 9 qq R
s c, y . 1 s . a m sa

d H g th H ll i M
.

Peup les de l Ori en t Cla ss i ue ,

’
3 6 0 q ii . an P
o ar ,
“
re - e en c on u

z , Hi s t oi re h ipi C pp d i
”
3 6 2 G P e r r o t .e t Ch C e .
m en s t f o R il d a a oc a , ecu e e
’
de l A rt a d n s l
’
A n t i q u i t e
‘
, 5 7 2 sqq , iv . . Tra va u x re la t i
f s (2 la Ph i l ologi e et i i
l A rch eologi eEgy p t i en n es et A ssy ri en n es ,
’ '

5 8 6 sq

h dl w xv l
.

4
T a t th e c ra e o f th e H t t t e s as i i (1 8 93 )
.
94 F Hom m e , Gru n d
p . .
1 26 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
N ow t h i s S an d a n o r H e rcu l e s i s s a i d t o h a v e fo u n d e d
T a rs u s a n d t h e p e o p l e of t h e c i ty com m e mo ra t e d h i m a t
,

an a n n u a l o r a t a ll e v e n t p e riod ic a l fe s ti va l by e re c t i n g ,
s,

a fi n e p y re i n h i s h o n ou r A pp a re n t ly a t t h i s fe s ti va l a s ?

fe s tiv a l o f M e lc a rt h t h e god w
,

at the a s bu rn e d i n e f figy

h i s ow
,

on n p y re Fo r co i n s of T ars u s o ft e n e x h i bi t t h e .

p y re a s a c o n i c a l s t ruc t u re re s t i n g o n a g a rl a n d e d a lt a r o r
b a s i s wi t h t h e figu re of S an d a n h i m s e lf i n t h e m id s t of i t
, ,

wh i l e a n e a gl e w i t h s p re a d wi n g s p e rch e s o n t h e t op of t h e
p yre a s i f a b o u t t o be a r t h e s oul of t h e bu rn i n g god i n t h e
,

p i l l a r of s mok e a n d fi re to h e a v e n ? I n l i k e m a n n e r wh e n a
Ro m a n e m p e ro r d i e d l e a v i n g a s o n to s ucc ee d h i m on t h e
a dh u c di c i t u r J .
”
I f th e t e t o f ero m x e I O, xx x vu .
9 ; F . I m h oo f —B um er, l
i h
s d w l
e re s ou n hv ,
he ou d se e m t o a e Co i n -t yp e s of s om e K i li ki an C t es , ” ii
h d b f
a hi G e orek i gi l wh i h m a ree or na c
j ou rn a l o
f Hellen i c S t u di es , x v iii
w p t l i k th t x t f S y ll p l xiii
.

as c orru e e e o n ce us ( 1 8 98 ) p . 1 69, . . 1 , 2 . Th e
th i t y Th C i l i i p i
’
or o f Sy ll n ce us s au or . e c an s t ruct ure re re s e n t e d on th e co n s is
H l i ll d S d by N
e rc u es s ca e an es o n n us s om e t m es i ca ll ed n ot th e p yre but t h e
( D i y xxxion v 8 3 s C p . 1 om a re m on u m e n t o f S an da n or S ardan a a u s p l
l R h tt i M é i d l A
.

ly th
.

R ao u - oc e e n m o res e
’
ca C e rta i n e c on e re s t i n g on th e s ua re
q
d
’

em i d I i pt i
e t B ll
es L tt n scr on s e e es - e res , b a se re m i n ds us of th e S m i il a r s t ru c tu re

x v ii D i e P t i (P i
. eu x m e ar e ar s
,
on th e c o n s of i B y blus as w ll e as of th e

PP 5 9 99 1 5 c on ca l i g f A ph di t t P p h
i m a e o ro e a a os

A 1 i M ll im m xi v 8 3 ;
ap u s a rce n us , . .
( se e ab v pp 4 34)
o b t h w d
e, . 1 , u t e or s

D i Ch y o t O xxxiii r s os om l ii p 6 , r. . vo . . . 1 , o f Di Ch y o t k i t p b bl r s os o m m a e ro a e

e d L D i d f (L ip i
. . 8 Th p y
n or e s c, 1 e re t h t th d i g
a eh i f T es n on t e co n s o a rs us

i i d ly by D i C h y
s m e n t on e on o r s os t o m , re p t
rese n s th py A t th e re . e sa m e

wh w d l ly i p ly th t i t
ose or s c ea r m a s ti m e, th b i g f th g d y w ll
e urn n o e o m a e

e rec ti w t
on b v d p i di as a c us om o ser e er o hv ba e l pt d e en p s cu t ure on a e rm a n e n

ca lly O S d . S d n K an an or an on see . m on um e n t f t Th lg d
o s on e. e e en

O . M ll S d u d S d
e r, an on un a r an a OPTTI OOHPA l i t
‘
lly q i l h t , e ra ua -
un
”

wh i h pp
,

p la R ,
t
”
h l g i h
'

W h
u n s a rc iii aeo o sc e er e, . c a i f T
ea rs o n s o m e c o n s o a rs us

6 qq s F C M v . D i Ph . i i . o e rs , e oen z er, (G F Hi ll p i t pp l xxx v i

. .
, o . c . .

i 4 5 8 qq R l R h t f t t hi g
.

. s S . a ou -
oc e te, ur m a y re e r t f o a c us o m o ca c n

l H A y i q il i g th th p y
”
Ph i i
’
d b
’
l e rc u e t ss r en e e n c en , ua s an urn n em on e re
W h v ( b v
.

M i
’
em o resd l A de i d I ip t i
e
’
ca m e es n s cr on s e a e pp q )
s e en a o e, . 1 1 1 s

x v ii D i é P t i th t q il w t ly b
.

e t B ll L tt e es - e res , . e ux m e ar e a ua pp s t i e re a are n u rn n

(P i ar s , pp 7 8 qq E M y . 1 s . . e e r, sacr ifi t B y bl
ce Th i
a xp l t i us . s e an a on

Ub i ig S i i h GO t
er e n e em t sc e t e r,
”
o f th l g d th i f T
e e en on e co n s o a rs us

Z ei t sch rif t a er D eu ts ch en M orgen ’

w gg t d by R l R h tt
as su es e aou oc e e

liz n di sch en Ges ellsch af t , (1 8 7 7 ) xxxi (p it pp Hw v

'

. o . c . . 20 1 o e e r,
pp 6
7 3 74-
. 0 : i d , G esc h i ch t e des A l t er . M rG F Hi ll w i
. . t . th t r t es o m e a

tu m s, 2
2 6 4 1 s qq i 484
. . pp . . . th i t p t ti
e f
n e r re aOp y €fip on o
’
r v: o a
2 P G a rdn e r, Ca t a logu e of
. Greeh as y hi g b t p
an t n l i u a e rs on a n am e s

Coi n s , th e S eleu ci d R i ngs of Sy ri a re n d d v y l i k ly by th

e re er l gy un e e an a o

(L o n o n ,
d 7 2 , 7 8 ,
8 9 , 1 1 2 , pp . o f ll ha th ti ip t i
er n s cr e o i f on s o n co n s o

p l xxi . 6, 3, . i 8 ; G F xxi v . xx v ii . . . th l
e sam e c a ss
”
o D v w b t . es e re urn on
i ll
H , Ca ta logu e of th e Greeh Coi n s of a py i h re f Ad n i (b l w p o n ou r o on s e o , .

Ly ca on i a , I sa u ri a , a n d C i li ci a (Lo n S i i l ly b i d w m b t ar r s e re u rn on a

d on , 1 80 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 , 1 90 , pp .
, py i h re n f L ph i A t
o n ou r o i t a r an r em s a

22 1 ,
2 2 4, 2 2 5 , p l xxxiii
. . 2, 3 , xxxi v . P t a ra e (P i v ii 8 a usa n as , . 1 .
CH AP v1 . S A NDA N OF TA RS US

t h ro n e , w a x e n e ffigy w
a as m a d e i n t h e l ik e n e s s o f t h e
d e c e ase d a n d bu rn e d o n a hug e p y ra m i d a l p y re which w as ,

r e a re d u p o n a s qu a re b a s i s o f wood ; a n d fro m t h e s u m m i t
of t h e bl a zi n g p i l e a n e a gl e w a s re l e a se d f o r t h e p u rp o s e of

c a rryi n g to h e a ve n th e s ou l o f t h e d ea d a n d d e i fi e d e m p e ro r ?

T h e R o m a n s m a y h a v e bo rrow e d fro m th e E as t a g ra n dio se

cu s to m wh ich s a vou rs of O ri e n t a l a dul a t io n ra t h e r th an of
Rom a n s i m p l ici ty ?

T h e ty p e o f S a n d a n o r H e rcul e s a s h e i s p o rt ra y e d o n S d f
" ,
an an o

T a rs u s a
t h e c o i n s of T a rs u s i s t h a t of a n A s i a ti c d e i ty s t a n d i n g o n A i t i
god
, s a c

a l io n I t i s thu s th a t h e i s re p re s e n t e d o n t h e p y re a n d wi t h th
.
,
e

b l
i t 15 thu s th a t h e a pp e a rs a s a se p a ra t e fi gu re w i t hou t t h e
p y re F rom t h es e re p re s e n t a t i o n s w e c an form a fa i rly d t h an e

“l
.

d
a ccu ra t e c o n c e p t l o n of t h e fo rm a n d a t t r1 b ut es of t h e god ss .
a ,

Th e y e x h i bi t h i m a s a b e a rd e d m a n s t a n d i n g o n a h orn e d
a n d oft e n wi n g e d l io n Up o n h i s h e a d h e w ea rs a hi gh .

p oi n t e d c a p or m it re a n d h e i s cl a d s om e t i m e s i n a lo n g
,

rob e s o m e t i m e s i n a s h o rt t u n i c
, O n a t l e as t on e c o i n h i s .

fe e t a re s h o d i n h i gh bo o t s wi t h fl a p s At h i s s i d e o r ov e r
h i s s hou l d e r are s l u n g a s wo rd a bo wc a s e a n d a qu iv e r
.

-
, , ,

s o m e t i m e s o n ly o n e o r two of the m Hi s right h a n d i s

ra i s e d a n d s om e t i m e s h o l d s a flo w
.

er Hi s l e ft h a n d g ras p s .

a doubl e h e a d e d a x e a n d s o m e t i m e s a w re at h e i th e r i n
-
,

a dd i t io n to t h e a x e o r i n s t e a d o f it bu t t h e d o ubl e h e a d e d -

?
a x e i s o n e of S a n da n s mo s t co n s t a n t a tt ri bu t e s
’

1 Herod i a n i v ,
. 2 . pp .
7 0 sq .
, w i th p l . x 11 .
7, 8, 9
2 S ee Fran z C um
L A i gle o n t,
“ ’
F . I m h oo f - B l um e r,
“
C oi n - t yp es of

f é i
un ra re
’
yi
de s S r e n s e t l A p o t h é o se s om e K i liki a n C i ti e s,
j ou rn a l o
f Hel
de s p
E m ere urs , Rev u e de l Hi s t oi re
’
len i c S t u di es , xviii .
( 1 8 9 8 ) pp 1 6 9
l xii
.

des Reli gi on s , (1 9 1 0 ) 1 19. pp . 171 P . Ga r d n e r, Yyp es of Greeh

1 63 Coi n s , p l xi ii 20 ; G F Hi Ca ta ll
"
. . . .

l
.
,
3 F I m h oof
-
B um e r, M on n a i es logu e f o G reeh Coi n s c
t he y Ly ca on i a ,
Grec q ues (A m ste r 3 66d am , pp . I sa u ri a , a n d Ci l i ci a , 1 78, 1 7 9, pp .

sq , 4 3 3 , 4 3 5 ,
. w i th p l
a t es F 2 4 , 2 5 , . 1 8 4 , 1 8 6 , 2 0 6, 2 1 3 , t a t es i w i h p l xxx i .

H 1 4 ( Verh a n deli ngen der K on i n h

. . 1 3, 1 4, 1 5 , 1 6, 2, 9 ; xxxi v xxx v i
. .

A ha dem i e von Weten s ch appen , A f dee l G . M l

a c do n a d, Ca t a logu e of Grech
i n g Le tt e rk u n de , F I m h oo f . Coi n s i n t h e Hu n teri a n Collect i on , ii
l ll
.

B um e r u n d O K e e r, Ti er u n d .
5 48, twi h pl 1x 1 1 Th e b oo te d
. . .

Pfl a n z en bi lder a uf M i i n z en u n d Geni
'

S an da n i s fi u
g e r d by G F Hi , op . . ll .

m en des hlassi sch en A ltert u m s (Le s c, ip i ci t . p l xxx v i 9

. . .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1

B ogh a z K eu i
'

4 . The Gods f
o -

No wa d e i ty of l m o s t p re c i s e ly t h e s a m e ty p e figu re s
a

p ro m i n e n t ly i n t h e c e l e b ra t e d g ro u p of H i t t i t e s cul p t u re s
which i s c a rve d o n t h e ro ck s a t B ogh a z —K e u i i n N o rt h W e s t e rn -

C a pp a doci a Th e vi l l a g e o f Bog h a z K e ui th a t i s t h e vi ll a g e
.
“ -
, ,

of t h e d e fil e s t a n d s a t t h e mouth o f a d e e p n a rro w a n d
,
”
, ,

p i ctu re s qu e go rge i n a wi ld u p l a n d v a l l e y s hu t i n by rugge d ,

m o u n t a i n s o f g re y l i m e s to n e T h e hou s e s a re bu i lt o n t h e
.

l o w e r s l o p es o f t h e hil l s a n d a s t re a m i s s u i n g from t h e go rge

,

flo w s p a s t t h e m to j oi n t h e Ha ly s whi ch i s d i s t a n t a b o ut t e n
,

h o u rs j o u rn e y to t h e w e s t
’
I m m e d i at e l y a bove t h e mod e rn
.

vi ll a ge a g re a t a n c i e n t c i ty e n c l os e d by m a s s iv e fo rt i fic a t io n
,

w a l l s ro s e o n t h e rou gh b rok e n g ro u n d o f t h e mou n t a i n

,

s i de,
cul m i n a t i n g i n two c i t a d e l s p e rch e d o n t h e t o p s of
p re ci p i t o u s c ra g s T h e w a ll s a re s t i l l s t a n d i n g i n m a n y
.

p l a c e s to a h e i gh t of t w e lv e fe e t o r m o re T h e y a re a bou t .

fo u rt e e n fe e t t hi ck a n d c on s i s t of a n ou t e r a n d i n n e r fa c i n g
bu i l t o f l a rg e block s w ith a c o re of rubbl e b e t w e e n t h e m .

O n t h e o u t e r s i d e t h e y a re s t re n gth e n e d a t i n t e rv a l s of
a bou t a h u n d re d fe e t by p roj e cti n g t o w e rs o r butt re s s e s ,

whi ch s e e m d e s i g n e d ra t h e r as a rch i t e c t u ra l s u pp o rt s t h a n
as m i l i ta ry d e fe n c e s T h e m as o n ry c o m p o s e d of l a rg e
.
,

s t o n e s l a i d i n rou ghly p a ra l l e l cou rse s re se m bl e s i n s tyl e ,

th a t o f t h e w a l l s o f Myc e n a e w i th wh ich i t m ay be ,

co n t e m p or a ry a n d t h e c e l e b ra t e d L io n g a te a t M yc e n ae -

h a s i t s cou n t e rp a rt i n t h e s o uth e rn g a t e o f Bogh a z K e ui -

,

which i s fl a n k e d by a p a i r of c o lo s sa l s t o n e l i o n s e x e cut e d
i n t h e b e s t s tyl e of H i t t it e a rt Th e e a s t e rn g a t e i s a d o rn e d
.

o n i ts i n n e r s i d e w i t h t h e figu re of a H it t ite w a rri o r o r

A m a zo n c a rv e d i n h i gh re l i e f A d e n se u n d e rg ro w th o f
n o wcov e rs
.

s tu n t e d o a k co pp i c e m uch of t h e s i t e Th e .

rui n s of a l a rg e p a l a c e o r t e m p l e bu i l t of n o rmou s bl o ck s
e ,

of s to n e o ccu p y
,
a t e rra c e i n a c o m m ah di n g S i t u a t i o n
w ith i n t h e c i rcu i t of t h e w a l l s Th i s v a s t c i ty s om e fou r o r
.
,

fi ve m i l e s i n ci rcu mfe re n c e a pp e a rs t o h a v e b e e n t h e a n ci e n t
Pte ri a wh i ch C ro e s u s k i n g of Lyd i a c a p tu re d i n h i s w
,

ar

It w
, , ,

w i t h C y ru s as p ro b a bl y t h e c a p i t a l o f a p ow e rful
H it t i t e e m p i re b e fo re t h e Ph rygi a n s m ad e t h e i r w
.

a y from
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
?
fa l l i n g S ho rt o f t h e k n e e s Th e figu re s o n t h e ri ght h a n d -

w a l l a re w o m e n w e a ri n g t a l l s qu a re fl at to pp e d bo n n e t s , ,
-

w i t h ri bb e d S i d e s ; th e i r lo n g d re s s e s fa l l i n p e rp e n d icul a r
fold s to th e i r fe e t wh ich a re s hod i n s ho e s l i k e tho s e of t h e
,

m en O n t h e s h o rt w a l l wh e re t h e p roc e s s i o n s m e e t t h e
.
, ,

g re a t e r s i z e of th e c e n t ra l figu re s as w e l l a s th e i r p o s tu re s ,

a n d a t t ri but e s m a rk th e m out a s d i vi n e
,
A t t h e h e a d of .

t h e m a l e p roc e s s io n m a rch e s o r i s c a rri e d a b ea rd e d d e ity

c l a d i n t h e o rd i n a ry H i tti t e co s tu m e of t a l l p o i n t e d c a p ,

s h o rt t u n i c a n d tu rn e d u p s ho e s ; but h i s fee t re s t o n t h e
,
-

bow e d h e a d s of two m e n i n h i s ri gh t h a n d h e hol d s o n h i s

,

s h ou ld e r a m a c e o r t ru n ch e o n t o pp e d wi th a k n ob whi l e h i s ,

e x ten d ed l e ft h a n d g ra s p s a s ymbol wh ich a pp a re n t ly ,

co n s i s t s of a t ri d e n t s u rmou n t e d by a n ov a l w ith a c ro ss ba r -
.

B e h i n d h i m fol low s a S i m i l a r t hou gh s o m e wh a t s m a l l e r , ,

figu re of a m a n o r p e rh a p s ra th e r of a god c a rryi n g a m a c e

, ,

o r t ru n ch e o n ov e r h i s s h o u ld e r i n h i s ri ght h a n d wh i l e wi t h ,

h i s l e ft h e hold s a l oft a lo n g s w o rd wi th a fl a t h i lt ; h i s fee t

re s t n ot o n t w o m e n b ut o n two fl a t to pp e d p i n n a cl e s whi ch -
,

p e rh a p s re p re s e n t mou n ta i n s At t h e h ea d of t h e fe m a l e .

p roc ess io n a n d fa c i n g t h e g re a t go d who i s bo rn e o n th e

two m e n s t a n d s a godd e ss o n a l io n e s s o r p a n th e r He r
, .

co s t um e d o e s n ot d i ff e r fro m th a t of t h e wom e n : h e r
h a i r h an g s dow n i n a l o n g p l a i t b e h i n d : i n h e r e x t e n d e d
ri ght h a n d s h e h o ld s out a n e m bl e m to touch th a t of t h e

god . Th e S h a p e a n d m e a n i n g of h e r e mbl e m a re o b s cu re .

I t co n s i s t s of a s te m w i t h two p a l rs of p rotu b e ra n c e s ,

p e rh ap s l e a v e s o r b ra n ch e s o n e a bove t h e o th e r t h e wh o l e
, ,

b e i n g s u rm o u n t e d l i k e t h e e m bl e m o f t h e god by a n ov a l
, ,

w i t h a c ro ss bar U n d e r t h e o ut s t re tch e d a rm s of t h e two

-
.

d e i t i e s a pp e a r t h e fro n t p a rt s of two a n i m a l s which h av e ,

b e e n u s u a lly i n t e rp re t e d a s bu l l s but a re ra th e r go a t s ;
e a ch o f th e m w e a rs o n i ts h e a d t h e high co n ic a l H i t ti t e
cap ,
an d i t s body i s co n c e a l e d by t h at of t h e d e i t y .

I m m e d i a t e ly b e h i n d t h e godd e s s m a rc h e S a s m a l l e r a n d
a pp a re n tly y o uthful m a l e fi gu re st an d i n g l i ke her u p on a ,

l i o n e ss o r p a n th e r He i s b e a rd l e ss a n d w e a rs th e H itti t e
.

hi p
1 T i s roc e ss on of m en i s b rok en w ll ;
a (b) by t w wio n
ge d m on s te rs ;
( )
a ww
by t l o om en c ad in lon
g pl ia te d an d (c ) by th e fig f p i t
u re o a r es or k i n
g
rob l i k th w
es e e om e n o n th e o pp ios t e as to wh i h
c see b l w pp 3
e o ,
. 1 1 sq .
 C HA P . vi THE G OD S OF B OGHA Z K E UI-

d re s s of hi gh p o i n t e d c a p s h o rt tu n i c a n d s ho e s w i t h , ,

tu rn e d up t oe s -
A c re s c e n t hi lt e d s w o rd i s gi rt a t h i s s id e
.
-

i n h i s le f t h a n d h e h o ld s a dou bl e h e a d e d a x e a n d i n h i s
'
-
,

ri ght a s t a ff t o pp e d b y a n a rm l e s s dol l wi th t h e s ym b o l o f

t h e c ro ss b a rre d o v a l i n s t e a d of a h e a d
-
B e h i n d h i m foll o w .

two wo m e n or ra th e r p e rh a p s godd e s s e s re s e m bl i n g t h e
, ,

godd e s s a t t h e h e a d of t h e p roc e s s io n but with d i ff e re n t ,

e m bl e m s a n d s t a n d i n g n o t o n a l io n es s bu t o n a s i n gl e two

h e a d e d e a gl e with ou t s p re a d wi n g s .

T h e e n t ra n c e t o t h e s m a ll e r ch a mb e r i s gu a rd e d o n Th o k e r c

e i t h e r S id e by t h e figu re of a w i n g e d m o n s t e r c a rv e d o n th e
l p t
’

scu u re s
l th n e

ro ck t h e bod i e s of bo t h figu re s a re hu m a n but o n e of th e m i n n er

h a s t h e h ea d o f a do g t h e o t h e r t h e h e a d of a l io n In the t B h
t y ,
s an c u ar
, .
a o az
g
i n n e r s a n ctu a ry to whi ch thi s mo n s t e r gu a rd e d p as s a g e K ui - e .

l e a d s t h e w a ll s a re a l s o c a rve d i n re l i e f O n o n e s i d e w
,

, e .

s e e a p roc e s s io n o f tw e lv e m e n i n H i tti t e co s tu m e m a rchi n g

w ith cu rv e d s wo rd s i n th e i r ri ght h a n d s O n t h e o pp o s it e .

w a l l i s a c o l o s s a l e re ct figu re o f a d e i t y with a hu m a n h e a d T h l i o e n

a n d a body cu riou s ly com p o s e d o f fo u r l i o n s t w

g d o
o a bov e a n d
.

two b e l ow t h e l a t te r s t a n d i n g o n th e i r h e a d s
, Th e god .

w e a rs t h e h igh co n ic a l H i t t i t e h a t : hi s fac e i s you t hfu l a n d

b e a rdl e s s l ik e t h a t of t h e m a l e figu re s t a n d i n g o n t h e l io n e s s
i n t h e l a rg e ch a m b e r ; a n d t h e e a r tu rn e d t o t h e s p e c t a t o r
i s p i e rc e d w i t h a ri n g F rom t h e k n ee s dow n w a rd s t h e
.

l e gs cu ri o u s ly e n ough a re re p l a c e d by a d e vic e which h as

, ,

b e e n i n t e rp re t e d a s t h e t a p e ri n g p o i n t of a g re a t d a gg e r o r
d i rk w i t h a m id ri b To t h e ri ght of t hi s d e i ty a s qu a re
.

p an e l c ut i n t h e fa c e of t h e rock e x h i bit s a g rou p of two Th g d e o

T h e l a rg e r of t h e t w
figu re s i n re l i e f . o figu re s
p t
c l o s e ly h i p i tti g ro e c n

s r es .

re s e m bl e s t h e y o u t h o n t h e l i o n e ss i n t h e out e r s a n ctu a ry .

Hi s ch i n i s b e a rdl e s s h e w e ars th e s a m e h i gh p oi n t e d c a p ,

t h e s a m e s ho rt tu n ic t h e s a m e tu rn e d u p s ho e s t h e s a m e
,
-
,

c res c e n t h i lt e d s w o rd a n d h e c arri e s a s i m i l a r a rm l es s dol l

-
,

i n h i s ri gh t h a n d B u t h i s l e ft a rm e n ci rcl e s t h e n e ck o f
.

t h e s m a l l e r figu re wh o m h e se e m s to cl a s p t o h i s s i d e i n a n
,

a t t i t ud e o f p rot e c t i on T h e s m a ll e r figu re t hu s e mb ra c e d
.

by t h e god i s cl e a rly a p ri e s t o r p ri e s t ly k i n g Hi s fa c e i s .

b e a rdl e s s h e w e a rs a S ku l l c a p a n d a l o n g m a n t l e re a ch i n g
-

t o h i s fe e t w i t h a s o rt of ch a s ubl e t h ro w n ov er i t Th e .

c re s c e n t s h a p e d hi l t of a s w o rd p roj e c t s from u n d e r h i s
-
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
m a n tl e T h e w ri s t of h i s ri gh t a rm i s cl a s p e d by t h e g o d s
’
.

l e ft h a n d ; i n h i s l e ft h a n d t h e p ri e s t h o l d s a c ro o k o r =

p as t o ra l s t a ff wh i ch e n d s b e low i n a cu rl B ot h t h e p ri e s t .

a n d h i s p rot e ct o r a re fa c i n g tow a rd s t h e l i o n god I n an -

.

u pp e r co rn e r of t he p a n e l b eh i n d th e m i s a d iv i n e e mbl e m
co m p o se d of a w i n g e d d i s c re s ti n g on wh a t lo o k l i k e two I o n i c
col u m n s whi l e b e tw ee n th e m a pp e a r th ree s ym bol s of d o ub t fu l
,

Ot h er S ig n i fic an c e T h e figu re of t h e p ri e s t or k i n g i n th i s co s t u m e
.
,
re p rese n ta
th o ugh n ot i n th i s a tti tud e i s a f a m i li ar o n e ; f o r i t occu rs
,
t i o n s o f th e
p ri es t a t t wic e i n t h e out e r s an ctu a ry a n d i s re p e a t e d twic e a t t h e
B og h az
g re a t H i tt i t e p a l a c e of E uy uk d i s t a n t a bou t fou r a n d a h a l f
K eui an d ,

Bu y uk hou rs ri d e to t h e n o rth e a s t of Bogh a z K e u i

’
-
I n t h e o ut e r -

s a n ctu a ry a t Bogh a z K e u i w
. .

e s ee t h e p ri e s t m a rch i n g i n t h e
-

p roc e ss io n of th e m e n a n d hold i n g i n o n e h a n d h i s cu rl e d
,

s t a ff o r l i t u u s a n d i n t h e oth e r a s y m bol l i k e th a t o f t h e
, ,

godd ess o n t h e l io n e ss : a b ov e h i s h e a d a pp ea rs t h e wi n g e d
d i s c w i th o ut t h e o t h e r a tt ri but e s M o re ov e r h e occu p i e s a .

co n s p i cuou s p l a c e by h i m se l f o n t h e ri ght h an d w a ll of t h e -

out e r s a n ctu a ry qu it e a p a rt from t h e two p roc e ss i o n s a n d

, ,

c a rve d o n a l a rge r s c a l e th a n a n y of t h e oth e r figu re s i n th e m

H e re h e s t a n d s o n t w
.

o h e a p s p e rh a p s i n t e n d e d to re p re s e n t
,

mou n t a i n s a n d h e c a rri e s i n h i s right h an d t h e e m bl e m of

,

t h e w i n g e d d i s c s u pp o rt e d o n two I o n i c c o lum n s wi t h t h e
oth e r s ym b ol s b e tw e e n th e m e x c e p t th a t t h e c e n t ra l s ym bol
,

i s re p l a c e d by a m a s cul i n e fi gu re w e a ri n g a p o i n t e d c a p a n d
a l o n g rob e d e co ra t e d wi th a dog tooth p a t t e rn On on e -

of t h e re l i e fs a t t h e p a l a c e of B uyuk w
.

e s ee t h e p ri e s t wi t h

h i s ch a ra ct e ri s ti c d re s s a n d s t a f f fol low e d by a p ri e s t e s s ,

e a ch of th e m w i th a h a n d ra i s e d as i f i n a d o ra t io n t h e y a re
a pp ro a ch i n g t h e i m a g e of a bul l which s t a n d s o n a h igh

p e d e s t a l wi th a n a l t a r b e fo re i t B e h i n d th e m a p ri e s t .

l e a d s a flock of ra m s to t h e s ac ri fi c e O n a n oth e r re l i e f a t .

B uyu k t h e p ri e s t s i m i l a rly a tti re d a n d fol low e d by a

,

p ri es tess i s a pp ro ach i n g a s e a t e d godde s s a n d a pp are n t ly

,

p ou ri n g a l i b a tio n a t h e r fe e t Both th e s e s c e n e s dou btl e ss .

re p res e n t a ct s of wo rs hi p p a i d i n t h e o n e c a s e to a godd e ss ,
l
i n t h e oth e r to a bul l .

1 W .
J . Ham i l ton ,
Resea rches in T oz er, Tu rhi s h A rm en i a a n d E astern
A si a M i n or, Pon t u s , an d A rm en i a A s i a M i n or, 5pp
9 s q
.
,
66 - 8
7 W . . M .

(Lon d on , i .
3 9 3 3 95 ;
-
H F . . Ram sa , y“
H s t or ca Re at on s of
i i l l i
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
b e e n ri ghtly obj e ct e d th a t t h e a tt ri bu te s o f t h e p ri n ci p a l
figu re s p rove th e m to be d ivi n e o r p ri e s tly a n d t h a t t h e ,
.

s c e n e i s t h e re fo re re l i gi o u s o r my t hi c a l ra th e r th an h i s t o ri c a l .

W ith re g a rd t o t h e two p e rs o n a g e s who h e a d t h e p ro c e ss io n s

a n d hol d out th e i r s ymbol s to e a ch oth e r t h e mo s t p ro b a bl e ,

O p i n i o n a pp e a rs to b e t h a t th e y s t a n d f or t h e g re a t A s i a ti c

godd es s of fe rt i l ity a n d h e r co n s o rt by wh a t e v e r n a m e s ,

th e s e d e i ti e s w e re k n ow n f or u n d e r d iv e rs e n a m es a s i m i l a r
d ivi n e cou p l e a pp ea rs to h av e b ee n wo rs hi pp e d w i th s i m i l ar
Th e b e a rd e d god w h o g ra s p
?
T he ri t e s a ll ov e r W e s t e rn A s i a ,

Hi t t i te g d in
o
t ri d e n t i n h i s e x t e n d e d l e ft h a n d h e a d s t h e p roc e s s i o n
o fh
t e
g a ,

t h d
un i g of m a l e
er n figu re s i s p ro b a bly t h e F a th e r d e i ty t h e g re a t ,
s ky .

H i tti t e god of t h e thu n d e ri n g s ky who se e mbl e m s w e re t h e , .

thu n d e rbol t a n d t h e bull ; f or t h e t ri d e n t wh ich h e c a rri e s

m ay re a s o n a bly be i n t e rp re t e d a s a thu n d e rb o l t Th e d e i ty .

i s re p re s e n t e d i n s i m i l a r fo rm o n two s to n e mo n um e n t s of
H ittit e a rt wh i ch w e re fou n d a t Z e n j l rli i n N o rth e rn S y ri a
a n d a t B a b ylo n re s p e c t i v e ly O n bo t h w e s e e a b e a rd e d .

m a l e go d w e ari n g t h e u s u a l H i ttit e co s tu m e of t a l l c a p s ho rt ,

tu n ic a n d s ho e s tu rn e d u p at t h e to e s : a c re s c e n t hi lt e d
,
-

s wo rd i s gi rt a t h i s s id e : hi s h a n d s a re ra i se d : i n t h e ri ght

h e hold s a s i n gl e h e a d e d a x e or h a m m e r i n t h e l e ft a t ri d e n t
-
,

of w a vy l i n e s wh i ch i s thought to s t a n d f or fo rk e d l i ght n i n g
,

o r a bu n d l e of thu n d e rbol t s O n t h e B a byl o n i an s l a b wh i ch .

,

b e ars a lo n g H i tti t e i n s c ri p tio n t h e god s c ap i s o rn a m e n t e d ,

’

w i th a p a i r of ho rn s ?
T h e ho rn s o n t h e c ap a re p ro b a bly

(He ro d otus , i . For a di sc us i on s C h ipi

e z , If i stoi re de l A rt da n s l A n
’ ’

of v i
a r ou s i p
n t e r re t a t on s i wh i ch h v e a q
t i u i t e, iv '

6 3 0 s qq ; C P T e e ,
. . . . i l
b ee n p rop osed s ee G Perrot e t C h
. . Gesch i ch te der Rel igi on i m A ltert u m ,
C h ipi e z , Hi s toi re
’ ’
de l A rt dan s l A n 1 2 5 5 -2 5 7 ; Ed
. e e r, Gesch i ch te . M y
t i q u i t e,
'
iv6 3 0 sqq
. . des A ltert u m s , 2 2 63 3 sq i . . pp .
J
hi b vi w
. .

1 T s i s i n su s tan ce t h e e of G ars t an g, Th e L a n d of th e Hi tt i tes ,

l
Raou - Roc e tt e, h
Lajard, W M . . pp2 3 5 -2 3 7 ; i d , Th e S ri a n Goddes s
.
y .

y
Ra m sa , G Pe rro t , C P T e e , E d
. i l
. . .
(Lon do n , pp 5 s
ee
M y e e r, an d J
G a rs tan g S e e Raou
. . l 2
K . Hu m an n un d 0 . Puch s tei n ,
h
Roc e tt e , S u r l He rcule A ss r en e t
’
yi Rei s en i n K lei n a s i en und Nordsy ri en
hé i i
P n c en , ”
M em oi res de l A ca dem i e
‘ ’ ’
l
(B e r i n l p l x lv 3 ;
, At as , .

x v ii
.

des I n scrip t i on s et B elles -L ett res , . A b g

u s ra
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en zu en sc r

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.
,

D e ux i em e Pa rt e (Pa r s ,
’

i 1 80 i p .
(B er 9 n, 1 02 . . . a rs a n

y y
,

n ot e 1 ; W . M
Ra m s a , O n t h e Ea rl
. Th L d f th Hi tt i t
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l
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Roy a l A s i a t i c S oci ety , N S (1 8 8 3 ) xv . . . K on i gs bu rg von
'

B a by lon (Le s c , ip i
pp . 1 1 3 -1 20 ; G Pe rrot e t C 11 . . pl
a t es 1 an d 2 ( Wi ss en sch
af t
 CH AP v1 . THE G OD S OF B OGHA Z K E UI -
135

tho s e of a bul l ; f or o n a n oth e r H i t tit e m o n um e n t fo u n d a t ,

M a la t i a o n t h e E u p h ra t es t h e re i s c a rv e d a d e i t y i n t h e ,

u s u a l H i t ti te co s t u m e s t a n d i n g o n a bul l a n d g ra s p i n g a
t ri d e n t o r t hu n d e rb o l t i n h i s l e ft h a n d wh i l e fa ci n g hi m ,

s t a n d s a p ri e s t cl a d i n a l o n g ro b e hold i n g a c rook o r cu rl e d ,

o n e h a n d a n d p o u ri n g a l i b a t i o n wi t h t h e oth e r
?
s t a ff i n

Th e H i t t i t e thu n d e r god i s a l s o k n ow n t o u s from a t re a t y -

of a l l i a n c e wh ich a bou t t h e y e a r 1 2 9 0 B C w a s c on t ra ct e d . .

b e tw e e n Ha tt u s il K i n g o f t h e H i t t i t e s a n d R a m e se s
By a s i n gul a r p i e c e o f good fo rtu n e w
, ,

Ki n g o f E gy p t e .

p os s e s s c o p i e s o f th i s t re a t y both i n t h e H i tti te a n d i n t h e
l i ch e Verqf en t l i ch u ngen der D eu t sch en Hi tt i te go d wh h d o ea s th e p roc ess on i
Ori en t Gesells ch af t , He t L f . at B og h az - Keui I f ll w
o o m y co ll ea
gue
M h d
esse rs c m i t, Corp u s I n s cri pt i on u m Pro f J. . G ars ta n g ( Th e L a nd
f
o th e
Hett i t i ca ru m , 1 5 an d 6 ; i d , pl Hi tti tes p
The Sy ri a n God 237

w
. .
. .
,

Th e Hi tt i tes (Lon don , pp .

40 dess , 5 pp h o h as k n d
. i ly
42 , w i th fi g 6 p 4 ; M J . on . 1 . . f ih
urn s e d m e t so m e n otes on th e wi h
L g a g Et d
ran l R l gi
e, u es su r es e i on s j
s u b ec t I orm e r . f
n te r re t e d t h e ly i p
S é i ti q m (P i u es p 93
2 ar s, . . iy
de t as th e H tt te e q u a en t of i i iv l
Th e f th g d i
n am e h gh t o e o s t ou to Tam m uz ,
Ado n i s, an d A tt i s . B ut
h v b T h b T h p; f
a e ee n es u or es u or a a ga n s t i h v i w i t y b g d th t
t at e m a e ur e a

g d f
o t h t o i k w f t ha n am e s no n ro m e ( ) th g d i b d d
1 e od th f f s ea r e an e re ore o

T l l A e el tt t h v b
-
m ai n a e e rs o a e ee n t
m a ure a g wh T e, d hi ere a s a m m uz an s

th h i f d i y f th M i t i p p l
e c e e t o e an ,
a eo e f ll w w
e o s g l ly iv d
e re re u ar c on ce e as

of N th M p t i ki i
or e rn es o o am a a n n y thf l ( ) th th d b l wh i h h
ou u 2 e un er o t c e

sp h d l i gi t t h Hi tti t
ee c an re on o e es , s e em s t y w ld b q i t i pp
o c a rr ou e u e na ro

b t l d by A y dy ty S
u ru e an r an n as . ee p i t
ra e t T ow h w t gd am m uz , o as n o a o

Ed M y . G h i h t d A lt t
e e r, es c c e es er u m s ,
2 o f th d b t f v g t ti
un er d (3 )
u o e e a on an

i pp
. 2 . .
5 78, 5 9 1 sq .
,
63 6 sq . R F . . th Hi i T
e tt tei pp p i t ly a m m uz s a ro ra e

H rp r a e ,
A ssy ri an B a by lon i a n an d re p t d
rese n e i th p i f n e ro c ess on o

Li te ra t u re, pp 222, 223 (

. e re t h e wh w om en i di t ly b h i d h M th
m m e a e e n t e o er

p l i s s e t Ti sh ub ) T he G dd b l w pp d it
’
god s n am e . o ( e ss
37 se e e o , . 1 an

god i s la so i d p dly m en t on e re ea t e in is e xt ly i p b bl th t h Sh ld
re m e m ro a e a e ou

th Hi t ti te
e h i ve wh i c h D r H a rc s . . b e re p t d wi
re sen e v w i th d i ff t ce o er er

Wi k l e fou d i sc ri be d on
nc r ly n n c a en t tt i b t a i thr u es n e sam e sc e n e .

t bl ts
a t B ogh
e K eu i S ee H
a az - . . Th i d ti
es e c on s t e ra on s s e e m o m e c on

Wi kl e nc
“
Vo lau fige N h i c h te
r, r
'

ac r n l i v g i t th i t p t t i f th
e us e a a ns e n e r re a on o e

i i be r di e A us gra bun ge n
B og az in h b d dgd T
ea r e od d i iv as a a m m u z an ec s e

M i ttei lu n gen i f v f P f G g vi w
’
k Oi i m S om m e r n a ou r o t ro es s o r ars an 5 e

D eu ts ch en Ori en t - Gesel ls ch afi z u of hi m
’
a er .

B erl i n , NO 3 5 , D e c e m b er 1 90 7 , . pp .

1 3 s ee 32, 3 4 , 3 6 . 3 8 , 3 9, 4 3 , 4 4 , 5 1 J 1
G a rs tan g
. J y
No tes of a ourn e ,

sq 53 ;
“
Hi tt i te hiv
A rc es f rom h h i M
t roug A s a i n or, A n n a ls of A rch
i iv p l
.
,

B og a z K e u ,h tran s a e rom th e i ltd f a eol ogy a n d A n th rop ology , (L er oo .

G e rm an tra n s cr t s of D r W n ck e r, ip . i l a n d Lon don , pp

1 90 8 ) wi h 3 sq , t . .

f
A n n a ls o A rch a eology a n d A n t h ro pl iv
ate i d , Th e L a n d qf th e Hi tti tes ,
. .

p ology , (L e r oo iv an d L on on ,
. iv p l d pp . w i h p l xl i v
1 3 8 , 3 5 9, t hi
a te In t s .

191 2) 9 0 sqq pp
A s t o th e . t an , . Mi i s culp ll h l
t ure t h e god on t h e b u o ds i n

hi l
t e r a n gu a ge a n d t e r gods , s e e hi i h h d wh
h i s r g t an d i d
at i s e s c r be as a

H W n ck e r, op ci t
. i 3 0 sqq ,l . . pp . . i l wi
t r a n gu a r bo d n s te a o f a m a ce, a n

4 6 s qq I n t us n te r re t n g
. the h i p i a x e, h or a am m e r .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A ND A N B OO K 1
E gy p ti an l a n gu ag e co p y w as fou n d s om e . T he H i ttit e
ye a rs a go i n s c ri b e d i n cu n e i fo rm ch a ra c te rs o n a c l a y t a bl e t
a t Bogh a z K e u i ; two co p i e s of t h e t re a ty i n t h e E gy p t i a n
-

l a n gu a ge a re e n g ra v e d o n t h e w a l l s o f t e m p l e s a t Th e b e s .

From t h e E gy p t i a n c o p i e s wh i ch h av e b ee n re a d a n d t ra n s
l ate d w e g a t h e r th a t t h e t hu n d e r god w
,

,
a s t h e p ri n ci p a l d e i ty -

of t he H i t t it e s a n d th a t t h e two H itti te s e a l s whi ch w e re ,

a pp e n d e d to t h e t re a ty e x h i bi t e d t h e K i n g e m b ra c e d by t h e
'

thu n d e r god a n d t h e Qu ee n e mb ra c e d by t h e s un godd e s s of

- -

A re n n a
?
Th i s H i t tit e d i vi n i ty of t h e t hu n d e ri n g s k y a pp e ars
to h a v e lo n g s u rvi v e d a t D oli c h e i n C o m m a ge n e f o r i n l a t e r ,

R o m a n a rt h e re a pp e a rs u n d e r t h e ti t l e o f J u p it e r D o li c h e n us ,

w e a ri n g a Ph rygi a n c a p s t a n d i n g o n a bul l a n d wi e l d i n g a , ,

doubl e a x e i n o n e h a n d a n d a thu n d e rbol t i n t h e oth e r I n

th i s fo rm h i s wo rs h i p w
.

a s t ra n s p o rt e d fro m h i s n a t i v e Sy ri an

ho m e by s old i e rs a n d S l a v e s ti l l i t h a d s p re a d ov e r a l a rge ,

p art of t h e Ro m a n e m p i re e s p e ci a l ly on t h e fro n ti e rs wh e re , ,

i t flou ri s h e d i n t h e c a m p s of t h e l e gio n s
?
Th e com bi n a tio n
o f t h e bul l wi th t h e thu n d e rb ol t a s e mbl e m s of t h e d e i ty
s ugg es t s th a t t h e a n i m a l m a y h a v e b ee n cho s e n to re p re s e n t

t h e s ky god f o r t h e s a k e n o t m e re ly of i t s vi ri l ity bu t of i t s
-

v o ic e ; f or i n t h e p e a l of thu n d e r p ri m i t i v e m a n m ay w e l l
h a v e h e a rd t h e b e l low i n g of a c e l e s ti a l bu ll .

A W e e m an n , A y p t i sche Ge
1 . i d g be p ubl i sh ed i n th e L i v e rp ool A n n a ls
schi ch t e (G o t a , h 4 3 8 440 ; ii .
-
of A rch aeology an d A n t h rop ology , Pro
G . M p
as e ro, Hi stoi re A n ci en n e des f essor J . G a rs ta n g a rgu e s t h at A re n n a
Peup les de l Ori en t Class i q u e, i i (Pa r s ,
’
. i i s to be i d e ti fi e d
n w i th th e Ca pp a
1 8 97 ) 4 0 1 s q ; W M ax
pp . u e r,
. . M ll doci a n C om an a .

D er B un dn i sv ort rag Ra m ses I I a n d

'
’
.

des Ch et i t i rhon i gs ,
'

1 7 - 1 9, 2 1 sq , pp . .
2 Ed . M y e e r,
“
D oli ch en u s, in
8
3 44 (
- M i t t e i l u n
g e n d e r V o rd era s i a W H . . Rosc h e r s L ex i hon ’
der gri ech .

t i s ch en Gesellsch af t , 1 902 , No 5 , und rom Il/y t h ologi e, 1 1 9 1 -1 1 94 i

w
. . .

B er n ) ; li L esse rs c m . t, M
Th e h id A . v on D om asz e sk i , D i e Rel i g i on
TI i tt i tes, pp
1 4 -1 9 ; . H B re asted, J . . des ro m i schen Heeres (T re e s , v
A n ci en t Records of E gyp t (C ca go , hi pp . w i th p l t iiii fig
59 sq .
, a e . . 1
1 90 6 1 6 3 1 7 4 ; i d , A Hi s
iii -
an d F C2 D li h
ran z um on t , s v o c e

w R lE y
. . . .

t ory o f th e A n ci en t E gyp t i an s (Lo n on , d n us , i P ly W

”
i h au - sso a s
’
ea - nc

3 1 1p . Ed e e r ,
G es chi ch te . M y c o al p di d l
'

i h e A lt t wie r c ass s c en er u m s s

des A ltert u m s , 2 2 i
6 3 1 , 6 3 5 s qq ;
. . pp . . s en s c hfl v i ll “ 7 6 qq ; J
a , . . co 12 s . .

J G a rs ta n g, Th e L a n d of t he Hi tt i tes , T ou ta i
Les Cu ltes pa i en s da n s l E ni
’
. n,

pp 7
34 3 9-
4 Th e H t t t e c o o f t h e i i py p i re R om a i n , i i ( Pa r s, 191 1) i pp
y w d v
. . . .

t rea t as i s c o e re d b y D r H . .
3 5 43
- Fo r e a m es o f t h e i n s c ri p
. x pl
i l h
W n c k er a t B og a z - K e u i n 1 90 6 i . i
t on s c wh i h l
re a te t o h i s ors see w h ip
Th e id i fi i
en t c a t on of A re u n a o r A r n u a i H D essau, I n scripti on es La ti n a e S elec
.

i s u n ce rta n i f h I n a ort c om n g a rt c e ,
. i i l t a e, vo l . ii .Pars 1 (B e r n , . li 1 90 2 ) pp .

“
T h e S un G o d[de s s] o f A re u n a ,
”
to 1 67 -1 7 2 , Nos 4 2 96 4 3 2 4
.
-
.
 138 THE B URNI NG OF S A ND A N B OO K 1

T he l i o n e s s o r p a n th e r o n wh ich h e s t a n d s m a rk s h i s a ffi n i t y
wi t h t h e g o dd e s s who i s s u pp o rt e d by a s i m i l a r a n i m a l It,
.

i s n a tu ra l th a t t h e l i o n godd e s s s h o ul d h a v e a l io n s o n a n d a - -

l io n l o ve r Fo r w
-
e m a y t a k e i t a s p ro b a bl e t h a t t h e O ri e n t a l

d e i ti es w
.

h o a re re p re s e n t e d s t a n d i n g o r s i t t i n g i n hu m a n fo rm
o n t h e b a ck s o f l i o n s a n d oth e r a n i m a l s we re o ri gi n a l ly
i n d i s ti n gu i s h a bl e fro m t h e b e a s t s a n d t h a t t h e c o m p l e t e
s e p a ra ti o n of t h e b e s t i a l from t h e hu m an o r d ivi n e s h a p e w
,

as

a c o n s e qu e n c e of t h a t g ro w t h o f k n o wl e d g e a n d o f p ow e r
wh ich le d m a n i n ti m e t o re s p e ct h i m s e l f mo re a n d t h e
b rut e s l e ss T h e hyb ri d god s o f E gy p t wi t h t h e i r hu m a n
.

Hom m e l S ee P y th J e n sen , i Hi tt i ter

t i g l de t i or e m an , ca rr e s a r an u ar

w v h i igh t h ld
. .
,

un d A i
rm en er, pp 7 3 7 5 8 ; F . 1 -1
,
1 0 S . bo o er s r s ou er . ee

H om m e l G d i d G g ph i b l w p 8 5
,
ru n r ss er eo ra e e o , . 1 .

un d G hi ht d
es c lt
c O i t p 5
e es a Wi th en g d t th
r en s , li . 1 . re ar o e on e s s es or

P f Pro . h l d t h t t h y th i p th
e rro t o s a b li f f d t C
e ou n an e rs , a a s - re e ou n a ar

q u es t i ion d s b l f
a t h b d oud h ie h t ho pi t l f e Hi tt i t
ea r e c em s e ca a o a e

g d w h w tw
,

o h t o d t ths an h d f th k i gds a th E p h t
e ea o e n om on e u ra e s , s o s o

m a e l p i
roce s s on ,th i t b i g l fi g i Hi tti t
e r c os um e t w i th e n m a e u res n e c os u m e ,

th e s am e , th g h t h i t toui b t di ff p i t d
e r a p d t r d
u es p h er o n e ca s an u rn e u s o es ,

(G P t t C h C h ipi
e rro e Hi t i d t di g ez hi g li s o re Th e s an n on a c ou c n on e

tw fi g
.
, .

l A ti q i t e i v
.

’
lA t d r an s
’
nB t f u t f th
,
. i wi g d u , ore m os o e o ure s s n e

as I h v a l dy e a re ak d it i d i
re m a r e Sh t vd, hs un an c a rr e s a or c ur e t run c e on

l i k ly th t h h ld b i h i i gh t h d A di g t P f
,

e a g d
t e s am e o s ou e n s r an cc o r n o ro

v w i th di f f t P t t h tw fi g
.

t d t wi
.

re p re s e n e ce o er p t g d
e re n e rro , e o ure s re re sen a o

a t ib t
tr u es i th n Th e f ll w d by p i t k i g S G
s am e s c en e e o o e a r es or a n ee

th t w fi g
. . .

re s e m bl b tw
a n ce e i P
ee n t t C h C h ipi e Hi t i d l A t
o u re s s e rro e . ez ,
s o re e
’
r

b tt e er xp l i d e tha ne pp i ti d on l A iq it i v 5 49 q J G
e su os on an s
’
n t u e,
‘
. s . . ar

t h t th y
a e F th a re d S Th a e r an
g Th L d f t h H i t
on .t i t pp e s tan e an o e es ,

t w d i ti
.
,

sam e o F th e d S es , 3 qq aAg i er anlpt d l b on , 1 2 s a n, on a sc u u re s a

f d t A i t i Ph i i w
.

a pp ea r t b o vd e k c ar e on a ro c at ou n a m r n oe n c a e see a

Gi a o u r- K l i pl
a es th, a d g d t ac ed i g on l i d h l di g e roa o s an n on a on an o n a

wh i h i ti q i y y h v l d f
c n an u t l i wh l p i hi l ft h d wh i l i
m a a e e rom on s
’
e n s e an ,
e n

A y nc ra by G di t P i or hi i gh t h
um d h b o di h lb
ess n us . s r an e ra n s es a c u or

H th f w d S P t t C h ipi p i ~

e re on f th e k a ce o i e roc a re c ut n s or ee e rro e ez o c t
l i f tw gi g i fi g i th
. . .
,

re e o an t c l iii 4 4 4 Th ty p f g d
u re s n e usu a . 12- 1 . e e o a o or

Hi tti t e f p i t d
c o s t um e
p h t g dd t di g
o o n e i tt i g
ca , sli or o es s s an n or S n on a on

t i
un c, an d h t sd p t th t
oe s u rn e l i A yi u a t f ewh i h o es . o c cu rs a so n ss r an a r , ro m c

E h wac t hilt d
ea rs a c re s c e n w d t th Ph i i - d Hi t t i t
e s y h v
or a e o en c a n s an es m a a e

hi s id s e h i eac h i g t th b w d i t S P t t C h ipi
s m a rc n o e orro e . ee e rro e ez ,

s p t t
e c a or 5 l ft w i th i d igh t h d p i t ii 6 4 6 44 M h v id
e ra s e r an o . c . . 2- . uc e en c e as

an d th e blre s e m b tw th i
an ce t th p e t ti f
een A i ti d i ti em s o e re res en on o s a c e es
a
n ea r ly p l t x p t th t th fig
c om e e e w i th l i h b e ll t d by R l
ce a e ul e on s as e n co ec e a ou

i f
n ro n ti b dl
s d th fi g
ea r b R h t
ess a n i hi l e d di u re t ti e oc et e , n s e a rn e s se r a on

hi d i b d d S G P t t
n s ea r e . S lH ee l A y i . t Ph é i i
erro e ur
’
e rc u e ss r en e n c en ,
”

Ch C h ipi Hi t i d l A t d Me i ’ ’
. ez , s o re d lA d e i d I r ip t i an s n i o res e ca
‘
em e es n scr on s

l A tiq i t
’
n u i v 7 4 qq w i t h fi g
e,
'

. t B ll
1 L tt
s x v ii D i e P i
.
, . e e es - e res , . eux m e a rt e

35 ; J G 2 . t g Th L
a rs a n d f th ,(P i e pp 6 qq an C o p e ar s, . 10 s . om a re

Hi tti pp 6 64 A i i l b
t es , . 1 2 1
-
D V gué M l g s m d A h l gi a r, ut e o ,
e an
’

es
’
rc eo o
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e

l i t y fig i v d i i h f O i t l pp 4 4 qq
.

so ar , u re s ca r e n a n c e o r en a e, . s .

th e rock t K a B l b t th th
a ra - e , u e re e
CH AP v i
. THE G OD S OF B OGHA Z K E UI -
’

bod i es a n d a n i m a l h e a d s fo rm a n i n t e rm e d i a t e s t ag e i n t h i s
e vol uti o n of a n th ro p om o rp h i c d e i t i e s out of b e a s t s

W e m ay n ow p e rh a p s h a z ard a co n j e c t u re as t o t h e T h
.

m e a n i n g of t h a t s t ra n ge col os s a l figu re i n t h e i n n e r s h ri n e a t g3tt

B o gh a z K e u i w ith i t s hu m a n h e a d a n d i t s b ody c o m p o s e d o f l i o g d
-
n- o .

l ion s Fo r i t i s to be o b s e rv e d th a t t h e h e a d of t h e figu re i s
.

you t hfu l a n d b e a rd l e s s a n d th a t i t w e a rs a t a l l p oi n te d c a p
, ,

t hu s re s e mbl i n g i n bo t h re s p e ct s t h e youth wi th t h e d oubl e

h e a d e d a x e who s t a n d s o n a l i o n i n t h e ou t e r s a n ctu ary .

We m ay s u pp o s e t h a t t h e l e o n i n e fi gu re i n t h e i n n e r s h ri n e
s e t s fo rt h t h e t ru e my s ti c th at i s t h e old s a v a g e n a tu re
, ,

o f t h e go d who i n t h e out e r S h ri n e p res e n t e d hi m se l f to h i s

wo rs h i pp e rs i n t h e d e c e n t s e mbl a n c e of a m an To t h e
ch o se n f e ww
.

h o w e re a l l o w e d to p a s s t h e m o n s t e r gu a rd e d -

p o rt a l i n t o t h e H oly of H o l i es t h e a wful s e c re t m ay h a v e
b e e n re v e a l e d t h a t th e i r god w
,

a s a l io n o r ra th e r a l i o n m a n ,
-
,

a b e i n g i n who m t h e b e s t i a l a n d hu m an n a tu re s my s t e ri ou s ly

c o e x i s ted
?
-
T h e re a d e r m ay re m e mb e r t h a t o n t h e rock
b e s i d e th i s l e o n i n e d ivi n ity i s c a rve d a g rou p wh i ch re p re s e n t s
a god w i t h h i s a rm twi n e d rou n d t h e n e ck of h i s p ri e s t i n a n

a ttitud e of p rot e c t io n ho ld i n g o n e of t h e p ri e s t s h a n d s i n ’

h is ow
,

n Both figu re s a re look i n g a n d s t e pp i n g tow a rd s t h e

.

l i o n mo n s t e r a n d t h e god i s hold i n g out h i s ri ght h a n d a s i f

-
,

p oi n ti n g t o i t Th e s c e n e m a y re p re s e n t t h e d e i ty re v e a l i n g
.

t h e my s t e ry to t h e p ri e s t o r p re p a ri n g h i m to a c t h i s p a rt i n
,

s o m e s ol e m n ri t e f o r whi ch a ll h i s s t re n g t h a n d c o u ra g e w i l l

be n ee d e d He s e e m s to be l e a d i n g h i s m i n i s te r o n w a rd
.
,

comfo rt i n g h i m w ith a n as s u ra n c e th a t n o h a rm c a n c o m e
n e a r h i m whi l e t h e d i vi n e a rm i s a ro u n d h i m a n d t h e d i vi n e

h a n d cl as p s h i s Wh i th e r i s h e l e a d i n g hi m ? P e rh a p s t o
.

d eath Th e d e e p s h a dow s of t h e rock s wh ich fa ll o n t h e

.

1
S im il ar ly
i n Y a m , on e o f t h e but t h y di d t k w th t th f
e no no a e orm e r

wb h
T o rres S t ra ts I s an s , t oi l dro t e rs w h as a h dd h k d h
a m m e r- ea e s ar an t e

n a m ed S i a i
g M i w
an d a au w e re or l tt
a er a di l th i yt y w
c roc o e s m s er as

sh ipp hi f
e d i n a s r n e u n de r t h e o rm of d t b i p t d t i i ti t
t oo s a c re o e m ar e o un n a es

w dd d i t w
.

a h am m erh d h - dil
ea e d s a rk an d a c roc o e W h th h en e e ro e s e re a re sse as

p i v ly
res e c t e w
,
an d p d
e re re res en t e by a lw y by th i h
a s d
e r t u m an n a m e s , a n no

l h ll by t h i i l t t ”
e f fi gi e s m ade of t urt e - s e i n th e e r an m a S or o em n am es . ee

li h i l
k e n ess o f t ese an m a s B ut th e. A C H dd
. . Th R l i gi
a f th
on ,
“
e e on o e

hi w h S t it I l d
”
s r n es e re s o s a c re d t a t 11 0 n u T o rre s raA h p s s an e rs , nt ro o

i i ti t d p
n a e i gh t v i i t t h
e rso n s m s em ,
n or l gi
o l E
ca y p t d t E B
ss a Ty l
s res en e o . . er

di d t h y k e w wh t th y t i d ;
no a e c on a n e (O x f d or p 85
, . 1 .

th y w
e w f S ig l
e re a d M i
are o a an a au ,
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OOK 1

two fi gu re s i n t h e gl o omy ch a s m m ay be a n e mbl e m of

d a rk e r s h a d ow s s oo n t o fa l l o n t he p ri e s t Y e t s ti l l h e g ra s p s .

h i s p as to ra l s t a f f a n d go es fo rw a rd a s though h e s a i d “
Y ea
though I w a l k th rou gh t h e v a l l e y of t h e s h a d o wo f d ea th I
, , ,

w i ll fe a r n o e vi l f or thou a rt w i th m e thy rod a n d thy ,

”
s t a ff th e y comfo rt m e .

The If th e re i s a n y t ruth i n th e s e gu ess e s — f o r th e y a re l i ttl e

p ro ce ss i on s
m o re — t h e t h re e p ri n ci p a l figu re s i n t h e p roc e s s io n a l s c e n e a t
at B og h az

K eu i Bogh a z K e u i re p re s e n t t h e d ivi n e F a th e r t h e d ivi n e M oth e r

-

B ut w
, ,
a pp e ar t o
a n d t h e d i vi n e S o n e h a v e s t i l l to a s k Wh a t a re
re pre s en t
.
,

t h e S acre d th e y d o i n g ? Th a t th e y a re e n g a ge d i n t h e p e rform a n c e of
M a rri a ge
s o m e re l i giou s ri t e s e e m s c e rt a i n B ut wh a t i s i t ? W e m ay
of th e
.

god a n d co n j e c t u re t h a t i t i s t h e ri t e of t h e S a c re d M a rri a g e a n d th a t
t h e s c e n e i s co p i e d fro m a c e re mo n y which w
,

godde ss
a s p e riod ic a l ly
.

p e rfo rm e d i n thi s v e ry p l a c e by hu m a n re p re s e n t a t i ve s of
?
t h e d e iti es I n d e e d t h e s ol e m n m e e t i n g of t h e m a l e a n d ,

fe m a l e figu re s a t t h e h e a d of th e i r re s p e ct i v e p roc e ss i o n s
obvio u s ly s u gg es t s a m a rri ag e a n d h as b e en s o i n t e r ,

p r e t e d b y s chol a rs who how e v e r r e g a rd e d i t as the

, , ,

h i s to ric a l w e dd i n g o f a p ri n c e a n d p ri n c e ss i n s t e a d of t h e
my s tic u n io n of a god a n d godd e s s ov e rlook i n g o r e xp l a i n ,

i n g a w a y t h e s y m bol s of d ivi n i ty which a cco m p a n y t h e

p ri n ci p a l p e rs o n a ges ?
We m ay s u pp o s e th a t a t Bogh a z
K e u i a s a t m a n y oth e r p l ac e s i n t h e i n t e rio r of A s i a M i n o r
t h e gov e rn m e n t w
, ,

a s i n t h e h a n d s of a fa m i ly who com bi n e d

roy a l w i t h p ri e s tly fu n ctio n s an d p e rs o n a t e d t h e god s wh o se

n a m es th e y bo re Thu s a t Pe s s i n us i n Ph rygi a a s w
. e S hal l ,

s ee l ate r o n t h e p ri e s t s of C yb e l e bo re t h e n a m e of h e r
,

co n s o rt A tt i s a n d doub t l es s re p re s e n t e d h i m i n t h e ri tu a l
,
?

1 “
T h e red b t th t
ca n be no ou a Hi tt i tes , pp . 238 s q. Th e Sy ri a n
th e re h is p t d e re S d re res en e a ac re Godde ss, p
i g f tw d i i
.

M i g th
arr a e, e m e et n o o e t es
2
S e e abo e , v p . 133 .

w h ipp d i di f f t p l
o rs e l i k th
n e re n a ces , e e
3
S ee b e o , l w p . 285 . C om pare th e
H orusf Ed f o d th H th f
u an e a or o re m a rk s o f S i r W . M . Ram say
“
( Pre
D d en h (C P T i l G h i h t d
e ra . . e e, esc c e er He ll en i c M m
on u C
e n ts a of
a doc a , pp i ”

R ligi
e i A lt t
on i m Th i er u m , . s Recu ei l de Tra vau x rela t ij syi la Ph i lo
vi w e t d i ff f
se e m s th gh i t
o er rom , ou l ogi e et d l A rch eologi e E gyp t i en n es
’ ’

a pp h throa c gg t d i
e s, th
e on e su es e n e et A ssy ri en n es , xiii
( 1 8 90 ) .
78 ) p .

t xt
e T h t th
. p
a t e sc e n e re re se n s a
“
i il
S m ar pi
r es t -d n as t s y a re a de wi
S d M i g b tw
a c re a rr a
g t g d e e e en a rea o p f
s re a d e at u re of t h e rm t e s oc a p i i iv i l
an d g dd i o th pi i
ess l f s e O n on a so o y
s st e m i Mi
of A s a n or t e r e s te n ce h i xi
P f M y w wi h i y i f
.

i s kn o n
’
ro Ed (G h i h t e er esc c e aes t c e rta n t or n e rred

w
. .

A lt t i
er u m s , pp 6 3 3
2
. d 2 . . an wi h p b ili y
t ro ab t at th e t o t o n s w
P f J G
ro . t g .
( Th L d
a rs an f t h e an o e Ko m an a ; a t Ve n asa n ot f ar n o rt h
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
t o th e th e m i n t h e p roc e s s i o n wh e re h e w a lk s
t hi rd of ,

b e h i n d h i s M oth e r a l o n e i n t h e p roc e s s io n o f w o me n a pp e a rs
to i n d ic a t e t h a t h e w
,

a s s u pp o se d t o b e mo re cl o se ly a k i n t o

h e r t h a n to h i s F a t h e r F rom thi s a g a i n w e m ay c on

w
.

j e c t u ra lly i n fe r t h a t m o th e r k i n ra th e r t h an fa th e r k i n as - -

t h e rul e wh ich re gul a t e d d e s c e n t a m o n g t h e H i tt i t e s The .

c o n j e ctu re d e riv e s s o m e s u pp o rt fro m H i t t it e arch i v es f or ,

t h e n a m e s of t h e G re a t Qu e e n a n d t h e Qu ee n M oth e r a re
?
m e n t i o n e d a l o n g w ith th a t of t h e K i n g i n s t a te docu m e n t s
Th e oth e r p e rs o n a g e s who figu re i n t h e p roc es s i o n m ay
re p re s e n t hu m a n b e i n g s m as qu e ra d i n g i n t h e co s tu m es a n d

w i th t h e a tt ri bute s of d e i t i e s Such f o r e x a m p l e a re t h e
tw
.
, ,

o fe m a l e figu re s who s t a n d o n a doubl e h e a d e d e a gl e ; -

t h e two m a l e figu re s s t e pp i n g o n wh a t se e m to be two

m ou n t a i n s a n d t h e two w i n g e d b e i n g s i n t h e p roc e ss io n of
m en o n e of who m m a y be t h e M oo n god
,
f or h e w e a rs a -
,
?
c re s c e n t o n h i s h e a d

5 . S a n da n and B aa l at Ta rs us

S an dan at Wh at e v e r m ay be though t of t h e s e S p e cul a tio n s on e th i n g ,

25522; to
s e e m s fa i rly cl e a r a n d c e rt a i n T h e figu re wh i ch I h a v e c a ll e d .

be a s on of t h e d iv i n e S on a t B ogh a z K e u i i s i d e n tic a l w i t h t h e god S a n -

,

da n who a pp e a rs o n t h e p y re a t T a rs u s
,
I n bo t h p e rs o n a g e s .

w as a s o n t h e co s tu m e t h e a tt ri but e s t h e a ttitud e a re t h e s a m e
,
Both ,
.

of Z eus
re p re s e n t a m a n cl a d i n a s ho rt tu n i c W i t h a t a l l p o i n t e d c a p
.

o n h i s h e a d a s wo rd a t h i s s i d e a doubl e h ea d e d a x e i n h i s
, ,
-

h a n d a n d a l io n or p an th e r u n d e r h i s fe e t ?
Acco rd i n gly i f
we a re ri ght i n id e n tifyi n g h i m a s th e d ivi n e S o n a t Bogh a z
, ,

1 H Wi kl .
“
Vo laufige N h
nc H Wi k l e r i s ri gh t i th i k i g (op
e r, r ac . nc n n n .

ri ch t n eii b e r di e Au g bu g in it p 2 9) t h t o of t h e Hi t ti t
s ra n en c a ne e

q uee s ws t th e s m e t i m
. .

B ogh k Oi i m S o m m er
az - Mit S i st e r t o n a a a e

t i lu g
e n d r D ut h
en O i t G ll
e h e r h u s b d t h e K i g w sh o u l d h v e
e sc en r en - ese an n , e a

s h f t No
c a , 3 5 D cem b e. 1 90 7 pp i th i s
,
l ati o sh ip fu t h er p oof th t
e r, , . n re n a r r a

2 7 sq .
, 29 ; J . Ga rs t an g, Th e L a n d f
o m oth k i g l t d th d
er- n t f re u a e e e s ce n o

the Hi tti tes 3 5 2 sq ; ,

H tt te
pp . .
“
i i th ek i g h ip g th
n Hi tt i t
s am on e es as

hiv f
A rc es rom B og az -K e u , t ran s h i w lle
‘

g th
as i t Egy pt i
a m on e a n c en an s.

l f
a t ed ro m t h e G e rm an t ra n sc r t s o f ip S ee b v p 4 4 d b l w l ii
a o e, .
,
an e o , vo . .

D r W n ck e r
. by M i i ll l
eta E W iam s , . pp . 2 1 3 s qq .

A n n a ls of A rch a eology a n d A n t h ro 2
Com p are E d M y Gesch i ch te
iv v p l d . e e r,
p olog ( L i d L o n o
y ,
e r oo
. a n n ,
des A ltertu m 2
i 2
pp 62 9 63 3
hv bv s -

p W
.
, . . .

1 91 2) 9 8 e a e se en (a o e ,
3 T h e fi ur e x h i b i ts a f wm i o r
. .

p h
1 3 6) l
t a t i n th e s ea s of th e g e e n

v ri t i o s o th e c oi of T r u S e
.

H tt te treat
i i y wi h yp t E g t th e Q ue en a a n n ns a s s. e

app l wi h
e a rs a on g i t th e K n g If Dr . . t h w o rk s c i te d b ov e p 1 2 7
e a , . .
CH A P vi . S A NDA N A ND BA A L A T TA RS US

Keu i w
.o

,
e m ay c o n j e ctu re th a t u n d e r t h e n a m e o f S a n d a n h e

b o re t h e s a m e ch a ra ct e r a t T a rs u s T h e co n j e ctu re s qu a re s .

p e rfe c t ly w i th t h e t i t l e of H e rcul e s whi ch t h e G ree k s

b e s t ow e d o n S a n d an f or H e rcu l e s w
,

a s t h e s o n of Z e u s t h e

g re a t fa t h e r go d M o re ove r w
,

-
e h a v e s e e n th a t t h e B a a l of

T ars u s w ith t h e g ra p e s a n d t h e co rn i n h i s h an d w
.
,

,
as ,

a ss i m i l a t e d to Z e u s
?
Thu s i t woul d a pp ear th a t a t T a rs u s
a s a t Bogh a z K e u i t h e re w -
a s a p a i r of d e i t i e s a d i vi n e F a th e r ,

a n d a d ivi n e S o n who m t h e G re e k s i d e n t i fi e d with Z e u s

I f t h e B aa l of T a rs u s w
,

a n d H e rcul e s re s p e c t iv e ly a s a god
.

of fe rt i l ity a s h i s a tt ri bu t es cl e a rly i m p ly h i s i d e n ti fic a ti o n
wi t h Z e u s w o u l d be n at u ra l s i n c e i t w
, ,

a s Z e u s who i n t h e , ,

?
b e l i e f o f t h e G ree k s s e n t t h e fe rt i l i zi n g ra i n fro m h e a v e n
,

A n d t h e i d e n ti fic a t i o n of S a n d a n w i t h H e rcul es woul d be
e qu a l ly n a tu ra l s i n c e t h e l io n a n d t h e d ea th o n t h e p y re
,

w e re fea tu re s co m m o n to b o th O u r co n clu s io n t h e n i s t h a t
it w a s t h e d ivi n e S on t h e l io n god who w
.

a s bu rn e d i n e f figy
,
-
,

o r i n t h e p e rs o n of a hum a n re p re s e n t a tiv e a t T a rs u s a n d ,

p e rh ap s at B ogh a z K e u i S e m i t i c p a ra l l e l s s ugge s t t h a t t h e
-
.

vi cti m who p l a y e d t h e p a rt o f t h e S on o f God i n t h e fi e ry

? ’
fu rn a c e o u gh t i n s t rict n e s s to be t h e k i n g s s o n B ut n o
doubt i n l a t e r t i m e s a n e f figy wou ld be s ub s t itut e d f o r t h e
m an .

6 . Pri es tly K i ngs of Olba

U n fortu n at e l y we k n ow oth i n g of t h e k i n g s a n d ne xt to n

p ri e s t s o f T a rs u s I n G re e k t i m es w e h ea r o f a n Ep i cu re a n

p hi l os o p h e r of t h e c i t y Ly s i a s by n a m e who w
.

a s e l e ct e d by
, ,

h i s fe ll o w c it i z e n s t o t h e o f fic e o f C ro w n w ea re r t h a t i s to
- -
, ,

t h e p ri e s t h o o d o f H e rcul e s O n c e ra i s e d to t h a t d ig n i ty h e .
,

woul d n ot lay i t dow n a g a i n but p l ay e d t h e p a rt o f ty ra n t , ,

w e a ri n g a whi t e rob e e dg e d wi t h p u rp l e a c os tly clo a k wh i t e , ,

s ho e s a n d a gold e n w re a th o f
, l a u re l He t ruck l e d t o t h e .

mob by d i s t ri buti n g a m o n g th e m t h e p ro p e rty of t h e w e a l t hy ,

wh il e h e p u t t o d e a th s uch a s re fu s e d t o o p e n th e i r mo n e y
bags to h i m ?
Though w e c a n n ot d i s t i n gu i s h i n t h i s a ccou n t

1 Ab o e , v p1 19 . .
4 At h C Th
en a e us , v .
5 4, p . 21 5 B, . e
2 Th e M a
gi c A rt a n d t he E volu t i on h igh p i t f h S y i g dd
-
r es t o t e r an o e ss a

R i n gs , i i 3 5 8 sqq Hi p l i h l d ffi f y
'

f
o . . e ra o s d e o ce or a ea r, an
3 Th
e Dy i n g God, 1 6 6 s qq pp . . wore a p pl b d g ld i
ur e ro e an a o en t a ra
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
b e tw e e n l e g a l a n d t h e i ll e g a l e x e rci se of a u th o ri ty y e t
th e
we m ay sa fe ly i n fe r t h at t he p ri e sthood of H e rcu l e s t h a t i s
,

of S an d an a t T a rs u s c o n t i n u e d dow n to l a t e t i m e s to be
,

a n o f fic e of g rea t d ig n i ty a n d p ow e r n o t u n w o rthy to b e ,

K i n gs of h e ld i n e a rl i e r ti m e s by t h e k i n g s th e m s e lv es Sc a n t y a s i s
o ur i n fo rm a tio n a s t o t h e k i n g s of C i l i ci a w e h e a r of t w
l
.

C i ic ia
l
re a t e d t o
o ,

S a n da n who s e n a m e s a pp e a r to i n d i c a t e th a t th e y s t ood i n s om e
O n e of t h e m w
.

s p e c i a l re l a t i o n t o t h e d i vi n e S a n d a n
’
S a n du a rri lo rd of K u n d i a n d S i zu ,
as

h i ch h a v e b e e n i de n t i
l
Th e oth e r w
,
w .

fi e d wi th A n ch i a l e a n d S i s i n C i li c i a as .

S a n d a s a rm e who ga v e h i s d a ught e r i n m a rri ag e t o A s hu r

-
,
?
ban i p a l k i n g of A s s y ri a
,
I t woul d be i n a cco rd a n c e w i th
a n a logy if t h e k i n g s o f T a rs u s fo rm e rly h e l d t h e p ri e s th o od
of S a n d a n a n d cl a i m e d to re p re s e n t h i m i n t h e i r o w n p e rs o n .

Pri e s t ly We k n ow th a t t h e w h ol e of W e s t e rn or M ou n t a i n ou s
k i n gs o f
l w
O ba h o
C i l ic i a w as ru l e d by k i n g s who c o mbi n e d t h e re g a l o f fic e

b ore t h e w i th t h e p ri es thood of Z e u s or ra th e r of a n a tiv e d e ity ,

n a m e s of

T e u c e r an d whom l i k e t h e B aa l of T a rs u s t h e G ree k s a s s i m i l a t e d to
the i r ow
, ,

Aja x .
n Z eu s Th e s e p ri e s tl y p o t e n t a t e s h a d th e i r s e a t
.

a t O l b a a n d m o s t of t h e m bo re t h e n a m e e i t h e r of T e uc e r

or o f Aj a x ? but w
,

e m ay s u s p e ct th a t t h e s e a pp e ll a tio n s a re

m e re ly G ree k d i s t o rt i o n s of n a ti ve C i l i ci a n n a m e s T e uc er .

Teu h ros ) m a y be a co rru p ti o n of T a rk T rok T a rk u o r , , ,

T roko a ll of wh ich occu r i n t h e n a m e s of C i l i ci a n p ri e s t s

,

a n d k i n gs A t a ll e v e n t s i t i s wo rthy of n o ti c e th a t o n e
.
, ,

(Luc i a n , D e dea Sy ri a , We m ay Popli cola , 1 7 ; Corp u s I n s cript i on u m

j
c on ec t ure t ath th e pi r es t h o od of Gra eca ru m , e d A ugu st B oeck h , e t c
w
. .

He rc u l es at T a rs us as in l a t er i
t m es ( B e r n ,
1 8 2li
8 —18
7 7 ) vo l 2 00 , . iii p . .

at l e a st a n an n u a l ffi o ce . No 44 0 1 Ch . c e , Recu ei l d I n
’
. Mi h l
1 E . My
Gesch i ch te des A lter
e e r, s cript i on s Grecq u es (B russ e s , l
th a m s , i
(S tuttga rt, 1 8 8 4 )
.
3 8 9, p . p .
7 1 8 , No 8 7 8 ; R He b e rdey u n d . .

475 H W n ck e r, i n E S c rade r s
. i ’
l . h A W . e m ,
“
i lh l
Re se n i n K k en , i ili i
K e i l i n sch rif t en u n d da s A lte Tes ta D en hsch rif ten der K a i ser A ha dem i e
w
.

m en t , 3 88 p K ui n da as th e n a m e der Wi ssen sch af ten , Ph i los op h -h i s tor

l i ttl wy i l d
. . . .

il i f x l iv
(V e n n a, 1 8 96 ) No vi
,

of a C i c an o rt re ss a e a n an Classe, . i . .

from An c a hi l e (S tra b xi v 5
o, p . . 1 0, . pp 4 6 , 1 3 1 sq , 1 4 0 (I n sc r t on s 1 1 5 ,
. . ip i
672)
2 E . My e e r, p
o . ci t . i .
3 93 , p . S t rabo, xi
3
5 1 0, p 6 7 2 v
T he . . . .

4 8 0 ; C P T e. e ,
B aby l on i s ch
. i l n a m e of th e i g -p ri est A a x , son of h h j
a s sy ri sch e Gesch i ch te, 3 60 S an p . . T e uc e r, o cc urs on c oi n s o f O ba , da t l
don a n d S an as occ ur re ea te d as p dly f
i n g rom a ou t th e b
egi n n i n g o f o ur b
n am es o f C c an m e n ili i
T e a re . hy e ra (B V He a d Hi s t ori a Nu m oru m ,
. . ,

p roba b ly i d i l w i h
e n t ca t , or m o e difi d f d
O x or , 1 8 8 7 , p an d th e n a m e .

fo rm s of , th e ivi
d n e n am e S ee . o f T e uc e r i s a s o k n o n l
ro m i n s c ri p w f
S t rab o, 5 xi v
1 4 , p 6 7
.
4 ; P utarc ,
. . l h t i on s . bl w
S e e e o , pp 1 4 5 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 9 . .
1 46 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1

sa c re d e n clo s u re I t i s s a id t h a t i n ol d e n t i m e s t h e s a c ri fic e
wa s o ffe re d t o A gra u lus a n d n ot to D i o m e d e Acco rd i n g
.

t o a n oth e r a cc o u n t i t w
.
,

a s i n s t itu t e d by T e uc e r i n ho n ou r of

Zeus . H owe v er t h a t m ay h av e b e e n t h e b a rb a ro u s cu s to m ,

l a s t e d dow n t o t h e re ig n o f H a d ri an wh e n D i ph i lus k i n g of , ,

C y p ru s a b o l i s h e d o r ra t h e r m i t i g a t e d i t by s u b st i t u t i n g t h e
,

s a c ri fi c e of a n o x f o r th a t o f a m a n O n t h e hy p o th e s i s h e re
?

s ugg e s t e d w e mu s t s u pp o s e t h a t t h e s e G re e k n a m e s o f d ivi n e

o r h e roi c fi gu re s a t t h e Cy p ri a n S a l a m i s cov e re d mo re o r l e s s

S i m i l a r fi gu re s of t h e A s i a t i c p a n t h e o n A n d i n th e S al a m i n i an
bu rn t s a c ri fi c e o f a m a n w
.

-
e m a y p e rh a p s d e te ct t h e o rigi n a l

fo rm of t h e c e re mo n y which i n h i s t o ric a l ti m e s a pp e a rs t o
h a v e b ee n p e rfo rm e d u p o n a n i m a g e o f S an d a n o r H e rcu l e s
a t T a rs u s Wh e n a n o x w
. a s sa c ri fic e d i n s t e a d o f a m an ,

t h e o ld s ac ri fic i a l ri t e s woul d n a tu ra l ly co n t i n u e to be o b
s e rve d i n a ll oth e r re s p e ct s e x a c t ly a s b e fo re : t h e a n i m a l

wou l d be le d t h ric e rou n d t h e a lt a r s ta bb e d w i th a s p e a r

Nowa t t h e Sy ri a n H i e ra p ol i s t h e
, ,

a n d bu rn e d o n a p y re .

g re a t e s t fe s tiva l o f t h e y e a r b ore t h e n a m e of t h e Py re o r
t h e To rch It w a s h e l d a t t h e b e gi n n i n g of s p ri n g
. G re a t .

t ree s w e re t h e n cut d o w n a n d p l a n t e d i n t h e c o u rt of t h e
t e m p l e : s h e e p go a t s bi rd s a n d oth e r c re a t u re s w e re hu n g
, , ,

u p o n t h e m : s a c ri fic i a l vic t i m s w e re le d rou n d : t h e n fi re
wa s se t t o t h e whol e a n d e v e ry t hi n g was co n s u m e d i n t h e
P e rh a p s h e re a l s o t h e bu rn i n g o f a n i m a l s w
,

?
fl ames as a

s ub s titu t e f o r t h e bu rn i n g o f m en W h e n t h e p ra c t i c e o f .

hu m a n sa c ri fic e b e co m e s too re v o l ti n g t o hu m a n i t y t o b e
tol e ra t e d i t s a bol iti o n i s c o m mo n ly e ff e c te d by s ub s t i t uti n g
,

1 Porp hy yr D e a bs t i n en t i a , 1 1 5 4
, . B es de i th e p ow er of th e Ro m an

s
q ; L ac t a n t i us, D i v i n I n st 2 1 i go v e rn o rs , hv th i e r au t h i ty
or c an a e

w
. . . .

wh lit l h i l lik
.

A s t o th e da t e e n t h e c u s t om as be en t e m o re t an n om na e

w
,

li h y h
a bo s e d, La c ta n t i u s sa s t a t i t as th f at ti v o j h i B i ti h I di
na e ra a s n r s n a .

do n e “
ly
re ce n t iin th e re gn of S l
e e u c us h T h l gi y b t e eo o an m a e, as

Hadr an i ”
p hy y y h
Por r sa s t at th e J A Fb i i pp d (B i bli th
a r c us su os e o eca

w
. . .

p ra c t i c e as w
p u t d o n b y D i h
p i lu s , G H b g 78
raeca ,
4
8 9 l iam ur , 1 0— 1 0 , vo . .

i
k n g of yp C ru s , “
i n th e ti m e o f p 86 p p th A l x
c om d i a re e e an r an

i w
. .
,

l h l i
S e e u c us th e T e o og a n hi A s no t n g
.
gra m m a r an h p d l i o co m os e a v o um n ous

se e m s t o be k n o w n a s t o th e da t e o f w k or h g d (S i d
on t e o s u a s, s v
. .

i l h
K n g D i ph i lus an d S e e uc us t h e T eo Et h ) S t i t ll
e viros . d t u e on u s e s a n a n ec o e

hv v
logi an , I a e e n t ured to a s s u m e , on (Ti b i 5 6) b t
er u s ,
g i a ou a ra m m a r a n

h
th e s t ren gt o f La c t an ti us s s t a t e m e n t ,
’
d Sl
n am e wh fl ihd d e e u c us o ou r s e , an

h hy w
t at t e e re p i c on t em o ra r es of fdd p
a e ly t th t
re m a t u re f , a e c ou r o

Ha dr a n B ut i t i s c uri ous t o fi n d
i . i
T b e r us i .

i
k n gs of yp i i l
C rus re gn n g s o a te .
2
Lu c i an , D e dea Sy ri a , 4 9 .
 CH A P VI . PRI E S TL Y K I NGS OF OL BA
e t i h e r a n i m a l s o r i m a g e s f or l iv i n g m e n o r w o m e n I\ t .

S a l a m i s c e rt a i n ly a n d p e rh a p s a t H i era p ol i s t h e s ub s t itu t e s
, ,

w e re a n i m a l s : a t T a rs u s i f I a m ri gh t t h e y w e re i m a ge s , , .

I n thi s c o n n e x i o n t h e s t a t e m e n t of a G re e k w ri t e r a s t o t h e B t urn

ifi
wo rs h i p of Ado n i s i n C y p ru s d e se rv e s a tt e n t i o n He s ay s f d v .
sac r

o
ce

o es

t h a t a s A d o n i s h ad b e e n h on o u re d by A p h rod i t e t h e t o A d ,
on is .

Cy p ri a n s a ft e r h i s d e a th c a s t l iv e d ov e s o n a p y re t o h i m ,

a n d th a t t h e bi rd s flyi n g a w a y from t h e fl a m e s fe l l i n to , ,

a n oth e r p y re a n d w e re co n s u
?
m ed T h e s t a t e m e n t se e m s t o
be a d e s c ri p ti o n of a n a ctu a l cu s t o m of bu rn i n g dov es i n
s a c ri fic e to Ad o n i s Such a mod e of ho n ou ri n g h i m wou l d .

be v e ry re m a rk a bl e s i n c e dov e s w e re com m o n ly s a c re d to ,

h i s d ivi n e m i s t re ss A p h rod i t e o r A s t a rt e Fo r e x a m p l e a t .
,

t h e Sy ri a n H i e ra p ol i s o n e o f t h e chi e f se a t s o f h er wo rs h i p , ,

t h e s e bi rd s w e re s o holy t h a t t h e y m ight n ot e v e n b e
t ouch e d I f a m a n i n a dv e rt e n tly t ouch e d a dov e h e w
. as ,

u n cl e a n o r t a boo e d f o r t h e re s t of t h e day H en ce the .

bi rd s n e v e r b e i n g m o l e s t e d w e re s o t a m e t h a t t h e y l i ve d
, ,

w i t h t h e p e o p l e i n t h e i r h o u s e s a n d c o m m o n ly p ick e d u p ,

?
t h e i r fo od fe a rl e s s ly o n t h e g ro u n d C a n t h e bu rn i n g o f
t h e s a c re d bi rd of A p h ro d it e i n t h e Cy p ri a n w o rs hi p o f
Ado n i s h a v e b e e n a s u b s ti tut e f or t h e bu rn i n g o f a s ac re d
m a n who p e rs o n a t e d t h e lov e r of t h e godd e s s ?

I f a s m a n y s ch o l a rs thi n k T a rk or T a rk u w as t h e n a m e Th e

p i t ly
, , ,

o r p a rt of t h e n a m e a g re a t H i tti t e d e ity
r es
of s om e t i m e s
T
i d e n ti fi e d a s t h e god of t h e s k y a n d t h e l ight n i n g ? w
, , e u cers

e m ay f Olb o a

1 D i oge n i a n u s , Pra ef a t i o, i n Pa roc ri en n es , xi v .

( 1 90 3 ) pp 8 1 sq ; C P
. . . .

m i ograp h i Gra eci , e d E L Leu t s c h Ti e l e, Gesch i ch t e der Reli gi on i m A l

w
. .

M ull
.

et F G S c h n e i de i n (G o tt n gen ,
. . i tert u m ,
i . 2 5 1 W . M ax e r,

1 83 9 1 1 80 Raou Roc e t te . l -
h A s i en un d E u rop a , p .
333 ; P .
J en

d
.

re ga rde th e c us t o m as a rt o f th e p se n , Hi t t i ter und A rm en i er, pp .

7 0,
i l
r t ua o f t h e d n e de a t a n d res u rre c ivi h 1 50 qq , s . 1 55 s qq .
; F . Ho m m e l ,

t i on . He c om are i t t t h e bu rn n g p d wi h i G ru n dri ss Geograp h i e u n d Ge

der
of M l
e cart a t T re h
S ee h i s m e m o r, y . i sch i ch t e des a lten Ori en ts , 44, 5 1 pp .

“
S ur l He rc ule A s s r en e t P n c i e n ,
’ ”
yi hé i sq ; .L . M
e sse rs c m dt , Th e Hi t t i tes , h i
M é m oi res de l A ca dem i e des I n s crip ti on s
’ ’
p 40 S ir W y h
Ram sa t i n k s M
w
. . . .

et B el les L et t res , i D e u x i é m e Pa rt e
-
xv i i ht a t T a rk v
a s th e n a t i e n a m e

w
.

32p o f t h e god y
h o h a d h i s s an c tua r a t
w w
. .

2 Lu c i
a n , D e dea S ri a ,
y 54 . pp
D a s ta rk on i n C a i a doc a a n d h o as
3 A H S a ce , i n W Wr g t s ’
y i h ll
c a e d b y t h e G re e k s t h e C a ta o n i a n

yw v
. . .

E m p i re of th e Hi tt i tes , 2 1 86 ; W p . . p ll
A o o : hi s san c tua r as re e re d a l l

M . Ra m s a , “
Pre He e n c on u y -
ll i M v
o er Ca pp i xi v
ado c a (S t ra b o , 2 5, . .

m e n ts of C a a doc a ,
”
Recu ei l de pp i p P f H l h ld h ro om m e o s t at
h w th
. .

Tra v a u x rela t if s 12 la Ph i lologi e et T k ar T u or h i f Hi tti

a rc u as e c e te
d l A rch eologi e Egy p t i en n es cl A ssy d i y w h ipp d ll v h h f
’ ’

e t ,
o rs e a o er t e s ou t o
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
co n j e ctu re t h a t T a rk or T a rku w a s t h e n a t ive n a m e o f the
god o f O l b a wh o m t h e G re e k s c a l l e d Z e u s a n d t h a t t h e
p ri es tly k i n g s w
, ,

h o b o re t h e n a m e of T e uc e r re p re s e n t e d
t h e god T a rk o r T a rk u i n th e i r o w n p e rs o n s Th i s c o n .

j e c t u re i s co n fi rm ed by t h e o b se rv a ti o n th a t O l b a t h e ,

a n ci e n t n a m e of t h e c i t y i s i t se l f m e re ly a G re c i z e d fo rm ,

of O u ra t h e n a m e wh ich t h e p l a c e re t a i n s to t hi s day ?

T h e s i t u a t io n of t h e t Ow
,

n mo re ov e r s p e a k s s t ro n gly i n
fa vou r o f t h e vi e w th a t i t w
, ,

as fro m t h e b e gi n n i n g a n
a bo ri gi n a l s e ttl e m e n t though i n a fte r d a y s l i k e s o m a n y
, ,

oth e r A s i a ti c c i ti e s i t t o ok on a v a rn i s h of G re e k cu l t u re
, .

Fo r i t s tood re mot e from t h e s e a o n a l ofty a n d b a rre n

t a bl e l a n d wi th a ri go rou s wi n t e r cl i m a t e i n t h e h ighl an d s
, ,

of C i l ici a .

G re a t i n d ee d i s t h e co n t ra s t b e tw e e n t h e b l e a k wi n dy
u p l a n d s o f W e s t e rn or Rugg e d C i l i ci a a s t h e a n c i e n t s c a l l e d ,

i t a n d t h e s oft l u x u ri a n t lowl an d s o f E as t e rn C i l i ci a wh e re
,
.

w i n t e r i s a l mo s t u n k n ow n a n d s u mm e r a n n u a l ly d ri v e s t h e
p o p ul a ti o n to s ee k i n t h e cool a i r of th e mou n t a i n s a re fuge
from t h e i n tol e ra bl e h e a t a n d d e a d ly fe v e rs of t h e p l a i n s .

I n W e s t e rn C i l ic i a o n t h e oth e r h a n d a lofty t a bl e l a n d
, , ,

en d i n g i n a h i gh s h arp e d g e o n t h e co as t ri ses s t e a d ily ,

i n l an d ti l l i t p a s se s g ra d u a l ly i n to t h e ch a i n of h e i ght s
wh ich d i vi d e i t fro m t h e i n t e ri o r L ook e d a t f rom t h e s ea .

i t re s e mbl es a g re a t bl u e w a v e s w e l l i n g i n o n e u n i fo rm
s w e e p t i l l i t s c re s t b re a k s i n to f o a m i n t h e d i s t a n t s n ow s

of t h e T a u ru s T h e s u rfa c e o f t h e t a bl e l a n d i s a l mo s t
.

e v e rywh e re rocky a n d ov e rg row n i n t h e i n t erva l s o f t h e ,

rock s w i th d e n s e t ho rn y a l mo s t i m p e n e t ra bl e s c rub O n ly
h e re a n d th e re i n a hol lo wo r gl e n t h e n i gg a rd ly s o i l a l low s
, , , .

of a p a tch o f cul t i v a ti o n a n d h e re a n d th e re fi n e o a k s a n d

As a i Mi
nor Pro W M ax Mu e r i s
. f
. . ll 8
(1 90 ) p
45 8 ; id , .
“
A o u rn e i n . J y
of o pi i
n on t a t T a rgh o r Ta rkh di d n o t h ili i
C c a T ra c h e i a , j ou rn a l of Helle ni c
”

i p i
des gn a te a n y a rt c u a r de t , bu t as l i y w S t u di es , x i i ( 1 8 9 1 ) 222 ; W
. p . . M .

l
th e ge n e ra H tt t e n a m e f or
“
i i
go d
”
. y
Ram sa , Hi stori ca l Geograp hy of A s i a
h d
T e re a re grou n s f o r o d n g t a t th e h l i h M i n or (Lon don , 2 2 , 3 64 pp . .

p p
ro e r n am e o f th e H t t te t u n de r i i h S ir W M
Ram say ha d s o n grou n ds h w
w h l w
. .

go d as T e s h ub or T e sh up S ee . hi
f o r t n k i n g t a t O ba as a G rec z e i d
a bo v p
e, 1 35 n ot e f orm of a n at e n a m e O u r a ( ro
p iv b
w f
. .

1
J . T . B en t , E xp l or t i o
a ns in n oun c e d O ur a ) b e ore M r T J . . .

C ili i
T ra ch e i a ,
c a Proceedi ngs of ”
the B en t sc o e reddi v th e s te an d th e i
Roy a l Geograp h i ca l S oci ety , N S . . xii . n am e .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A ND A N B OO K 1
u p o n t h e ri ch m e rch a n t m e n i n t h e Gol d e n S e a a s t h e co rs a i rs ,

c a l l e d t h e hi ghw a y of c o m m e rc e b e tw e e n C re t e a n d Afric a .

A s t a i rc a se cu t i n t h e rock co n n e c t s o n e of th e s e ru i n e d
c a s tl e s wi t h t h e riv e r i n t h e gl e n a thou s a n d fe e t b e low , .

B ut t h e s t e p s a re wo rn a n d d a n g e ro u s i n d e e d i m p a s s a bl e , .

Y o u m a y go f or m i l e s a l o n g t h e e dg e of th e s e s tu p e n d o u s
cl i ffs b e fo re you fi n d a w a y dow n T h e p a th s k e e p o n th e .

h e i ghts f or i n m a n y of i t s re a ch es t h e gu lly a ff o rds n o

,

fo o t hol d e v e n t o t h e a gi l e n o m a d s who a lo n e ro a m th e s e
s o l itud e s At e v e n i n g t h e wi n d i n g c o u rs e of t h e rive r m a y
.

be t ra c e d f o r a l o n g d i s t a n c e by a m i s t wh i ch as t h e h e a t ,

of t h e day d e cl i n es ri s es l i k e s t ea m from t h e d e e p g o rge ,

a n d h an g s s u s p e n d e d i n a w a vy l i n e of flee c y cl o u d a b o v e

it . B u t e v e n mo re i m p o s i n g t h an t h e ra vi n e of t h e L a m as
i s t h e t e rri fic go rg e k n o w n a s t h e S h ei ta n dere o r D e v i l s
’

G l e n n e a r t h e C o ryc i a n c a ve P ro d i gi o u s w a ll s of rock .
,

glow i n g i n t h e i n t e n se s u n l i ght bl a ck i n t h e s h a dow a n d , ,

s p an n e d by a s u m m e r s ky of t h e d e e p es t blu e h e m i n ,

t h e dry be d of a w i n t e r t o rre n t ch o k e d w i th ro ck s a n d ,

t a n gl e d w i t h th ick e t s o f e v e rg re e n s a mo n g whi ch t h e ,

ol e a n d e rs wi th t h e i r s l i m s t a lk s d e l i c a t e t a p e r l e a v e s a n d , ,

bu n ch e s of c ri m s o n bl os s o m s t a n d out co n s p icuou s ?

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J . h dT eo ore B en t, “
E xp l o t i o ra ns 4 45
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in Ci l i i T
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Sy b l
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f
o H e l l en i c S t u d i es , x ii (1 8 9 1 ) . pp . a b h f g p th p f t h
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2 0 8 , 2 1 0 -2 1 2 , 2 1 7 -2 1 9 ; R He b e rdey . Di i th
os cu r h l gg d y b l d
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und A W . e m , i lh l
Re sen i n K k e n , i i li i so A
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u n m er o c a n an u

Wi ssen sch af ten , Ph i los op h -h i stori sch e . s ee T h ph t eoHi t i Pl t ra s u s , s or a a n a ru m ,

C lasse, xl iv
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w
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,

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Roads i n E as te rn A s a n or, Roy a l i Mi ti on i w gh t i

s th f t b y th
rou n e ore s s e

Geograp h i ca l S oci ety , S upp lem en t a ry ro v i g Y k w i h th i fl k ; f

n uru s t e r oc s or

Pap ers , vol . iii p

a rt 5 (Lo n don , . t h y l i gh t t h i
e fi d th t e r re s un er e re e s ,

pp 6 5 3 sq
. A s t o th e C c a n
. ra t e s ili i pi t p th
a fi f et p ti rs b k th or ur en n e, ar e

s e e S t rab o, 5 2, xi v
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l
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B ellu m M i t h ri da t 9 2 s q D i o Ca s . . t h t tha g ey g w f th i
ra ss m a ro or e r

i
s n s, xxx v i2 0 -2 4 [3. ed L D in . . s h p d g t S J T B
ee an oa s . ee . . en t ,

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C ce ro, D e i m p eri o Cu Pom p ei i , . i n Proceedi ngs of t he Roy a l Geograp h i
1 1 sq .Th . M
om m s e n , Rom a n Hi s ca l S oci ety , N S (1 8 90 ) 45 3 . . xii . pp .

tory (Lon don , 68 7 0, iii .

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T he u i n s of O l b a a m o n g t h e mo s t e x t e n s iv e a n d T h i t
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M r J Th e od o re B e n t
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.

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s o f a r fro m bl u e w a t e r ; but i t s e rv e d w e l l f o r a fa s t n e s s

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.

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.
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c o lu m n s of a s m a l l t e m p l e d e d i ca t e d t o t h é g o dd e s s F o rt u n e .

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,

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,

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Hoga rth Wa n deri ng

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PP 5 7 5
9
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an d ci e n t p a v e d ro a d l i n e d w i t h tom b s a n d ru i n s
an an

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.

a n c i e n t n a m e of O u ra H e re t h e p ri n ci p a l ru i n s occu p y .

a n i s o l a t e d fi r cl a d h e i gh t b o u n d e d by two n a rro w ra vi n es
-

ful l o f ro ck c u t tom b s B e low t h e t o w n t h e ra vi n e s u n i t e

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of Z eu s B ut a t two p l a c e s n e a r t h e c o a s t d i s t a n t o n ly
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,

s o m e fo u rt ee n o r fi ft ee n m i l e s from O l b a a de i t y a ls o c a l l e d '

Z e u s by t h e G re e k s w
,

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of a re m a rk a bl e k i n d wh ich m u s t h a v e s t o o d i n clo s e ,

re l a ti o n wi th t h e wo rs hi p a n d a r e th e re fo re fit t e d t o ,

i l l u s t ra t e i t I n both p l a c e s t h e fe a tu re s of t h e l a n d s c a p e
.

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wa s d e fi n i te ly i d e n t i fie d w i t h t h e Z e u s of O l b a T h e
,

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a t i n t e rv a l s by tho se g re a t ch a s m s wh i ch a re ch a ra c t e ri s t ic

of a l i m e s t o n e fo rm a ti o n S i m i l a r fi s s u re s w i t h t h e .
,

a cco m p a n i m e n t o f s t re a m s o r riv e rs which p o u r i n t o th e m

a n d v a n i s h u n d e r g rou n d a re fre q u e n t i n G re e c e a n d m a y be

o b s e rv e d i n o u r o w
, ,

n cou n t ry n e a r I n gl e bo ro ugh i n Y o rk s hi re .

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1
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’

li i ”
i n C i c a T ra ch e i a , Proceedi ngs qf t h e q u e s, p . 8 5 8 No 1 2 3 1
, I n on e p ace
. . l
Roy a l Geograp h i ca l S oci ety , N S . . xii .
(j ou rn a l o
f Hellen i c S tu di es , xii . 222 )
( 1 8 90 ) pp 4 4 5 4 5 8 460 ; i d
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B en t g iv es th e h i gh t
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A J
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ee s s a m s r n t, th i i ipi
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e re (Proceedi n s o
g f t he Roy a l
( 1 8 90 ) pp
2 20 2 22 ;. E L H ck s , -
. . i Geograph i ca l S oci ety , N S x- 446 . . ii .

f ili iv hih ly
,

I n sc r t o n s ro m We s t e rn C c i a ,
ip i x
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4 5 8 ) h e g e s th e e g t as e a c t

ib. pp
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. R He be rdey u n d
-
.
5 8 5 0 or ro u g 6 000 e e t hly
Th e m i s f .

A W. i lh
e m ,
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Re s en i n K i i k e n , i l i pi r n t h as u n ortu n a t e f
b e e n re ea t e ly p d
D en hs ch rif ten der ha i ser A ha dem i e der . by M
e ss rs Heberdey a n d W e m
. li lh
Wi s sen sch af ten , Ph i los -h i s te r Cla sse,
'

. .
(op ci t
. . p
8 4 n ot e .Th e ta to e r ll w
xliv .
(Vi en n a ,
1 8 96 ) No . v i pp . . of l fi
O ba i s gure d on th e c o n s o f th e i
83 9 1 ;
- W . M . Ra m sa y an d D . G . cit y S e e G F H , Ca ta logu e of t he
. . . i ll
Hoga rth , in Am e ri ca n j ou rn a l o
f G reeh Coi n s of L y ca on i a , I s a u ri a , a n d
A rch aeology , vi .
( 1 8 90 ) p .
3 4 5 ; Ch . Ci l i ci a (Lon don , 8 p l xxii
. . .
154 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B O OK 1

en c l o s e i t v a ry fro m o n e h u n d re d to ov e r t w o hu n d re d fe e t

i n d e p th . I t s u n e v e n b o tto m l p e s t h rough o u t i t s wh o l e
l e n gth from n o rt h t o s o u t h a n d i s c ov e re d by a t hi ck j u n gl e ,

o f t re e s a n d sh rub s — my rt l e s p om e g ra n a t e s c a ro bs a n d _

, , ,

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, ,

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a n d rough b ut t h e d ee p e r you d e s c e n d t h e d e n s e r gro w s t h e

,

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,

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a t l a s t re a ch t h e bottom T h e s a ff ro n wh i ch o f o ld g re w h e re
.

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,

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,
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t e th e r th e i r c a m e l s an d p astu re t h e i r go a t s i n i t a n d com e
h ith e r i n t h e l a t e s u m m e r t o g a t h e r t h e ri p e p om e g ra n at e s .

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hol low you c o m e to t h e c a v e rn p ro p e r Th e ru i n s of a .

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.

g e n tl e s l o p e i n to t h e bow e l s of t h e e a rt h Th e ol d p a t h .

p av e d wi t h p o lygo n a l m a s o n ry s ti l l run s th rough i t bu t ,

s oo n d i s a pp e a rs u n d e r s a n d A t a bout two hu n d re d fe e t .

from i t s mou t h t h e c a v e co m e s to a n e n d a n d a t re m e n dou s ,

ro a r of s ub t e rran e a n w a t e r i s h e a rd By c ra w l i n g o n a ll .

fou rs you m ay re ach a s m a l l p ool a rch e d by a d ri pp i n g

s t a l a ctit e hu n g roof but t h e s t re a m wh ich m a k e s t h e
-

It w
,

d e a fe n i n g di n i s i n vi s i bl e a s o t h e rwi s e i n a n tiqu ity

. .

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v a n i s h a g a i n i n t o a ch as m Such ch an g e s i n t h e cou rs e .

o f s t re a m s a re com mo n i n c o u n t ri e s s ubj e ct to e a rth

qu a k e s a n d to t h e d i s ru p t io n c a u s e d by volc a n i c a g e n cy
Th e a n ci e n t s b e l i e v e d t h a t th i s my s t e ri o u s c a v e rn w
.

as

h a u n t e d g rou n d I n t h e ru mbl e a n d ro a r o f t h e w a t e rs
.

th e y s ee m e d to h e a r t h e cl as h of cym b a l s touch e d by h a n d s
?
d i vi n e
1
S t r b o xi v 5 5 pp 6 7 0 q ;
a , . .
,
G gr p h i l S o i ty N S xii ( 1 8 9 0 )
. s . eo a ca c e , . . .

M l i 7 2 7 5 d G P rth ey ; J
e a, .
-
, e . pp 4 46 4 4 8 ; i d
. a
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A Jo r y i. .
-
.
, u ne n

Exp l o t i on s i C i l ici C i l i c i T ch i H ”
T . B ten ,
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T rac h ei a, P o di g r cee
f t h e Rn y l
s S t u di
o xii ( 1 8 9 1 ) pp
o a2 1 2 2 1 4 ; R es , . .
-
.
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If no wqu i tti
c a v e rn w e re t u rn by t h e s a m e p a t h P i t
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t o t h e s um m i t of t h e cl i ff s w
, ,

2sg
3
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, i

ru i n s of a tow n a n d o f a t e m p l e a t t h e w e s t e rn e dg e o f the
g re a t Co ryci a n ch a s m Th e w a l l of t h e h o ly p re ci n ct w as

bu i l t wi t hi n a f e wfe e t of t h e p re ci p ic e s a n d t h e s a n c t u a ry
.

mu s t h a v e s tood righ t ov e r t h e a ctu a l c a ve a n d i t s

s ub t e rra n e an w a t e rs In l ate r t i m e s the t e m p l e w as .

c o n v e rt e d i n t o a Ch ri s t i an chu rc h By p ull i n g d o w n a .

p o rtio n of th e s a c re d e d i fic e M r B e n t h a d t h e go o d fo rtu n e .

to d i s cove r a G re e k i n s c ri p ti on co n t a i n i n g a lo n g l i s t of
n a m e s p ro b a bly th o se o f t h e p ri e s t s who s u p e ri n t e n d e d t h e
,

wo rs h i p O n e n a m e wh ich m ee t s u s fre qu e n tly i n t h e l i s t

.

i s Z a s a n d i t i s t e m p ti n g to re g a rd t h i s a s m e re ly a
,

d i a l e c t i c a l fo rm of Z e u s I f t h a t w e re s o t h e p ri e s t s who .
,

bo re t h e n a m e m i gh t be s u pp o se d to p e rs on at e t h e god ?

But m an y s t ra n g e a n d b a rb a ro u s l oo k i n g n a m e s e vi d en t ly -
,

fo re i g n occu r i n t h e l i s t a n d Z a s m ay be o n e of t h e m
H ow e v e r i t i s c e rt a i n th a t Z e u s w
, , .

,
a s wo rs hi pp e d at the
C o ryc i an c a vie ; f o r a bout h a l f a m i l e from i t o n t h e s um m i t ,

of a h i l l a re t h e ru i n s o f a l a rg e r t e m p l e which a n
, ,

i n s c ri p t io n p rove s to h a v e b ee n d e d i c a te d to C o ryci a n
?
Zeus
But Z e u s or wh a t e ve r n a tive d e i ty m a s qu e ra d e d u n d e r Th v
,
e ca e

h i s n a m e d i d n o t re i g n a l o n e i n t h e d ee p d e l l
,
A m ore gf f .

d re a dful b e i n g h a u n t e d a s t i l l mo re a wful a by s s whi ch o p e n s T y ph on

i n t h e g rou n d o n ly a hu n d re d y a rd s t o t h e e a s t of t h e g re a t
C o ryci a n ch a s m I t i s a c i rcul ar c a ul d ro n a bou t a qu a rt e r
.
,

Hebe rdey Wi lh e l m Re i s e n
un d A .
, pp 2 3 2 .
-
238 ; R . He be rdey
i n K i l i k i en W i lh e l m pp
”
D en /esch rif ten der ha i ser
, . un t l A , , p
o . ci t . . 6 7 -7 0 .

A ha dem i e der Wi s sen sch af ten Ph i los

h i s tor Cla sse x l i v ( 1 8 9 6 ) NO v i pp
, .
1 Th e sugge s t on i is Mr . A . B .

M r D G Hoga rt h w
.
, . . . .

C ook
’
s S ee his a rt c e , Th e i l
w
.

70 7 9
-
. as s o
. . .

Eu ro p e a n S k y god,
”
Cla ss i ca l Revi e ,
goo d as f i h wi h to t u rn s m e t s om e n o e s
x v ii ( 9 3) 8 2 p
-

em b dy i g hi
o ll ti
n f h s re c o ec on s o t e
. 1 0 4 1 ,
n o t e . .

C y i
o r c an v A ll th ca d e . es e m o e rn
2
J
T B en t , i n Proceedi ngs of t h e
. .

w itr e rs c o n fi h g l y f rm t e e n e ra a cc u ra c o Roy a l Geograp h i ca l S oci ety , N S x i i . . .

th de ip i
e sc r f h v gi v by
t on s o t e ca e en (1 8 90 ) p
4 4 8 ; i d , i n j ou rn a l of
. .

S b
t ra o a ndM l M H g h i d d e a . r. o a rt n ee Hellen i c S t u di es , (1 8 9 1 ) 2 14 xii . pp .

sp kea f s x gg i o i M l e a e ra t on n e a s
’
2 16 For t h e i n sc r t on c on t a n n g
. ip i i i
a c c ou nt b t h i i t d i t d by
, u t s s no a m te th e n a m es of the r e s ts se e R pi .

M A Wi lh l
r .
“
. A t th i f e m . s o e ru n s o He be rdey un d A W i e m , op ci t . lh l . . pp .

th e i ty f C y
c tho di o r c us e c oa s t, s t an t 7 1 7 9 ; Ch c e , Rec u ei l d I n s cr ip
’
. Mi h l
ab ou t h il
t f th v
ree m es rom e ca e, see t i on s Grec u es , q
7 1 8 s qq , No 8 7 8 pp . . .

F r.B f t [( i
e a u or (L d , a rm a n a on on , a bv p
o e , . 1 45 .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A ND A N B OO K 1

of a m i l e i n c i rcu mfe re n c e re se mbl i n g t h e Co ryc i a n ch a s m ,

i n i t s g e n e ra l ch a ra ct e r but s m a ll e r d e e p e r a n d f a r m ore , , ,
“

t e rri fic i n a pp e a ra n c e I ts s id e s ov e rh a n g a n d s t a l a c t i t e s
Th e re i s n o w
.

droo p fro m t h e m a y dow n . i n to i t The .

o n l y m od e of re a ch i n g t h e bott o m whi ch i s c o ve re d wi t h ,

v e g e t a t i o n would be to be low e re d a t t h e e n d of a l o n g
,

ro p e . T h e n o m a d s c a l l th i s ch as m P u rg a to ry t o d i s ti n gui s h ,

i t fro m t h e o t h e r wh ich th e y n a m e P a ra d i s e Th e y s ay
th a t t h e re i s a s u b t e rra n e a n p as s a g e b e tw ee n t he t w
.

o and ,

th a t t h e s m o k e of a fi re k i n d l e d i n t h e C o ryc i a n c a ve m ay
be s e e n cu rl i n g o u t of t h e oth e r T h e o n e a n c i e n t w ri t e r .

who e xp re ss ly m e n ti on s thi s s e c o n d a n d mo re g ri s ly c a ve rn
is Mel a w h o says t h at i t w
,
a s t h e l a i r o f t h e gi a n t Ty p ho n ,
?
a n d th a t n o an i m a l le t dow n i n t o i t coul d l iv e A e s chyl u s
p ut s i n to t h e mouth o f P ro m e th e u s a n a ccou n t of t h e “

e a rth bo rn Ty p ho n
-
dwe l l e r i n C i l ic i a n c av e s d re a d mo n s t e r
, , ,

hu n d re d h e a d e d who i n h i s p ri d e ro se u p a g a i n s t t h e go d s
-
,
”
,

h i s s i n g d e s t ructi o n fro m h i s d re a d ful j a w s wh i l e fro m h i s ,

Go rgo n e y e s t h e l ight n i n g fl as h e d B ut h i m a fl a m i n g l e vi n .

b o lt c ras h i n g fro m h e a v e n s m ot e to t h e v e ry h e a rt a n d
n owh e l i e s
, , ,

s h ri v e ll e d a n d s co rch e d u n d e r t h e w e igh t o f
E t n a by t h e n a rro ws e a Y e t o n e day h e w il l b e lch a fi e ry
, ,

h a i l a boi l i n g a n g ry flood ri ve rs of fl a m e t o d e v a s t a t e t h e
, , ,

f a t S ic i l i a n fi e ld s
?
Th i s p o et i c a l d e s c ri p ti o n of t h e m o n s t e r ,

co n fi rm e d by a s i m i l a r p a ss a g e of P i n d a r cl e a rl y p rov e s
3

t h a t Ty p ho n w
,

as co n c e ive d a s a p e rs o n i fic a ti o n of tho s e
a cti v e volc a n o e s wh ich s p out fi re a n d s mok e t o h e a v e n a s

i f th e y woul d a s s a i l t h e c e l e s t i a l god s T h e C o ryci a n c a v e rn s .

a re n ot volc a n i c bu t t h e a n ci e n t s a pp a re n t ly re g a rd e d th e m
,

a s s uch e l se th e y woul d h a rdly h a v e m a d e th e m t h e de n of

,

Ty p h o n
Acc o rd i n g to o n e l e g e n d Ty p ho n w
.

a s a mo n s t e r h a lf ,

m a n a n d h a l f b ru t e b e gott e n i n C i l ic i a by T a rt a ru s u p o n

T h e u pp e r p a rt o f h i m w
,

t h e god d e s s E a rth as hu m a n but

fro m t h e lo i n s dow n w a rd h e w
.
,

as a n e n o rm o u s s n a k e In
t h e b a tt l e o f t h e god s a n d gi a n t s whi ch w
.

a s fough t out i n ,

E gy p t Ty p ho n hu gge d Z e u s i n h i s s n a ky coi l s w re s t e d
, ,

1 M l i 7 6 d G P th y (B l i 35 1 3 72
-
e a, e ar e er n ,

w
. . . .
,

Th v e o f Ty ph o i s
e ca
3 Pi d Py th i 30 qq h o n n a r, . . s .
,

d i b d by J T B t l l
es c r e . .p k of t h gi t
en ,
“
.
b d i
cc th. s ea s e an as re n e
2
A es chyl Prom th e Vi t
us , m y n m ed C i l i ci
e ve
us n c u s, an - a an ca .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1

gi a n t s a n d m o n s t e rs wh ich s t a n d i n d i re ct co n n e x i o n w i t h
,

t h e fi n d i n g of g re a t fo s s i l b o n e s a re s c a t t e re d b ro a dc a s t o ve r ,

t h e mythology o f t h e wo rl d H ug e b o n e s fou n d a t P u n to
.
,

S a n t a E l e n a i n t h e n o rth of G u a y a qu i l h a v e s e rv e d a s a
, ,

fo u n d a ti o n f o r t h e s to ry of a col o n y o f gi a n t s who dw e l t
t h e re . Th e whol e a re a o f t h e P a m p a s i s a g re a t s e p ulch re
of e n o rmou s e x ti n c t a n i m a l s ; n o w o n d e r t h a t o n e g re a t

p l a i n s houl d be c a l l e d t h e F i e l d of t h e gi a n t s a n d t h a t ‘
,
’

t h e hi l l of t h e gi a n t t h e s t re a m of t h e
’
s uch n a m e s a s
‘ ‘
,

an i m a l S hould be gu i d e s t o t h e g e ologi s t i n h i s s e a rch f o r

’

1 ”
fo s s i l b o n e s .

About fi ve m i l e s t o t h e n o rth e a s t of t h e C o ryc i a n -

c a v e rn s b ut d i vi d e d fro m t h e m by m a n y d e e p go rg e s a n d
,

i m p as sa bl e rock s i s a n o t h e r a n d v e ry s i m i l a r ch a s m
,
It .

m a y be re a ch e d i n a bout a n hou r a n d a qu a rt e r from t h e

s e a by an a n ci e n t p a v e d ro a d wh i ch a s c e n d s a t fi rs t v e ry ,

s t e e p ly a n d th e n g e n t ly t h rough bu s h cl a d a n d wo o d e d hi ll s -
.

Thu s yo u com e t o a s t re tch of l e ve l g rou n d cove re d w i t h

t h e w e l l p re s e rv e d ru i n s o f a n a n c i e n t tow n
- Re m ai n s o f .

fo rt re s s e s co n s t ruc t e d of p olygo n a l m a s o n ry s t a t e ly chu rch e s , ,

a n d m a n y hou s e s tog e t h e r w i t h n u m e rou s tom b s a n d re l i e fs

, ,

fi n e ly ch i s e l l e d i n t h e c a lc a re ou s l i m e s to n e of t h e n e ighb o u r
hood b e a r w i t n e s s to t h e e x t e n t a n d i m p o rt a n c e of t h e p l a c e
, .

Y e t i t i s m e n tio n e d by n o a n ci e n t w ri t e r I n s c ri p t i o n s p rov e
t hat i ts n a m e w
.

a s K a n y t e lde i s or K a n y t e li de i s whi ch s t i l l

i n t h e mod e rn fo rm o f K a n i di w
,

s u rvi v e s an T h e g re a t .

ch a s m o p e n s i n t h e v e ry h e a rt o f t h e c i t y So c rowd e d a re .

t h e ru i n s th a t you do n o t p e rc e i v e t h e a by s s t i l l you a re
w i t hi n a f e wy a rd s of i t I t i s a l m o s t a com p l e t e c i rcl e
‘

.
,

a b o u t a qu a rt e r o f a m i l e w i d e t h ree qu a rt e rs o f a m i le i n -

c i rcu mfe re n c e a n d u n i fo rmly t w

,

,
o hu n d re d fee t o r mo re i n

d e p th . T h e cl i ffs go s h e e r dow n a n d re m i n d t h e t ra v e l l e r
of t h e g re a t qu a rri e s a t Sy ra cu s e B u t l i k e t h e Co ryc i a n .

c a v e s t h e l a rg e r o f wh ich i t clo s e l y re s e mbl e s t h e huge

, ,

fi s s u re i s n a t u ra l ; a n d i t s bo t t o m l i k e t h e i rs i s ov e rg row n , ,

with t re e s a n d v e g e t a tio n Two w a y s le d d o w n i n t o i t i n

O n e o f th e m w
.

a n t i qui t y b o t h cut th rough t h e rock as a

tu n n e l wh i ch i s n owo b s t ruct e d ; t h e o t h e r i s s t i l l o p e n
.
,

.
,

1
(S i r) E dw a rd B T
. yl o r, Resea rch es (Lo n don ,
p
3 2 2,. h o a dduc e s w
i n t o t h e E a rly Hi s tory of M a n hi n d 3 m uc h m ore e vi den ce o f th e sa m e sort .
CH AP vi . THE G OD OF THE COR YCI A N CA VE

R e m a i n s o f col u m n s a n d h e w n s t o n e s i n t h e b o t t o m o f t h e
ch a s m s e e m t o s how t h a t a t e m p l e o n c e s t o o d t h e re B ut .

t h e re i s n o c a v e a t t h e fo ot of t h e cl i ffs a n d n o s t re a m flow s ,

i n t h e d e e p holl o w o r c a n be h e a rd t o rumbl e u n d e rg rou n d .

A ru i n e d t o we r of p olygo n a l m a s o n ry whi ch s t an d s o n t h e ,

s outh e rn e dg e of t h e c h a s m b ea rs a G re e k i n s c ri p t i o n s t a t i n g

th a t i t w
,

a s d e d ic a t e d t o O lbi a n Z e u s by t h e p ri e s t T e uc e r ,

s o n o f T a rk u a ri s Th e l e t t e rs a re b e a u t i fu l ly cut i n t h e s t yl e
.

of t h e t hi rd c e n tu ry b e fo re Ch ri s t W e m ay i n fe r th at a t .

t h e t i m e of t h e d e d ic a t io n t h e t o w n b e lo n g e d t o t h e p ri e s tly
k i n g s of O l b a a n d t h a t t h e g re a t ch a s m w
,
a s s a c re d to
?
O lbi a n Z e u s
Wh a t t h e n w as t he
,
c h a ra c te r o f t h e god who w
,
as T h d i ty e e

w o rs hi pp e d u n d e r t h e n a m e o f Z e u s a t t h e s e two g rea t 22 5
5 6

ch a s m s ? T h e d e p t h o f t h e fi ss u re s o p e n i n g h m
2
n a tu ra l ,
c as s

“
s udd e n ly an d a s i t w e re w i t h o ut w a rn i n g i n t h e m i d s t of
3235 3
a p l a t eau w a s w e l l fi t t e d t o i m p re s s a n d a w e t h e s p e ct a t o r ; t h G k e ree s.

b t h w
,
u e as
an d t h e s igh t of t h e ra n k e v e rg re e n v e g e t a t io n a t t h e i r p b bly ro a

b ott o m f e d by ri vu l e t s o r u n d e rg rou n d w a t e r mu s t h a v e g d f
, ,
a o o

p re s e n t e d a s tri k i n g co n t ra s t to t h e g re y b arre n ro cky , ,

Such a s p ot
w i ld e rn e s s of t h e s u rrou n d i n g t a bl e l a n d
2 3233
8 1 4
.

0
m u s t h a v e s e e m e d to s i m p l e fo l k a p a ra d i s e a g a rd e n o f w t , a er ,

God t h e a bod e of h igh e r p ow e rs who c a u se d t h e wi ld e r

,

n e ss t o bl o s s om i f n o t w i t h ro s e s a t l e as t w i t h my rt l e s
, ,

a n d p o m e g ra n a t es f o r m a n a n d wi t h g ra s s a n d u n d e rwo o d

So t o t h e S e m i t e a s w e s a wt h e B a a l o f
,

f o r hi s fl o ck s
the l an d i s he w
.
, ,

h o fe rti l i z e s i t by s u bt e rra n e a n w a t e r
ra t h e r t h a n by ra i n fro m t h e s k y a n d who th e re fo re dw e l l s ,

i n t h e d e p th s o f
?
e a rth ra th e r th a n i n t h e h e ight of h e a v e n

I n ra i n l e s s cou n t ri e s t h e s k y god i s d e p riv e d of o n e of t h e -

p ri n ci p a l fu n c t i on s which h e d i s ch a rg e s i n cool cloudy

cl i m a t e s l i k e t h a t o f E u ro p e He h a s i n fa c t l i t tl e o r .
, ,

n o th i n g to do wi t h t h e w a t e r s u pp l y a n d h a s t h e re fo re -
,

s m a l l e x cu s e f o r l e vy i n g a w a t e r ra t e o n h i s w o rs hi pp e rs - .

N ot i n d e e d th a t C i l ici a i s ra i n l e s s but i n c ou n t ri e s b o rd e r
, ,

1
J T . Ben t E xp l i
o ra t on s in Hebe rde y un d A . Wi lh e l m ,
“
Re i se n
C ili ci a T ra c h e i a , Proceedi n gs of t he l i
i n Ki ik e n , D en hsch rif ten de r h a i s e r
”

Roy a l Geograp h i ca l S oci ety , N S . . xii . li ch en A h a de m i e der Wi s sen sch af t en ,

( 1 8 90 ) pp 4 48 sq
. id , A . .
“
J o urn e y Ph i los op h i s ch -h i s tori sch e Cla s s e, xl i v .

in C c a ili i ”
T rach e i a , j ou rn a l of Hellen i c ( V i
e n n a , 1 8 6
9 ) N o 5 61
1 .
-
v i pp . . .

S t u di es , x i i .
( 89 1 )
1 pp . 2 08 - 2 1 0 ; R .
2
S ee a bo v pp
e, . 2 6 sq .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1

ing on the M e d it e rra n e a n t h e d ro u gh t i s a l m o s t u n b rok e n

t h ro ugh t h e l o n g m o n t h s o f s um m e r V e g e ta t io n t h e n
.

wi t h e rs : t h e fa c e o f n a t u re i s s c o rch e d a n d b ro w n : m o s t
of t h e riv e rs dry u p ; a n d o n ly t h e i r whi t e s t o n y b e d s ,

h o t to t h e fo o t a n d d a zzl i n g t o t h e e y e re m a i n to t e ll ,

wh e re t h e y fl o w e d I t i s a t s uch s e a s o n s th a t a g re e n
h o llo wa s h a dy ro ck a mu rm u ri n g s t re a m a re w e lc o m e d
.

, , ,

by t h e w a n d e re r i n t h e South w i t h a joy a n d wo n d e r
wh i c h t h e u n t ra v e l l e d N o rth e rn e r c a n h a rd ly i m a gi n e .

N e ve r do t h e b ro a d s low riv e rs of E n gl an d wi th t h e i r ,

wi n d i n g re a ch e s t h e i r g ra ss y b a n k s th e i r g re y wi llow s
, ,

m i rro re d w i th t h e s oft E n gl i s h s ky i n t h e p l a ci d s t re a m ,

a pp e a r s o b e a ut i ful a s wh e n t h e t ra v e l l e r v i e w s t h e m f o r

t h e fi rs t t i m e a ft e r l e a vi n g b e h i n d h i m t h e a ri dity th e ,

h e a t t h e bl i n d i n g gl a re of t h e wh i te s outh e rn l a n d s c a p e
, ,

s e t i n se a s a n d s k i e s o f c a e rul e a n bl u e .

We m ay t a k e i t t h e n a s p rob a bl e t h a t t h e god of t h e
C o ryc i a n a n d O lbi a n c a v e rn s w
, ,

a s wo rs h i pp e d a s a s ou rc e

of fe rt i l i t y. I n a n t i qu i t y wh e n t h e ri v e r wh i ch n o wro a rs
, ,

u n d e rg rou n d s ti l l bu rs t fro m t h e rock i n t h e C o ryc i a n

,

c a v e t h e s c e n e m u s t h a v e re s e m bl e d I bre e z wh e re t h e go d
o f t h e co rn a n d t h e vi n e w
, ,

a s a do re d a t t h e s ou rc e o f the
s t re a m ; an d w e m a y c o m p a re t h e v a l e of A do n i s i n t h e

L e b a n o n wh e re t h e d ivi n i t y w h o g a v e h i s n a m e to t h e rive r
wa s re ve re d a t i ts fo a m i n g c a s c a d e s Th e th re e l an d s c a p e s
,

h a d i n com mo n t h e e l e m e n t s o f l u x u ri a n t v e g e t a t i o n a n d
co p iou s s t re a m s l e a p i n g ful l bo rn fro m t h e rock
-
We s h a l l .

h a rd ly e rr i n s u pp o s i n g th a t t h e s e fe a t u re s s h a p e d t h e c on
c e ption of t h e d e i ti es who w e re s u pp o s e d t o h a u n t t h e
fa v o u re d s p ot s . A t t h e Co ryc i a n c a v e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a
s e co n d ch a s m of a frow n i n g a n d a wfu l a s p e ct m ight w e l l
, ,

s ugg e s t t h e p re s e n c e of a n e vi l b e i n g who l u rk e d i n i t a n d

s ought to u n do t h e be n e fi c e n t wo rk o f t h e good god Thu s

we s hould h av e a fa bl e of a co n fli c t b e tw e en th e two a
.

b a ttl e of Z e u s a n d Ty p ho n
O n t h e whol e w
.

e co n cl ud e th a t t h e O lbi a n Z e u s ,

wo rs hi pp e d a t o n e of th e s e g re a t l i m e s to n e ch a s m s a n d
cl ea rly i d e n t i c a l i n n a tu re w i t h t h e C o ryci a n Z e u s w
,

as ,

a l s o i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e B aa l o f T a rs u s t h e god o f t h e co rn
,

a n d t h e vi n e who i n hi s tu rn c a n h ard ly b e s e p a ra t e d fro m

,
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OOK I
Thu s a t T a rs u s i t s e lf t h e godde s s A t h e h w a s wo rs hi pp e d
'

a l o n g w i t h B aa l th e i r e f fi gie s a re e n g ra v e d o n t h e s a m e c o i n s
of t h e c i ty S h e i s re p re s e n t e d w e a ri n g a ve i l a n d s e at e d u p o n
.

?
a l i o n w i th h e r n a m e i n A ra m a i c l e tt e rs e n g ra v e d b e s i d e h e r
,

H e n c e i t woul d s ee m th a t a t T a rs u s a s a t Bogh a z K e u i t h e ,
-
,

F a t h e r God m a t e d wi t h a l io n g o d d es s l i k e t h e Ph rygi a n -

Cyb e l e o r t h e Sy ri an A t a rga t i s Nowt h e n a m e A t a rga t i s .

‘
i s a G re e k re n d e ri n g of t h e A ra m a i c Ath a r a t h e h a co m
‘
-
,

p ou n d wo rd which i n cl ud e s t h e n a m e of t h e godd e s s of
?
T a rs u s Thu s i n n a m e a s w e l l a s i n a t t ri but e s t h e fe m a l e
p a rt n er o f t h e B a a l of T a rs u s a pp ears to co rres p o n d t o
A t a rga t i s t h e Sy ri an M oth e r Godd e s s wh o s e i m a g e s e at e d
wa s wo rs h i pp e d w i th g re a t p o m p a n d
, ,

o n a l i o n o r l io n s ,

s p len d ou r at H i e ra p ol i s B a m by c e n ear t h e E u p hra t e s ? -

1 B . V . He ad Hi stori a ,
I Vu m oru m
go d s. S om e i p
n t e r re t e d it as D io n y su s,

(O x ford ,
p . 616 .
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Mr G F w it t Hi ll Th i ir es lo m e : v “
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tt i b ti i '
a r u t T on f th oA th h a rs us o e e ti on ally ass oc at e d t S e m ra m s , as

i i
co n s f d d H d h i lf p h
s u n oun e . h ea fi m se e rc e d on th e e ad of th e gure .

on ly gi v i t d b tf l I h l d es as ou yi ll d u . i s ou T h e S r an s c a e the m a ge by a

t h i k th y b l g f th wh i h i l i ”
n e E t e on I ur er as . n n am e c Lu c an t ran s a t es s gn
’

th t i t y wh i h p v i l
e u n ce r a n th i c i
re a s on s (onnfit ov) S ee Luc a n , D e dea Sy ri a ,
.

p i t I h v l ft th t x t
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33 I t h as een
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o e o d E di t i econ ] on h wh i h by F B aeth ge n t a t th e n a m e c

w
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a a m re n e n sc r on . ee . .
e an c c ou eas e
,

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.

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ssen sc
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pp 4 3 q F th L g g (E t d g e nn n o s no e a e n er

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.

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l v u es
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.

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en
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er m a e
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p t ar n e r It . bl d i th f th re s e m A t eth i gne b v
er o p em ,
3 s o e m a e, s ee a o e, .

y t
e b i
c om d t h t t i b t
ne f th 37
e a r u es o o er 1 .
CH A P VI . CI L I CI A N G ODDE S S E S 1 63

M ay w e go a s te p fa rth e r
c o rre s p o n d e n c e an d fin d a

b e tw e e n t h e B a a l o f T a rs u s a n d t h e hu s b a n d go d of -

A t a rga t i s a t H i e ra p o l i s B a m by c e ? Th a t hu s b an d go d l i k e - -

t h e B a a l of T a rs u s w
,

a s i d e n t i fi e d by t h e G re e k s wi t h Z e u s
, ,

a n d L uci a n t e l l s u s th a t t h e re s e mbl a n c e of h i s i m a g e to t h e

i m a g e s of Z e u s w a s i n all re s p e c ts u n m i s t a k a bl e B ut h i s
i m a g e u n l i k e tho se of Z e u s w
.

a s sea t e d u p o n bul l s
?
In
p o i n t of fa c t h e w
, ,

as p rob a bly H a d a d t h e ch i e f m a l e o d
g ,

of t h e Sy ri an s who a pp e a rs t o h a v e b e e n a go d o f thu n d e r
,

an d fe rti l ity ; f or a t B a a lbe c i n t h e L e b a n o n wh e re t h e ,

ru i n e d t e m p l e of t h e S u n i s t h e mo s t i m p o s i n g mo n u m e n t

b e qu e a t h e d to t h e mod e rn w o rld by G re e k a rt i n i ts d e cl i n e ,

h i s i m a g e g ra s p e d i n h i s l e ft h a n d a thu n d e rbo lt a n d e a rs of
co rn a n d a c o l o s s a l s t a tu e of t he d e i t y fou n d n e a r Z e n j i rli
2
, ,

i n N o rt h e rn Sy ri a re p re s e n t s h i m w ith a b e a rd e d hu m a n
,

?
h e a d a n d ho rn s t h e e m bl e m of s t re n gth a n d fe rt i l i ty A
s i m i l a r god of thu n d e r a n d l ight n i n g w
,

a s wo rs hi pp e d fro m

e a rly t i m e s by t h e B a bylo n i a n s a n d A s s y ri a n s ; h e b o re t h e

s i m i l a r n a m e of A d a d a n d h i s e m bl e m s a pp e a r to h a v e b ee n

a thu n d e rbol t a n d a bul l O n a n A s s y ri a n re l i e f h i s i m a g e .

i s re p re s e n t e d a s t h a t of a b e ard e d m a n cl a d i n a s ho rt
t u n ic w ea ri n g a c ap w i t h t w
,
o p a i rs o f h o rn s a n d g ra s p i n g ,

a n a x e i n h i s ri gh t h an d a n d a thu n d e rb o l t i n h i s l e ft Hi s
re s e mbl a n c e to t h e H i t t i t e go d of t h e thu n d e ri n g s k y w
.

as

th e re fo re v e ry clo s e A n a l t e rn a tiv e n a m e f or th i s B a by
lo n i a n a n d A ss y ri an d e i ty w
.

as R a m m an an a pp ro p ri a t e ,

1 i
D e dea Sy ri a , 3 1
Lu c an , S em i t i qu es , 2
'

9 2 sq pp T a t Ha da h d
w
. . .

2 M
ac rob us, S a t u rn 23 i 1 2 an d . i . . a s t h e c on sort o f A t arga ti s a t H e ra i
17 19 -
T h e G reek n a m e o f Ba alb ec p li
o s B am b c e
-
y i s t h e o n on o f P pi i
w
. .

as He o o s, “
li p li
th e C t of th e i y J e n se n (Hi tt i t er a n d A rm en i er, I 7 p
w l i di
.

S un h o a s o n c a t e s h i s c arac t e r as a h
b h h f ili y
.

3
G A C ook e , Tex t booh of I Vorth
. .
-
g o d o t o f t u n de r a n d o f e rt t (i b , .

S em i t i c I n scri pt i on s , 1 63 , 1 64 pp . . p . vi wThe e of Pro G ar f J . .

T h e s ta tue b ea rs a on g i n s c r t on , l ip i i l
s tan g i s s m i a r ( Th e Sy ri a n Goddes s ,

wh i h c yl wii l
i n t h e s t e o f i t s r t n g be on gs pp 25 . h T a t th e n a m e o f t h e
h i yp p
t o th e a rc a c t by e re re se n te d th e chi f l i p li
e m a e god o f H e ra o s B am by c e -

M i w dd
a s Ha a d l
.

oa b te S ton e Th e c on t e n ts of th e i s ren e red a m os t c e rt a n i

ip i h wh
.

i n sc r t on S o li h t a t i t i s ear e r t an i i y wh i h w
b y c o n s o f th e c t c e re s t ruck

i
t h e t m e o f T i gla th - Pi les e r I I I (7 4 5 . i lx d
i n th e t m e o f A e an er th e G rea t by
72 7 d yi
O n Ha ad, th e S r a n a p i ly i
r e st d
k n g Ab d - Ha a d, os e wh
h
t un de r god, s ee F B a e th gen , B ei t rage
-
. n am e m ea n sv “
S er a n t of Ha da d
”
.

pp
z u r sem i t i sch en Rel i i on s esch i ch te,
g g . S e e B V Head, Hi s tori a Nu m oi u m
. .

-
l
6 6 6 8 ; C P T i e e , Ges ch i chte der
. . xf
(O ord, p J 65 4 ; .G a rs t a n g, .

A ltert u m , 2 4 8 sq i . . M . Th e S y ri a n Goddess , 2 7, tp . wi h
J . Lagran ge , Etu des s u r les Rel i gi on s fig 5 . .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
t e rm , d e rive d from a v e rb ra m dm u to s c rea m o r ro a r

w
.

N ow w e h a v e s e e n th a t t h e go d of I bre e z who se a tt ri bute s

t a l ly w
,

i th t ho se of t h e B a a l of T a rs u s e a rs a c a p a do rn e d ,

2
w i t h bul l s ho rn s ; t h a t t h e F a th e r God a t Bogh a z K e u i
’
-
,

m ee t i n g t h e M oth e r Godd e s s o n h e r l io n e s s i s a tt e n d e d by ,

a n a n i m a l wh ich a cco rd i n g to t h e u s u a l i n t e rp re t a tio n i s a

bul l ; a n d t h a t t h e bu l l i t se lf w
3
a s wo rs hi pp e d a pp a re n t ly a s ,

?
a n e m bl e m of fe rt i l i ty a t E uy u k n e a r B o gh a z K e u i Thu s -
,

a t T a rs u s a n d Bogh a z K e u i as a t H i e ra p ol i s B a m by c e t h e
- -
, ,

F a th e r Go d a n d t h e Mo t h e r Godd e s s woul d see m t o h a v e

h a d a s t h e i r s a c re d a n i m a l s o r e mbl e m s t h e bul l a n d t h e l io n
In l at e r re s p e c t iv e ly I n l a t e r t i m es u n d e r G re e k i n flu e n c e t h e
godd e s s w
.
, ,

as a pp a re n t ly e x ch a n g e d f o r o r co n v e rt e d i n to
tim es the

t h e Fo rtu n e of t h e C i ty w
, ,
old

w
go dde s s
ho a pp e a rs o n co i n s of T a rs u s a s ,

o m a n w i t h v e il e d a n d tu rre t e d h e a d g ra s p i n g e a rs
b e ca m e th e
a s ea t e d
Fo rt u n e of
,

th e C it y . o f co rn a n d a p o pp y i n h e r h a n d He r l io n i s go n e but a .
,

t ra c e of hi m p e rh a p s re m a i n s o n a co i n wh ich e x h ibi t s t h e
?
t h ro n e of t h e godd e s s a do rn e d w ith a l io n s le g I n ge n e ra l
’

i t woul d s e e m th a t t h e g o dd e ss Fo rtu n e who figu re s com ,

mo u ly a s t h e gu a rd i a n o f ci t i e s i n t h e G re e k E a s t e s p e c i a lly
i n S y ri a w
,

as n oth i n g ,
but a d i s gu i s e d fo rm of G a d t h e ,

S e m i t i c go d of fo rtu n e or l uck who though t h e e x i g e n ci e s of , ,

g ra m m a r re qu i re d h i m t o be m as cu l i n e i s s u pp o s e d t o h a v e ,

b ee n oft e n m e re ly a s p e c i a l a s p e ct o f t h e g re a t godd e s s
A s t a rt e o r A t arga t i s co n c e iv e d as t h e p a t ro n e s s a n d p rot ec t o r
of tow n s ?
I n O ri e n t a l re l i gio n s uch p e rm ut a t i o n s o r com
b i n a t i o n s n e e d n o t s urp ri se u s T o t h e g o d s a ll th i n g s a re .

1 H Zim m . i n E S c ra de r s D i e
e rn , . h ’ 2
S ee b v pp a o e, . 12 1 , 1 23 .

[( ei li n s ch rif ten u n d da s A ll e Test a 3

S bv p
ee a o e, 1 30 How e v e r
M J w
. .

m en t , 3
2 pp
-
4 4 4 49 . as t ro , D e
i .
th e i l
an m a t se e m s o be ra t h er a
goat
,

b v
.

Reli gi on B a by lon i en s u n d A s sy ri en s S ee a p I 33
o e, . n ot e .

(G i
e ss e n , 1 9 5
0 1 4 6 -1
5 0, i .
4
S bv p
wi h t B i lderm app e, at e 3 2 , fi
g 97 pl ee a o e, . 1 32 .

F Hi ll
. .

yi
T h e A ss r a n re e i s a s o gure i n W li f l fi d .
5
G . .
,
Ca ta log ue f
o i be

H Rosch e r s Lex i hon der gri et h u n d

.
’
.
Greek Chi n s f
o Ly ca on i a , I s a u ri a ,
rom M y thologi e, s v
.
“
a rduk ,
”
. . M ii .
a n d Ci l i ci a , pp . 1 8 1 , 1 82, 1 85 , 1 88,
235 0 .T eh B a b o n a n ra m d /yl i
n u
“
to
s c re a m , roa r h as i ts e q u a en t i n iv l 6 E . M y e e r, Gare/t i ck le a es
’
A lter
th e He b re w '
ra a m ( 3) h d
011
“
t o t un er
”
tfi u m s, i (S tut tga rt 1 884) pp 2 4 6 sq

w
. .
, . .

The t o n am e s Ad d (H d d ) a a a an d F . B a e th ge n , B ei t rage z u r s em i t i s ef z en
Ra m t g th f Relzlgz on sgese/z i efi te, pp 76
’

m an occ u r o i h e er n t e o rm . sqq . Th e
Ha dadri m m on i nZ h i h ec ar a x 1i . 1 1 i dol a t ro us H br w s p
e e s re a d ta b e s l f or

hti f F t i h lxv
,

(w i t h S R D iv C t G ad, t (I s a
’
r ter s n o e, en u ry a s, or or u n e a .

R vi d V i )
. .

B i ble) . I I , e se e rs on .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NB A N B OO K 1
and fou r w i n g s c a n h a rd ly be a n y o t h e r t h a n t h e Ph oe n i c i an
E l wh o m t h e G re e k s c a ll e d C ro n u s f or E 1 w a s ch a ra c t e ri z e d

by fou r e y e s t w o i n fro n t a n d t w
,

,
o b e h i n d a n d by t h re e ,

p a i rs of wi n g s l
A d i s c re p a n cy i n t h e n u mb e r of wi n g s c a n
.

s c a rc e ly be d e e m e d fa t a l to t h e id e n t i fic a t io n Th e god m a y .

e a s i ly h a v e m o ul t e d s om e s u p e rfluou s fea th e rs o n t h e ro a d fro m

P ho e n ic i a to M a l lu s O n l a t e r coi n s of M a l lu s th e s e q u a i n t
.

O ri e n t a l d e i t i e s d i s a pp e a r a n d a re re p l a c e d by co rre s p o n d i n g ,

G re e k d e i t i e s p a rt icu l arly by a h e a d of C ro n u s o n o n e s i d e
,

a n d a figu re o f D e m e t e r g ra s p i n g e a rs o f c o rn o n t h e o th e r
2
, , .

T h e ch a n g e doubtl e s s s p ra n g fro m a wi s h t o a s s i m i l a t e t h e
a n c i e n t n a ti v e d i vi n i t i e s to t h e n e w a n d fas hio n a bl e d ivi n i t i es

of t h e G re e k p a n th e o n I f C ro n u s a n d D e m e t e r t h e h a rv e s t
.
,

god a n d g o d d e s s w e re ch os e n to S u pp l a n t E l a n d h i s fe m a l e
,

c o n s ort t h e g rou n d o f t h e cho ic e m u s t c e rt a i n ly h a ve b ee n

,

a s u pp o se d re s e m bl a n c e b e tw e e n t h e two p a i rs o f d e i t i e s .

We m ay a s s u m e th e re fo re th a t t h e d i s c a rd e d c o u p l e El a n d
, , ,

h i s wi fe h a d a l s o b e e n w o rs h i pp e d b y t h e hu s b a n d m a n a s
,

s ou rc e s of fe rt i l i t y t h e gi v e rs of co rn a n d w i n e , O n e of t h e s e .

l a t e r co i n s of M a ll u s e x h i b i t s D i o n y s u s s i t ti n g o n a vi n e
l a d e n w i th ri p e c lu s t e rs whi l e o n t h e obv ers e i s s ee n a m a l e ,

fi gu re gu i d i n g a yok e of o x e n a s i f i n t h e a c t of p lough i n g 3
.

Th e se ty p e s of t h e vi n e god a n d t h e p l o ugh m a n p ro b a bly -

re p re se n t a n oth e r a tt e m p t to a d a p t t h e n a t iv e re l i gi o n t o

ch a n g e d co n d i t i o n s to p ou r t h e ol d A s i a tic w i n e i n to n e w,

G ree k bottl e s Th e b a rb a rou s m o n s t e r w i t h t h e m ulti p l i ci t y

.

of h e a d s a n d wi n g s h a s b e e n re d uc e d t o a p e rfe c t ly hu m a n
D i o n y s u s Th e s a c re d bu t d e p lo ra bl e old c o n ic a l s t o n e n o
.

l o n g e r fl a u n t s p roudly o n t h e co i n s ; i t h a s re t i re d to a
d e c e n t ob s cu ri ty i n fa vou r of a n a tu ra l a n d g ra c e ful vi n e I t .

i s thu s th a t a t ru ly p rog re s s iv e th e ology k e e p s p a c e wi t h t h e

m a rch of i n t e l l e c t B u t i f t h e s e t h i n g s w e re d o n e by t h e
we c an n ot s u pp o s e t h at t he
.

a p o s t l e s of cu l tu re a t M a l l u s ,

c l e rgy of T a rs u s t h e c a p i t a l l a gg e d b e hi n d th e i r p ro
, ,

1 P i hl o of B y blu s , i n Fragm en t a 2 I m h oof B - l um e r, s v . .

“
K ron os ,
Hi s tori coru m Gra ecoru m , e
d C u er,
. . M ll in W . H . Ros ch e r s Lex i kon a er
’ ’

iii .
5 69 . E 1 i s gured fi w i th t h re e p i rs
a gri eck . una
’
rom My t k ologi e, ii 1 5 7 2 ;
. .

of wi n gs on co n s i of B y blus S ee G . . G . F Hi. ll , Ca t a logu e of Greek Coi n s

M p as e ro, Hi stoi re A n ci en n e a es Peup les
’

f
o Ly ca on i a ,
’
I sa u ri a , a n a Ci l i ci a , pp .

cte
’
l Ori en t Cla ssi q u e, ii . 1 74 ; M J . . c xxii .
99 , p l x v ii . . 2 .

Lagran ge , E t u a es
’
su r les Reli gi on s 3 G F . . Hi ll op , . ci t . pp c xxi. . s
q .
, 98 ,
S em z t i gu es ,
'
2
'

p .
72 . p l x v ii
. . I .
CH AP v1. CI L I CI A N G ODDE S S E S
vi n c i a l b re th re n i n th e i r e ff ort s to p l ac e t h e a n ci e n t fa i th
u p o n a s ou n d m o d e rn b as i s T h e fru i t of th e i r l a bou rs .

s ee m s t o h a ve b ee n t h e mo re or l e s s n om i n a l s ubs t i t u
tio n of Z e u s Fo rtu n e a n d H ercul e s f or B a a l A th e h a n d
, , ,
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A rt e m i s who h a d a s a n ctu a ry i n South E a s t e rn C i l ic i a n e a r i fi ifi -

t h e Sy ri a n b o rd e r w
, ,
s

a s re a l ly a n a t i ve godd e s s p a ra d i n g i n

bo rro w
,

ed p l u m e s S h e g av e o ra cu l ar res p o n ses b y t h e
.

mou t h of i n s p i re d m e n or mo re p rob ably of wo m e n who i n , ,

th e i r mo m e n t s of d ivi n e e c s t a s y m ay h ave b ee n d e e m e d
2
i n c a rn a tio n s of h e r d i vi n ity A n o t h e r e v e n mo re t ra n s T h e

s i a t ic g od d es s w
.

p a re n t ly A a s P e ra s i a o r A r t e m i s P e r a sia

who w
, ,

a s wo rs h i pp e d a t Hi e rop o li s C as ta ba la i n E as t e rn Hi p oli -
e ro s

C i l ic i a T h e e x t e n s iv e ru i n s of t h e a n ci e n t ci ty n o wk n ow n
.
c t b l
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a s B o dro u m cov e r t h e s lo p e of a h i l l a bout t h re e qu art e rs

,
-

of a m il e to t h e n o rth o f t h e ri v e r Py ra mu s A bove th e m .

t o w e rs t h e a c ro p o l i s bu i l t o n t h e s u mm i t of d a rk g re y
,

p re c i p ic e s a n d d iv i d e d fro m t h e n e i ghbou ri n g m o u n t a i n by
,

a d e e p cu t ti n g i n t h e rock A m e d i a e va l c a s t l e bui l t of .
,

h e w n block s of re d d i s h y e l low l i m e s to n e h as re p l a c e d t h e -
,

a n c i e n t c it a d e l T h e c i ty p o s s es s e d a l a rg e th e a t re a n d
was t rave rs e d by two h an d s om e colo n n ad e s of wh i ch s om e
.
,

col u m n s a re s ti ll s t a n d i n g a mo n g t h e ru i n s A thick g rowth

o f b ru s hw o od a n d g ra s s n ow
.

cov e rs mo s t o f t h e s i te a n d th e ,

p l a c e i s w i ld a n d s ol it a ry O n ly t h e w a n d e ri n g h erd s m e n .

e n c a m p n e a r t h e d e se rt e d c i ty i n w i n t e r a n d s p ri n g Th e .

n e ighbou rh o od i s t re e l e s s y e t i n M a y m a g n i fic e n t fi e l d s of
wh ea t a n d b a rl e y gl a d d en t h e e y e a n d i n t h e v a ll e y s t h e ,

1 h
A n ot e r n a t e C c a n iv
e t ho il i i d iyw h l d ll d S p d
e a d an ca th e ar e on n ea r e

m a sq u e ra de d
i n Greek dress as rob w p m ou th f th o C ly d Ri v i
e a ca n us er n

ably th e O lyb ri an Z eu s of A n az a rba o r W t C i l i i (S t b

es e rn xiii 4 6 p
c a ra o, .
, .

6 7 xi v 5 4 p
.

A n a z arbu s , b ut o f h i s t rue n a ture a n d 2 wh S p e re ar e

w hp w
. .
, , .

ors i e kn o n ot ng w
S ee W hi d S p d i
on o r ar e A p ll h d t pl
on an o o a a em e

l Th t p l w h w
. .

D i t t e n be rge r, Ori en t i s Graeci I n scrip an d a n o ra c e . e em e as e n

t i on es S electa e (Le s c , 1 90 3 — 1 90 ip i ii . in th k e d
roc t i d i g
, an c on a n e an m a e

p 2 6 7 , No 5 7 7
. S te
. a n u s B z a n ti us,
y ph o f th g d e S oR Hb d y. d ee . e er e un

s v
”
A aa va ( e re wh
th e M S rea i n g d A W i lh l R i
e m i Kil ki “
e s en n i en ,

w w
. .
. .
,

Ok vuflpos as ron g c a n ge d ly h by D en ksclz rif ten a er ka i s er A kadem i e ’

.

a er Wi ssen sclz f t en R/z i losop k lz i s tor

’
S alm as i us a . .

2
S t rab o, xi v 5676
. The. 1 9, p . . Cla sse, xliv
(V en n a , 1 8 96 ) No
. i vi .

l v d b f l pp b bly h i S p
.

e xp i
re ss on o f S tra b o e a es i t ou t u 1 00 , 1 07 Pro a t s ar e

A p ll w
. .

wh h i i
e t e r th e m n s t e rs of th e godde ss do n i an ti v
o d i y ki
o as a n a e e t a n

w e re m en o r om e n w
T e re as a . h w to S arp e don i an A rt e m is .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A NDA N B OO K 1
1
T h e a mbi guou s
’
c l ov e r g row s a s h i gh a s t h e ho rs e s k n e e s .

n a t u re o f t h e god d e s s who p re s i d e d o v e r thi s C i t y of t h e

S a n c t u a ry (Hi erap oli s ) w as c o n fe s s e d by a p u zzl e d wo rs hi pp e r

2
,

a p hy s i c i a n n a m e d L uci u s M i n i u s C l a ud i a n u s w h o co n fid e d ,

h i s doubt s to t h e d e i t y h e rs e l f i n s om e v e ry i n d i ffe re n t G re e k
v e rses He w i s e ly l e ft i t to t h e god d e s s to s ay wh eth e r s h e
wa s A rte m i s o r t h e Moo n or H e c ate or A p h ro d i t e o r
.

D e m e te r A l l th a t w
, , , ,

3
e k n ow a bout h e r i s th a t h e r t ru e n a m e

wa s Pe ra s i a a n d t h a t sh e wa s i n th e e n j oy m e n t of c erta i n
.

Fu rth e r w
,

‘
re v e n u e s ! e m a y re a s o n a bly co n j e c t u re t h a t a t

t h e C i l ici a n C a s t a ba la s h e w
,

as wo rs h i pp e d wi t h rit e s l i k e

th os e wh i ch w e re h e l d i n ho n o u r of h e r n a m es a k e A rt e m i s
Pe ra s i a a t a n oth e r c i t y of t h e s a m e n a m e C a s t a ba la i n
C a pp a doci a Th e re a s w e s a wt h e p ri e s t e sse s of t h e god d e s s
,

.
, ,

5
w a l k e d ov e r fire w ith b are fe e t u n s c a t h e d P rob a bly t h e .

1 E .
J vi . Da
L if e i n A s i a ti c Tu rkey , s, S t udi es, xi .
( 1 8 90 ) pp . 2 5 1 -2 5 3 ; R .

pp 1 2
.
-
1 8 34 ; J
T B en t , “
Re c e n t D i s. . Heb e rdey un d A . W i lh el m ,
o
p . ci t . p .

c o ve ri es i n E a s t e rn C c a,
”
j ou rn a l of ili i 26 . h w i t di ff
T es e wh t ir e rs e r s om e a n

Hellen i c S tu di es , ( 1 8 9 0 ) 2 34 xi . pp . t hi e r di g re a d t n ti f th an res ora on o e

sq ; E L H ck s ,
. . . i
I n scr t on s rom ip i f v wh i h
e rs e s , g v d c li a re e n ra e on a m e

E a s t e rn C c a , ”
i bi a ’
ili i
2 4 3 s yo . pp . . t
s on e b i g th
as s a m on i I f ll w e ru n s . o o

R Heb erdey un d A W e m , op c i t
. . i lh l . . th v i f M
e e rs on Hb d y o d e ss rs . e er e an

pp 2 5 s qo Th e s te o f Hi e rop oli s i Wi lh l e m

w fi
. . .

Ca s taba la as rs t en t e by T id ifi d J . .
J T B t d E L Hi k p i t
4
. . en an . . c s, o . c .

B en t by
m ea n s o f n s cr t on s A s to i ip i . pp 3 5 4 6 q ; R H b d y d
. 2 , 2 s . . e er e un

th e c oi n s of t h e c t , s e e Fr I m h oo f iy . A W i lh l
.
p it p
e m 7 ,
o . c . . 2 .

l
B um e r, “
Z ur M un z k un de Ki lik i e n s ,
'

St b
5 xii
ra 7 p 537
o, S . 2 .
,
. . ee

Z ei t sck rif t f u r Nu m i s m a t i k,
'

(1 8 8 3 ) x . a b v p I 5 Th C i l i i C t b l
o e, . I . e c an as a a a,

pp 2 6 7 -2 9 0 ; G F H , Ca t a logu e o
.
f . . i ll th i t ti
e s f wh i h i i d ti fi d by
ua on o c s en e

t lz e Greek Coi n s o f Ly ca on i a , I sa u ri a , i ip t i
n s cr i t
on s , ti d b St b
s no m en on e y ra o .

a n a Ci li ci a , c -c i i 8 2 -8 4 , pp p l xi v It i v y l ik ly th t w i th h i i ti
7
. . . . . s er un e a , s n

I 6- G . M
a cdon a d, Ca ta l ogu e r Greek
y
‘
l m a et k wl d g f A i M i
no e h e o s a n or, e

Coi n s i n tlz e Hu n t eri a n Collecti on , ii . s h ld h v

ou d f a t pl
e e rre th so a r as o ac e e

5 34 5 9 c i ty i C pp d i t th
n a a th f th oc a , o e n or o e
2
O n th e ff e ren c e b e t e e n H e ro di w i T t i
a urus m ou n a n s , i t d f i Ci l i i n s ea o n c a,

p li
o s an d H e ra o s see (S i r) W i p li M t tho h f th
e s ou t It i o p b em s m ore ro

bl th t th e w t w i t i f th
. . .

y
Ram sa , Hi s tori ca l Geogr ap/zy of A s i a a e a er e re o c es o e

M i n or, 8 4 sq pp
A cc ord n g t o h i m ,
. . i s a m e n a m e , an d th t S t b h i tt d a ra o as om e

ii
t h e c t es de s gn a t e d by s uc hn am es i t o m en ti f th
on on e o S i i l ly th em m ar e re

w t w i ti ll d C
.
,

g w p g d lly
re u d t ra y ua roun a s an c ua r e re o c es ca i e om an a , on e n

wh G k i fl e re p v i l d th
re e n uen ce re a e e C pp d i
a a d i P t
oc a a n t b th on e n on u s a o

i y i ti
c t n l ip d th t
m e ec y d se e s a n c ua r an pl a ces th g dd
e sa m e w w h ipp d o ess as ors e

b k
eca m e w Hi p l i no th n as e ra o s, or e w i th i i l i t s m S St b
ar r e s . xii ee ra o, . 2 .

S d C i y b t wh t h
a c re t ti v , u e re e na e 3 p 5 35
. ii 3 3 , p 5
x 5 7 Th 2, . e

l t
e e m en t i d it p d i re a n e th s re om n an ce e s i t ti ua f th on v i o C t b l e a r o us as a a as

ciy t ti dt b k w
c on n ue Hi o e no n as e ro m en ti d byon e i t w i t i di a n c en r e rs s s

p lio th C i ty
s , or f th S t y e o e an c ua r . c us s e d by F I h f Bl . Z m oo - u m e r, ur

E L Hi k
3
. I ip t i
. f c s,
“
n sc r on s ro m M un z k un de Ki li k i e n s, ”
Z ei t s ck rifi ‘
f ur
Cil i i H Nu m i sm a t i k x (1 8 8 3 ) pp
”
E t as e rn
j l f l l i c a, ou rn a o e en c , . . 285 -2
88 .
 THE B URNI NG OF S A ND A N B OO K 1
In d ia . y e ar th e y wo rs h i p A i ri a l oc a l d e ity w
O n ce a ho is , ,

re p re se n t e d by a t ri d e n t a n d h as h i s t e m p l e s o n lo n e ly h i ll s

a n d d e s ol a t e t ra ct s A t h i s fe s tiv a l t h e p e o p l e se a t t h e m
.

s e lv e s i n a c i rcl e a b o u t a bo n fi re A k e ttl e d ru m i s b e a t e n
.
-
,

a n d o n e by o n e h i s w o rs h i pp e rs b e c o m e p o ss e s se d by t h e

god a n d l ea p wi th s h o ut s rou n d t h e fl a m e s Som e b ra n d

t h e m s e lv e s w i th h e a t e d i ro n s p oo n s an d s i t do w
.

n i n t h e fi re .

Such a s e s c a p e u n hu rt a re b e l i e v e d t o be t ru ly i n s p i re d ,

whi l e t ho s e who bu rn th e m s e lve s a re d es p i s e d a s m e re p re

t e n d e rs t o t h e d i vi n e fre n zy P e rs o n s thu s p o s s e s s e d b y t h e
.

s p i ri t a re c a l l e d A i ri s ho rse s o r h i s s l a v e s D u ri n g t h e
’
.

re v e l s ,
wh ich com mo n ly l a s t a bout t e n d a y s th e y w e ar ,

re d s c a rv e s rou n d t h e i r h e a d s a n d re c e iv e a l m s from t h e
fa i t hful Th e s e m e n d ee m th e m s e lv e s s o holy th a t th e y
.

wi l l le t n obody touch th e m a n d t h e y a lo n e m ay touch ,

1
t h e s a c re d t ri d e n t t h e e m bl e m of t h e i r god
,
I n W e s t e rn .

A s i a i t s e l f mod e rn fa n a tic s s t i ll p ra cti se t h e s a m e a u s t e ri t i e s

wh ich w e re p ra cti se d by t h e i r b re th re n i n t h e d a y s o f
“
J a m bli c h u s A
. s i a M i n o r a bou n d s i n d e rv i s h e s of d i ff e re n t
o rd e rs who la p re d hot i ro n c a l l i n g i t th e i r ro s e ch e w
,
-
,
‘
,
’

c oa l s of l i vi n g fi re s t ri k e th e i r h e a d s a g a i n s t s ol i d w a ll s
, ,

s t a b th e m se l v e s i n t h e ch ee k t h e s c a l p t h e t e m p l e wi t h
, , ,

s h a rp s p i k e s s e t i n h e a vy w e ight s s hout i n g
’
A l l a h A ll a h ,
‘
, ,

a n d a l w a y s co n s i s t e n tly a vowi n g th a t du ri n g s uch fre n zy

th e y a re e n t i re ly i n se n s i bl e to p a i n 2
.
”

9 . Tli e B u rn i ng of Cili ci a n Gods

On the wh o l e th e n w e s e e m to be j u s t i fi e d i n co n cl ud i n g
, ,

th a t u n d e r a t hi n v e n e e r of G re e k hu m a n i ty t h e b arb a rou s
n a ti v e g o d s of C i l i ci a co n t i n u e d lo n g to s u rvi v e a n d th a t ,

a mo n g t h e m t h e g re a t A s i a ti c godd e ss re t a i n e d a p l a c e ,

t h o u gh n ot t h e p ro m i n e n t p l a c e wh i ch s h e h e l d i n t h e

hi gh l a n d s o f t h e i n t e ri o r dow n a t l e a s t to t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
o u r e ra T h e p ri n ci p l e th a t t h e i n s p i re d p ri e s t o r p ri e s t e s s
.

re p re s e n t s t h e d e ity i n p e rs o n a pp e ars i f I a m ri ght to , ,

1
E T A t k n son , Tlz e Hi m a lay a n
. . i 2Th e Re v G E W te (. . ss on a r
. hi Mi i y
D i stri cts of t ke Nortk Wes tern Pro a t M a rs o va n , i n t h e a n c e n t Po n t u s ) , i n i
v i n ces o f I n di a , ii
(A a aba , 1 8 8 4 )
. ll h d a l
e t t e r t o m e da te 1 9 S ou t m oor d h
pp . 8 2 6 so . d xf d
Roa , O or , Fe b rua r 1 1 , 1 90 7 y .
C H AP. v1 THE B URNI NG OF CI L I CI A N G OD S 1 71

h a v e b ee n re c o g n i z e d a t Ca s t a ba la a n d a t O lb a a s w e l l,

as at th e s a n ctu a ry of S a rp e do n i an A rt e m i s Th e re
.

ca n be n o i n t ri n s ic i m p rob a bi l ity th e re fo re i n t h e vi e w
, ,
c
t hat at T a rs u s a l s o t h e d i vi n e t ri a d of B a a l A th e h , ,

a n d S a n d a n m a y a l s o h a v e b e e n p e rs o n a t e d by p ri e s t s a n d

p ri e s t e s s e s who o n t h e a n a logy of O lb a a n d of t h e g re a t
, ,

s a n ctu a ri e s i n t h e i n t e rio r of A s i a M i n o r wou l d o rigi n a l ly

,

be a t t h e s a m e t i m e k i n g s a n d qu e e n s p ri n c e s a n d p ri n c es s e s
Fu rth e r t h e bu rn i n g of S a n d a n i n e f figy at T a rs u s w
.
,

,
o uld ,

o n th i s hy p oth e s i s a n s w e r t o t h e w a l k of t h e p ri e s t e s s o f
,

Pe ra s i a th rough t h e fu rn a c e a t C a s t aba la Both w e re

.

p e rh a p s m iti g a t io n s o f a cu s to m of p u t ti n g t h e p ri e s t ly
k i n g or q u e e n or a n oth er m e mb e r of t h e roy a l fa m i ly to
, ,

d e a t h by fi re .
 C H A P T E R VII

S A RD A NA PAL US A ND HE RC U L E S

I . Tk e B u rn i ng of S a rda n apa lus

T a rsus sa id T HE th e o ry th a t k i n g s o r p ri n c e s w e re fo rm e rly bu rn e d to
to hv a e
d ea th a t T a rs u s i n t h e ch a ra ct e r of god s i s s i n gul a rly c o n
b een
fou n de d fi rm e d by a n oth e r a n d whol ly i n d e p e n d e n t l i n e of a rgum e n t
Fo r a cc o rd i n g to o n e a ccou n t t h e c i ty of T a rs u s w
.

by th e
as fou n d e d
y
A ss ri an , ,

k i n g S ar n ot by S a n d a n bu t by S a rd an a p a lu s t h e fa mou s A s s y ri a n

mo n a rch who s e d e a th on a g re a t p y re w
,
da n a p a l u s ,
w
h o
as o n e of t h e m o s t

b urn e d
h i m se lf on
fa mou s i n c id e n t s i n O ri e n t a l l e g e n d N e a r t h e s e a w i t hi n .
,

py d a y s m arch of T a rs u s m i ght be s e e n i n a n ti qui t y t h e

’
a re . a ,

ru i n s of a g re a t a n c i e n t ci ty n a m e d A n ch i a l e a n d out s id e ,

i t s w a ll s s tood a m o n u m e n t c a l l e d t h e mo n u m e n t of
S a rd an a p a l u s o n wh i ch w a s c a rv e d i n s to n e t h e fi gu re of

He w
,

t h e mo n a rch a s re p re se n t e d s n a pp i n g t h e fi n g e rs
of h i s ri ght h a n d a n d t h e g es tu re w
.

as e xp l a i n e d
,
by an
a ccom p a n yi n g i n s c ri p tio n e n g ra v e d i n A ss y ri an ch a ra ct e rs , ,

to t h e fol lowi n g e ff e ct S a rd a n a p a l u s s on o f A n ac y n da r ,

a xes bui lt A n ch i a l e a n d T a rs u s i n o n e day

,
E a t d ri n k .
, ,

a n d p l a y f o r e v e ry t h i n g e l s e i s n ot wo rth th a t by wh ich
wa s i m p l i e d t h a t a ll oth e r hu m an a ff a i rs w e re n o t wo rt h a
, ,

s n a p of t h e fi n ge rs
1
T h e g e s tu re m a y h a v e b e e n m i s i n.

1
S t bo xi v 5 9 pp 6 7 1
ra , q ; .
J D v i s Lif i A i ti T k y p p 3 7
.
, . s . a , e n s a c ar e , .

A rri A
an , b i 5 Anat h e e u
as s , 3 9 ; G P 11rro.t e t C h C h ipi H i to i e
na s, . e . ez ,
s r

xii 3 9 p 5 3 0 A B C om p re S te p h us
.
, .
,
o l A rt
. l A t i gu i t e i v 5 3 6 qo
a an a
’ ’ ’
aan s
’
n
’

, . s .

B y n t ius
za s v , G e o gi us
. . B ut M r D G H g rt h t e ll s m e t h t r . . . o a a

S y c e ll u
n C/ o og p l i
s, vol i p
zr n th e rui s i n q ue t i o
ra z a, s m to b .the . . n s n ee e

312 ed
, G D i dorf (B onn
. . co c et
n fou d ti o s of Rom n
,
n r e n a n a a

T h e s i t e of A ch i l e h s n ot y e t b en n t m ple
a T h e m i s t k e h d a l e dy
a e e . a a r a

di c o v e e d
s A t T s us i tse lf th e rui s
r . b en p oi n te d ou t by M r R K o l de w y
ar n e . . e .

of v st q u dr n gul r tructu e h v S ee his rti cl D s og

a a a a a
“
s te G r b
r a e a e, a s e n an n a

om t i m es b een i d e ti fi e d w i t h th e
” ’
s e d S d pn l u T r su s A u es a r an a a z a ,
s a er

m o u m en t o f S
n d p l us S ee E A om i (B e rl i
a r an a a pp 1 7 8 1 8 5
. n a n, .
-
.
 S A RDA NA PA L US A ND HER C ULES B OO K 1
p a l ac e ,
an d t h e re
bu rn e d hi m s e l f to d e a t h a l o n g w i th h i s ,

wi ve s h i s chi l d re n h i s s l a v e s a n d h i s t re a s u re s a t t h e v e ry
, , , , ,

1
mom e n t wh e n th e co nqu e ro rs w e re b re a k i n g i n t h e g a t es
No t m a n y y ea rs a f t e e a rds t h e s a m e t ra g e dy w
.

a s re p e a t e d

a t N i n e v e h i t se l f by S a ra c u s o r S i n s h a ri s h k un t h e l a s t k i n g ,

of A s s y ri a B e s i e g e d by t h e re b e l Na bo p ola s s a r k i n g of
.
,

B a byl o n a n d by Cy a x a re s k i n g of t h e M e d e s h e bu rn e d
Th a t w
, , ,

h i m s e l f i n h i s p a l ac e a s t h e e n d of N i n e v e h a n d .

of t h e A s s y ri a n e m p i re 2
T h u s G re e k h i s t o ry p re se rv e d t h e .

m e mo ry of t h e c a t as t ro p h e but t ra n s fe rre d i t from t h e rea l ,

vi c t i m s to t h e f a r mo re fa m o u s A s hu rb a n i p a l who s e figu re ,

i n a fte r a g e s l oo m e d v as t a n d d i m a g a i n s t t h e se t t i n g s u n
of A s s y ri a n gl o ry .

2 . Tli e B u rn i ng f
o Croes us

A n o t h e r O ri e n t a l mo n a rch who p re p a re d a t l e as t t o di e
i n th e fl a m e s w a s C ro e s u s k i n g of L yd i a H e rod otu s t e l l s , .

how t h e P e rs i a n s u n d e r Cy ru s c a p tu re d S a rd e s t h e L yd i a n ,

c a p it a l a n d took C ro e s u s a l i v e a n d how Cy ru s c a u s e d a
, ,

g re a t p y re to be e re ct e d o n wh i ch h e p l a c e d t h e c a p tiv e ,

mo n a rch i n fe tt e rs a n d w i th hi m twi c e s e ve n L yd i a n you t h s

Fi re w
.
,

a s th e n a pp l i e d t o t h e p i l e b ut a t t h e l a s t mom e n t ,

Cy ru s re l e n t e d a s udd e n s how e r e x ti n gu i s h e d t h e fl a m e s
a n d C ro e s u s w
, ,

a s s p a re d B ut i t i s mo s t i m p rob a bl e th a t
3
.

t h e P e rs i a n s w i t h th e i r p rofou n d re v e re n c e f or t h e s a n ct ity
,

of fi re s h o ul d h a v e th o ught o f de fi li n g t h e s a c re d e l e m e n t
,

w i th t h e wo rs t o f a ll p o ll uti o n s t h e co n t a ct of d e a d bod i e s 4
, .

S uch a n a c t wou l d h a v e s e e m e d to t h e m s a c ri l e g e o f t h e
d e e p e s t dy e Fo r to th e m fiLQ WA s i h e ea rthly f orm of t h e
.
_
. . . .

1 G M sp ero Hi t i A i
. a t h ough t th t t h e st o y of t h e d at h of
, s o re n c en n e a r e

l s P up le iq iii us m i gh t b p o p ul r but m i s
’
l O i t Cl
’
ce e s ae S r en a ss u e, . a ra c e a a

422 q s For th e i c ip t i o s r fe r i g
. t k e dup l i t e o f t h e d e t h o f S h m sh
ns r n e rn a n ca a a a

t o hi m d full d i u si o of t h em sh m uk i (B by lo i k y i l e Ge
an a sc s n , u n a n sc -a s s r sc z

see C F Le h m n H pt) S
v

. . } li lt a pp 4 1 0 n - Z i m i k i g of
au ,
a nt a s c z c z e, . r , n

K ig v I s el l so bu ed h i m se lf i h i s p l ce
’
i u m ki B by l o i ééS
’

u n , on on a n en L
ra , a rn n a a

648 v Ck .
(Le i p i c r . to c p e f ll i g i t o t h e h n d s of h i
s , es a a n n a s
2 Ab d
y us i F gm t Hi to i o
en e em i
,
n ( 1 K i gs x v i ra en a s r c n es n .

ru m G o m d C M ull er i v 2 8 2 ;
raec ru
3 He rod o t s i 8 6
, e . .
, .

G o gi us S y cell s Ck o og p ki q u s
e r n i u ,
r n ra a, .
, . .

p 3 96 e d G D i dorf ; E M y r Ge
.
, . .
4 R o l Ro h tt
n
“
Su l H r l . e e ,
a u -
c e e, r
’
e cu e

s l i kt A lt t l u m i (S tut tg t
’
A y i t Ph é i c i e IV/ i d
’
c z c e a es er z s, . ar ,
ss r en e n n, en z o res e

1 8 8 4 ) pp 5 7 6 q G M s p ro Hi i
’ ’ ‘ ’
l A I ri t i o t B ll
. s .
p. a e , s ca a enz e a es n sc ns e e es

t i
o re A ie ncP pl de l O i t
n n e a es L tt
’
x v ii D e u i em e P rti e (P i
eu es r en e res , . x a ar s ,

Cl i q e iii 4 8 2 4 8 5
ass u C P Ti l e
, . p 2 74 -
. . . e . .
 CH AP v1 1 . THE B URNI NG OF CR OE S US

h e a ve nlyi i gh t , t h e d iv i n e d e a t h o n t
e e rn a l t h e i n fi n it e , t h e
was i n the i r o p i n io n t h e m a i n s o u rc e of
, ,

t h e o t h er h a nd ,
_ c u p tio
o rr n a n d u n cl e an n e s s H e n c e th e y t o ok t h e m o s t .

s t ri n g e n t p re c a u t io n s to gu a rd t h e p u ri t y of fi re fro m t h e
1
de fi le m e n t of de a th I f a m a n o r a dog d ie d i n a h o u se .

wh e re t h e holy fi re bu rn e d t h e fi re h a d to be re m o v e d from
t h e hou se a n d k e p t a w a y f or n i n e n i ght s i n w
,

i n ter o r a
mo n th i n s u m m e r b e fo re i t m i ght be b rought b a ck ; a n d i f
a n y m a n b ro k e t h e ru l e by b ri n gi n g b a ck t h e fi re wi thi n t h e

a pp oi n t e d ti m e h e m i ght be p u n i s h e d w i th two hu n d re d
A s f o r bu rn i n g a c o rp s e i n t h e fi re i t w
,

s t ri p e s
2
. as t he ,

m os t h e i n ou s of a ll s i n s a n i n ve n tio n of Ah ri m an t h e d e vi l
t h e re w a s n o a to n e m e n t f o r i t a n d i t w
, ,

a s p u n i s h e d w i th

No r d i d t h e la wre m a i n a d e a d l e tt e r D o w n to
,

3
d e a th
t h e b e gi n n i n g o f o ur e ra t h e d e a th p e n a lty w
. .

as i n fl i ct e d o n

a ll w h o t h re w a c o rp s e o r cow du n g o n t h e fi re n a y e v e n o n
"
-

a s bl e wo n t h e fi re w i t h th e i r b re a th
, ,

s uch I t i s h a rd .
,

t h e re fo re to b e l i e v e t h a t a P e rs i a n k i n g s h o ul d h a v e co m
,

m a n de d h i s s ubj e ct s to p e rp e t ra t e a d e e d wh ich h e a n d

th e y vi e w e d w i t h h o rro r a s t h e m o s t fl agi t i o us s a c ri l e g e
co n c e i va bl e .

A n o t h e r a n d i n s om e re s p e ct s t ru e r v e rs i o n of t h e s t o ry T h l d e o er

of C ro e s u s a n d Cy ru s h as b ee n p re s e rv e d by two old e r
wi t n e s s e s — n a m e ly by t h e G re e k p o e t B a cchyl id e s w ho w , a s w th t ,
as a

5
b o rn s o m e fo rt y y ea rs a ft e r t h e e v e n t a n d by a G re e k a rt i s t ,

who p a i n t e d t h e s c e n e o n a re d fi gu re d v a s e a b o u t o r s oo n f h i -
,
o s

a ft e r t h e ti m e of t h e p o e t s bi rth
’

,
B a cchyl i d e s t e l l s us th a t .

wh e n t h e P e rs i a n s c a p tu re d S ard es C roe s u s u n a bl e to b ro o k tt m p t d , ,
a e e

t h e t h o ught o f s l av e ry c a u s e d a p y re t o be e re c t e d i n fro n t ,

of h i s c o u rt y a rd m o u n te d i t with h i s w i fe a n d da ught e rs , ,

a n d b a d e a p a g e a pp ly a l i gh t t o t h e w oo d A b ri gh t bl a z e .

s h ot u p but Z e u s e x ti n gu i s h e d i t w i t h ra i n from h e a v e n a n d
, ,

1
J D m s.t e t r Tl e Z arl A v t e
4
S t b ex v 3 14 p 732
,
i E ve en e - es a , ra o, .
‘

.
,
. . n

v ol i (O x fo d 1 8 8 0 ) pp l xxx v i
. .
g ld o
r ,
o t f i ts m bl e to . .
,
o , n acc un o res e an c

l xxx v iii (S e B k f tk E t fi m i gh t ot b brough t

-x c . ac r a
’
oo s o e as ,
re , n e n ea r a

c o rp (i x v 3 1 8 p
’
vol . se a . . .
, .

2 Z en d- A ves t a , Ven di a aa , Fargard,

’ ’
5
S a rdesf ll i h t e n t e au u m n of 5 46
v (E M y G ki l t ’
’ B C e e r, es c c t e a es A lter
S a B ooks
f t ke E a st ,
. . .

.
7 .
3 9 4 4 ( a c
-
re o
t k u n z s, i (S t ttg t p
iv . 60
B acc hyl i d w p b bly b
.

es
u

as
ar ,

ro a orn
.

be
3 Z en el - A ves t a , t ran s l a te d by J . t w e en 5 1 2 an d 5 05 B C . . S ee R C . . J e bb ,

D a rm es t e t e r, i pp. . xc .
9, I 10 s
q . B a ccky li cles , t ke Poem s an d Fragm en ts
S
( a crea B ooks
’
f
o tlz e E a st , (C am br dge , i pp . 1 sq .
 S A RDA NA PA L US A ND HER C ULE S B OO K !
A p ol l o o f t h e G o l d e n S wo rd w a fte d t h e p iou s k i n g a n d h i s
d a ught e rs t o t h e h a pp y l a n d b e yo n d t h e N o rth W i n d 1
In .

l i k e m a n n e r t h e v a s e p a i n t e r cl e a rly re p re s e n t s t h e bu rn i n g
-

of C ro e s u s as a volu n t a ry ac t n ot a s a p u n i s hm e n t i n flict e d ,

on h i m by t h e co n qu e ro r He l e t s us s ee t h e k i n g .

e n th ro n e d u p o n t h e p y re wi th a w re a th o f l a u re l o n h i s h e a d

an d a s c e p t re i n o n e h a n d wh i l e wi th t h e o th e r h e i s ,

p ou ri n g a l i b a tio n A n a t te n d a n t i s i n t h e a c t of a pp ly i n g
.

to t h e p i l e two obj e ct s wh ich h a v e b e e n v ariou s ly i n t e rp re te d

a s t o rch e s t o k i n d l e t h e wood o r W hi s k s to s p ri n k l e holy

w a t e r Th e d e m e a n ou r of t h e k i n g i s s ol e m n a n d co m
.

p o se d : h e s e e m s to be p e rfo rm i n g a re l igiou s ri te n ot ,
2
s u ff e ri n g a n i g n o m i n iou s d e a th

Thu s w
.

e m a y fa i rly co n cl ud e wi t h s om e e m i n e n t m od e rn

s chol a rs
3
th a t i n t h e e x t re m ity of h i s fo rt u n e s C roes u s p re
p a re d to m e e t d e a th l i k e a k i n g o r a god i n t h e fl a m es I t
was t hu s t h a t H e rcu l e s fro m whom th e ol d k i n g s of Lyd i a
.

cl a i m e d t o be s p ru n g as c e n d e d fro m e arth to h ea ve n : i t
4

was thu s t h at Z i m ri k i n g o f Is rae l p a sse d b eyo n d t he

,

re a ch of h i s e n e m i e s : i t w
, ,

as thu s th a t S h a m as h s h u m uki n

k i n g of B a bylo n e s c a p e d a b roth e r s v e n g e an c e : i t w
,
’

, as

t hu s th a t t h e l a s t k i n g of A s s y ri a e xp i re d i n t h e ru i n s of
h i s c a p i t a l ; an d i t w a s thu s th a t s i x ty s i x y ea rs a ft e r t h e ,
-

c a p tu re of S a rd e s t h e C a rth a gi n i a n k i n g H a m i lc a r s ought to
,
5 ’
re t ri e v e a lo s t b a ttl e by a h e ro s d ea th .

S e m i ra m i s h e rse l f t h e l e ge n d a ry qu e en of A s s y ri a i s s a i d
, ,

to h a v e bu rn t h e rse l f on a p y re out of g ri e f a t t h e d ea th of a
6
fa vou ri t e ho rs e S i n c e t h e re a re s t ro n g g rou n d s f or re g a rd
.

1
B ac c hyl i d es , i i i 2 4 -6 2
. . ou trage o n Pe rs i an re l i gi on (He ro d o tus ,
2 F G We l c k e r, A lte D en km ci ler iii
‘

. . .

(Got t i n gen , 8 49
1 iii p l xxxiii
. . .
3 Ra ou l Ro c e tt e ,
- h
S u r l He rcule “ ’

A B au m e
. i s t e r, D en km aler
a es klass i
'
’
Ass yi r en h
et P én i c i e n , M em oi res a o
‘ ’

seben A ltert u m s ( un c an d Le M ih
s c, ip i ’
l A ca a em i e
’
cles I n scri pt i on s et B elles
1 885 7 9 6, fi g 8 60 ; A H
ii . . . . Let t res , x vn . D e ux i é m e Pa rt i e (Pa ri s ,
Sm t , i “
h ll
I ust ra t o n s t o B ac c i
des ,
”
hyl i pp . 277
q ; s . M . D un ck e r,
j ou rn a l o
f H ell en ic S t u d i es, x v iii . Gesclz i ck te cles A ltert lz u m s, iv 5 .
3 30
8
( 9 )
1 8 2 6 7 pp
-2 6
9; G . a s e ro, . M p 332 ; E . M y e e r, Gesc/ z i ck te
’
a es A lter
Hi stoi re A n ci en n e aes Peup les a e
’ ’ '

tk u m i (S tuttg rt 1 8 8 4 ) p
s, . a , . 6 04 ;
’
l Ori en t Class i u e, 6 1 8 sq q iii
It is . . G M sp ero Hi toi re A i
. a , s n c en n e
’
a es

t rue t a t C a m h by
s e s c a u s e d t h e de a d P up l
e l O i t Cl ss i qu
es a e
’
iii’
r en a e, . 618 .

b dyo of th e Eg t an k n g A m a s i s t o yp i i 4 H o do tus i
7er , . .

d
be raggedf rom th e t om b, m a n g e d, l 5
S ee b o v pp 1 1 5 sq 1 7 3
a e, . .
, s
q.

an d b d but t h e dee d i s e xp ly 5 Hy i us F b Pl i y
urn e re ss g 2 4 3 n ,
a . n ,
V11 1 .

b by
ran de d th e an c e n t s tor an as an i hi i
 S A RDA NA PA L US A ND HER C ULE S
1
re gul arly m a d e f o r d ea d k i n g s of J ud ah a n d i t c a n h a rd ly ,

be a cci d e n t a l t h a t t h e p la c e a s s i g n e d b y I s a i a h t o t h e k i n g s
’

p y re i s t h e v ery s p ot i n t h e V a l l e y of H i n n om w h e re t h e
fi rs t bo rn ch i ld re n w e re a c t u a l ly bu rn e d by th e i r p a re n t s i n
-

“
T h e e x a c t s i t e of t h e V a l l e y
”
h o n ou r of M o l och t h e K i n g .

of H i n n om i s d i s p u te d but a ll a re a g ree d i n i d e n t i fyi n g it ,

wi th o n e of t h e ra vi n e s whi ch e n ci rcl e or i n t e rs e ct J e ru s a l e m
a n d a cco rd i n g to s o m e e m i n e n t a u t ho ri ti e s i t w a s t h e on e

c a l l e d by J o s e p hu s t h e T y rop oe o n 2
I f thi s l as t i de n t i fi c a .

t i o n i s co rre c t t h e v a l l e y wh e re t h e chi ld re n w e re bu rn e d
,

o n a p y re la y i m m e d i a t e ly b e n e a t h t h e ro y a l p a l a c e an d

th e te m p l e P e rh a p s t h e you n g v icti m s d i e d f or G o d a n d
.

3
the k i n g .

Wi t h t h e g re a t bu rn i n g s f o r d e a d J e wi s h k i n g s i t s ee m s
w o rt h whi l e to c o m p are t h e g re a t bu rn i n g s s t i l l a n n u a l ly
m a d e f or d e a d J e w i s h R a bbi s a t t h e lofty vi l l a g e of M e i ron i n
G a l i l e e t h e mo s t fa m ou s a n d v e n e ra t e d p l a c e of p i lg ri m a ge
,

f o r J e w s i n mod e rn P a l e s ti n e H e re t h e t o mb s of t h e R a bbi s .

a re h e w n o u t o f t h e rock a n d h e re o n t h e t h i rt i e t h of A p ri l , ,

t h e e ve of M a y D a y mu l t itu d e s of p il g ri m s both m e n a n d , ,

wom e n a s se m bl e a n d bu rn th e i r o ff e ri n g s wh i ch co n s i s t of
, ,

s h a wl s s c a rfs h an d k e rch i e fs b ook s an d t h e l i k e Th e s e

a re p l a c e d i n t w
, , , ,
.

o s to n e b a s i n s o n t h e to p of two low p i l l a rs ,

a n d b e i n g d re n ch e d wi th oi l a n d i g n i t e d th e y a re co n s u m e d

to a s h e s a m i d t h e loud a pp l a u s e s hout s a n d c ri e s of t h e , ,

s p e c t a to rs A m an h a s b e e n k n ow n to p ay a s much a s
.

1 h i l x v i 4 xxi 9 ;
2 C ron c es
g l ly i.d t h 1v b ,
b i d . 1 re u ar sa o a e e en ur e ,

J i h xxxi v 5 T h i
e re m a t b t Th p g f I i he re s no no u rn e assa e o sa a

h w th t wh t w b d
. . .

g d f
ro un i g h A th
or a s s um n as t e u or s ee m s to s o a a as urn e

l w g t bt
,

i d v
ze i d i
e rs on
J i h xxxi voe s t n yl f e re m a . a a ro a un e ra as a re a ,
u

5 th t
, ly pi w b d
a on s p ty p y
ces T h t th b
e re i g f
urn e o n_ em , re . a e urn n s or

th e se i ; i d d th b i g th k i g f
o ccas on s n ee d p t f eh th urn n e n s orm e ar o a ea en

of pi s i t ce s ti d t
s ll i
no t
m en w i gh tly p i v d by R
on e a a n c us om as r erc e e e n an

f th th p g H iii
(
’
an y o e Th i
ree t i p p l
a s sa l I l es . e s o re au
’
eu e c s ra e , . 12 1,
“
w t d
s ee d di v
o ki d
ou rs f t )
an e rs n s o no e .

spi p p d by th p th i
c es re a re J p h B ll f e a v 4
o e ca r es
’ 2 os e us , e . ua
’
. . . I .

ar t wh i h w l i d i th d d S E y l p di B i bli
,
”
c e re a n J e ea ee n c c o ae a ca , s v . . e ru

ki g Ch i l xv i l
’ ”
n b d ( s e 2 ron c es l 4 3 q . sa e m , vo . 11 . 2 2 s .

w p b bly d t
e re ro a b l hi u se A t th
o M l h w h ip
em a m m ,
3 s o e o oc ors , s ee

no t t b b o d t hi f
e l F
urn e N t I t th
a s d f h
u n e ra vl . or o e . a e en o t e o um e .

th gh tb i g w l ly h v h f
”
ou g rea
g I
urn n t ts k t h R
e re re P u ar a e o an e e v. ro e ss or

m a d f th d d k i g f J d h R H K tt f i di ti g t
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c as e o au a e r en ca on o e a e o n n om

b dio w es t d e reTh y w i th th Ty p
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CH A P v1 1
. THE B URNI NG OF CR OE S US

two t hou san d p i a st re s f or t h e p ri vi l e g e of b e i n g a l low e d t o

o p e n t h e c e re mo n y by bu rn i n g a c os tly s h a wl O n s uch .

occ a s io n s t h e s o l e m n u n mov e d s e re n i ty of t h e Tu rk i s h
o f fici a l s who k e e p o rd e r p re s e n t s a s t ri k i n g co n t ras t to t h e
, ,

i n t e n s e e x c i t e m e n t of t h e J e w s 1
Th i s cu ri ou s c e re mo n y .

m a y be e xp l a i n e d by t h e wid e s p re a d p ra ct i c e of bu rn i n g

p ro p e rt y f or t h e u se a n d b e n e fi t of t h e d e a d So to t a k e .
,

a s i n gl e i n s t a n c e t h e t y ra n t P e ri a n d e r col l e ct e d t h e fi n e s t
,

ra i m e n t of a ll t h e wom e n i n C o ri n th a n d bu rn e d i t i n a p i t

f o r h i s d e a d wi fe w h o h a d s e n t h i m wo rd by n e c ro m an cy
th a t s h e w
,

a s c o l d a n d n a k e d i n t h e oth e r w o rld b e c a u s e t h e ,
2
clo th es h e bu ri e d wi t h h e r h a d n o t b ee n bu rn t In l i k e .

m a n n er p erh a p s g a rm e n t s a n d oth e r v a l u a bl e s m ay h a ve
, ,

b e e n co n s um e d o n t he p y re f or t h e u s e o f t h e d e a d k i n g s of

w
J ud a h I n S i a m t h e co rp s e of a k i n g or qu e e n i s bu rn e d
.
,

i n a hug e s t ructu re res e m bl i n g a p e rm a n e n t p a l a c e hi ch ,

wi t h i t s m a n y g a bl e d a n d h i gh p itch e d roofs a n d multi

- -

t u di n o u s t i n s e l l e d s p i re s s o a ri n g t o a h e igh t o f ov e r t w
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o

hu n d re d fee t s om e ti m e s occu p i e s a n a re a of a b o u t a n a c re
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.

T h e bl a z e of s uch a n e n o rmou s c a t a fa l qu e m a y re s e mbl e ,

e v e n i f i t f a r s u rp ass e s t h e
“
g re a t bu rn i n g s f or t h e J e w i s h
,

k i n gs .

3 . Pu rifi ca t i on by Fi re

Th e s e e v e n t s a n d th e s e t ra d i ti o n s s ee m to p rov e th a t D t h ea

by fi
u n d e r c e rt a i n ci rcu m s t a n c e s O ri e n t a l mo n a rch s d e l i b e ra t e ly re

g d d re ar e

cho se to bu rn th e m s e lv e s t o d e a th Wh a t w e re th e s e by t h .
e

i t a n c e n s as
c i rcum s t a n c e s ? a n d wh a t w e re t h e co n s e qu e n c es of t h e a c t ? k i d f a n o

I f t h e i n t e n t i o n h a d m e re ly b e e n to e s c a p e from t h e h a n d s p ot h o i a e s s .

of a co n qu e ro r a n e a s i e r m o d e of d ea th would n a tu ra l ly
,

h av e b e e n cho se n Th ere m u s t h a ve b e e n a s p e c i a l re a s o n
.

f o r e l e c t i n g t o di e by fi re T h e l e g e n d ary d e a th o f H e rcul e s
.
,

t h e hi s t o ric a l d e a th of H a m i lc a r a n d t h e p ictu re of C ro e s u s ,

e n t h ro n e d i n s t a t e o n t h e p y re a n d p ou ri n g a l i b a t io n a ll

c o m bi n e t o i n d i c a t e th a t to be bu rn t a l iv e w
,

a s re g a rd e d a s

a s o l e m n s a c ri fic e n a y mo re th a n th a t a s a n a p o th e o s i s wh i ch
, , ,

1 W . M . Th
Tb o m so n , e La n d and K . B ae d e k e r, Pa les ti n e an d Sy ri a “
t /z e B ook, Cen t ra l Pa lest i n e a n d Pkoe (Le ip s i c , p . 2 55 .

n i c i a (Lon don , 5 7 5 5 79
-
pp .
2 He rodotus , v .
92 .
7 .

. bi
Ed Ro n so n , B i bl i ca l Resea rcbes i n 3 C . B ock , Te m p les a n al E lep k an ts
Pa lest i n e 3 (Lon don , ii .
4 3 0 sq .
; (Lon d on , pp .
7 3 76 - .
 S A RD A NA PA L U S A ND HER C ULE S B OO K 1
i d t h e v i cti m to t h e ra n k of a go d
ra s e Fo r i t i s to be 1

re m e mb e re d th a t H a m i lc a r a s w e l l a s H e rcul e s w as w
.

or

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s hi pp e d a ft e r d e a th a s re g a rd e d by t h e .
, ,

an c i e n t s a s a p u rg a t iv e s o p ow e rfu l t h a t p ro p e rl y a pp l i e d i t

coul d bu rn a w a y a ll t h a t w as m o rt a l of a m a n l e a vi n g o n ly
H en ce w
,

t h e d ivi n e a n d i m mo rt a l s p i ri t b e h i n d e re a d of .

godd e s s e s who e s s ay e d to co n fe r i m mo rt a l i ty o n t h e i n fan t

s o n s of k i n g s by bu rn i n g th e m i n t h e fi re by n i ght but th e i r
be n e fi c e n t p u rp o s e w a s a lw a y s fru s t ra t e d by t h e i g n o ra n t
i n t e rp o s iti o n of t h e mo t h e r o r fa th e r who p e e p i n g i n to t h e
roo m s a w
,

t h e c h i l d i n t h e fl a m e s a n d ra i s e d a c ry of ho rro r ,

thu s d i s co n c e rti n g t h e god d e s s a t h e r m a g i c ri t e s Th i s .

s t o ry i s t ol d of I s i s i n t h e h o u s e of t h e k i n g of B y blus of ,

D e m e t e r i n t h e hou se o f th e k i n g of E l e u s i s a n d of Th e t i s ,
2
i n t h e hou s e of h e r mo rt a l hu s b an d P e l e u s I n a s l ightly .

1
T s hi vi w w i i d l
e as m a n ta n e on g F ti i v 5 4 7 5 6 A t T h ti as , .
- 0 . s o e s s ee

l h
a go b y Ra ou - Roc e tt e i n re ga r to d A p ll i Rh di A g i v 8 65 o on us o u s, r on . .

th e d h
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S ar a n a a u s an d d pl 8 7 9 ; A p ll d B i bl iii 3 6 o o orus , . . 1 . .

o f C roes u s He su os ed t at t h e
. pp
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yi h
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4 . Tbe D i vi n i ty o f Ly di a n K i ngs

B ut a p a rt fro m a n y g e n e ra l n oti o n s of t h e p u ri fi c atory

v i rtu e s o f fi re t h e k i n g s of L yd i a s e e m to h a v e h a d a
,

s p e ci a l re a s o n f o r re g a rd i n g d ea th i n the fl a m es as t he i r
a pp ro p ri a t e e n d Fo r t h e a n c i e n t dy n a s ty of t h e He ra c li ds
.

wh i ch p re c e d e d t h e hou s e o f C ro e s u s o n t h e t h ro n e t ra c e d
th e i r d es c e n t from a god o r h e ro who m t h e G ree k s c a ll e d
H e rcul e s ; a n d thi s L yd i a n H e rcul e s a pp e ars t o h a v e b ee n
1

i d e n t i c a l i n n a m e a n d i n s ub s t a n c e w i t h t h e C i l i ci a n
H e rcul e s who s e e ffigy w ,
as re gul a rly bu rn e d on a g re a t
p y re a t T a rs u s T h e Lyd i an H e rcul e s bo re t h e n a m e of
.

S a n do n ; t h e C i l ici a n H e rcul e s bo re t h e n a m e of S a n d a n
2
,

o r p e rh a p s ra th e r of S a n do n s i n c e S a n do n i s k n ow n from ,

i n s c ri p t i o n s a n d oth e r e vi d e n c e to h a v e b e e n a C i l ic i a n
Th e ch a ra ct e ri s t i c e m bl e m s of t h e C i l ic i a n H e rcul e s
3
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w e re t h e l i o n a n d t h e do u b l e h e a d e d a x e ; a n d both th es e -

e mbl e m s m e e t us a t S a rd es i n co n n e x io n wi th t h e dy n a s ty

of t h e He ra c li ds Fo r t h e d o ubl e h e a d e d a x e w
. a s c a rri e d -

a s p a rt o f t h e s a c re d re g a l i a by L yd i a n k i n g s from t h e t i m e

of t h e l e g e n d a ry qu ee n O m p h a l e dow n t o t h e re i g n o f
C an da ule s t h e l a s t of t h e H e ra cl i d k i n g s
,
It i s sai d to .

h a v e b e e n g iv e n t o O m p h a l e by H e rcu l es h i m s e l f a n d i t
wa s a pp a re n tly re ga rd e d as a p a ll a d i u m of t h e H e ra cl i d
,

s ov ere i g n ty ; f or a ft e r t h e d ot a rd C an da u les c e a s e d to c a rry

t h e a x e hi m s e l f a n d h a d h a n d e d i t ov e r to t h e k e e p i n g of
,

a cou rt i e r a re b e l l i o n b rok e out a n d t h e a n c i e n t dy n a s t y o f

T h e n e wk i n g Gyg e s d i d
, ,

t h e He ra c lids c a m e t o a n e n d .

n o t a tt e m p t to c a rry t h e ol d e m bl e m of s ov e re ig n t y ; h e
d e d ic a t e d i t w i t h oth e r s p oi l s t o Z e u s i n C a ri a H e n ce the .

i m ag e of t h e C a ri a n Z e u s bo re a n a x e i n h i s h a n d a n d
re c e i v e d t h e e p i t h e t of L a bra n de us from la br y s t h e L yd i a n

S uch i s P l ut a rch s a cc o u n t ; but w

, ,
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wo rd f o r a x e . e m ay

1 He rod otus i , .
7 . i n Ca r a i . Th e te m e as pl w
an c en t i .

2 J oan n e s Ly dus , D e m agi s t ra t i bu s , A d ll

roa ca ed th e S a c red Wa y le d
iii . 64 . d w h i ll f
o n i l t M yl or ten m es o as a , a

S 3 b v p 44 t
ee a o e, . 1 , n o e 2. ci ty f wh i o bl t pl d l
te m ar e em e s an c o on

Pl t 4 h Q ti G
u a rc 45 u aes on es ra eca e , na d wh i h t d i f ti l p l i
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w w h ipp d t
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,

Z e us L b d a ran e us as o rs e a th f t f p ipi t
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t h v i ll g
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p ass v th o t ier M yl e m oun a n s, n ea r as a i

cess on s b i g th h ly bl ea r n e o em em s
C HAP . vu THE DI VI NI T Y OF L YD I A N KIN S G
s u s p e ct th a t Z e u s o r ra t h e r t h e n a tiv e god whom t h e ,

G re e k s i d e n ti fi e d w i t h Z e u s c a rri e d t h e a x e l o n g b e fo re t h e ,

t i m e of C a n da u le s I f a s i s c o m mo n ly s u pp o s e d t h e a x e
wa s th e s ymbol of th e A s i at ic t hu n d e r god i t wou l d be a n
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l -

a pp ro p ri a te e m bl e m i n t h e h an d o f k i n g s w
,

h o a re s o ofte n ,

e xp e ct e d to m a k e ra i n thu n d e r a n d l ight n i n g f o r t h e good , ,

of th e i r p e o p l e W h e th e r t h e k i n g s of L yd i a w e re b ou n d Lydi an

t o m a k e thu n d e r a n d ra i n w
.

k i g h ’d n S e
e d o n ot k n o w ; bu t a t a ll
p o ibl re s ns e

e v e n t s l i k e m
,
a n y e a rly mo n ar ch s th e y se e m to h a v e b e e n f t h
,
or e

h e l d re s p o n s i bl e f or t h e w e a th e r a n d t h e c ro p s I n t h e 35355; .

re i g n of M e l e s t h e cou n t ry s uffe re d s e v e re ly fr om d e a rth s o p ,

c ro s

t h e p e o p l e co n s ul t e d an o ra cl e a n d t h e d e i ty l a id t h e bl a m e ,

o n t h e k i n g s o n e o f wh o m h a d i n fo rm e r y ea rs i n cu rre d t h e
,

gu i l t of mu rd e r T h e s ooth s ay e rs a cco rdi n gl y d e cl are d th a t

K i n g M e l e s though h i s ow
.

n h an d s w e re c l e a n m u s t be
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b a n i s h e d f or th re e y e a rs i n o rd e r t h a t th e t a i n t o f blood s h e d
s houl d be p u rg e d a w a y T h e k i n g ob e y e d a n d re ti re d t o .

B a bylo n wh e re h e l iv e d t h re e y e a rs I n h i s a b se n c e th e
k i n gdo m w
.
,

a s a d m i n i s t e re d by a d e p u t y a c e rt a i n S a dy a t t e s , ,

?
s o n of C a dy s who t ra c e d h i s d e s c e n t from T y lon A s to
th i s T y lo n w Ag a i n w
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e s h a l l h e a r mo re p re s e n tly e re a d .
,

th a t t h e L yd i a n s rej oic e d g re atly a t t h e a s sa s s i n a t i o n of

S p e rm us a n o t h e r of t h e i r k i n g s
,
“
f or h e w a s v e ry w i ck e d , ,

” 3
an d th e l a n d s uff e re d fro m d rought i n hi s re ig n .

A pp a re n tly l i k e t h e a n c i e n t I ri s h a n d m an y m o d e rn
,
.

Afric a n s th e y l a i d t h e d rought a t t h e k i n g s doo r a n d

,
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,

t hough t t h a t h e o n ly got wh a t h e d e s e rv e d u n d e r t h e k n i fe
o f t h e a s s as s i n .

w en t to an d S a c re d W ay
f ro l
a on g th e t ke Greek Coi n s o f
Ly di a (Lon don ,
from a sa M yl
to Lab ra un da S ee . c i p . xx v ii . O n a c o n of i
S tra o, b xi v 2 2 3, 6 5 8 sq
. Th e. pp . . M os t en e i n L d yi a t h e doub e - e a de d l h
bl h d d
dou e - ea e ax e gures on th e ru n s fi i ax e i s re resen te p d w b e t e en a b un c of h
an d co n s of i asa ll w
(Ch Fe o s , M yl .
gra p es an d e ars o f c o rn , a s it e re if w
A n A ccou n t of D i scoveri es i n Ly c i a , an em b l em of f ili y
e rt t (B V Hea d,
d
. .

p
Lo n don , 1 8 4 1 , 7 5 ; B V Hea , . . .
p
o . ci t . p . 1 62 , pl x vii
. .

xf
Hi s tori a Nu m oru m , O ord, 1 8 8 7 , ll
L Pre e r, Gri eclz i s ck e My t /z ol ogi e,
1
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d bl h d d
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i g h w ll d T y i Frag
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c o au s a m a sc en u s , in
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d g w h l d i hi h on ou r
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M ull i i i 3 8 q
an am e s e re e n s

H w i d t i fi d w i th A p ll
.

C e r, 2 s
d th
. . .

e as en e o o an e

B V H d C t lg
3
s un S . ee f . . ea ,
a a o ue o I bi d . 111 .
381 .
 S A RDA NA PA L US A ND HER C ULE S B OO K 1

W i th re g a rd to t h e l io n t h e oth e r e m bl e m of t h e
C i l ici a n H e rcu l es w
,

e a re tol d th a t t h e s a m e k i n g M e l e s

who w
, ,

as b a n i s h e d b e c a u se of a d e a rth s ought t o m a k e t h e ,

a c ro p ol i s of S a rd e s i m p re g n a bl e by c a rryi n g rou n d i t a l io n

wh ich a co n cubi n e h a d bo rn e t o h i m U n fo rt u n a te ly a t a .

s i n gl e p o i n t wh e re t h e p re c i p i c e s w e re s uch th a t i t s e e m e d
,

as i f n o hu m a n foot cou l d s c a l e th e m h e o m i tt e d to c a rry ,

t h e b e a s t a n d s u re e n ough a t th a t v e ry p o i n t t h e P e rs i a n s
N ow M e l es w
,

a ft e rw a rd s cl a m b e re d u p i n to t h e c it a d e l
l
as .

o n e of t h e ol d H e ra cl id dy n a s ty
2
who bo a s te d t h e i r d e s c e n t
from t h e l i o n h e ro H e rcul e s ; h e n c e t h e c arry i n g o f a l i o n
-

rou n d t h e a c ro p ol i s w a s p ro b a bly a fo rm of co n s e c ra tio n i n

t e n d e d to p l a c e t h e s t ro n ghol d u n d e r t h e gu a rd i a n s h i p of t h e
l i o n god th e h e re d it a ry d e i ty of th e roy a l fa m i ly
-
, A n d th e .

s to ry th a t t h e k i n g s co n cub i n e g a v e bi rt h to a l io n s wh e l p
’ ’

s ugg e s t s th a t t h e L yd i a n k i n g s n ot o n ly cl a i m e d k i n s hi p
w i t h t h e b e a s t but p o s e d as l io n s i n th e i r o w
,
n p e rs o n s a n d

p as s e d o f f th e i r s o n s a s l i o n cu b s C ro e s u s d e d i c ate d a t -
.

D e l p h i a l i o n o f p u re go ld p e rh a p s as a b a dg e of L yd i a 3
, ,

a n d H e rcul e s w i th h i s l io n s s k i n i s a co m mo n ty p e o n c oi n s
’

4
o f S a rd e s .

Thu s t h e d e a th or t h e a tt e m p t e d d e a th of C ro e s u s o n , ,

t h e p y re co m p l e t e s t h e a n a logy b e tw ee n t h e C i l i c i an a n d
t h e L yd i a n H e rcul e s At T a rs u s a n d a t S a rd e s w e fin d .

t h e wo rs h i p of a god who s e s ymbol s w e re t h e l io n a n d t h e

d 0u bl e h e a d e d a x e a n d who w
-
as bu rn e d o n a g re a t p y re , ,

e i th e r i n e f figy o r i n t h e p e rs o n of a hu m a n re p re s e n t a tiv e

T h e G re e k s c a l l e d h i m H e rcu l es but h i s n a t iv e n a m e w
.

as ,

S an d an o r S a n do n At S a rd e s h e s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n .

p e rs o n a te d b y t h e k i n gs who c a rri e d t h e dou bl e a x e a n d ,

-

p e rh a p s wo re l i k e t h e i r a n c e s to r H ercul e s t h e l i o n s s k i n
, ,
’
.

W e m ay co n j e c t u re th a t a t T a rs u s a l s o t h e roy a l fa m i ly
a p e d t h e l io n god At a ll e v e n t s w e k n ow t h a t S a n d a n
-
.
,

t h e n a m e o f t h e god e n t e re d i n to t h e n a m es of C i l i ci a n ,

H d t
1 i 84 ero o us , . .
4 B . V . Hea d Hi s tori a Nu m or um
,

E 2 b i C/ i i 6 9 d A
us e us , z ron c. .
, e . .
(O x f d or , p .
553 i d , Ca ta logu e
.

S h
c (B l i
oe n e8 66 er n , 1 f t be Greek Coi n s
o f
o Ly di a (Lon don ,
H d t
3 i 5 A t Th b
e ro o us, 0 e es pp x cv iii 2 3 9, 2 40, 2 4 1 2 4 4,

w t l i wh i h w i d
. .
.
, ,

th e re as a s on e on c as sa 2 47 , 2 5 3, 25 4, 2 64 , w i th p l t xxi v
a es .

to h v b d di t d by H l
a e een e ca e e rc u e s 9 -
1 1 , 1 3, xx v . 2, 1 2, xx v ii 8
. .

(Pa usan i as , ix . I 7 .
 S A RDA NA PA L US A ND HER C ULE S B OO K 1

6 . Tbe Res urrect i on f

o Ty lon

w
,

Th e b u rn i n g of S a n d a n l i k e th a t of M e lc arth , ,
1
as

p rob a bly fol low e d by c e re mo n y of h i s res u rre cti on or a

a w a k e n i n g to i n d ic a t e th a t t h e d i vi n e l i fe w
,
a s n ot e x ti n ct ,

b u t h a d o n ly a s s u m e d a fre s h e r a n d p u re r fo rm O f t h at
we h ave s o f ar a s I a m a w are n o d i re c t
.

re s u rre c t io n , ,

e vi d e n c e I n d e fa ul t of i t h o w e v e r th e re i s a t a l e of a
loc a l L yd i a n h ero c a ll e d T y lon or Tyl u s who w
.
, ,

as k i l l e d ,

a n d b rough t to l i fe a g a i n T h e s to ry ru n s thu s Ty lo n
o r Tylu s w O n e day a s h e w
. .

a s a s o n of E a rth
?
as wal k i n g

o n t h e b a n k s of t h e H e rmu s a s e rp e n t s t u n g a n d k i ll e d

him Hi s d i s t re s s e d s i s te r M o i re h a d re cou rse to a gi an t

.

n a m e d D a m ase n who a tt a ck e d an d s l e w t h e s e rp e n t But , .

t h e s e rp e n t s m a t e cu ll e d a h e rb
“ ’
t h e flow e r o f Z e u s in , ,

t h e wood s a n d b ri n gi n g i t i n h e r mouth p ut i t to t h e l i p s
,

o f t h e d e a d s e rp en t wh i ch i m m e d i a t e ly re vi v e d In h er ,
.

tu rn Moi re took t h e h i n t a n d re s to re d he r b roth e r Ty lo n

t o l ife b y t ouchi n g h i m w i t h t h e s a m e p l an t
?
A s i m i l ar
i n c i d e n t occu rs i n m a n y folk t a l es S e rp e n t s a re ofte n -

c re d i te d wi t h a k n o w
.

l e dge of l i fe gi vi n g p l a n t s 4
B ut -
.

Ty lon s e e m s to h a v e b e e n mo re th an a m e re h e ro of fa i ry
t a l es He w . as clo se ly a s s oci a t e d w i t h S a rd es f o r h e figu re s ,

o n t h e coi n s o f t h e c ity a lo n g wi th h i s ch a m p i o n D a m a s e n o r

M a s n e s t h e d e a d s e rp e n t a n d t h e l i fe givi n g b ran ch
,
?
A nd ,
-

ki n g of Lyd i w e Hi tt i t or u d r
s a re e s, n e S ee A p oll odorus , B i bl i ot keca , 1 11 .
3 . 1 .

Hi tt i t e i fl ue ce i s t n ov l S ee n ,
no n e . For f
re e re n ce s to ot h er l
t a es of th e
W Wri gh t E m p i r f tb Hi tt i t
.
, e o e es , sa m e s o rt s e e m y n ot e on Paus an i as, ii .

p 5 9 ; E M y e r G k i / te
. . e , esc c z aes
’
10 .
3 iii pp (vol . . . 65 Th e
A lt t l u mer i (S tuttg rt 1 8 8 4 ) p
z s, . a ,
. se rp t s acq u i t
en
’
c a n an e w i th h t e t ree o f

3 07 , 2 5 7 ; Fr Ho m m e , Gru n dri ss . l lif e in th e ga r d en o f Ed p h p en er a s

der Geograp k i e u n d Gesck i c/z /e des a lten be l on gs to t

'

h e sam e c yl f t i
c e o s or e s .

O ie
r n t s , p
2
5 4 , n ot e ; L . e sse r . M B 5V Head, Ca ta log ue of
. . t lz e
sc m h idt , Tbe Hi tt i tes , 22 p . .
f
Greek Coi n s o Ly di a , c x i -c
, pp . xiii
1
S ee a o e , b v pp
1 1 0 sq q . . w i h p l xx v ii
t 12 . O n t h e c o n s th e. . i
2 D on s u
s i yi
Ha li ca rn ase n si s, A n ti Ch pi am
’
on s n a m e a pp e a rs as M as h es o r

qu i t . Rom an . i . 2 7 . I . M a san es , i s doub t u

but th e i
re a d n g fl .

Non n us
3
, D i ony s . xx v .
45 5 5 1 ;1 - Th e n am e M a sn e s occu rre d i n X a n
Pl i n y Na t If y i st xx v 14 Th e s to r , h hi y
t us s
’
yd i
s to r of L a (Frag men ta
wl l i y w t ld by
.
, . . .

as f e e arn ro m P n , as o Hi stori coru m Gra ecoru m , ed C . .

X th an ly h i t i f Lyd i
us , an e ar s or a n o a M ll i v
u e r, p b ly It is ro a b th e
w
. .

Th Gl
4
f Mi
us au cu s , s on o n os , as wi h M
s am e t an e s , t h e n am e of a so n

t d t li f
re s o re by th P ly i d
o e e s ee r o us , h w i
o f Z e us a n d E art , hv h o i s sa d to a e
wh l d th t i k f
o ea rn e p t e rc rom a se r e n . fi i yd i i y i
b een th e rs t k n g of L a (D on s us
CH AP v 1 1
. THE RE S URRE C TI ON OF T YL ON

he w l t d i n v a ri ou s w a y s to t h e roy a l fa m i ly of Lyd i a
as re a e -

f or h i s d a ught e r m a rri e d C oty s o n e of t h e e a rl i e s t k i n g s o f ,

1
t h e cou n t ry a n d a d e s c e n d an t o f h i s a ct e d a s re g e n t d u ri n g
,
?
t h e b a n i s hm e n t of K i n g M e l es It h a s b e e n s ugg e s t e d
th a t t h e s to ry of h i s d eath a n d re s u rre ctio n w as ac te d a s

a p a g e a n t to s ymbol i z e t h e re vi v a l of p l a n t l i fe i n s p ri n g
3
.

At a ll e v e n t s a fe s tiva l c a l l e d t h e F eas t of t h e Gold e n F e as t o f

Flow e r w
,

a s c e l e b ra t e d i n ho n ou r of P e rse p h o n e a t S a rd e s
4
,

p rob a bly i n o n e of t h e v e rn a l m o n th s a n d t h e reviv a l o f S ,

ardes .

t h e h e ro a n d o f t h e godd e ss m ay w e l l h a v e b ee n re p re s e n t e d
t o g e th e r Th e G old en Fl ow e r of t h e F e s tiv a l wou ld th e n
.

be t h e
“
fl ow e r of Z e u s of t h e l e g e n d p e rh a p s t h e y e l low ”
,

c rocu s o f n a tu re o r ra th e r h e r mo re go rg e ou s s i s t e r th e ,

O ri e n ta l s a ff ro n Fo r s a f f ro n g re w i n gre at a bu n d an c e a t
.

5
t h e C o ryc i a n c a v e of Z e u s ; a n d i t i s a n e l e g a n t co n j e c tu re ,

i f i t i s n oth i n g mo re th a t t h e v e ry n a m e o f t h e p l a c e ,

“
m e a n t t h e C rocu s C a v e ” 6
H ow e v e r o n t h e co i n s o f .
,

S a rd e s t h e m a gi c a l p l a n t s e e m s to be a b ra n ch ra t h e r th an
a bl o ss om a Gold e n B o ugh ra th e r th a n a G o ld e n Flow e r
,
.

Hali carn asen si s Ant Rom i 2 7 t h at p i m ror vi l

s es , o e ts , a n d c roc use s ,

w
. . . .
,

M a n es as y th e f th a er of Ki n
g At s are th e on ly fl w o e rs to be se en
”

(H d t e roi Th
o us , Tyl w . us on as (j ou rn a l
f
o a Tou r i n A s i a Ill i n or,
t d wi h
c on n e c e h y l f i ly f t t e ro a am o Lon don , 1 8 2 4 , Near as a p M yl
wM h
.

Lyd i th agh h i h pi
rou w ll s c am on a s e as i n C a r a , Fe o s s ai ( arc 2 0 , ll w
i th w y
n e ti a d i th t x t
s m en on e n e e . 1 8 4 0 ) th e ro om c o e re d b tw i h y ll w
e o v
Di y i
1 H li on i l
s us a c a rn a se n s s , c.
l
b oss om s a n d a grea t v i y
ar et of

i h li y p
.

2
S b v p 83
ee a o e, . 1 .
an e m o n e s ,

in wh i h
c
ke a rc T u rk e ca r e t ,
th e gre en grass di d n ot orm f
3B V Hea d, Ca ta logu e
'
'

. .

p x
y tk e
c Greek
a p i t lrom n en i d t th i
c o ou r a m s e c r m s on ,
Coi n s of Ly di a , c ii i . .

l i l blac , l t wh i t
ue , d y ll w
s ca r e e, an e o
He a d
,
4 B V . .
, C f
a t a lo u e o t ke Greek
g fl w o (Ch F ll w A A
e rs
”
. t f
e o s, n ccou n o
Coi n s f
o L y di a, c x, c i Th e pp . xi i .
Di i
s cov er esi Ly i L d n 84 c a, on on , 1 1
f iv l
es t a s e e m s t o b e m en t on ed on on i ly pp 6 5 .
, I Fb y th y ll w n e ru a r e e o
,

i
co n s .
s t a rs o f G g ia v th k y
ea a rv en s s c o er e roc
5 v p 54
S ee ab o e, . 1 .
an d g y g d f Ly i
ra ss rou n d th s o c a, an e
5
V Hh . I f lt pj l e d n,
'

u ur a n z en un fi ld e i g ld ft
-m ar t th
o
y o At en m e e s e e e

(B l i
.

H ti au s ere 7 p 6 er n, . 2 1 . th e sa m e i Ly i th
s ea son h b n c a e s ru

H w ld d i v th
e ou f th er e e n am e ro m e C l o u t ea b p
a r orescen s it y ll w o en s s e o
S em i ti t ll v t
c , or a h Cil i ia a e en s t e c n fl w o S
e rs . T A B Sp t ee d E . . . ra t an .

l g g Th H b w w d f
an ua e . e e re or or F b or es , T l i Ly i
ra ve s (L d n c a on on ,
ff i k ko pi g t l v it t
‘
sa ron sA t th ar m . s o e s rn
33 11 I
. 1 . m us ea e o

fl w f N th W t A i M i
o e rs o or -
es e rn s a n or, o th te rsi d t i fy th G ld Fl w
o en e o en o er

W M L k
. . k (A p i l
ea 8 )e re m a r s r 1 ,
1 00 of S ardes .
 C H A P T E R V II I

VO LC A NI C RE L I G I O N

1 . Tke B u rn i ng f
o a God

T he T HU S itpp e a rs t h a t a cu s to m of bu rn i n g a god i n e f figy

a

o r i n t h e p e rs o n of a hu m a n re p re s e n t a tiv e w
of
a s p ra cti se d by
c us t om

b u rn i n g a
god m a y a t l e a s t two p e o p l e s o f W e s t e rn A s i a t h e P ho e n i ci a n s a n d
hv a e be e n
t h e H i tti t e s Wh e th e r th e y both d e v e lo p e d t h e cu s to m
,

i n t e n de d t o .

re cru i t h i s i n d e p e n d e n tly or wh e th e r o n e of th e m a d o p t e d i t fro m t h e

v
oth e r w
,
di i n e
e n e rgie s . ,
e c a n n ot s a y A n d th e i r re as o n s f o r c e l e b ra t i n g a
.

ri t e whi ch to us s e e m s s t ra n g e a n d mo n s t rou s are a l s o

o b s cu re I n t h e p re c e d i n g i n qu i ry s o m e g rou n d s h a v e
b een a d duc e d f or th i n k i n g th a t t h e p ra c t i c e w
.

a s b as e d

o n a co n c e p tio n o f t h e p ggi f y jng y igt y e o f fire which by

fl ‘ m n , ,

d e s t royi n g t h e co rru p t i bl e a n d p e ri s h a bl e e l e m e n t s of m a n
wa s s u pp o s e d to fit h i m f or u n io n w i th t he i m p e ri sh a bl e
,

an d th e d ivi n e No wto p e o p l e w h o c rea t e d th e i r god s

i n t h ei r o w
.

n l i k e n e s s a n d i m a g i n e d th e m s ubj e ct to t h e
s a m e la w
,

o f d e c a d e n c e a n d d ea t h t h e i d e a woul d n a tu ra l ly
occu r th a t fi re m i gh t do f or t h e go d s wh a t i t w
,

as be l i eve d

to do f or m e n t h a t i t c o u ld p u rg e th e m of t h e t a i n t
,

of c o rru p t i o n a n d d e c a y c o u l d s i ft t h e mo rt a l from t h e
,

i m mo rta l i n th e i r c o m p o s i ti o n a n d s o e n d o w th e m w i t h
,

e te rn a l you t h . H e n c e a cu s to m m ight a ri s e of s u b
j e c t i n g t h e d e i ti e s t h e m se l ves o r t h e mo
,
re i m p o rt an t o f

th e m to an o rd e a l of fi re f or t h e p u rp o s e of re fre s h i n g a n d
,

re n ov a t i n g tho s e c re a t i ve e n e rgi e s o n th e m a i n t e n an c e o f
whi ch s o m uch d e p e n d e d To t h e co ars e a pp re h e n s io n of
.

t h e u n i n s t ruct e d a n d u n s ym p a t h e tic ob s e rv e r t h e s ol e m n
ri t e m ight e as i ly w e a r a v e ry d i ffe re n t a s p e ct Acc o rd i n g
as h e w
.

a s of a p iou s o r of a s c e p ti c a l tu rn of m i n d h e m igh t ,

1 88
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OOK 1

of l i gio n l i k e th a t of a ll oth e r hu m an i n s ti tu t i o n s h a s
re , ,

b e e n p ro fou n dly a ffe ct e d by loc a l co n d i t io n s an d c a n n o t be ,

ful ly u n d ers to od a p art fro m th e m N ow A s i a M i n o r t h e .

,

re gi o n w h e re t h e p ra c t ic e i n qu e s t i o n a pp ea rs to h a v e b e e n

wi d e ly d i ffu s e d h a s fro m t i m e i m m e m o ri a l b e e n s u bj e c t e d
,

t o t h e a c t io n of volc a n i c fo rc es o n a g rea t s c a l e I t i s t ru e .

t h a t s o f a r a s t h e m e mo ry of m a n go e s b a ck t h e c ra t e rs of
, ,

i t s volc a n o e s h a v e b ee n ex t i n c t but t h e v e s ti g e s of th e i r ,

d e a d o r s lu mb e ri n g fi re s a re to be s e e n i n m an y p l a c e s , ,

an d t h e cou n t ry h a s b ee n s h a k e n a n d re n t a t i n t e rv a l s by

t re m e n d o u s e a rt hqu a k e s Th e se p h en om e n a c a n n ot fa i l to
.

h av e i m p re s se d t h e i m a gi n a ti o n of t h e i n h a bi t an t s a n d ,

th e re by t o h a v e l e ft s o m e m a rk on th e i r re l i gi o n .

A mo n g t h e e x ti n ct volc a n o es o f A n a t ol i a t h e g re a t e s t
13 M ou n t A rga e us i n t h e c e n t re of C a pp a doci a t h e h e a rt
, ,

of t h e ol d H i t t i te cou n t ry I t i s i n d ee d t h e h i gh e s t p oi n t .

of A s i a M i n o r a n d o n e of t h e lofti e s t mou n t a i n s k n o w n t o
,

t h e a n ci e n t s ; f o r i n h e i gh t i t fa l l s n ot v e ry f a r s ho rt of
M ou n t B la n e Tow e ri n g a b ru p tly i n a hug e p y ra m i d from
.

t h e p l a i n i t i s a co n s p i cuou s obj e ct f o r m i l e s o n m i l e s
, Its .

to p i s wh it e w i t h e t e rn a l s n ow a n d i n a n ti qu i ty i ts lowe r ,

s l op es w e re cloth e d w ith d e n s e fo re s ts from whi ch t h e ,

i n h a bi t a n t s of t h e t re e l es s C a pp a doc i an p l a i n s d re w t h e i r
s u pp ly of ti mb e r I n th e se wood s a n d i n t h e lo wg rou n d s
.
,

a t t h e foot of t h e mou n t a i n t h e l a n gu i s h i n g fi re s of t h e ,

volc an o m a n i fe s t e d th e m s e lve s a s l a t e as t h e b e gi n n i n g of
o ur e ra T h e g rou n d w
. as t re a ch e rou s U n d e r a g rass y .

s u rfa c e th e re l u rk e d p i t s of fi re i n to whi ch s t ra y c a ttl e a n d ,

u n w a ry t ra v e l l e rs ofte n fe ll Exp e ri e n c e d wood m e n u s e d .

g re a t c a u t i o n wh e n th e y w e n t to fe l l t re es i n t h e fo re s t
E l se wh e re t h e s o i l w
.

as m a rs hy a n d fl a m e s w e re s ee n to ,

p l a y ov e r i t a t n ight ?
S up e rs t i ti o n s fa n c i es n o dou bt

1 b
S tra 7 p 5 38
o, x 1 1 . M t T ki b A
2 .
, .i d E t . A i ou n ur s rm en a an as ern s a

A g r ae u s t i ll
s t i it i t
re a n s Mi pp 94 s a n c en
3 3 El i e n am e n or, .
, 1 1 1 1 s e

i
n l i gh tly l t d f
s a (A y k R l
e re N ll Ge g p l i
orm s U i ra e
'

, ec us , ou ve e o ra z e n ver

E ja ) I t h i gh t i b t ll (P i 879 ix 4 7 6 4 7 8
'

r us . s e s a ou se e a r s, 1 .
-
.

f t I t h i t th
ee n A Hi tt i t
e i ip i i
n n e e en vd t c en e n scr t on s c ar e a a

t y it w d d by t l t tw p l
.

ur as a sce n e ll d T p N f i a A e as
jik o a c e ca e o e e ez ,
n e ar sa r ,

E gl i h t v ll
n s ra W J H ilt
e e rs ,d th .l p f M tAg
. am S
on an on e s o e o oun r a e u s. ee

H F T
. . S
oz er W J H ilt
.
J G
ee g Tb L
. d f t l Hi t t i t
. am on , . ars t a n , e an o ze es ,

Res ea rc/z es i n A s i a M i n or, Pon t u s , and pp . 1 5 2 sq .

A rm en i a , ii . 2 6 9-2 8 1 ; H F . . Toz er,

CH . v111 THE VOL CA NI C RE GI ON OF CA PPA D O CI A

g a th e re d thick arou n d th es e p e ri lou s s p ot s but wh a t s h a p e

th e y t o o k w Nor do w
,

e c a n n o t say e k n ow wh e th er .

s a c ri fic e s w e re off e re d o n t h e t o
p of t h e mou n tai n though ,

a cu riou s d i s cov e ry m ay p e rh a p s be thought t o i n d i c a te

Sh a rp a n d lof t y p i n n a cl e s of re d p o rp hy ry
’

t h a t t h e y w e re .
,

i n a cc e s s i bl e to t h e cl i m b e r ri se i n i m p o s i n g g ra n d e u r from ,

t h e e t e rn a l s n ow of t h e s u m m it a n d h e re M r Toz e r fo u n d ,
.

th a t t h e rock h a d b e e n p e rfo ra t e d i n va riou s p l a c e s w i t h

hu m an h a bit a ti o n s O n e s uch rock h e w n dw e ll i n g w i n d s -

1n w
.

a rd f o r a co n s i d e ra bl e d i s t a n c e ; rud e n ich e s a re hol low e d

i n i t s s i d e s a n d o n i ts roof a n d w a l l s m a y be s e e n t h e
,

1
m a rk s o f tool s T h e a n ci e n t s c e rt a i n ly d i d n ot cl i mb
.

mou n t a i n s f o r p l e a s u re or h e a lth a n d i t i s d i f ficul t t o ,

i m a gi n e th a t a n y m o ti ve but s u p e rs ti ti o n s h o uld h ave le d

th e m to p rovid e dw e ll i n g s i n s uch a p l ac e Th ese rock .

c u t ch a m b e rs m a y h a v e b e e n s h e lt e rs f or p ri es t s ch a rg e d
wi t h t h e p e rfo rm a n c e o f re l i giou s or m a g i c a l rit e s o n th e
'

s um m i t .

3 . Fi re Wors kip i n Capp a doci a

U n d er P e rs i a n rul e C a pp a d o ci a be c a m e a n d lo n g P i
t he , e rs an

co n t i n u e d t o be a g re a t s e a t of t h e Zo ro a s t ri a n fi re wo rs hi p w h i p
,
fi -
.
re

ors
I n t h e ti m e of St ra bo a b o u t t h e b e gi n n i n g of o ur e ra t h e i C pp , ,
n a a

v o t ari e s of th a t fa i t h a n d t h e i r t e m p l e s w e re s ti l l n um e rou s do i c a.

i n t h e c o u n t ry T h e p e rp e tu a l fi re bu rn e d o n a n a l t a r
.
,

s u rrou n d e d by a h e a p o f a s h e s i n t h e m idd l e of t h e tem p l e ,

a n d t h e p ri e s t s d a i ly ch a n t e d th e i r l i tu rgy b e fo re i t h o ld i n g ,

i n t h e i r h a n d s a bu n dl e o f my rt l e rod s a n d w e a ri n g o n th e i r
h ea d s t a l l fe l t c a p s wi t h ch e e k p i e c e s wh i ch cove re d th e i r -

l i p s l e s t t h e y s hou ld d e fi l e t h e s a c re d fl a m e wi th th e i r
,

I t i s re as o n a bl e t o s u pp o se th a t t h e n a tu ra l fi re s W h i p f
?
b re a th o rs o

whi ch bu rn e d p e rp e t u a l ly o n t h e o u t s k i rt s o f M o u n t A rgae u s fi wh i h t l n a u ra

re s c

a t t ra c t e d t h e d e vo t i o n of t h e d i s ci p l e s of Z o ro a s t e r f o r b p u rn er

e l se w
,

p t lly e ua
h e re s i m i l a r fi re s h a v e b ee n t h e obj e ct o f re l i gi o u s .

1 H F To
. r op
. i t pp ze1 2 , 5 1 2 7 .pp 4 c ot e.
1 2
83 Wh
. p ott i
-
. .
,
n , . en a er n
2
S t bo x v 3 I 4 q pp 7 3 2 q
ra , . . S ou t h e s I di i m k i g p ot wh i h
. . s . rn n a s a n a c

A b u dl of t w i g c ll d t h e B
n e s,om i ato b ew or h ipp d ho h lda rs s e s e as a u se o

(B eres m i th e A v t ) i s
a n t i ll u se d d i ty h
es a s h ou l d c l ose h i s m ou t h w i th
, s e ,
e

by th e P e p i t i
a rse h ti g th ei r
r es s b d g n c o th t h is ban th m y
n ot a an a e, s a re a a n

l i tu gy S e M H g E y o d fil th pot S e E T h u s t C t
r . e . au , s sa s n e e e .
”
e . r on , a s es

t ko S a cred L a n gu age , Wri t i ngs an d an d Tri bes o

f S ou tkern I n di a (M adras,
Reli gi on o
f tlze Pa rs i s (Lon d on iv
3
, . I 5 I .
 VOL CA N]C REL I GI ON B OO K 1

re v e re n c e dow n to m od e rn t i m e s Thu s a t J ua la m ukh i o n .

,

t h e l o w e r s l o p e s of t h e H i m a l ay a s j e t s of c o m bu s t i bl e gas ,

i s s u e from t h e e arth ; a n d a g re a t H i n doo t e m p l e t h e ,

res o rt of m an y p i lg ri m s i s bu i l t ov e r th e m Th e p e rp e tu a l
, .

fl a m e wh i ch i s of a re dd i s h h ue a n d e m i t s a n a rom a t ic
,

p e rfum e ri ses fro m a p i t i n th e fo re cou rt of t h e s a n ctu ary

,
-
.

T h e w ors h i pp e rs d e l iv e r t h e i r gi fts co n s i s ti n g u s u a l ly of ,

flow e rs to t h e a tt e n d a n t fa k i rs who fi rs t hol d th e m o ve r

, ,

t h e fl a m e a n d th e n c as t th e m i n t o t h e body of t h e t e m p l e
?

A g a i n H i n doo p i lg ri m s m a k e th e i r w
,
a y w i t h g re a t d i f ficu l t y

t o B a k u o n t h e C as p i a n i n o rd e r to wo rs hi p t h e e v e rl as t i n g
,

fi re s wh ich th e re i s s u e fro m t h e b e d s of p e t rol e u m T h e .

s a c re d S p o t i s a bout t e n m i l e s to t h e n o rth e as t of t h e -

c ity . A n E n gl i s h t ra v e l l e r who vi s i t e d B a k u i n t h e m i ddl e ,

o f th e e i ght e e n th c e n tu ry h a s thu s d e s c ri b e d t h e p l a c e a n d ,

t h e wo rs hi p Th e re a re s e ve ra l an c i e n t t e m p l e s bu i l t with
“
.

s t o n e s u pp o s e d to h a v e b e e n a ll d e d i c a t e d to fi re ; mo s t of
,

th e m a re a rch e d v a ul t s n ot a b ove t e n to fiftee n fe e t h i gh , .

A mo n g s t oth e rs th e re i s a l ittl e t e m p l e i n wh ich t h e

I n d i an s n o wwo rs hi p
,

n e a r t h e a lt a r a bout th ree fe e t h igh , ,

i s a l a rg e h o l low c a n e fro m t h e e n d of whi ch i ss u e s a blu e

,

fl a m e i n col o u r a n d g e n tl e n e ss n ot u n l i k e a l a m p t h a t
,

bu rn s w ith s p i ri t s but s e e m i n gly mo re p u re ,

Th e s e I n d i a n s .

a ffi rm th a t t hi s fl a m e h a s co n t i n u e d e v e r s i n c e t h e flood ,

a n d t h e y b e l i e v e i t w i l l l a s t to t h e e n d of t h e wo rl d ; th a t

if it w as re s i s t e d o r s u pp re s s e d i n th a t p l a c e i t woul d ri s e ,

i n s o m e oth e r H e re are g e n e ra l ly fo rty o r fi fty o f t h e se

p oo r d e vot e e s who com e o n a p i lg ri m a g e from t h e i r ow
.

,
n

cou n t ry a n d s u b s i s t u p o n wi ld s a llary a n d a k i n d of
, ,

J e ru s a l e m artichok e s wh i ch a re v e ry goo d fo od w i t h oth e r, ,

h e rb s a n d root s fou n d a l i ttl e to t h e n o rthw a rd Th e i r

bu s i n e s s i s to m a k e e xp i a ti o n n ot f or th e i r o w
,
.

n s i n s o n ly , ,

but f or tho se of o t h e rs a n d th e y co n ti n u e t h e l o n g e r t i m e ,

i n p ro p o rtio n to t h e n u mb e r o f p e rs o n s f or wh o m th e y h a v e
e n g a g e d to p ra y Th e y m a rk th e i r fo re h e a d s wi t h s a ffro n
.
,
2 ”
a n d h a ve a re a t v e n e ra ti o n f o r a re d cow Thu s i t
g .

1 B aron C ar es h l Huge l Tra vels i n A ccou n t of t ke B ri t i s k Trade over t lze

w
,

K a s lz m i r a n d tke Panj a b (Lon on , d Ca sp i a n S ea : i t/t t k e A u tbor s j ou rn a l

’

pp .
4 2 -
4 6 ; W C rook e , Tk i ngs
.
f Tra vels , S ec on E t on (Lon don ,
o d di i
I n di a n (Lon don ,
p . 2 1 9 . 2 63 i . . l d ip i
Fo r a te r e sc r t on s
2
J on as Ha n way , An Hi s tori ca l of t he fi
res a n d fi re - ors w h ipp
e rs o f
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1
st on e R e g a rd e d fro m t h e g e ologic a l p o i n t o f vi e w th e s e
. ,

bl a ck co n e s of c i n d e rs a n d th e s e bl a ck ri v e rs of l a v a a re of _

co m p a ra tiv e ly re c e n t fo rm a ti o n Exp o s u re to t h e w e ath e r .

f o r thou s an d s o f y ea rs h as n o t y e t s oft e n e d th e i r a s p e ri t i e s
a n d d e co m p o se d th e m i n to v e g e t a bl e mou ld ; th e y a re a s

h ard a n d u n g e n i a l a s i f th e volc a n i c s t re a m h a d c e a s e d to
flo wbut y e s t e rd ay B u t i n t h e s a m e d i s t rict t h e re a re
.

u p w a rd s of th i rty oth e r vol c a n ic co n e s who s e g rea t e r age ,

i s p ro v e d by th e i r s oft e n e d fo rm s th e i r s m o oth e r s i d e s a n d , ,

th e i r m a n tl e of v e g e t a tio n Som e of th e m a re p l an t e d with .

?
v i n e y ard s t o th e i r s u m m i t s Thu s t h e volc a n i c s oi l i s s t i l l
a s fa vou ra bl e to th e cu l tiv a t io n of t h e vi n e a s i t w as i n

a n ti qu i ty Th e re l a tio n betw ee n t h e t w
. o w a s n ot e d by
t he a n ci e n ts St ra bo co m p a re s th e vi n e s of t h e Bu rn t L a n d
.

w i t h t h e vi n e y a rd s o f C a t a n i a fe rt i l i z e d by t h e a s h e s o f
M ou n t E t n a ; a n d h e t e l l s us t h a t s o m e i n g e n iou s p e rs o n s
e xp l a i n e d t h e fi re bo rn D i o n y s u s as a m yth of th e g ra p e s
-

fo s t e re d b y volc a n i c a g e n cy ?

5 . Tbe E a rt liqu a ke God

B ut t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of th e s e re gio n s w e re re m i n d e d of
t h e s l um b e ri n g fi re s by o t h e r a n d l ess a g re e a bl e tok e n s th a n
t h e g e n e rou s j u ic e of th e i r g ra p e s Fo r n o t t h e Bu rn t L a n d .

o n ly but t h e cou n t ry to t h e s outh i n cl ud i n g t h e whol e v a l l e y

o f t he M a e a n d e r w
,

a s s u bj e ct to fre qu e n t a n d vi ol e n t s h o ck s

Th e s o i l w
,

of e a rt hqu a k e as lo o s e fri a bl e a n d ful l of sa l t s

.
, , ,

t h e g rou n d hol low u n d e rm i n e d by fi re an d w a t e r In

p a rt i cu l a r t h e c i t y o f Phi l a d e l p h i a w
,
.

a s a g re a t c e n t re o f
d i s tu rb an c e T h e s h o ck s th e re w. e a re tol d w e re co n t i n uou s , ,

th e f e w
.

Th e hou s e s rock e d t h e w a l l s c ra ck e d a n d g a p e d ,

i n h a bit a n t s w e re k e p t bu s y re p a i ri n g t h e b re a ch e s o r b u t t re s s
i n g a n d p ro pp i n g t h e e d i fic e s wh ich t h re a t e n e d to t u m bl e

1 W .
J . Ha m i l ton , Resea rclz es in b l ac k lv
a a wh i h i t t d h
on c s an s, as a

A si a M i n or, Pon t u s , and A rm i a,

en som b re an d di l l k A th
sm a oo . no e r of

i . 1 36
-
1 4 0, ii . 1 3 1 -1
38 . On e of th e th e con e s , l t q lly h igh h
a m os e ua as a

h d i b d by S t b b t h lf i l i i
,

t t
ree rece n c on es esc r e ra o c ra te r o f a ou a a m e n c rc u m

i s w ll d th K
no D li t
ca e e a ra ev , or f e ren ce a n d th f h d df
re e or o ur un re ee t

Bl k I k t d
ac It t p in b t
s an . s o s a ou d p ee .

2 5 f t b v th
00 ee b t ly 5
a o e e sea , u on 00 b xiii
2
S tra o, .
4 . 1 1 , p 62 8
. C om
.

f t b v th
ee a o e di g p l i Th e su rrou n n a n . e p a re hi s a c cou n t of th e C a tan ian
a dj i i g t w
o n n f K l b i l t f th
o n o ou a , u o e v i y d (v i
ne ar s . 2 .
3, p .
CH A P VI I I . THE E A R THQ UA K B 6 00

a bout th e i r e a rs M os t of th e c i ti z e n s i n d ee d h a d t h e
p rud e n c e t o dw e l l d i s p e rs e d on th e i r fa rm s I t w
.
, ,

as a m a rv e l .
,

s a y s S t ra bo t h a t s uch a ci ty s hould h a v e a n y i n h a bit a n t s a t

,

a ll a n d a s ti l l g re a t e r m a rv e l th a t i t s hould e v e r h a v e b e e n
,

bu i l t 1
H ow e v e r by a wi s e d i s p e n sa ti o n of P rov i d e n c e t h e
.
, ,

e a rthqu a k e s wh ich s hook t h e fou n d a t io n s of th e i r hou s e s o n ly

s t re n g t h e n e d tho s e of th e i r fa i t h Th e p e o p l e of A p a m e i a W orsh i p o r
who s e tow n w
.
,

a s re p e a t e d ly d e v a s t a t e d p a i d th e i r d e votio n s
Pose i don
h
,

,
t h e e a rt
?
wi th g re a t fe rvou r to Po s e i do n t h e e a rt h q u a k e god A ga i n , , q uake god .

the i s l an d of S a n to ri n i n t h e G re e k A rch i p e l a go h as , ,

b e e n f o r th o u s a n d s of y e a rs a g re a t th e a t re of volc a n i c
a ctivity O n o n e o cc a s io n t h e w a t e rs o f t h e bay bo i l e d a n d
.

fl a m e d f or fo u r d a y s a n d a n i s l a n d co m p o s e d of re d hot ,
-

m a t te r ro se g ra du a l ly a s i f hoi s t e d by m a ch i n e ry a bove , ,

t h e w a ve s I t h a pp e n e d th a t t h e s ov e re ig n t y of t h e s e as
was the n wi th th e Rhod i an s tho s e m e rch a n t p ri n c es who se
.

-
,

p rud e n t p ol i cy s t ri ct bu t b e n e vol e n t o l i ga rchy a n d b ea uti ful

, ,

i s l a n d c i ty ri ch w i th a ccum ul a t e d t re as u res of n a tiv e a rt

-
, ,

re n d e re d th e m i n a s e n s e t h e V e n e t i a n s of t h e a n ci e n t wo rl d .

So wh e n t h e e bul l it io n a n d h e a t of t h e e ru p t io n h a d s ub s id e d
th e i r s e a c a p t a i n s l an d e d i n t h e n e wi s l a n d a n d fou n d e d a
,

-
,

s a n ctu a ry o f Po s e i d o n t h e E s t a bl i s h e r o r S e cu re r a com p l i
3
,

m e n t a ry e p i th e t oft e n b e s tow e d o n h i m a s a h i n t n ot to s h a k e ‘

t h e e a rt h mo re th a n h e coul d co n v e n i e n tly h e l p
4
In man y .

1
S tra bo, xl 1 . 8 . 6- 1 8,
1 pp .
5 7 8 sq .
; ne wi l s an d, S i r C a r es L e , see h l y ll
xiii .
4 . 1 0 sq .
, p . 62 8 . Pri n cip les of Geolog / 12
(Lon o n , d
xii p 5 1 , i i 6 5 s qq ; C Ne u m an n
i
2
S trab o, 8 1 8, 5 79 C om . . . . . . . .

p i
a re T a c tus , A n n a ls , 58 xii . . u n dJ Pa rtsc , Pby s i ka l i s ck e Geograp k i e
. h
3 S ra o
t , 3 1 6, b i 57 C om a re . . p . . p von Gri eclz en la n d (Bres au , 1 8 8 l
l h
P uta rc , D e Py t /t i a e ora cu li s , pp 2 7 2 s qq
. T e re i s a m on ogra . h ph
li y
P n , Nat Hi st i i 2 02 . us t n , . J i °
on S an to r n a n d i t s e ru t on s (F i pi .

xxx 4 . T h e e en t s e e m s t o
. a e v hv Fouq ué , S a n tori n et s es erup ti on s ,
’

h pp
a en e in 1 97 B C d S e e ra o t e r . . v l h Pa r s , i S t ra o h as gi ven a bri e f b
il d
s an s a re k n o n t o a e a e are in w h v pp d i i
bu t s t r k n g a ccoun t of R o es , i ts hd
th e s a m e ba y b ot i n an c i en t a n d h a rc hi
t ec t u re , i ts a rt-t rea sures , an d i t s
d
m o e rn t m e s i
S o f a r as an t q u t i s . i iy c on s t t ut on i ( 2 i 5, 65 2 xi v . . pp .

c o n ce rn e d, t h e da tes of t e r a ea ra n c e h i pp A s to th e R o d a n s c o o s o f a rt s ee h i h l
iv
a re g e n by P n , b ut s om e c o n us on li y f i H B run n , Gescbi ck te der gri eclz i sclz en
.

o n t h e s ub e c t h as c re t j
n to h i s m n , p i i d K u n st ler (S tu ttgart , 1 8 5 7 i .

h
o r ra t e r, er a s, p
n to hi s t e t hp i
S ee x .
4 5 9 sqq , 11 2 3 3 s qq , 2 8 6 s q
. . . .

t h e d sc uss o n o f th e s u e c t i n W
i i bj .
4 A r sto i
an e s , A ck a rn ph
682 Pau .

ih
S m t s D i ct i on a ry of Greek a n d Rom a n
’
s an i a s , i i i 1 1 9, 2 1 7 ; P u ta rc ,
. . v ii . . l h
Geograp lzy (Lon don , 1 1 58 ii . Tbesen s , 3 6 A r s t e s , I s tlz m i c v ol 1 i id . . .

1 1 60 A s t o th e e ru t i o n s i n t h e
. p p .2 9, e d G D i n do rf (Le . s ic ,
. ip
bay o f S an to r n , th e as t o f c i l wh i h A ppi
a n , B el l Ci v 98 ; a c rob us ,
. v . . M i
o ccurre d
i n 1 8 66 an d ro uce a p d d S a t u rn 17. 22 ; G i D i t t en b erger,
. . . .
 VOL CA N]C REL I GI ON B OO K 1
p l ac e s p e o p l e s a c ri fic e d to Po s e ido n t h e E s t a bl i s h e r i n th e ‘

ho p e th a t h e woul d be a s g o od a s h i s n a m e a n d n ot b ri n g
?
dow n t h e i r hou se s o n th e i r h e a d s
A n oth e r i n s t a n c e of a G re e k a tt e m p t to qu i e t th e p e r
t urbe d s pi ri t u n d e rg rou n d i s i n s t ructiv e b e c a u s e s i m i l a r ,

e ff o rt s a re s ti l l m a d e by s a v a g e s i n s i m i l a r c i rcum s t a n c e s .

O n c e wh e n a S p art a n a rmy u n d e r K i n g A ge s i p o li s h a d t a k e n
t h e fi e l d i t ch a n c ed th a t t h e g rou n d u n d e r th e i r fe e t w as

It w
,

sh ak en by a n e arthqu a k e as e v e n i n g an d t he k i n g

was a t m e ss with th e o f fic e rs of h is s t a f f N o s oo n e r d i d
.
,

th e y fe e l t h e s hock th a n wi t h g re a t p re s e n c e of m i n d t h e y , ,

ro s e fro m th e i r d i n n e r a n d s t ruck u p a p o p ul a r hym n i n

ho n ou r of Po s e i do n Th e s old i e rs out s i d e t h e t e n t took u p .

t h e s t ra i n a n d s oo n t h e whol e a rmy j oi n e d i n t h e s a c re d
I t i s n ot s a i d wh e th e r th e fl ut e b a n d wh i ch a l w
,
?
m e l ody ays -
,

p l a y e d t h e S p a rt an re dco a t s i n to a ctio n accom p a n i e d th e

3
,

d e e p vo ic e s of th e m e n w i th i t s s h ri ll m u s ic A t a ll e v e n t s .
,

t h e i n t e n tio n of th i s s e rvi c e o f p ra i s e a dd re ss e d t o t h e e a rth ,

s h a k i n g god c a n o n ly h a v e b e e n to p re v a i l o n h i m to s to p
, .

I h a v e s p ok e n of t h e S p a rt a n re dco a t s b e c a u s e t h e u n i fo rm
of S p art a n s old i e rs w as re d
4
A s th e y fought i n a n e x .

t e n d e d n ot a d e e p fo rm a tio n a S p art a n l i n e of b a ttl e mu s t

, , ,

a l w a y s h a v e b ee n wh a t t h e B ri ti s h u s e d to b e a th i n re d

It w
, ,

l i ne .a s i n t h i s o rd e r a n d n o doubt w ith t h e mu s ic ,

Sy lloge I n s cript i on u m w f th w G raeca ru m

2
us e d i n G re ek a r a re , e re as no

(L ip i
e 8 98 s c, ii p 3 N 1 t h y th dv 2 h 0, o n ee d o urr e a an c e o ver t e
it w
. . .

5 43 . i t v i gg d d d n e r en n roun so as m a e e

C1
t Tb l i G
o rn u us ,
g C l i b t ly eo o
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b d p l
raeca e
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p di
T h i t wh i h t h S p t h g d e a r o c e a r an s c ar e

w It w h
en um 22
ll d
.
, ’
C t t t
X ph iv 7 4
as ca e as o r s un e as e
H ll i w
.
2
ki g i p h g v th w d f
en o on , e en ca , . . .

a A t ths Sp t
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th fl ar a n
t t t ik
ea
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ua r e rs
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p e u es o s r e u ee u a rc
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.
,
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, ,

X ph g c u r us , 22 .

R p bl i L
X ph
°
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R p bli L d 4
.

x v 4 U lly th
en o on , es u ca a ce a em
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xi 3 ; A i t p h
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.

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.

r s ot e,
rs o an e s , s s ra a , 1 1 0

th y h d i h d wh th q
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A i t ph ; Pl t h
e a n k an e n an e ar ua e
A k
h pp d (Th yd i d iii 5 9
a en e v I t i t t L i 4 Wh g t
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50 5 v .i 95 , . .

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w t
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th i T h y di d t ll
e m us c , v l t th S p t
uc es et s u s, g t as n o re o , e a r an s se n a m esse n er o

t i
o pi th ns b t t re bl th A th
e m en , ki g f u h l p A i t ph
o e na e em en s a s n or e . rs o a n es

t k
o p tp d t
ee s e hi l (Ly i t t
, an so 3 8 qq ) d
o m a rc i b th n c os e s s ra a , 1 1 s . e sc r es e

d
or e r. Wi t h t i l g li f n ou if h h d
m us c a hi i t ti g
on ne o m a as e a seen m s n as a

b ttl w pt t t ggl i dv i g
,

a e as a pp l i t th l t w i th hi p l f
o s ra e n a an c n su an on e a ar s a e ac e

t th
o h g A i i l w l i tt l
e c ar e d hi
. d s t m ss es ere e an s re c oa .
1 98 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1

o rd e r m i n d t h e e a rt h s h a k e r of t h e i n c o n v e n i e n c e h e
to re -

wa s p u t t i n g t h e m to H ow e ve r both t h e t h eo ry a n d t h e
.
,

p ractic e a re t o be fo u n d i n fu l l forc e i n v a ri o u s p a rts of t h e

E a s t I n d i e s W h e n t h e B a l i n e s e a n d th e S u n d a n e se fe e l
.

a n e a rthqu a k e th e y c ry out S t i l l a l iv e o r W e s ti l l l iv e , , ,
”

to a cqu a i n t t h e e a rth s h a k i n g god o r gi a n t w i t h th e i r e x i s t

-

e nce
1
. T h e n a tiv e s of L e ti M oa an d L a ko r i s l a n d s of t h e , , ,

I n d i a n A rch i p e l a go i m a gi n e t h a t e a rthqu a k es a re c a u s e d
,

by G ra n d moth e r E a rth i n o rd e r to a s c e rt a i n wh e th e r h e r
d e s c e n d a n t s a re s t i l l to t h e fo re S o th e y m a k e loud n o i s e s .

f or t h e p u rp o s e of s a ti s fyi n g h e r g ra n d moth e rly s ol ic itud e ?

T h e T a m i o f G e rm an Ne wG u i n ea a s c ri b e e a rthqu a k e s to a
c e rt a i n ol d P a n k u who s it s u n d e r a g re a t rock ; wh e n h e
s t i rs t h e e a rth qu a k e s
,
I f t h e s hock l as t s a lo n g t i m e t h e y
.

b ea t o n t h e g rou n d w i th p a l m b ran ch e s s ay i n g You dow n “ -

, ,

t h e re ! e a s y a l i t t l e ! We m e n a re s ti l l h e re
3 ”
Th e Sh a n s .

of B u rm a a re t a ught by B ud dhi s t mo n k s th a t u n d e r t h e
w o rl d the re s l e e p s a g re a t fi s h w i t h h i s t a il i n h i s mou t h ,

but s om e ti m e s h e w a k es b i te s h i s t a i l a n d qu iv e ri n g wi t h , ,

p a i n c a u ses t h e g rou n d to qu iv e r a n d s h a k e l i k e wi se Th at .

i s t h e c a u s e of g re a t ea rthqu a k e s B ut t h e c a u s e of l ittl e .

e a rthqu a k e s i s d i ff e re n t Th e s e a re p roduc e d by l i t t l e m e n
.

who l i ve u n d e rg rou n d a n d s om e ti m e s fee l i n g lo n e ly k n ock

o n t h e roof of t h e wo rl d ov e r th e i r h ea d s th e s e k n ock i n g s
we p e rc e i ve as s l i gh t s hock s of e arthqu ak e s W h e n Sh a n s .

fe e l s uch a s hock t h e y run ou t of t h e i r hou se s k n e e l dow n

, , ,

a n d a n s w e r t h e l i ttl e m e n s a yi n g We a re h e re ! We a re ,

h e re 4
E a rt hqu a k e s a re com mo n i n t h e P a m p a de l S a c ra
”

m e n to of E as t e rn P e ru T h e C o n i b os a t ri b e of I n d i a n s o n.
,

t h e l e ft b a n k of t h e g re a t U c ay a l i R i v e r a t t ri but e t h e se
,
,

d i s tu rb a n c e s to t h e c re a to r who u s u a l ly re s i d e s i n h e a v e n , ,

but co m e s dow n fro m t i m e t o t i m e to s ee wh e t h e r t h e w o rk

of h i s h an d s s t i l l e x i s t s T h e re s ult of h i s d e s c e n t i s a n
.

e arthqu a k e S o wh e n o n e h a pp e n s th e s e I n d i a n s ru s h out
.
,

1 H N . der T uuk ,
. va n Notes on “
c om p are id . pp .
3 3 0 , 4 2 8
th e Ka wi
L an guage an d L te ra tu re ,
”
i 3 G B a m le r “
Ta m i in R Ne u
j ou rn a l of ” R oy a l A s i at i c
Neu
18 ’
h au ss s D eu tsclz Gu i n ea , 1 1 1.
N S m m ( 1 88 1 ) p
u

. .
5
. 0 .

dl
.

(B e r n , li p 4 92
J G F R1e e , D e s lu z k en
.
2
0 .

li M i l
. . .

kroeslz a rzge ra ssen t u ss cben S elebes en 4

M rs Les . e n e, S ka n s at Hom e
Pap u a (T h e Hague , 3 98 ; p .
(Lon d on , p .
54 .
 C H AP . v1 1 1 THE , EA R THQ UA K E G OD

of th e i r hut s with e x t ra v a g a n t g e s t u re s s houti n g as i f i n ,

“
a n s w e r t o a qu e s t i o n A mom e n t a mom e n t h e re I a m , , , ,

”
fa t h e r h e re I a m ! ,
Th e i r i n t e n t i on i s n o doubt to ass u re , ,

t h e i r h e a v e n ly fa t h e r th a t t h e y a re s ti l l a l i ve a n d th a t h e ,

m ay re t u rn to h i s m an s io n o n h igh w i t h a n e as y m i n d .

T h e y n e ve r re m e mb e r t h e c re a t o r n or p a y hi m a n y h e e d
.

e x c e p t a t a n e a rthqu a k e
?
I n A fri c a t h e A t o n ga t ri b e of
La k e N y a s s a u s e d to b e l i e ve th a t a n e a rth qu a k e w as th e
'

vo i c e of G o d c a l l i n g t o i n qu i re wh e th e r h i s p e o p l e w ere a ll
th e re So wh en t h e ru mbl e w
. a s h ea rd u n d e rg ro u n d th e y
“ ”
a ll s hout e d i n a n s w e r Ye y e a n d s om e of th e m w e n t t o , , ,

t h e mo rt a rs u s e d f or p o u n d i n g co rn a n d b e a t o n t h e m w i t h
p e s tl e s Th e y th o ugh t t h a t i f a n y o n e of t h e m d i d n ot thu s
I n O urw
.

?
a n s w e r to t h e d ivi n e c a l l h e woul d di e i ra t h e
p e o p l e thi n k th a t a n e a rthqu a k e i s c au s e d by a d e a d s ult a n
m a rchi n g p a s t u n d e rg rou n d ; s o t h e y s t a n d u p t o d o hi m
ho n ou r a n d s om e ra i se t he i r h a n d s to t h e sa l u t e
,
W e re th e y .

t o om i t th e s e m a rk s of re s p e ct t o t h e d e c e a se d th e y woul d ,

ru n t h e ri s k o f be i n g s w a l l o we d u p a l i v e
3
The B a gan d a of .

C e n t ra l A fri c a u se d t o a tt ri but e e a rthqu a k e s t o a c e rt a i n god

n a m e d M us i s i who l i v e d u n d e rg ro u n d a n d s e t t h e e a rth i n

A t s uch t i m e s p e rs o n s w
,

a t re mo r wh e n h e m ov e d a bou t ho .

h a d fe t i s h e s to h an d p a t t e d th e m a n d b e gg e d t h e god to
be s t i l l ; w o m e n who w e re w i t h ch i l d p a t t e d t h e i r b e ll i e s
t o k ee p t h e god fro m t a k i n g e i t h e r th e i r o w n l i fe o r t h a t

of th e i r u n bo rn b a b e s ; o t h e rs ra i s e d a s h ri l l c ry t o i n d uc e
4
h i m to re m a i n qu i e t .

Wh e n t h e B a t a k s of S u m a t ra fe e l a n e a rt hqu a k e th e y C o d n u ct of

“
s h o ut T he h a n d l e ! T he h a n d l e ! T h e m e a n i n g of t h e
cr i s v a i ou ly xp l i d S o m e sa th a t i t c on ta i n s a th e ar
y r s e a n e y .

k
d e l i c a t e a l lu s io n t o t h e s w o rd wh ich i s t h ru s t u p t o t h e h i lt q ua e’

i n t o t h e body o f t h e d e mo n o r s e rp e n t w h o s h a k e s t h e e a rt h .

Thu s e xp l a i n e d t h e wo rd s a re a j e e r o r t a u n t l e ve l l e d a t t h a t
m i s ch i e vou s b e i n g ?
O t h e rs s ay th a t wh e n B a t a ra gu ru t h e -
,

1 D
S t C i cq
e
“
Voy g du Pé rou
. r
3 M r L
, g e h p t oi s
a e Au Ri v du . c a ,
x es

a u B i l p r l s fl eu s U c y l i e t T g i k (A l gi s
re s
’
a e ve p 217 a a an an a er , . .

A m az o n
e I di s C o i b os
, B u ll t i
n en
4 R J n R o o T ,
b ”
B g da e n ev . . sc e, e a an

d l S o i ete d Geogr p / i (Pa i s ) i (Lo d pp 3 1 3 q

'
‘ e
e a c e a t e r v n on , . s .
,

S é i e v i (1 8 5 3 ) p 2 9 2
r , .
5 W K oddi g .
“
D ie b t ks h n . n ,
a a c e

M i s A l i ce W er Tb N t i B h
.

2
s G o t t r u d i h V h lt i
e rn ,
eum a ves e n r er a n ss z ra

of B i t / C tr l Af i
r ts t
'

(Lon do en m a i sm u A llg m i M i i Z i t
r ca n, an s, e e ne ss on s - e

p 56 . . k f t i i (1 8 8 5 ) p 4 0 5 sc rz ,
x . . .
 VOL CA N]C RELI GI ON BOOK 1

c re a to r w a s a b o ut to fa s h i o n t h e e a rt h h e b e g a n by bu i l d i n g
,

a ra ft wh ich h e com m a n d e d a c e rt a i n N a ga p a d e h a t o s up -

p o rt Wh i l e h e w
,

. a s h a rd a t wo rk h i s ch i s e l b rok e a n d a t ,

t h e s a m e mo m e n t N a g a p a doh a budg e d u n d e r h i s bu rd e n -
.

Th e re fo re B a t a ra gu ru sa id H ol d h a rd a mom e n t ! T he
“ -
,

h a n d l e of t h e ch i s e l i s b ro k e n o ff A n d th a t i s why t h e .

“
B at a k s c a l l out T h e h a n dl e of t h e chi s e l du ri n g a n e a rt h
qu a k e Th e y b e l i e ve th a t th e d e lu d e d N a g a p a doh a wi l l
.
-

t a k e t h e wo rd s f o r t h e vo i c e of t he c re a to r a n d th a t h e w i l l ,
?
hold h a rd a cco rd i n gly
Wh e n t h e e arth qu a k e s i n s o m e p a rt s of C e l e b e s i t i s ,

s a i d th a t a ll t h e i n h a bi t an t s o f a vi l l a g e w i l l ru s h o ut of t h e i r

hou s e s a n d g ru b u p g ra s s by h a n dful s i n o rd e r to a tt ra ct
t h e a tt e n t i o n of t h e ea rth s p i ri t who fee l i n g h i s h a i r thu s -
, ,

to rn out b y th e root s w i l l be p a i n fu l ly co n s cio u s th a t th e re

,

a re st i l l p e o p l e a bov e g rou n d ?
So i n S a mo a d u ri n g ,

s hock s of ea rt hqu a k e t h e n a ti v es s om e ti m e s ra n a n d th re w
,

th e m se lv e s o n t h e g rou n d g n a w e d t h e e a rth a n d s h o ut e d , ,

fra n t i c a l ly to t h e e a rthqu a k e go d M af ui e to d e s i s t l e s t h e
s ho u l d s h a k e t h e e a rth to p i e c e s
?
Th e y co n s ol e d th e m
s e lv e s wi th t h e thought th a t M a f ui e h a s o n ly o n e a rm ,

“ 4 ”
s a yi n g I f h e h a d two wh a t a s h a k e h e wou ld give !
, ,

T h e B a go b o s of t h e Phi l i pp i n e I s l a nd s b e l i e v e th a t t h e
e a rth res t s o n a g rea t p o s t whi ch a l a rg e s e rp e n t i s t ryi n g ,

t o re mov e Wh e n t h e s e rp e n t s h a k e s t h e p o s t t h e e a rth
.
,

qu a k e s At s uch t i m es t h e B a gobo s be a t th e i r d ogs to

.

m a k e th e m howl f o r t h e howl i n g of t he an i m a l s fri ght e n s

,

t h e s e rp e n t a n d h e s t op s s h a k i n g t h e p o s t
,
H e n c e s o lo n g .

a s a n e a rthqu a k e l as t s t h e howl s of d o g s m a be h a rd to
y e

p roc ee d fro m e v e ry hou s e i n a B agob o vi l l a g e ?

The
T on g a n s th i n k th at t h e e a rth i s s u pp o rt e d o n t h e p ro s t rat e

1 GA W k en ,
. . il
Het A n m sm e “
i i s i on a r
y E n terpri ses i n t ke S ou tk S ea
vl
b1j de o k en va n den I n sc en A rc di h hi I sla n ds (Lo n o n , 3 79 d p . .

p e l,
”
Vers
p rei de Gesclz r f ten ,
i 2 79 ii .
4
G T urn er, S a m oa (Lon don ,
.

H N van der T uuk , op ci t

. .
4 9 sq . . pp . . p .2 1 1 C h W k es, Na rra t i ve o f t lz e
. il
2
JG F R e de , “
D e T o an i l p Un i ted S t a tes E xp lori ng E xp edi t i on ,
w di i w
. . .

t un uas u o f o orS p ron k e llj k e Volk s ta m Ne E t on (Ne Y ork , ii .

m en va n C en t ra
”
l
S e le b es , B ij dragen 1 3 1 .

t ot de Taa l L a n d en Volken ku n de ~
5
A . S ch adenburg, “D i e B e o n er wh
va n Nederla n dsc/ z -I n di e, (1 8 8 6)
'

xxx v . v on S ti d Mi d n a n ao und de r I n s e l
P 95 S am a l ,
”
Z ei tsck rif t f u
r
'

E tk n ologi e,
3 Jh o n Wi ll i am s Na rra t i ve of M 1}
,
.
x v ii .
(1 8 8 5 ) p .
32 .
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1
ff e ct o n t h e mo ra l s o f t h e n a tive s
e Th e y s u pp o s e t h a t i t i s .

b rough t a bout by a c e rta i n B a t oo B e d a n o who i n t e n d s t o ,

d e s t ro y th e e arth b e c a u s e of t h e i n i qu i t y of m a n k i n d So .

t h e y a s se mbl e a n d fas h i o n a g re a t i m a g e o u t of t h e t ru n k of
a t ree Th e y m a k e off e ri n g s th e y co n fe s s th e i r s i n s t h e y
.
, ,

co rre c t t h e fra ud ul e n t w e igh t s a n d m e a s u re s th e y vow to ,

do b e t t e r i n t h e fu t u re th e y i m p lo re m e rcy a n d i f t h e , ,

e a rth h a s g a p e d th e y th row a l ittl e gold i n t o t h e fi ss u re

, .

But wh e n t h e d a n g e r i s o v e r a ll t h e i r fi n e v o w s a n d ,

p ro mi se s a re s oo n fo rgo t te n ?

Th g d f
e o o We m ay s u rm i s e th a t i n tho s e G re e k l a n d s wh ich h ave
ih d
f ts z
e a an
s u ff e re d s e v e re ly fro m e a rt hqu a k e s s uch a s A ch a i a a n d t h e

w es t e rn co a s t s of A s i a M i n o r Po s e i do n w
O ,

e arthq ua k e as wo rs h i pp e d n ot
t
n a u ral ] l e s s as a n e a rthqu a k e god th a n a s a s ea god ? I t 18 to be ,

com e “ ; -

as on e re m e m b e re d t h a t a n e a rt h qu a k e i s oft e n a ccom p a n i e d by a

t re m e n dou s w a v e wh ich co m e s rol l i n g i n l i k e a mou n t a i n

fro m t h e se a s w a m p i n g t h e cou n t ry f a r a n d w i d e ; i n d e e d
,

o n th e co a s t s of C h i l i a n d P e ru which h a v e oft e n b ee n ,

d e v a s ta t e d by both t h e w a v e i s s a i d t o be e v e n m o re ,
?
d re a d e d t h a n t h e e a rthqu a k e T h e G re e k s oft e n e x
r i d t hi c om b i t i o n of c a t s t ro p h e s thi s co n s p i ra cy
p e e n c e s n a a , ,

?
a s i t w e re of e a rth a n d s e a a g a i n s t t h e l i fe a n d wo rk s of m a n
,

Lor m e r i Fi son , w ro te to m e (D ece m

“
B e k n opte B es ch ri j vi n g van h et h of
be r 1 5 , 1 90 6 ) th at th e n am e of th e S o e rok arta i n B ij dragen t ot
Fiji an hq k g d i M i t
e a rt ua e o s au , no de Ta a l L a n d en Volken ku n de va n
A D g a J k
e , as y M F
ac i N
son d l d sa k I s di e . l i v ( 9 r.) p 85 s on e er a n sc - n
'

, . 1 02 . .

add s,I h v “
Fij i a t pi g Th
e seen xi f idan s i hi t
s am n e c on n e on o ea s n t s c us om

an d i t i g th g
sm n d d y ll i g t i t l
e ro un an e n a s no c ea r .

th t p
e f th i
o vi i d t
o e r O th i q o ces ti n C Nor e r o
2 n s u es on see . e um a n n

rouse hi m
”
d J P t h Pky i k l i k G un ar s c s a sc e eo

w
.
,

l
.

J 1 T N .i .h i H
eu C B g
en p k i u s en enG i l l d (B . . . ra e v on r ec z en a n re s a u ,

von R b g V lg t ht
ose n er ,
pp 3 3 3 3 6 A t h
e rs a om ren t e . 2 - . s o t e

e i l d Ni
an V k d li g
as ,
”
b t f q y f
er an e nth q ken i va nA h i e re uen c o e ar ua es n c a a

B t i l G
a a v a a sc z t l p [( d A i
en oo sc z a Mi va nS Ep i t
un s ten an s a n or see e n e ca , s .

en Wt / pp
e en sc z a xxx (B t v i 8 6 3 ) xi v 3 9 ;
en , . d a a t A h i
a, 1 i . . an as o c a a n

p 8 T h C R pp d H t i l d p t i l
1 1 a ar C N e d J
e an ar c u a r see e um an n un

b w
. .
. . .
,

Ni a s en zij neB ij d g et t P t h
on e rs , p i t pp 3 4 3 6
”
ra en O o a r sc o c 2 - 2 n

w
. . .
, .

d T l
e aaL d V lk k d an th en t f A h i
o th en un hi
e va n e c oa s o c a a e re as a c a n

N d l d k I di e l xii ( 9 9 ) p 5 8
e er an sc - n f t
,
i . f P i d (L P ll
1 0 . 2 . o san c uar es o os e on . re e r,

I S n k t
oe ra di t i t f J v
ar a, a wh G i b i k My tk l gi
s rc o i a a, en r ec sc e oo e, .
4

an th q
ear k t k pl
ua th p pl
e a S es S i C h Ly ll P i ipl
ac e e eof e
3 ee r . e ,
r nc es o

li fl t
e ath i t
on h th g d G l gy ii 4 7 qq ; J M i l
e r s om ac s on e rou n , eo o ,
12
. 1 s . . n e,

an d l i k i t w i th t h i t g
c l g E t/q k (L d e r on ues s o pp 6 5 on ar z u a es on on , . 1

as th th q
e ear k l t T h i th y d
ua e qq as s . s e o s .

in d t h t th y y t l t h i
or er a e S f
m a x p l Th yd i d
no os e e r
4 ee , or e am e, uc es ,

tee th p t ly S J W Wi t
re m a ure . 89 ee . . n er, 1 11. .
C H AP . v1 1 1 THE EA R THQ UA K E G OD

It w as thu s co a s t of Ach a i a p e ri s h e d
t h at H e l ic e ,
on th e ,

wi t h a ll i ts i n h a bi t a n t s o n a wi n t e r n i gh t ov e rwh e l m e d
by t h e bi llows ; a n d i ts d e s t ructio n w
,

as s et d ow n t o
t h e w ra t h of Po se ido n
?
N o th i n g c o u ld be mo re n a t u ra l
th a n t h a t to p e o p l e fa m i l i a r w i t h t h e tw o fo l d c a l a m ity t h e
d re a dful god of t h e e arthqu a k e a n d of t h e s e a s houl d a pp e a r
to be o n e a n d t h e s a m e T h e hi s to ri a n D i o do rus S i c ulu s
ob se rve s th a t P e lo p o n n e s e w
.

as d e e m e d t o h ave bee n i n
a n ci e n t d a y s t h e a bod e o f Po s e i do n t h a t t h e wh o l e cou n t ry

was i n a m an n e r s ac re d to h i m a n d t h a t e ve ry c i ty i n i t
,

wo rs hi pp e d h i m a bov e a ll t h e god s Th e d e vo t i o n to .

P o se id o n h e e xp l a i n s p a rtly by t h e e a rthqu a k e s a n d flood s

by wh ich t h e l a n d h a s b e e n vi s it e d p a rt ly by t h e re m a rk a bl e ,

ch as m s a n d s ubt e rra n e a n rive rs whi ch a re a co n s p i cuou s

?
fe a tu re of i t s l i m e s to n e m ou n t a i n s

6 . Tbe Wors kip of M epk i ti c Vap ou rs

But e ru p tio n s a n d e a rthqu a k e s though t h e mo s t , Po i s on ous

t re m e n dou s a re n o t t h e o n ly p h e n om e n a of volc a n ic re g i o n s ph i t i c
m e
,
vp
a o u rs .

which h a v e a ff e ct e d t h e re l i gi o n of t h e i n h a bi t an t s .

Poi s o n o u s m e p hi t i c v a p o u rs a n d h o t S p ri n g s whi ch a bou n d ,

e s p e ci a l ly i n v o lc a n ic re gio n s
3
h a v e a l s o h a d th e i r d e vote es , ,

a n d both a re o r w e re fo rm e rly t o be fo u n d i n t h o s e w e s t e rn

d i s t ri c t s of A s i a M i n or w i t h whi ch w
, ,

e a re h e re c o n c e rn e d

To b e gi n w i th v a p ou rs w
.

e m ay t a k e as a n i l lu s t ra t i o n ,

of th e i r d e a dly e ff e ct t h e G ue vo Up as or V a l l e y o f Poi s o n , ,

n ea r B a t u r i n J a v a I t i s t h e c ra t e r of a n e x t i n ct volc a n o.
,

a bou t h a l f a m i l e i n c i rcu mfe re n c e a n d fro m thi rty to thi rty ,

1 S tr b o v iii
7 I q pp 3 8 4 q ;
a , . We m y s upp o e th t t h e de i ty ws
. s .
, . s . a s a a

D i odoru s S i cu lus x v 49 ; A li w o sh ipp d h ch i efly th

, . th e an , r e e re as e ear

N t A i m xi 1 9 ; P u i s v ii
a . n .
q k god s i ce t h rugg d c
. at of s an a , . ua e , n e e oa s s

24 5 .
q d 1 2
s . i i 2
an5 1 d 4 L c, i re i ll d p t ed t m i t i m
v . . an . a on a a a a o ar e
2 D i odo u
S i c ul r sxv 49 4 q e t p is d t h e L c d em o i
us, . . s . n er r e, an a e a n an s

A m o g th e m os t f m o u se ts of t h e
n w er v e a f i g fol k S ee C
s a e ne r a se a ar n . .

w orsh ip of Pos i do i Pe l opo N um

e u d J P rt sc h P/y i k li
n n k n n ese e an n n . a , z s a sc e

w re Tae rum i L o i H l i i G og pk i e vo G i e l e l d pp 3 3 0
e na n ac n a, e ce n e ra n r c z n an , .

A ch i a a,Ma t i ea i A rc di n d th
n q 335 q nFo L co i s c t u ri
a a , an e s .
,
s . r a n an an a es

i s l d of C l u i off th e c o t o f of P se i d on s P u i s iii 1 1 9
an a a r a, as o ee a s an a , . .
,

T roe en z S P us i s ii 3 3 2
. ee iii 1 2 5 iii 1 4 2 d 7 iii 1 5 1 0
a an a , . .
, . .
, . . an , . .
,

iii 2 5 4 8 v ii 2 4 5 q v iii 1 0 2 4
. .
-
, . iii 2 0 2 iii 2 1 5 iii 2 5 4
. s .
, . .
- . . .
, . .
, . . .

L c o i as w ll s A ch i h s uf f r d
a n a e a a a a s e e

m uc h f ro m e a rt hq uak es , an d it c on
3
S ir Ch . L y lle , Pri n cip les f
o

t ai n e d m an y s an c t ua r e s i of Posei don . Geology , 12

i .
3 91 s
qq .
, 5 90 .
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON Boon 1

fi ve fe e t d e e p N e i th e r m an n or b e a s t c a n d e sc e n d t o t h e
.

b o tt om a n d l i ve T h e g rou n d i s c o v e re d w i th t h e c a rc a s e s
.

o f t i g e rs d e e r bi rd s
, a n d e v e n t h e bo n e s of m e n
,
a ll k i ll e d , ,

by t h e a bu n d a n t e m a n a ti o n s of c a rb o n i c a cid ga s which
e x h a l e fro m t h e s oi l A n i m a l s le t dow n i n to i t di e i n a
f e wm i n ut e s
.

T h e whol e ra n g e of h i l l s i s v o lc a n i c
. Tw o .

?
n e ighbou ri n g c ra t e rs co n s t a n tly e m i t s mok e I n a n oth e r
c ra t e r of J a v a n e a r t h e vol c a n o T a l a g a Bod a s t h e s ul
, ,

p h u r e o u s e x h a l a ti o n s h a v e p rov e d fa t a l to ti g e rs b i rd s an d , ,

cou n tl es s i n s e ct s a n d t h e s oft p a rt s of th e s e c rea tu re s s uch ,

as fib re s m u s cl e s h a i r a n d s k i n a re w e l l p re se rv e d wh i l e
, , , , ,

?
t h e bo n es a re c o rrod e d o r d e s t roy e d
T h e a n ci e n t s w ere a cqu a i n t e d w i t h s uch n o x i ou s v a p ou rs
i n th e i r o w n cou n t ry a n d th e y re g ard e d t h e ve n t s from ,

wh i ch th e y w e re d i s ch a rg e d a s e n t ran c es to t h e i n fe rn a l
T h e G re e k s c a ll e d th e m p l a c es of Pl uto (Plu ton i a )
?
re gio n s

o r p l a c e s of C h a ro n (Ck a ron i a ) I n I t a ly t h e v a p o u rs w e re
?

e rs o n i fi e d a s a godd e s s who b o re t h e n a m e of M e fi t i s a n d
p
w
,

as wo rs h i pp e d i n v a ri ou s p a rt s of t h e p e m n s ula
?
S he h ad
a t e m p l e i n th e fa mou s v a l l e y of A m sa n c t us i n t h e l an d of

th e Hi rp i n i wh e re t h e e x h a l a ti o n s s u pp o se d to be t h e b re a th
, ,

of P l uto h i m se l f w e re of s o d e a d ly a ch a ra ct e r th a t a ll who ,

s e t foot o n t h e s p ot d i e d T h e p l a c e i s a gl e n p a rtly wood e d

6
.
,

wi th che s t n ut t ree s a mo n g l i m es to n e h i l l s d i s t a n t a bout fo u r , ,

m i l e s fro m t h e tow n of F ri g e n to H e re u n d e r a s t e e p .
,

s h e lvi n g b a n k of d e co m p o s e d l i m e s to n e th e re i s a p ool of ,

d a rk a s h colou re d w a t e r wh ich c o n ti n u a l ly b u bbl e s u p w i t h

-
,

a n e xp lo s i o n l i k e d i s t an t t hu n d e r A ra p i d s t re a m of t h e .

s a m e bl a ck i s h w a t e r ru s h e s i n to t h e p ool fro m u n d e r t h e

1 “
x
E tra c t rom a Le tte r of M r f . wh y th t
o sa s p pl l k d a s om e eo e oo e on

lx ”
A e an de r Loudon , j ou rn a l of t lz e M fi ti
e g d ths l p t
as f
a o , e m a e ar n e r o

Roy a l Geograp/z i ca l S oci ety , i i ( 1 8 3 2 ) . L h e t wh

e u c ot ho
'

t d, o om e s oo as

pp 6 0 6 2 ; S i r C h L e , Pri n cip les

.
-
. y ll Ad i t V
on s Vi b i
o t e n us or as r us o

f
o Geology ,
12
5 9 0 i . . Di an aA t M fi ti
. L P ll s o e s se e . re e r,

y ll R o i k My t l l gi (B l i
2 3
S i r Ch L e , l c 88
'

. . . m sc e zo o e er n , 1 1
3 Lu c re t us
, i vi 7 3 8 s qq . . ii . 1 44 sq . ; R . Pe te r, s v.
.

4
S tra o , b v
4 5, p 2 44, 1
. 8 1 7, . . xl . . M e fi ti s in W
I l Ros ch e r s Lex i kon
.
'

p .
5 7 9, xiii
4 1 4, . 6 2 9, 1 . 1 1 p . xi v . . der gri eck . u n d rom My tlz ologi e, . ii .

a n d 4 4, pp
6 3 6 , 6 4 9 ; C i c e ro , D e
. 2 5 1 9 sqq .

di v i n a t i on e, 3 6 7 9 ; P n , Na t
i . . li y .
3 V rg i il , A en . Vl l .
5 63 5 7 1 , t -
wi h
Hi st ii
2 08. C om a re [A r st ot e , ] p i l th e c o m m e n ta r y of S er us vi
C ce ro , i
li y
. .

D e m u n do, 4 , 3 5
9 ,
e d B e kk epr . B . . De di v i n a t i on e, i .
36 79 ; P n ,
.

5 vi
S er us on V rg , A en v i i 8 4 , i il . . Na t Hi s t . 2 08 . ii . .
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1
they lw ay s a ct e d u n d e r th e s p i ri tu a l d i re c t i o n o f th e p ri e s t s
a

To a ll but t h e s ick t h e p l a c e w
.

a s u n a pp ro a ch a bl e a n d fa t a l

O n c e a y e a r a fe s tiv a l w
.

a s h e l d i n t h e vi l l a g e a n d t h en ,

a f fl ict e d fol k c a m e i n c rowd s to be ri d of t h e i r a i l m e n t s .

About t h e hou r o f n o on o n th a t da y a n u m b e r of a t hl e ti c
you n g m e n th e i r n a k e d bod i e s g re as e d w i t h o i l u s e d to
, ,

c a rry a bu l l u p to t h e c a v e a n d th e re le t i t go B ut t h e
b e a s t h a d n o t t a k e n a f e ws t e p s i n to th e c a v e rn b e fo re i t
.

fe ll t o t h e g rou n d a n d e xp i re d : s o d e a dly w as t h e v a p ou r
?

A n oth e r P l uto n i a n s a n ctu a ry of t h e s a m e s o rt e x i s t e d a t

H i e ra p ol i s i n t h e u pp e r v a l l e y of t h e M ae a n d e r o n t h e
,
‘

bo rd e rs of L yd i a a n d Ph rygi a ?
H e re u n d e r a b row of t h e
h il l t h e re w as a d e e p c a v e wi th a n a rro w mouth j u s t l a rg e
e n ough to a d m i t t h e body of a m a n A s qu a re s p a c e i n
fro n t of t h e c a v e w
.

as ra i l e d off a n d wi thi n t h e ra i l i n g t h e re

hu n g s o thick a cloudy v a p ou r th a t i t w
,

a s h a rd ly p o ss i bl e

to s ee t h e g rou n d I n c a l m w e a th e r p e o p l e cou l d s t e p u p
to t h e ra i l i n g w i th s a fe ty but to p a ss w i t hi n i t w
.

a s i n s t an t ,

d ea t h Bul l s d ri v e n i n t o t h e e n clo s u re fe l l to t h e e a rth a n d

.

w e re d ra gg e d out l i fe l es s a n d s p a rrow s wh i ch s p e ct a to rs b y
way of e xp e ri m e n t a l low e d to fly i n to t h e m i s t d ro pp e d d e a d
,

at o n ce Y e t t h e e u n uch p ri es t s o f t h e G re a t M oth e r Godd es s

.

coul d e n t e r t h e ra i l e d o f f a re a w i t h i m p u n i ty n a y m o re th e y
-
,

u se d t o go u p to t h e v e ry mouth o f t h e c a v e s too p a n d , ,

c re e p i n to i t f o r a c e rt a i n d i s ta n c e hol d i n g th e i r b re a th but
t h e re w
,

a s a lo o k o n th e i r fa c e s a s i f th e y w e re b e i n g chok e d .

So m e p e o p l e a s c ri be d t h e i m mu n i ty of t h e p ri es t s to t h e
d ivi n e p rot e ct i o n oth e rs to t h e u s e of a n t i do t e s
,
?

7 . Tbe Wars / up of Hot S p ri ngs

T he my s t e ri o u s ch a s m o f H i e ra p ol i s w i t h
i t s d e a d ly ,

m i s t h a s n o t b ee n d i s c o ve re d i n mod e rn t i m es ; i n d e e d i t
,

1 S trab o xi v 1 4 4 pp 6 4 9 q A i s to dem u s
, . .
,
. s . r .

A c o i of Ny s
n h ow the bull r i d
a s s
2
S om e o f th e n c i e ts
ca r e s i g ed a n a s n

t o th e c ri fi c e by s i
sa n k d y o uth s x d Hi e r p ol i t o Lyd i
a e d ot h s to
an a s a, an er

p re ced ed by a n k d flute p l y er S ee Ph rygi (W M R m y Ci t i

a e - a . d a . . a sa , es an

B V He d Ca t logu of tl
. . a ,
a G ek B i bop ri
e of Pk y gi ze 1 (O x ford
re s cs r a, .
,

Coi ns
f
o L y di pp a, l xxxiii 181 p l 1 8 9 5 ) pp 8 4 q s

xx 1 0 S trabo ws f m i l i r w i th th i s
. .
, . . .

. . a a
3
S tr bo xi i i 4 1 4 pp 6 2 9 q ;
a a ,
. .
, . s .

n e i ghb ourh ood f or h e t ll s us (xi v 1

,
D i o C s i u l x v iii 2 7 3
e Pl i n y N t
. . a s s, . .
,
a .

4 8 , p 6.
5 0 ) t h t i n h i s a y o ut h h e H i t ii 2 0 8 A m m i us M a c ll i us s . . an r e n ,

s t ud i e d a t Ny sa u d er th e h i l os o h e r x xiii 6 18
p n
p . . .
CH A P V1 1 1
. WORS HI P OF HO T S PRI N S G
?
w o u l d s e e m to h a v e v i h e d v iqu ity in It m ay T h e h ot
an s e en
"
d
ant

h a v e b e e n d e s t roye d by a n e a rt hqu a k e But a n oth e r m a rv e l $1352 ; .

T h e h o t s p ri n g s
of t h e S a c re d C i t y re m a i n s to th i s day
3 55313 ? .

wi t h th e i r c a lc a re ou s d e p o s it whi ch l i k e a W i z a rd s w a n d
, ,
’

tu rn s a ll t h a t i t touch e s to s to n e e x c i te d t h e wo n d e r of t h e ,

an c ien ts a n d th e
,
cou rs e of a g e s h a s o n ly e n h a n c e d t h e
fa n t as ti c s p l e n dou r of t h e g re a t t ra n s fo rm a ti o n s c e n e The .

s t a t e ly ru i n s of H i e ra p o l i s occu p y a b ro a d s h e lf o r t e rra c e

o n t h e mou n t a i n s id e co m m a n d i n g d i s t a n t v i e w s of e x t ra
-

o rd i n a ry b e a uty a n d g ra n d e u r from t h e d a rk p re ci p i c e s a n d
,

d a zzl i n g s n ow s of M o u n t C a d m u s a w a y to t h e bu rn t s um m i t s
of Ph rygi a fa d i n g i n ro s y ti n t s i n to t h e bl u e of t h e s ky
, .

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high i n to t h e d e s ol a t e t re e l e ss v a l l e y of t h e Lycu s O ve r .

t h e fa c e of t h e s e cl i f f s t h e hot s t re a m s h a v e p ou re d o r
t rick l e d f or thou s a n d s of y e a rs e n c ru s t i n g t h e m wi th a
p e a rly wh i te s ub s t a n c e l i k e s a lt o r d ri v e n s n o w Th e
,

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,

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i s a p e t ri fi e d N i a g a ra T h e i l lu s io n i s s t ro n g e s t i n w i n t e r
.

or i n cool s u m m e r m o rn i n g s wh e n t h e m i s t from t h e
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,

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w
.

h i t e cl i ff wh ich a tt ra ct s t h e t ra v e l l e r s a tte n ti o n a t a ’

d i s t a n c e of tw e n ty m i l e s o n ly a d d s to i t s b e a uty a n d
ch a n g es o n e i l l u s i o n f or a n oth e r For n owi t s e e m s t o be
,

a gl a c i e r i t s l o n g p e n d e n t s t a l a cti t e s l o ok i n g
,
l i k e i c i cl e s ,

a n d t h e s n owy wh i t e n e ss o f i t s s mooth e xp an se b e i n g ti n g e d

h e re a n d th e re wi t h d e l i c a t e hu e s of blu e ro se a n d g re e n , ,

a ll t h e colou rs of t h e ra i n bow Th e se p e t ri fi e d c a s c a d e s of
.

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t h e y h a v e p rob a bly b e e n wi t hout a ri v a l i n th e i r k i n d e v e r

s i n c e t h e fa m ou s wh i t e a n d p i n k t e rra c e s or s t a i rc a s e s of

Ro t o m ah an a i n Ne wZ e a l a n d w e re d e s t roy e d by a volc a n i c
e ru p t i o n .

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1
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 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1
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m a y be se e n t h e wh i t e m a rbl e col um n s of a b e a u ti ful

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a n d a dd t o i t s ch a rm Y e t t h e e n c h a n t e d s p ot h a s i t s .
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d a n g e rs Bubbl e s of c arbo n i c a c i d gas ri s e i n c e s s a n tly from

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t h e botto m a n d mou n t l i k e fl ick e ri n g p a rti cl e s of s i lv er t o

t h e s u rfa c e B i rd s a n d be a s t s whi ch com e to d ri n k of t h e
wat er a re s o me ti m es fo u n d d ea d on t h e b a n k s ti fl e d by
.

t h e n o x i o u s v a p ou r ; a n d t h e v i l l a g e rs t e l l of b a th e rs who
h a ve b ee n ov e rp ow e re d by i t a n d d row n e d o r d ra gg e d ,

d ow n a s th e y s ay to d e ath by th e w a te r s p i ri t
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c are o f a re l igi ou s p o p ul a ti o n h a v e f or c e n tu ri e s b ee n ,

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ove r t h e ta bl e l a n d By t h e d e p o s i t wh i ch th e y l e a v e b e h i n d
.

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wh i t e ri d g e s co n c e a l i n g t h e ru i n s a n d i m p e d i n g th e fo ot s t e p

w
,

e x c e p t wh e re t h e ol d ch an n e l s fi l l e d u p s o l id ly to t h e b ri m , ,

no fo rm h ard l e ve l fo ot p a th s fro m wh ich t h e t ra v e l l e r m ay ,

s u rv e y t h e s t ra n g e s c e n e without qu itti n g t h e s a dd l e In .

a n t i qu ity t h e hu s b an d m e n u s e d p u rp o s e ly to l e a d t h e w a t e r i n

ri l l s rou n d th e i r l a n d s a n d th u s i n a f e w y e a rs th e i r fi e ld s a n d ,

vi n e y a rd s w e re e n clo s e d w i th w a l l s of s ol i d s to n e T h e w a t e r
wa s a l s o p e cu l i a rly a d a p te d f or th e dy e i n g o f wooll e n s tuffs
.

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c loth s d i pp e d i n i t t h e fi n es t S h a d es of p u rp l e a n d s c a rl e t ?

1 b xiii 4 4 pp 6 9 6 3 ; E R l N ll Gé g p/i U i
S t ra o, . . 1 , . 2 ,
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Vi t v i ru v ii i 3
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an d A i i 5 75
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S i t P l pp 3 5 7 q
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s . . . a s, rn s c a e ro uce en om e n a

A t li
na o (L ca d on pp 97 l
on ,
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b e fo re m e ? T o th i s t h e a p o t h e c a ry re p l i e d wit h much
a c ri mo n y re c a ll i n g c e rt a i n p a i n fu l e p i s o d e s i n t h e p riv a t e

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.
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l i fe o f t h e bu rly h e ro a s s e t t l e d by
. .

Z e u s who d e c i d e d i n fa vou r of A es cul a p i us o n t h e g rou n d

th a t h e d i e d b e fo re H e rcu l e s a n d w
,

a s th e re fo re e n t i t l e d t o ,

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ra n k a s s e n io r god

A m o n g t h e hot s p ri n gs s a c re d to H e rcul es t h e m o s t .

fa mou s w e re tho s e wh ich ros e i n t h e p a s s of T he rmo p yl a e ,

a n d g a v e to t h e d e fi l e i t s n a m e of t h e H ot G a t e s
?
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w arm b a th s c a l l e d by t h e n a tiv e s th e P o t s w e re e n l a rg e d
, ,

a n d i m p rov e d f o r t h e us e of i n v a l i d s by t h e w e a lthy S o p h i s t

H e rod e s A t ticu s i n t h e s e co n d c e n t u ry of o ur e ra A n a l t a r .

of H e rcul e s s tood b e s i d e th e m ?
Acco rd i n g to o n e s to ry ,

t h e hot s p ri n g s w e re h e re p rod uc e d f o r h i s re fre s hm e n t by

t h e god d e ss Ath e n a
?
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u n ch a n ge d a lth o ugh t h e re c es s io n o f t h e se a h a s co n v e rt e d
,

wh a t u se d t o be a n a rrow p as s i n to a w i d e s w a m p y fla t , ,

th rou gh wh ich t h e b ro a d but s h a l l o w tu rbi d s t re a m of t h e

S p e rc h i us c re e p s s l uggi s hly s e a w
,

a rd O n t h e oth e r s id e .

t h e rugg e d m o u n t a i n s d e s c e n d i n c ra g s a n d p re c i p i c e s to
t h e p a s s th e i r g re y rocky s i d e s tufte d wi th low wood o r
,

bu s h e s wh e re v e r v e g e t a t io n c a n fi n d a foothol d a n d t h e i r ,

s u m m i t s fri n g e d a lo n g t h e s k l i n e with p i n e s Th y r e m i d -
y e n .

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a Scotchm a n of t h e c ra g s k n oll s a n d m o u n d s co n fu se dly , ,

hu rl e d i n wh ic h B e n V e n u e com e s d ow n to t h e S i l v e r
”

St ra n d of L och K a t ri n e Th e p ri n c i p a l s p ri n g bu rs t s fro m
.

t h e rock s j u s t a t t h e fo ot of t h e s t ee p e s t a n d l o ft i e s t p a rt
o f t h e ran g e Aft e r fo rm i n g a s m a l l p ool i t flow s i n a ra p i d
.

s t rea m e a s t w a rd s k i rt i n g t h e foot of t h e m ou n t a i n s
,
Th e .

w a t e r i s s o hot th a t i t i s a l mo s t p a i n fu l t o hol d t h e h a n d s
i n i t a t l e a s t n e a r t h e s ou rc e a n d s t ea m ri s e s th ick ly from
, ,

i t s s u rfa c e a lo n g t h e cou rse of t h e b rook I n d e e d t h e cloud s .

of wh i te s te a m a n d t h e s t ro n g s ul p hu rou s s m e l l a cqu a i n t
t h e t ra v e l l e r wi th h i s a pp ro a ch t o t h e fa mou s s p ot b e fo re
h e com e s i n s i ght of t h e s p ri n g s Th e w a t e r i s cl e a r b ut .
,

h a s t h e a pp ea ra n c e of b e i n g of a d e e p s e a bl u e o r s e a g re e n - -

1 Lu c i an
,
D i a logi D eoru m ,
1 3 . iv .
3 5 9 ; Ph i lost ra tus
.
, Vi t S op /l i st
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2
S t rabo, ix p ii 1 9
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S c o as t on A r s to i a n e s, Clou ds ,
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colou r Th i s a pp e a ra n c e i t t a k e s from t h e th ick s l i my
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d e p os i t s o f bl u e g re e n s u l p hu r wh ich l i n e t h e be d o f t h e
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s t re a m F ro m i t s s o u rc e t h e bl u e s t e a m i n g s ul p hu r re e k i n g -

b rook ru s h e s e a s tw a rd f or a f e wh u n d re d y a rd s a t t h e foot
.
, ,

of t h e mou n t a i n a n d i s th e n jo i n e d by t h e w a t e r of a n o t h e r
,

s p ri n g wh i ch ri se s much mo re t ra n qu i lly i n a s o rt of n a tu ra l
,

b a t h a mo n g t h e rock s T h e s i d e s of t h i s b a th a re n ot s o .

t h i ck ly c o a t e d w ith s ul p hu r a s t h e b a n k s of t h e s t re a m ;
h e n c e i t s w a t e r a bou t t w o fe e t d ee p i s n ot s o bl u e
,
J ust ,
.

b e y o n d i t t h e re i s a s e co n d a n d l a rg e r b a th wh ich from i t s , ,

s qu a re s h a p e a n d s mooth s id e s would s e e m to be i n p a rt ,

a rti fici a l Th e s e two b a th s a re p rob a bly t h e Pot s m e n ti o n e d

.

by a n c i e n t w ri te rs Th e y a re s t i ll u s e d by b a t h e rs a n d a
f ew
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,

wood e n d re ss i n g room s a re p rovi d e d f or t h e a ccom mod a -

ti o n of vi s i to rs Som e of t h e w a t e r i s co n duct e d i n a n
.

a rti fici a l ch a n n e l to t u rn a m i l l a bout h a l f a m i le o f f a t t h e

e a s t e rn e n d of t h e p a s s T h e re s t c ro s s e s t h e fl a t to fi n d i t s
w
.

a
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g rou n d wi th a wh i te c ru s t which s ou n d s hol lo wu n d e r t h e
.

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We m ay co n j e ctu re th a t th e se re m a rk a bl e s p ri n g s Hot
fu rn i s h e d t h e p ri n ci p a l re as o n f or a s s oc i a ti n g H e rcu l e s wi th 1232 31122
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t h i s d i s t ric t a n d f o r l ay i n g t h e s c e n e of h i s fi e ry d e a th A d p
,
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o n t h e t o p o f t h e n e i ghb o u ri n g Mou n t O e t a T h e d i s t ri ct .

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i s volc a n ic a n d h a s oft e n b e e n s h a k e n by e a rt hqu a k e s
,

A c ro s s t h e s t ra i t t h e i s l an d of E ubo e a h a s s u ff e re d fro m t h e
sam e c a u s e a n d a t th e s a m e t i m e ; a n d o n i t s s outh e rn V
s ho re s ul p hu re o u s s p ri n g s l i k e th o se of Th e rmo p yl a e but , ,

much hot t e r a n d mo re p o w e rful w e re i n l i k e m a n n e r d e d i ,

c a t e d to H e rcul e s
?
T h e s t ro n g m e d i c i n a l qu a l i t i e s o f t h e
1 I h v e d esc i be d T h erm o p yl e 2 T h ucyd i d s iii 8 d 8 9 S trab o
a s r 7 a a e an

I s w
.
, ,

i t i No v em b r 1 8 9 5
a n C mp i 3 2 0 pp 6 0 q C N um
e . u do a re . .
, . s . . e an n n

W . M
Leak e , Tra vels i n Nort /z ern
.
J . Pa rtsc h
Pky s i ka li sclz e Geograp k i e
,

Greece (Lon don , 3 3 s qq ; ii . . von Gri eck en la n d, pp 3 2 1 3 2 3 .

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.

E Do dw ll
e , Cla ss i ca l a n d To pg p
o ra lz i

l
.

ca l Tou r t k rougk Greece (Lon don , 3 i

A r s tot e, M eteora , 11. 8, p .
3 66 A,

i i 6 6 s qq ; K G F e d e r,
. . . i l ed . b ix 4 p 4 5
B ekk e r ; S tra o , . . 2, . 2 .

A i t tl xp ly
.

Rei se du rcit a lle Tli ei le des K on zgrei clz s rs o g i d he e ress reco n ze t e c on

Gri ec/z en la n d (Le s c , 1 8 40 ip i i f th

n e x on o p i g w i h th q k e s rn s t e ar ua es ,

i 2 0 7 sqq L Ro ss , Wa n deru n gen

. . wh i h h t ll w v y
c ei e s us e re er c om m on n

ll h i di t i t A t th th q k f
.

i n Gri ec/z en la n d (Ha e , i .

9 0 t s s rc . s o e ear ua es o

sqq C B ursi an ,
. Geograp k i e
. von E b u l T h y di d iii 8 7
oe a se e a so uc es , .
,

Gri ech en la n d (Le s c , 1 8 6 2 ip i 8 9 ; S t rab o, i .

3 . I 6 an d 2 0, pp .
5 8,
i .
9 2 sqq . 6 0 sq .
212 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1

w a t e rs which a re e s p e ci a l ly a d a p t e d f o r t h e cu re o f s k i n
,

d i se a se s a n d g o ut h a v e a t t ra ct e d p a t i e n t s i n a n c i e n t a n d
,

m o d e rn t i m e s S u l l a to o k t h e w a t e rs h e re f o r h i s g o u t ;
.
1

an d i n t h e d a y s o f P l ut a rch t h e n e i ghbou ri n g t o w n of
A e de p s u s s i t u a t e d i n a g ree n v a l l e y a bout two m i l e s fro m
t h e s p ri n g s w
,

a s o n e of t h e
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m os t fas h i o n a bl e re s o rt s of
G re e c e E l e g a n t a n d co m mod iou s b u i l d i n gs a n a g ree a bl e
.
,

cou n t ry a n d a bu n d a n c e of fi s h a n d g a m e u n it e d wi th t h e
,

h e a lth gi vi n g p ro p e rti e s of t h e b a th s to d ra w c rowd s of

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i dl e rs t o t h e p l ac e e s p e c i a l ly i n t h e p ri m e of t h e gl o ri o u s
,

G re e k s p ri n g t h e h e ight of t h e s e as o n at A e de p s u s Wh i l e
, .

s om e w a tch e d t h e d a n c e rs d an c i n g o r l i s t e n e d to t h e s t ra i n s

of t h e h arp oth e rs p as s e d t h e ti m e i n d i s cou rs e l o u n gi n g i n

, ,

t h e s h a d e of cloi s t e rs o r p a ci n g t h e s h o re of t h e b e a u t ifu l
s t ra i t wi th i t s p ro s p e ct of mou n t a i n s b e yo n d mou n t a i n s
i m mo rt a l i z e d i n s to ry a c ro ss t h e w a t e r ?
O f a ll th i s G re e k
e l e gan ce a n d l u x u ry h a rdly a v e s t i g e re m a i n s Y e t the
h e a l i n g S p ri n g s flow n owa s fre e l y a s o f ol d
.

I n t h e cou rs e .

o f t i m e t h e whi t e a n d y e l low c a l c a re o u s d e p o s i t whi ch t h e

w a t e r l ea v e s b e h i n d i t h a s fo rm e d a h i l l o ck a t th e fo ot
o f t h e mou n t a i n s a n d t h e s t re a m n owfa ll s i n a s t e a m i n g
,

c as c a d e fro m t h e fa c e of t h e rock i n t o t h e s e a ?
O n ce
t h e s p ri n g s c e as e d to fl o wf o r th ree
,

a ft e r a n e a rthqu a k e ,

d a y s a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e hot s p ri n g s of T h e rrri opy la e

,

d ri e d u p ?
Th e i n c i d e n t p rov e s t h e re l a t i o n o f t h e s e B a t h s
of H e rcul e s o n b oth s i d e s of t h e s t ra i t t o e a ch o t h e r a n d to
volc an i c a g e n cy O n a n o t h e r occ a s i o n a c o ld s p ri n g s udd e n l y
.

bu rs t ou t b e s i d e t h e hot s p ri n g s o f A e de p s us a n d a s i t s
w ate r w
,

a s s u pp o s e d to be p e cu l i a rly b e n e fic i a l to h e a l th ,

p a t i e n t s h as t e n e d from f a r a n d n e a r t o d ri n k o f i t B ut t h e .

g e n e ra l s of K i n g A n ti g o n u s a n x iou s t o ra i s e a re v e n u e , ,

i m p o s e d a t a x o n t h e u s e of t h e w a t e r ; a n d t h e s p ri n g ,

a s i f i n d i s gu s t a t b e i n g tu rn e d to s o b a se a u s e d i s a pp e a re d ,
?
a s s ud d e n ly a s i t h a d c o m e

1 Pl u t ch arS u ll 26
, a, G i / e l d (B em
. 1 8 40 B l in r ec z n a n r en , — er ,
2 Pl ut h Q t Co v i i l i v u aes ii 2 3 3 2 3 5 ; C B i G
v a es , -
a rc , . n . . . u rs a n , eo

4 . I D
id e.
f ra
, t ern o A m ore , I 7 .
grap lz i e Gri eclz en la n d, 1 1 4 0 9 ;
v on .

3 A s t o th e h ot s ri n s o f A e de s u s
g p p C Ne u m an n 11 n d
. Pa rts c , Plzy s i J . h
(th e m o de rn L ip so) se e K G Fi e dle r, . . ka li scke Geograp k i e von Gri ec/z en la n d,
Rei se du rck a lle Tbei le des I t on zgrei ck s
’
pp .
34 3 44
2 -
.

4 8 7 4 92 ; H N
i i p
4
Gri ec/z en la n d, .
-
. . S t rab o , 3 2 0,. . . 60 .

lih
U r c s , Re i sen u n d Forsc/t u ngen i n 5 h
A t e n ae us , i i i 4 , . p .
73 E, D .
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K 1
Thi s f o r e x a m p l e th e y do a t t h e fa mou s hot s p ri n g s i n t h e
, ,

l a n d o f M o a b wh ich flow th rough a wi l d go rg e i n t o t h e

D ea d S e a I n a n t iqu i t y th e s p ri n gs w e n t by t h e G ree k
t h e F a i r flow It w
.

n a m e of C a l l i rrho e ing a s to th e m th a t
,
-
.

t h e dyi n g H e rod w e i gh e d dow n b y a com p l i c a t i o n of di s

,

o rd e rs wh ich th e p i ou s J e w s t ra c e d to G od s v e n g e a n c e ’

re p a i re d i n t h e v a i n h o p e of a rre s ti n g o r m i t ig a ti n g t h e fa t a l

p rog re s s of d i seas e T h e h e a l i n g w a t e rs b rought n o a ll evi a

.

?
t i o n of h i s s u ff e ri n g s a n d h e re t i re d to J e ri cho to di e, Th e
hot s p ri n g s bu rs t i n v a ri ou s p l a c e s fro m t h e s id e s of a d e e p
rom a n ti c ra vi n e to fo rm a l a rg e a n d ra p i d s t re a m of l uk e

w a rm w a t e r wh i ch ru s h e s dow n t h e d e p th s o f t h e ly n n
, ,

d a s h i n g a n d fo a m i n g ov e r b ou l d e rs u n d e r t h e de n s e s h a d e ,

o f t a m a ri s k t re e s a n d c a n e b ra k e s t h e rock s on e ith e r b a n k
- -
,

d ra p e d w i th a n e m e ra ld fri n g e of m a i d en h a i r fe rn On e .

of th e s p ri n g s fa l l s fro m a h i gh rocky s h e l f ov e r t h e fa c e
o f a cl i ff wh ich i s t i n t e d b ri ght y e l low by t h e s ul p hu rou s
w a t e r T h e l ofty c ra g s wh ich s hut i n t h e n a rro wch a s m
.

a re bol d a n d i m p o s i n g i n o utl i n e a n d v a ri e d i n colou r ,

f or th e y ra n g e fro m re d s a n d s to n e th rough whi t e an d y e l low

l i m e s to n e to b l a ck b a sa l t T he w a t e rs i ss u e from t h e l i n e .

wh e re t h e s an d s to n e a n d l i m e s to n e m ee t Th e i r t e m p e ra .

tu re i s h igh a n d fro m g re a t cl e ft s i n th e mou n t ai n s id es

,
-

you m ay s ee cloud s of s t e a m ri s i n g a n d h e a r t h e ru m bl i n g
of t h e ru n n i n g w a t e rs T h e b otto m of t h e gl e n i s cloth e d .

a n d h a l f chok e d w i th ra n k ve g e t a ti o n ; f or s i tu at e d f a r
b e lo wt h e l e ve l of t h e s e a t h e hot ra vi n e i s a l mo s t Afri c a n
,

i n cl i m a t e a n d flo ra H e re g row d e n se th i ck e t s of c a n e s
.

w ith t h e i r fe a th e ry tu fts th a t s h a k e a n d n od i n e ve ry
p as s i n g b re ath of wi n d : h e re t h e ol e a n d e r flou ri s h e s wi th
i t s d a rk g ree n glo ss y fol i a g e a n d i t s b e a ut i fu l p i n k blo s s om s
-

h e re t al l d a t e p a l m s re a r th e i r s t a t e ly h e a d s wh e re ve r t h e
-

hot s p ri n g s flo w Go rg e ou s flow e rs too c a rp e t t h e g rou n d

.
, , .

S p l e n d i d o rob a n ch e s s om e p i n k i s h p u rp l e s o m e b ri ght , ,

y e l low g row i n l a rg e tuft s e a ch flow e r s t a l k m o re t h a n

, ,
-

th re e f e e t h i gh a n d cov e re d w i th blo s s o m s fro m t he g rou n d

,

u p w a rd s A n e x qu i s i t e ro se colou re d g e ra n i u m a bou n d s
.
-

a m o n g t h e s to n es a n d wh e re t h e s o i l i s a l i ttl e rich e r th a n

1
J ph
ose us , A n ti qu i t .
j ud . x vu . 6 . s pi
rn
g a re m en t on e i d li y
by P n (Na t .

5 . T he m ed ca i l p ro
p e rt e si of th e Hi st . v .
7 )
2 .
CH AP. V i ll WORS HI P OF HO T S PRI N S G
u s u a l i t i s a m as s of t h e n i ght s c e n te d s tock wh i l e t h e -
,

c ra n n i e s of t h e ro ck s a re ga y w ith s c a rl e t ra n u n cul u s a n d
m a s se s o f s o rre l a n d cycl a m e n O v e r a ll t h i s l u x u ri an t .

v e g e t a tio n fli t g rea t butt e rfli e s of b ri l l i a n t hu e s L o ok i n g .

dow n t h e f a r s t re t ch i n g go rg e to i t s mouth you s ee i n t h e

-

d i s t a n c e t h e p u rp l e hi l l s o f J ud a h fra m e d b e tw e e n w a l l s
of bl a ck b a s a l t i c c o l u m n s o n t h e o n e s i d e a n d of b ri ght re d
?
s a n d s to n e o n t h e o t h e r

E ve ry y e a r i n t h e mo n th s of A p ri l a n d M ay th e A ra b s
re s o rt i n c ro w d s t o t h e gl e n t o b e n e fit by t h e w a t e rs T h ey .

t a k e u p t h e i r qu a rt e rs i n hut s m a d e of t h e re e d s wh i ch th e y
cut i n t h e thick e t s Th e y b a t h e i n t h e s t e a m i n g w a te r
.
,

o r a l l o w i t to s p l a s h o n th e i r b o d i e s a s i t gu s h e s i n a p ow e r

ful je t from a c re vic e i n t h e rock s Bu t b e fo re th e y i n d ul g e .

i n th e s e a bl uti o n s t h e v i s it o rs both M o s l e m a n d C h ri s ti a n
, , ,

p ro p i ti a te t h e s p i ri t o r ge n i u s of t h e p l a c e by s a c ri fic i n g
a s h e e p o r go a t a t t h e s p ri n g a n d a l lowi n g i t s re d bl o od

to ti n g e t h e w a t e r Th e n th e y b a th e i n wh a t th e y c a l l t h e
.

B a th s of S o lomo n L e g e n d ru n s th a t Sol omo n t h e W i s e

.

m a d e h i s b a t h i n g p l a c e h e re a n d i n o rd e r to k ee p t h e w a t e r
-
,

a l w a y s w a rm h e c o m m a n d e d t h e j i n n n e v e r to le t t h e fi re

di e dow n T h e j i n n o be y h i s o rd e rs to thi s day but s o m e

.
,

ti m e s th e y s l a ck e n th e i r e ff o rt s a n d th e n t h e w a t e r ru n s
lowa n d cool
,

Wh e n t h e b a th e rs p e rc e i ve th a t th e y s ay
.
, ,

O S o lo m o n b ri n g g re e n wood dry wood a n d n o s oo n e r

, , ,
”

h av e th e y s a id s o th a n th e w a t e r b e gi n s to gu rgl e a n d s t e a m
a s b e fo re Sick p e o p l e t e l l t h e sa i n t o r s h e i kh w
. h o l i ve s ,

i n vi s i bl e i n t h e s p ri n g s a ll a bou t th e i r a i l m e n t s t hey po i n t
,

o u t to hi m t h e p re c i s e s p ot th a t i s t h e s e a t of t h e m a l a dy ,

i t m ay be t h e b a ck or t h e h e a d o r t h e l e g s a n d i f t h e h e a t
, ,
“
of t h e w a t e r d i m i n i s h e s th e y c a l l o u t Thy b a th i s co ld , , ,

O s h e ik h thy b a th i s co l d,
wh e re u p o n t h e obl i gi n g s h e ik h
s tok e s u p t h e fi re a n d out co m e s t h e w a t e r b o i l i n g
,
B ut i f .

i n s p i te of t h e i r re mo n s t ra n c es t h e t e m p e ra tu re of t h e s p ri n g
1 C L .I by d J
. M gl
r T i s t m T/ L
an dof III b (Lo d o
. an es, r ra ,
ze an oa n n,

T v l i
ra e s Egy pt nd N bi Sy i pp 2 3 3 2 5 0 2 8 5 qq J ob
an u a, r a .
-
, s . ac

an d t k e Holy L d (Lo d o an E S p f ford “

A ou d t h D d S e
n n, . a ,
r n e ea a

pp 1 4 4 q ; W S m i th D i t i o y f
. s . . by M ot or B t ,
Tb G og p k i l
c n ar o oa ,
”
e e ra ca

G ree k dR man G g p ky (Lo d

o an
j o leo raxxxix (1 9 1 2 ) pp 3 9 q n on , u rn a , . . s .

i 48 2 v “
C ll i h o e ; ri v e r fo m d b p i ”
Th s. y at h s rrr
gs i e r e e n s

w ll d th
. .
,
4
K . B a e de k e r, S y ri a an d Pa lest i n e no ca e e Z e rk a .

(Le ip s i c , p . 1 48 ; H . B .
 VOL CA NI C RELI GI ON B OOK 1
co n ti n u e s l ow th e y s ay th a t t h e s h e i kh h as go n e o n p i lg ri m
,

a ge a n d th e y S h o ut t o hi m to h a s t e n h i s re tu rn
,
B a rre n .

M o s l e m wom e n a l s o vi s i t th e s e hot s p ri n g s to ob ta i n chi l

d re n a n d th ey do t h e s a m e at t h e s i m i l a r b a t h s n e a r K e ra k
,
.

A t t h e l a tt e r p l a c e a ch i ld l e s s wom a n h a s b e e n k n o w n
to a dd re s s t h e s p i ri t of t h e w a t e rs s ayi n g “
O s h e i kh Solo ,

” 1
m on I a m n o t y e t a n o l d wo m a n
,
gi v e m e ch i ld re n Th e .

re s p e ct thu s p a i d by A ra b m e n a n d wo m e n to t h e s h e i kh

Solomo n a t h i s hot s p ri n g s m a y h e l p us to u n d e rs t a n d
t h e wo rs h i p wh i ch a t s i m i l a r s p ot s G re e k m e n a n d wom e n
u s e d t o re n d e r t o t h e h e ro H e rcu l e s A s t h e id e a l of m a n ly
.

s t re n gth h e m a y h a v e b e e n d ee m e d t h e fa th e r o f m a n y
o f h i s wo rs hi pp e rs a n d G re e k w i v e s m a y h av e g o n e o n
,

p i lg ri m a ge to h i s s t ea m i n g w a te rs i n o rd e r to o bt a i n t h e
wi s h o f th e i r h ea rt s .

8 . Tbe Wors k zp of Volca n oes i n ot/

z er La n ds

Ho wf a r t h es e co n s i d e ra tio n s m ay s e rv e to e xp l a i n t h e
cu s tom o f bu rn i n g H e rcu l e s or god s i d e n ti fi e d w i th h i m
, ,

in ffigy o r i n t h e p e rs o n of a hu m a n b e i n g i s a qu e s t i o n
e ,

wh i ch d e s e rve s to be co n s i d e re d I t m i ght be m o re e a s i ly
if w
.

a n s w e re d e w e re b e tt e r a cqu a i n t e d w i th a n a logou s
c us t o m s i n oth e r p a rt s o f t h e wo rld b ut o ur i n fo rm a t i o n
wi t h re gard to th e wo rs hi p of volc a n i c p h e n o m e n a i n ge n e ra l
,
'

a pp e a rs to be v e ry s c a n ty H ow e v e r a f e wfa ct s m a y be
.
,

n ot e d .

Th e l a rg e s t a c t ive c ra t e r i n t h e wo rl d i s K i ra ue a i n
H awa i i I t i s a hug e c a u l d ro n s e v e ra l m i l e s i n c i rcu m
.
,

fe re n c e a n d hu n d re d s of fe e t d e e p t h e b o tto m of wh i ch i s ,

fil l e d wi t h b o i l i n g l av a i n a s t a t e of t e rri fic e bul l i ti o n ; fro m

t h e re d s u rg e ri s e m an y b l a c k co n e s o r i n s ul a t e d c ra t e rs
b e lch i n g colu m n s of g re y s m o k e or p y ra m id s of b ri l l i a n t
fl a m e fro m t h e i r ro a ri n g m outh s wh i l e to rre n t s o f bl a zi n g
,

l a v a rol l dow n th e i r s i d e s to flow i n t o t h e mol t e n to s s i n g s e a ,

of fi re b e l ow Th e s c e n e i s e s p e c i a l ly i m p re s s iv e by n i ght
.
,

1
A n ton n i
auss en , J
Cou tu m es des h ll l
e , i ts ea n g ro e rt es
es t h li p p i s h ld
ou

A ra bes a u p ay s de M oa b (Pa r s , i as s uage th e p i

a n s o f th e da m n e d . S ee
pp 359 q
. s T h e A r
.ab s t n k t a t thi
h e h H B Tr s t ram , Tbe L a n d of
. . i M oa b
ev i l S pi i
r ts le t th e h ot w
a te r o u t o f (Lon on , d 247 p . .
2 18 VOL CA NI C RELI GI ON B OO K 1
m a rch to s om e o f t h e i r o t h e r h o u s e s wh i ch mo rt a l s c a l l ,

c ra t e rs i n t h e n e i ghbou rhood of t h e s i n n e rs a n d ru s h i n g
, ,

fo rth i n a ri ve r o r col u m n of fi re ove rwh e l m t h e gu i l t y If .

fi s h e rm e n d i d n o t b ri n g th e m e n ough fi s h fro m t h e s e a th e y ,

woul d go d o w n k i l l a ll t h e fi s h fi l l t h e S ho a l s w i t h l a v a a n d
, , ,

s o d e s t roy t h e fi s h i n g g rou n d s H e n c e wh e n t h e v o lc a n o
-
.

was i n a cti v e e ru p ti o n o r th re a te n e d to b r"e ak out th e p e o p l e

,

u s e d to c a s t v a s t n u mb e rs o f h og s a li ve o r d e a d i n to t h e , ,

c ra te rs o r i n to t h e rol l i n g to rre n t of l a va i n o rd e r to a pp e as e “

t h e god s a n d a rre s t t h e p ro g re s s of t h e fi e ry s t rea m

?
To
p luck c e rta i n s a c re d b erri es whi ch g row o n t h e m o u n ta i n to , ,

di g s a n d o n i t s s lo p e s o r to t h row s to n e s i n to t h e c ra t e r w e re
,

a c t s p a rticu l a rly o f f e n s iv e to t h e d e i ti e s who wou l d i n s t a n tly ,

ri se i n vol u m e s of s m o k e c ru s h t h e off e n d e r u n d e r a s how e r ,

o f s to n e s o r s o i n volv e hi m i n t h i c k d a rk n e s s a n d ra i n t h a t

h e cou l d n e v e r fi n d h i s w H ow e v e r i t w
,

ay ho m e a s l a wful .
,

to p l uck a n d e a t of t h e s a c re d b e rri e s i f o n ly a p o rti on of ,

th e m w e re fi rs t o f fe re d to t h e g o dd e s s Pé lé T h e o ff e re r .

woul d t a k e a b ra n ch l a d e n w i th cl u s t e rs of t h e b e a u t ifu l re d
a n d y e l low b e rri e s a n d s t a n d i n g o n t h e e d g e of t h e a by s s
,

a n d look i n g tow ard s t h e p l a c e wh e re t h e s mok e ro se i n

d e n s es t volu m e s h e woul d s ay Pé lé h e re a re you r b e rri e s

, ,

I off e r s om e to you s om e I a l s o e a t W i th th a t h e wou l d

,
.

?
th row s o m e of t h e b e rri es i n to t h e c ra t e r a n d e a t t h e re s t
A ki n d of b ri ttl e vol c a n i c gl a s s of a d a rk ol i ve col ou r a n d ,
-

s e m i t ra n s p are n t i s fou n d o n t h e m ou n t a i n i n t h e s h a p e o f
-
,

fi l a m e n t s a s fi n e as hu m a n h a i r ; t he n a tiv e s c a l l i t t h e h a i r
o f t h e godd e ss Pé lé ?
Wo rs h i pp e rs u s e d to c a s t lock s of
th e i r o w n h a i r i n to t h e c ra t e r o f K i ra ue a a s a n off e ri n g to
t h e d rea dful godd e s s who d w e l t i n i t S he h ad a l so a te m p l e .

a t t h e bot t o m of a v a l l e y wh e re s tood a n u mb e r o f rud e ,

s to n e i do l s w ra p t i n wh i t e a n d y e l l ow c loth O n c e a y ea r .

t h e p ri e s t s a n d d e vot e e s of Pé lé a s s e mbl e d th e re to p e rfo rm

c e rt a i n ri t e s a n d to fea s t o n ho gs , do gs , a n d fru i t wh ich t h e ,

1 W ll i p i t i v 4 8 5
. E s, o . c . . 2 -
2 0 . a n d, on bi e ng e x am i ne d d
,
e te rm i ne d
2 W ll i p i t i v 7 3 4
. E s, o . c . . 20 , 2 t he pl an t to bl e on g to th e l
c a ss

2 3 6 T h b i e bl t i
err es re s e m e c u rran s n deca n dri a an d o rde r m on ogy nia The
h p d i d g w l wb h
. .

s a e an s z e an ro on o us es . n at i ve n am e of th e pl an t is olz elo
”

Th b e h ll d l l v
ran c es s m a an c ea r, ea es (W . E ll i s, o p . ci t . iv .

a l t t b t w i th p i t d
e rn a e , o us e a o n an

w
,

se rra e t d ; th fl w p l
e o er a s m on o e t a ou s ,
3
W . E ll i s, o p . ci t . iv . 2 63 .
C H v1 1 1
. WORS HI P OF VOL CA NOE S I N O THER LA ND S 2 19

p iou s of Ha m a kua b rought to t h e ho ly p l a c e i n

i n h abitan ts °

g rea t a bu n d an c e Thi s a n n u a l fe s tiv a l w . as i n t e n d e d to

p ro p i t i at e t h e volc a n i c godd e ss a n d th e re by to s e cu re th e
?
cou n t ry fro m e a rthqu a k e s a n d flood s of molt e n l a va Th e
godd e ss of t h e volc an o w a s s u pp o se d to i n s p i re p e o p l e ,

though to t h e c a rn a l e y e t h e i n s p i ra ti o n re s e mbl e d i n t o x ic a
tio n O n e of th e s e i n s p i re d p ri e s t e sse s s ol e m n ly a f fi rm e d to P i t r es e s s

a n E n gl i s h m i s s i o n a ry th a t s h e w
.

“ pe rs o n
a s t h e godd e s s Pé lé h e rs e l f
'

ti g t h a n e

a n d a s s uch i m mo rt a l A s s um i n g a h a ughty a i r s h e s a l d godd .

, ,
e ss

“
I a m Pé lé ; I s h a l l n e v e r di e ; a n d tho s e who fol low m e 32 22
12 , 0

wh e n th e y di e i f p a rt o f th e i r bo n es be t a k e n to K i ra ue a
,

e n a m e of t h e volc a n o ) wi l l l iv e w i th m e i n t h e b ri ght
( t h ,

fi re s th e re 2
Fo r t h e wo rs h i pp e rs of Pé lé t h re w a p a rt of
.
”

b o n e s o f th e i r d e a d i n to t he volc a n o u n d e r t h e i m p res s i o n ,

th a t t h e s p i rit s of t h e d e c ea se d wou l d t h e n be a dm i tt e d t o
t h e s oci e ty of t h e volc a n i c d e i t i es a n d th a t t h e i r i n fl u e n c e ,

w oul d p re se rve t h e s u rv i vo rs fro m t he rav a g es of volc a n i c

” 3
fi re .

Thi s l as t b e l i e f m ay h e l p to e xp l a i n a cu s to m wh i ch S i fi ,
acr ces

s om e p e o p l es h a v e ob se rv e d of th row i n g hu m a n victi m s i n to a l o s , c an e ,

volc a n o e s Th e i n t e n tio n of s uch a p ra ctic e n e e d n o t be

.

s i m p ly to a pp e a se t h e d re a d ful volc a n ic s p i ri t s by m i n i s t e ri n g

to th e i r fi e n d i s h l u s t of c ru e l t y i t m ay be a n otio n th a t t h e
s oul s of t h e m e n o r wom e n who h a v e b e e n bu rn t to d e a th i n

t h e c ra t e r wi l l j o i n t h e ho s t o f d e mo n s i n t h e fi e ry fu rn a c e ,

m i t i g at e t h e i r fu ry a n d i n duc e th e m to S p a re t h e wo rk s a n d
B ut how ev e r w
,

t h e l i fe of m an e m ay e xp l a i n t h e cu s t o m
.
, ,

i t h as b e e n u s u a l i n v a ri ou s p a rt s of t h e w o rl d t o th row
hu m a n b e i n g s as w e l l a s l es s p re c i o u s off e ri n g s i n to t h e c ra t e rs
of a c t iv e volc a n o e s Thu s t h e I n d i a n s of N ic a ra gu a u s e d to H m
.
u an

s a c ri fic e m e n wom e n a n d chi ld re n to t h e a ctiv e volc a n o 31 5333 1

M a s sa y a fl i n g i n g th e m i n to th e c ra t e rs w
, ,
1

, e a re told th a t t h e i t n o

? V ’ O Ca n oe s
v i cti m s w e n t wi l l i n gly to th e i r fa t e In the i s l a n d of S i a o
‘

to t h e n o rth of C e l e b e s a ch i l d w
,

a s fo rm e rly s a c ri fic e d e v e ry

y e a r i n o rd e r to k e e p t h e vol c a n o G oow oo n g A w
,

o o qu i e t

Th e p oo r w re tch w
.

a s t o rtu re d to d e a th a t a fe s tiv a l wh ich

l as t e d n i n e d a y s I n l a t e r ti m e s t h e p l ac e of t h e ch i l d h a s
.

1 W . E ll i s, o p . ci t . iv .
350 .
4 Fe rn a n de z de O vi e do y Va des ,l ’

2 W . E ll i s, o
p . ci t . iv .
3 09 3
-
1 1 . Hi stori a Gen era l y Na t u ra l de la s
3 W . E ll i s, o
p. c i t. iv .
3 6 1 . I n di as (M id
a dr , 1 8
51 iv .
74 .
 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON BOO K I
b ee n ta k en by a wo o d e n p u pp e t wh ich
h a ck e d to p i e c e s is
i n the s ame w
,

ay T h e G a le la re es e o f H a l m a h e ra s ay th a t
.

t h e S ult a n of T e rn a t e u s e d a n n u a l ly to re qu i re s o me hu m an
vi cti m s who w e re c as t i n t o t h e c ra t e r of t h e v o lc a n o to s a v e
,

An n u a l t h e i s l a n d fro m i t s ra v a g e s
?
I n J a v a t h e vol c a n o B romo o r
fi
s a c ri c es t o
B ro m o k i s a n n u a lly wo rs h i pp e d by p e o p l e who th row off e ri n g s
vl
t h e o can o
B rom o in of coco n ut s p l an t a i n s m a n go e s ri c e chick e n s c a k e s cloth
-

Jv
, , , , , , ,
a a ?
.

mo n e y an d s o fo rth i n to t h e c rat e r
,
To t h e T e n gge re e s e ,

a n a bo rigi n a l h ea t h e n t ri b e i n h a bi ti n g t h e mou n t a i n s of wh ich

B romo i s t h e c e n t ra l c ra t e r t h e fe s t i v a l of m a k i n g off e ri n g s to
,

t h e vol c a n o i s th e g re a t e s t of t h e y e a r I t i s h e l d a t ful l mo o n .

i n t h e tw e l fth mo n t h th e day b e i n g fi x e d by t h e high p ri e s t

, .

E a ch h o u s e hold p re p a re s i ts off e ri n g s t h e n i ght b e fore V e ry .

e a rly i n t h e mo rn i n g t h e p e o p l e se t out by moo n l i ght f o r

M ou n t B rom o m e n wom e n a n d ch i ld re n a ll a rra ye d i n th e i r

, , ,

bes t . B e fo re t h e y re a ch t h e mou n t a i n th e y m u s t c ro s s a
wi d e sa n dy p l a i n wh e re t h e s p i ri t s of t he d e a d a re s u pp o s e d
,

to d w e l l u n t i l by m e a n s o f t h e F es tiv a l of t h e D ea d t h e y
o bt a i n a d m i tt a n c e to t h e vol c an o I t i s a re m a rk a bl e s i ght .

t o s ee th o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e s t re a m i n g a c ro s s t h e l e v e l s an d s
fro m th ree d i ff e re n t d i re ct io n s Th e y h a v e t o d e s c e n d i n to .

i t from t h e n e ighbou ri n g h e i ght s a n d t h e h o rs e s b re a k i n to ,

a g a l lo p wh e n a ft e r t h e s t ee p d e s c e n t th e y re a ch t h e l e v e l
, ,
.

Th e ga y a n d v a ri e d col ou rs of t h e d res se s t h e fa n t a s tic ,

co s tu m e s o f t h e p ri e s t s t h e o ff e ri n g s b orn e a lo n g t h e who l e l i t
, ,

u p by t h e w a rm b e a m s of t h e ri s i n g s un l e n d to t h e s p e ct a cl e ,

a p e cul i a r ch a rm A l l a s s e m bl e a t t h e foo t of t h e c ra t e r
.
,

wh e re a m a rk e t i s h e l d f o r off e ri n g s a n d re fre s h m e n t s The

s c e n e i s a l iv e ly o n e f o r hu n d re d s of p e o p l e m u s t n ow
.

p ay

t h e vow s w
,

h ich th e y m a d e d u ri n g t h e y e a r T h e p ri es t s s i t
i n a l o n g ro wo n m a t s a n d wh e n t h e h i gh p ri e s t a pp e a rs t h e
.

p e o p l e p ra y s ayi n g B ro mo w
,

,
e th a n k th e e f o r a ll thy gift s
, ,

a n d b e n e fit s w i t h wh ich th o u e v e r bl e s s e s t us a n d f o r wh ich

we off e r th e e our th a n k o ff e ri n g s to day B l e s s us o ur

,

- -
.
,

ch i ld re n a n d o u r ch i ld re n s ch i ld re n T h e p ra y e rs ov e r t h e
’
,
.
,

h igh p ri e s t giv es a S i g n a l a n d t h e whol e m ulti t u d e a ri s e s ,

a n d cl i mb s t h e mou n t a i n O n rea ch i n g t h e e d g e of t h e
.
‘

1 A . C . K ruijt, Het A n i m i sm e in 2 W . B .
’
d Al m e i da , L if e in j a va

den I n di sc/z en A rc/t ip el (T h e Hague , (Lon d on , i . 1 6 6- 1 7 3 .

pp 497 s
q .
2 22 VOL CA NI C REL I GI ON B OO K I

er u p t i on wi th i n h i s to ric a l ti m e s O n t h e wh o l e th e n w e .
, ,

co n cl ud e t h a t t h e A s i a t i c cu s t o m o f bu rn i n g k i n g s o r g o d s
wa s p ro b a bly i n n o w a
y co n n e c t e d w i t h v o lc a n i c p h e n om e n a

Yet it w
.

a s p e rh a p s wo rth wh i l e to ra i se t h e qu e s t i o n o f t h e

co n n e x i o n e v e n t hough i t h as re c e i ve d o n ly a n e g a tive
,

a n s we r Th e whol e s ubj e ct o f t h e i n flu e n c e wh i ch p hy s i c a l
.

e n v i ro n m e n t h as e x e rc i se d o n t h e hi s to ry of re l i gio n d e se rv e s
?
to be s t ud i e d wi t h mo re a tt e n tio n th a n i t h a s y e t re c e ive d

B, 10 s qq ed Im B ek k e r (B e r i n l ra v a
ge s c om m i tte d by e art hq u ak es in
w
.
, . .
,

hi p p t l flT s e r e ua am e as re i
S don , T y re , B e ry tus , L aod i cea , a nd

di sc o v d by C pt i B f t
e re a a n eau or n e ar Ant i oc h , an d i n th e l d i s an of Cy p rus .

P t G
or o v en oth t f Ly i
e s e on e c oa s o c a . Th e c ou n t r y a ro un d h t e D e ad S ea
It i s s ues f th id f rom h i ll f e s e o a o ex h i b i t s i n s om e s o s l ph p t l y a e rs of s u ur

c ru m bly p ti se r en k gi v i g t n e roc ,
n ou an an d b i tu m e form i g pn, fi i l n a su er c a

i t
n en s e h t bt ea k Tu n o sm o e rees , d p osi t s upposed by
e M T i t r r s t ra m o

hw d d w d g w l
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b e of v ol c n i c ori gi n (S i Ch Ly ll
”
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an ee s ro c ose a r . e ,

rou n d t h i l i tt l t s ll t e c ra e r, a s m a s re a m P i ip l
r nc o f G l g
es y i 59 eo o ,
12 . 2

t i kl
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o n d
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d d pp t f l h Ph
.

th g e rou n t oes n o a ear o ee t e i i

oe n c a St b i 3 6 p 58 ;
s ee ra o, 1
f w
.
.
, .

th i v i 5 8 5 J p h A ti q i t
'

e ff t
ec f it h t t
o s ea a m o re an a e L uc re t us , . os e us , n u .

f t di t
ee s an ce Th fi i . t e re s no a ec o m
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. B l d
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, e u . . 1 .

p i
an e d by t h q k ear i ; i t ua es or n o se s W M Th . . T/ L d d tk
om son , ze an an e

j t
e e c s n o s on es t d it xi an em s no no ou s B k C t l P l ti
oo ,
en ra d Pk i i a es n e an oen c a ,

vp a ou rs Th . i th i g b t e re s no n u a pp 5 6 8 5 7 4 E d R b i
.
-
B i bli l . o n son , ca

b i ll i t d p p t l fl
r an an t wh i h
e r e ua am e , a c R esea rc k i P l ti es ii 4 4 4 ;n a es n e,
3
. 22- 2

th e h ph d ft
s e er s k th i f d o en c oo e r oo . S R D i
. . A iv
r ve r, (C on m os . 1 1 am

S ee F B r f t K
. e au o r i (L d ,
a rm a n a on on , b i d g B i bl f
r e S k l d C ll g )
e or c oo s an o e es .

p 46 ; . p T A B c om a re . . . It i i d t h t i th
s sa ig f th
a n e re n o e

S p tt ra d E F b
an T l i or es , ra ve s n E pm J t i th i ty f A ti h
e ror us n e c o n oc

w t t lly d t y d by d df l
.

Ly i (L dc a on ii 8 q on , . 1 1 s . as o a e s ro e a re a u

ear th q k i ua wh i h th h d d
e, n c ree un re
1 I th f n g i g
e d i i
ore I hv o n scu ss on a e th d p pl p i h d (P pi
ou s a n eo e er s e roc o us ,

c on fi d y lf ne m f se ,
so ar as c on c e rn s D B ll P
e e i oii 4 ) ers co, . I .

A i s a, t h vl i
o t gie f o c an c re on s o ti on o f S d d G o h (G i
om an om orra en es s

C pp d i
a a Lyd i
oc a , d C i B t a, an ar a . u xix 4 8 ) h b
. 2 -2 p l i bly as ee n a us ex

Sy i ra d P l ti an th h a es f n e, e om e o p l i d th f f t f
a ne as th q e ke ec o an ea r ua e

Ad i
on s d M l an th b d i e ca r ,
“
a ou n n l i b t i g l g q t i ti f p t l
e ra n ar e uan es o e ro e u m

v l i pp
o c an c a d v y ea ran ces , an er ex an d i fl bl
n g am m a S H B e ase s . ee . .

t en s iv e hv b a reas hk a t e een s a en , a T i t
r s ra m Tb L d f I
, l F e th an o s rae , o ur

di f f t p i d
e re n w i t h g t d t ti
er o s, rea e s ru c on Edi i (L d
t on pp 3 5 3 5 4
on on , . 0-

o f i ti
c es d l f liv
an C i l
os s o es . o n t n ua S R D iv
. . Tb B k o r f G e r, i e oo en es s

m en ti i on d i h i t y f th
s m a e n s or o e (Lon don ,
pp . 2 0 2 sq .
 CHAPTER IX

T HE RI T U A L O F A D O NI S

T HU S f a r w e h a v e d e a l t wi th t h e my t h of Ad o n i s a n d t h e Re sul ts

l e g e n d s wh i ch a s s o c i a t e d h i m w i th By blus a n d P a p h o s A .

g iggi g n

d i s cu s s io n of t h e se l e ge n d s le d us t o t h e co n cl u s io n th a t i q i y
n u r

a mo n g S e m i t i c p e o p l es i n e a rly t i m e s Ad o n i s t h e d ivi n e

l o rd o f t h e ci ty w
, ,

a s o ft e n
,
p e rs o n a t e d by p rie s tl y k i n gs
W
hum a n
W
re re s n t a t i ve s w e re o f ol d p ut to d ea th wh e th e r
,

Fu rt h e r w ,
e fo u n d t h a t c e rt a i n t ra d i t i o n s a n d mo n u m e n t s of

A s i a M i n o r s e e m to p re s e rv e t ra c e s of a s i m i l a r p ra ct ic e As
t i m e w e n t o n t h e c ru e l cu s tom w
.

,
a s a pp a re n t ly m i t i g a t e d i n

v a ri o u s w a y s ; f o r e x a m p l e by s ub s t i t u t i n g a n e f fig o r a n
y
a n i m a l f o r t h e m an o r by a llo w
,

in t h e de s
.

,_

es e wi t h a m re m a k e b e l i e v e s a c ri
-
T h e e vi d e n c e
of a ll t hi s i s d ra w n fro m a v a ri e ty of s c a t t e re d a n d oft e n

a mbi gu o u s i n d i c a tio n s : i t i s fra gm e n t a ry i t i s u n c ert a i n

, ,

a n d t h e co n cl u s i o n s bu i lt u p o n i t i n e vi t a bly p a rt a k e of t h e

w e a k n e s s o f t h e fo u n d a t i o n Wh e re t h e re co rd s a re s o i m
.

p e rfe c t a s t h e y h a pp e n t o be i n th i s bra n ch of ou r s ubj e c t

, ,

t h e e l e m e n t of hy p o t h e s i s m u s t e n t e r l a rg e ly i n t o a n y
a tt e m p t to p i e c e tog e th e r a n d i n t e rp re t t h e d i s joi n t e d fa c t s

Ho wf a r t h e i n te rp re t at i o n s h ere p ro p o s e d a re s ou n d I l e av e
.

t o fu t u re i n qu i ri e s to d e t e rm i n e
F ro m d i m re gio n s of t h e p a s t wh e re w
.

e h a v e h ad t o O ur

g ro p e our w
,

a y wi t h s m a l l h e l p fro m t h e l a m p o f h i s t o ry ,

i t i s a re l i e f t o p ass t o t h o se l a t e r p e riod s o f cl as s ic a l f A d i o on s

2
2
a n ti qu i ty o n wh ich co n t e m p o ra ry G re e k w rit e rs h a v e s h e d
13233
t h e l i ght of th e i r cl e a r i n t e l l ig e n c e T o th e m w e ow e f om G
r reek

wi
.

r t e rs .

223
 THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S
"
B OO K 1
a l m os t a ll th a t w e k n o w f or c e rt a i n a bout t h e ri t e s o f
Ad o n i s T h e S e m i te s w
. h o p ra c t i s e d t h e w o rs h i p h av e s a i d “

l ittl e a bout i t ; a t a ll e v e n t s l i tt l e t h a t t h e y s a i d h as c o m e
d ow n t o us Acc o rd i n gly t h e fo ll o wi n g a cc o u n t o f t h e
ri t u a l i s d e ri v e d m a i n ly fro m G re e k a utho rs who s a ww h a t
.
,

th e y d e s c ri b e ; an d i t a pp l i es to a g e s i n wh ich t h e growth
o f hu m an e fe e l i n g h a d s oft e n e d s om e of t h e h a rs h e r fe a tu re s

of t h e wo rs h i p .

At t h e fe s tiva ls of Ado n i s wh ich w e re h e ld i n W e s te rn

of th e god w
,

A s i a a n d i n G re e k l a n d s a s an n u a l ly ,

m o u rn e d wi t h a bitt e r w a i l i n c hi e fl b w o m e n i m ge s
M
,
°

of h i m dre s s e d to re s e mbl e co rp s es w e re c a rri e d out a s t o

, ,

bu ri a l a n d th e n t h row n i n to t h e s ea o r i n to S p ri n g s ; a n d 1

i n s om e p l a c e s h i s re viv a l w a s c e l e b ra t e d o n t h e fo l l o wi n g

da y
?
B u t a t d i ff e re n t p l a c e s t h e c e re mo n i e s v a ri e d s o m e
wh a t i n th e s e a s on o f
th e i r c e l e

wo m e n at t i re d as mou rn e rs wi th ,
s t re a m i n g h a i r afi
,
’

b a re d

1 l
P u ta rc h , A lci bi a des, 1 8 id .
, t a t em , i n q u a p la ngi t u r a m u l i eri bu s
Ni ci as 3 ; Z e n ob i us, Cen t u r
,
1 49 ; . i .
q u as i m ort u u s , et p ostea rev i v i scen s

h
T e o c r tu s , i xv
1 3 2 s qq ; E u s t ath i u s
. . ca n i tu r . at u
q e la u da tu r i n ter
o n Hom e r, Od xi A don i di s
5 90 . . .
f ect i on em et res u rrect i on em

p la n ct u et ga u di o p ros eq u en s .
”
C y il r
2 B es id es Lu c i an (c i te d b l w)
e o se e of A lx di
e an r a, In I sa i a m , li b . 11 .

i
O r ge n , S electa i n E z ec/z i elem ( gue s Mi ’
t o m us iii (M igu e s
’
Pa t rologi a Gra eca ,
l xx
.

Pa t rologi a Gra eca , i Borodin xii érrh ci rrour o r of uuu Eh h nve s

T ws
. .

7 &p Ica r ém a vr bv r eh erds é OprhV é7ri 7 0157 4) T ora brnv

’

7 rocei u II poa e rror

w
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a

w
.

1 r t3 r ov uév (i n Opnuofia 01 137 6 [s c i ] i ll 7 &p h m rovuéuy T y A cppodlry ,

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Ad n a / b
t s Te flunxbr a , debr epov Be dt d 7 6 r eel/ dua l 7 6V A dan/ , a vvoh ocbbpe
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67 1 xa f pova wé r
r
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a trrq
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i L) ?i di m ) i re/(
pa
ir 00 01 1 Ka i dpnvei dveh dobo ns dé
’

w
ddou,
dva or durc . J e ro m e , Com m en t a r . in Ka i i
np ? Ka i nbpfio da r h ey oba ns 7 6V
E z eck i elem , v iii . 1 3, 14 (M i gn e
’
s fn u
r ob c vov, o ur/ 7 66 0 0
5 011 Ka i dva a m pr av .
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Pa t rologi a La t i n a , xx v 82, 83 ) Ka i nexpi 7 631) Ka d finds Ka t ptbu é u r oi s

’ ' ’

wl p i
.

A don i de m i n t erp reta t i

’

Q u em A )xe$du 6pet c
’
éreh ef r o Tb
’

n os Ka r
‘
e o s

su m a s , Hebra eu s et Sy ru s serm o
et wf y a m ov 7 017 7 0. From t hi s te st mi on y
T HA M U Z (non ) v oca t u n de quia of y il w l
C r th t h f iv l f e e a rn a t e es t a o

j u x ta g en t i lem f a bu la m i n m en se h d
t h e de at ti f Ad i an res urre c on o on s

w l b t d t Al x d i d w
,

j un is a m a si us V en eri s et p u lclz er as ce e ra e a e an ra o n

ri m u s f a ven i s o cci s u s et dei n cep s ,

t hi
o ti sth t i d w t h m e, a s, o n o t e
f th v h fifth t y l g
‘

rev i x i sse n a rra t u r, eu n dem

j un i um our or e en t e ce n ur , on

m en sem eadem a pp ella n t n om i n e, et a ft th f fi i l t bl i h t f Ch i

er e o c a es a s m en o rs

a n n i vers a ri a m ei celebra n t s olem n i t i an i t y .

 THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S B OO K 1
an e mo n e i s s a i d to h a v e s p ru n g fro m the blo o d o f
1
A d on i s ,
o r to h a v e b e e n s t a i n e d by i t ; an as the a n e mo n e

th a t th e fe s t-i v"a l of Ado n i s

l e a s t o n e of h i s fe s t i v a l s o r at

was h e l d i n s pri n g Th e n a m e of t he fl o w e r i s p rob a bly

_
, ,
U ‘Q -
m
nc h
” “

d e ri v e d fro m Na a m a n wh ich se e m s to h a v e b ee n
a n e p i th e t of Ado n i s T h e A ra b s s ti l l c a l l t h e a n e m o n e.

wou n d s o f t h e N aa m a n Th e re d ro se a l s o w
“ ” 2
a s s a id t

ow m
.

e i t s h u e to t h e s a m e M
hm a bu s h of wh it e

ro se s ; t h e c ru e l tho rn s to re h e r t en d e r fl e s h a n d h e r s ac re d ,

?
bl oo d dy e d t h e whit e ro s e s f o r e v e r re d I t woul d b e i d l e ,

p e rh a p s to lay m uch w e i gh t o n e vi d e n c e d ra w n from t h e

,

c a l e n d a r o f flow ers a n d i n p a rti cu l a r to p re s s a n a rgu m e n t

,

so fra gi l e a s t h e bl o o m of t h e ro se Y e t so f a r as i t .

cou n t s a t a ll t h e t a l e w h i ch l i n k s t h e d a m a s k ro s e w ith
,

Fes ti vl
a s of t h e d e a th of A do n i s p o i n t s to a s u m m e r ra t h e r th an t o
A d on i s at
a s p ri n g c e l e b ra ti o n of h i s p a s s i o n I n A ttic a c e rt a i n ly
At h en s an d
.
, ,

A n t i oc h .
t h e fe s t i v a l fe l l a t t h e h e i gh t of s u m m e r Fo r t h e fl e et .

whi ch A t h e n s fitt e d out a g a i n s t Sy ra cu s e a n d by t h e de

of whi ch h e r p ow e r w
,

s t ructi o n as p e rm a n e n t ly c ri pp l e d ,

s a i l e d a t m i d s um m e r a n d by a n o m i n ou s coi n c i d e n c e t h e ,

s o mb re ri t e s of A d o n i s w e re b e i n g c e l e b ra t e d a t t h e v e ry

ti me . A s t h e t roo p s m a rch e d dow n to t h e h a rbo u r t o

e m b a rk t h e s t re e t s th rough wh i ch th e y p a s se d w e re l i n e d
w i th co f fi n s a n d co rp s e l i k e e f fi gi e s a n d t h e a i r w
,

a s re n t -
,

wi t h t h e n o i s e o f wo m e n w a i l i n g f or t h e d e a d Ado n i s Th e .

c i rcum s t a n c e c a s t a gloo m ov e r t h e s a i l i n g o f t h e mo s t
s p l e n d i d a rm a m e n t t h a t A t h e n s e v e r s e n t to s e a
?
M an y
Milt on h as l ida th e m o urn n g i in Hi stori ca l Revi e w ,
11 .
(1 8 8 7 ) p .
307,
su m m er f ll w i g L
o o n
ga r e
a d
C om are W. p . W .

TIz a m m u z ca m e n ex t belz i n d,
G f B di
ra au s s i n , A don i s u n d E s m un ,

l ose a n n u al ou n d w
i n Leba n on pp . 88 s
q .

’
a ll u r d
3
J . T z e tz es , S clz ol
Ly cop/z ron , . on

Tbe Sy ri a n da m sels to la m en t k i s f a te
83 1 Geop on i ca , 1 7 ; My tlz ograp lz i xi .

’ Graeci , e d A W e s te rm a n n , 359 p
I n a m orou s di tt i es a ll a s u m m er s day
. . . .

p i i i
.

C om a re B on , I dy l 66 Pa us an as , . .

1
O vid , M eta m . x .
7 3 5 ; S er vi us on vi 2 4 7 ; Phi los tra t us , E i st
. .
p an d . i .

V rgi il A en 72 ; v
T z e tz es , S ckol J 1 11

l h
. . . .
,

on Ly cop k ron , 8 3 1 B on , o n th e o t e r i h 4
P uta rc ,
A lci bi a des , 1 8 id .
,

h ili g
.

p
an d, re resen ts th e a n e m on e as s p ru n g Ni ci a s , 1 3 . T h e dat e of th e sa n

fro m th e t ea rs of A rod te (I dy l ph i i of th e fl ee t is g iv en by T h ucyd i d s e

w
. .

2 W . b
Ro e rtson S m i t , C t es i as h (vi .
3 0, H
épovs h o w i th ,

an d th e S em i ram i s Legen d, E ngli sk

”
hi s h bi t l
a ua c on te m p t f or th e supers ti
CH AP. 1x THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S

a ge s a ft e rw a rd s wh e n t h e E m p e ro r J ul i an m ad e h i s fi rs t
,

e n t ry i n t o A n ti o ch h e fou n d i n l i k e m a n n e r t h e ga y t h e
, ,

l u x u ri ou s c a p i t a l of t h e E as t p lu n g e d i n m i m i c g ri e f f or t h e
a n n u a l d ea th of Ado n i s : a n d i f h e h a d a n y p rese n t i m e n t of

com i n g e vi l t h e vo ic e s of l a m e n t a t i o n wh ich s t ruck u p o n

'

,
?
h i s e a r mu s t h a v e s ee m e d to s ou n d hi s k n e l l
‘

T h e re s e m bl a n c e of th e se c e re mo n i es to t he I n d i a n a n d Rese m

E u ro p e an c e re mo n i e s wh i ch I h ave d e sc ri be d e l se wh e re i s b l
an ce O f

t h ese

o bvi o u s I n p a rticu l a r a p a rt fro m t h e s om e wh a t doubt

.
,
ri te
s to
I n dl a n a n d
fu l d a t e of i t s c e le bra t 1 o n t h e A l e x a n d ri a n c e re mo n y 1 5 , E uro e a n p
?
a l m o s t i d e n t ic a l w ith t h e I n d i an I n both of th e m t h e Get s
:
m arri a g e of t w
0 o
o di v m e b e i n g s who se a f fi n i ty W i t h v e g e t a t i o n
0
m on i es .

5 m m
M
s u rrou n d e d ,
is c e l e b ra t e d ‘
ln ef fi an d t ile ef figi e s a re

M
”
?

P M
to th e s p ri n g
m id s u m m e r cu s tom s of mod e rn E u ro p e
and

we s houl d n a tu ra lly e xp e ct th a t th e y a ll a d m i t of a com mo n

e xp l a n a t i o n H ence i f t h e e xp l an a ti o n wh i ch I h a v e T h d t h
"
. e ea
,
d m
a d o p t e d of t h e l a tt e r i s co rre ct t h e c e re mo n y of the dgath
an u

r ti o of , ec n

a n d re s u rre cti o n o f A do n i s mu s t a l s o h a v e b e e n a d ra m a ti c Ado i n s a

m y th ’ ’c a
re se n t a n of t h e d e c y a n d re vi v a l of p l a n t l i fe T h
r
ep tio a .
e xp i e re ss on

f h
_

i n fe re n c e t hu s b as e d on t h e re s e m a n c e of t h e cu s tom s i s o t r e

co n fi rm e d by t h e f ollow
1
m fe a tu res i n t h e l e g e n d a n d ri t u a l
g
of Ad o n i s Hi s a f fi n i t w ith ve e t at i o n co m e s o ut a t o nce ig ifiig
r

He w
.

a s s a i d to h avej
i

i n t h e c o m mo n s t o r o f h i s bi rth .

ra tio n a l i s t i c c o lou r was giv e n to t h e l e g e n d by s a yi n g th a t

h i s mo t h e r w as a wom an n a m e d My rrh who h a d b e e n ,

t ion of h is c ou n t r m e n , y
d i t D i tt b g Sy ll g I ipt i i
ds a ns o en e r e r, o e n s cr on u m

i
n ot c e i idth e co n ci w G N
e n ce .7 6 7 4 ( l ii A don s as raeca ru m ,
2
os . 2 ,
1 vo . .

l b w i l d by th A gi v w
a so e a e pp 5 6 4 e r e om e n

b t wd
.
,

(P i ii
a u s a n as , . t 20 A . i M ll i u xx 9 e o no
1 m m an us a rce n us, ii . .

k now t wh a f th y
at th s ea s on o e ea r e

l t i t k pl
a m e n a t on I ip ti
oo Tb Dy i g G d pp
a ce . 6 66 n scr on s
2
e n o , . 2 1 -2 .

p v h t p
ro e t i a i h f I
roc ess o n s th Al x d i n y o n ou r o
3 n e e an r an cere m on ,

Ad i w on s h l d i th Pi
e re e d h w v i t pp
n t h v b th
e rae us , an o e e r, a e ars o a e een e

th at i tya f hi
s oc e w h ipp i g f Ad i
o sly wh i h w ors e rs m a e o on s on c as

e xi t d L y
s e i
at C i S
or m a G th w i t th n ar a . ee . ro n n o e s ea .
 THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S B OO K 1

tu rn e d i n to a my rrh t re e s oo n a fte r s h e h a d c o n c e ive d t h e -

?
chi l d T h e u s e of my rrh a s i n c e n se a t t h e fe s tiv a l of
We h a v e se e n
”

?
Ad o n i s m ay h av e g i ve n ri s e to t h e fa bl e
th a t i nc e n se w as bu rn t a t t h e M n di n g B a bylo n i a n

ri t e s ? ju s t a s i t w as bu rn t by t h e i dol a t rou s H e b re w s i n
ho n o u r of t h e Qu e e n of H e a ve n ? who w as n o oth e r t h a n

A s t a rt e A g a i n th e s to ry th a t
.
,

an d th e u pp e r wo rld ? i s E x p l ai ne d m os t
t of it t he

w
re s _

s i m p ly a nd
j l ntui a ll w b l S u
y y pp os i ng i h aL h n p re se n t e d
V ve ge tat i o n fi spf gi ally t
_

fi fl hi c u ie a h uri e dJ n— t h e
h a

e a rth h

is o n e wh ich s ugge s t s s o obv i ou s ly t h e i d e a of d e a th

n

w
a n d re s u rre cti o n a s t h e d i sa c a ra n e ea ea r

f
v e getat i o n i n
o r—t hem s u n ;
M but
n an d

th e re IS
A
n o th i n g i n t h e sun s a n n ual
W
c o u rs e w i thi n t h e t e m p e ra t e a n d t ro p ic a l zo n e s to s ugge s t
th a t h e i s d ea d f or h a l f o r a t h i rd of t h e y e a r a n d a l ive
f or t h e oth e r h a l f o r two th i rd s He m ight i n d e e d be -
.
, ,

co n c e iv e d a s w ea k e n e d i n wi n t e r b u t d ea d h e cou ld n o t ,

b e thou ght to be ; h i s d a i ly re a pp e a ra n c e co n t ra d i ct s t h e
s u pp o s it i o n
?
W i th i n t h e A rct i c C i rcl e wh e re t h e s un ,

a n n u a l ly d i s a pp e a rs f or a co n ti n uou s p e riod wh i ch v a ri e s
from tw e n ty fou r hou rs to s i x mo n th s a cco rd i n g to t h e
-

l a ti tud e h i s ye a rly d eath a n d re s u rre ct io n wou l d c e rt a i n ly

,

be a n obv i ou s i d e a ; but n o o n e e x c e p t t h e u n fo rt u n a t e

1 A p oll odorus , B i bl i otkeca , i i i .

4
J i h xliv 1 7 1 9
e re m a .
- .

Sc h li o a st o n T h e oc r i tus i , . 1 09 ; A u to
5
S c h ol i s t o T h eo ri t us
a
48 ;
n c , 111 .

i
n n us L i berali s , Tra n sf orm 34 .
J . Hygi n us A t o om ii 7 , Lu c i
s r n . . an ,

T z et z es , S ck ol i a on Ly cop k ron , 8 2 9 ; D i log d o

a xi 1 ; C o utus T/e
. e r . . rn , z o

vi
O d, M eta m orpk 4 8 9 s qq ; S e r us . x . . vi logi e G a Com p di m 2 8 p 5 4
raeca e en u , , .

i il v A p oll o
,

on V rg , A en 7 2 , an d o n B u col
. . . e d C L n g (Le ip s i c 1 8 8 1 )
. . a ,

x . yi
1 8 ; H g n u s , Fa b 5 8 , 1 6 4 ; Ful . do rus B i bli tk, iii 1 4 4 o eca , . . .

gen ti us , iii 8 w d My h
Th e . or rr a or
.
5 Th
gum e ts wh i c h te ll g i s t
e ar n a a n

y b w df h ii
S m rn a i s o rro e rom th e P oen c an th e s o l r i t rp re ta t i on of A d o i s re
a n e n a

i d ll
(L d e an d S cott , Greek L ex i con , s v . . d
s ta t e f lly by th l
m ore d d u e ea rn e an

o ubpva ) h
He n c e th e m ot er s n am e
’ '

can d i d h l G f B di i (A d i
sc o ar ra au ss n on s

w w
. .

as e w ll
as th e s on s ,
’
d i ly
as t ak en re c t un d E pp 6 9 sm u n h hi , lf . 1 o m se
from th e S em te s i . form e r ly p t d th l th y b t
a cc e e e so ar e or u

W M h dt Wa ld
a ft w d i gh tly j t d i t i f v
er ar s r re e c e n a ou r

f th v i w d
2 an n ar A n t i ke un d
“
A d i di F ul l i g
.
, '

o e e ass on s e r z n s
Feldku lt e , p .
383 , n ot e
2
.
veget at i on da rstellt , di e im S am m er
3 A bv p o e, .
9 . a bst i rbt (op . ci t . p .
 THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S B OO K 1

Ta m m u z ch a ra ct e r o f T a m m uz o r Ad o n i s a s a c o rn s p i ri t
Th e -

or Ado n i s

as ,
c o m es o ut p l a i n ly i n a n a cc o u n t of INS fe s t i v a l g i v e n by
i ri a n A ra bi c w ri t e r o f t h e t e n th c e n tu ry I n d e s c ri bi n g t h e
g p t,
o re -s
.

11 1 15 8 an

rou n d i n
ri t es a n d s a c ri fic e s o b s e rv e d a t t h e d i ff e re n t s e a s o n s of t h e
g
i ll
a m
y e a r by t h e h e a t h e n Sy ri a n s of H a rra n h e s ay s : ,

T a m m u z (J uly ) I n t h e m iddl e of th i s mo n t h i s t h e .

fe s t i va l of e l B ug at th a t i s of t h e w e e p i n g wom e n a n d th i s
-
, , ,

i s t h e T a u z fe s t i v a l whi ch i s c e l e b ra t e d i n ho n ou r of t h e
-
,

n o thin g
d i e t t o s tee p e d —
t he
l i ke ” 1
' I

T a u z who i s n o oth e r th a n T a m m uz
.
-
, ,
is h e re l i k e
Joh n B a rl e yco rn

seget i bu s , q u i bu s m ort u a sem ina ren a m an y hlS ee P en sen , K os m o

sc o a rs . . J
s cu n t u r, os ten di p u ta t .
”
Am m i a n us logi c der B a by lon i er (S tra s urg, b
M a rc e ll i n us, xix . 1 . 1 1 ,
“
in sollem n i bu s p 4 8 0 ; i d , A ssy ri scli - ba by lon i sc/z e
. .

A don i di s sacri s q u od s i m u la cru m a li My t ken un d Epen , pp .

41 1 , 5 60 ; H .

h d
,

q u od ess e
f rugu m a du l ta rn m rel igi on es Z im m i n E S c ra e r s K ei l i n
e rn , .
’

m y st i cae docen t .
”
Id . xxii .
9 . 1 5, sck rif t en u n d da s A lte Tes t a m en t , 3 p .

“
a m a to I/Ien eri s , ut
f a bu la e
fi ngu n t , 3 9 7 ; A e re m as, s v . J “
Ne rga , i n W
”
i . . l .

a
p ri den te f era li deleto, q u od in H Rosc h er s Lex i kon der gri eck u n d
.
’
.

adu lto f lore secta ru m es t i n di ci u m rom My t li ologi e, i i i 2 6 5 R Wun sc ,

'

. . . h
f rugu m . C lem en t of Alx di e an r a, D as Fri ckli n gsy est der I n sel M a lta
‘
'

Hom . 6 . 1 1 (q uote d by W . M h d an n ar t, (Le i s c, pi 21 ; L agra n ge , p . M J . .

A n ti q ue Wa ld un d
"
Feldku lte, p E tu des s u r les Religi on s S ém i t i u es, 2 q
wl
.

h ap fidvova t 5 6 ‘
m l Adan / e s di pa f ovs pp 3 0 6 sqq
. W W G ra Ba udi ssi n , . . . f
M agn u m T a m m u z , R ea len cy clop adi e f u r p ro
' ‘

xa prrobs. E ty m ologi c u m s v. .

testa n t i scli e Tk eologi e u n d K i rck en

'
”
A dan /t s Kbpt ov dbl/ a f a r '
ea l
r 0 Ka prrbs

el l/ a t da i OZOV w
w
ddu
’ ‘

w et os Ka prrbs, gescli i cb te ; i d , E s m u n u n d A don i s , .

dpéo x w v bi
E us e us , Pra ep a r E va n g
"
pp 8 1 , 1 4 1 , 1 6 9 , etc
. an d E d . .

M y
.

w
. .

iii 1 1 9 A dan / ts T ijs 1 13 V T eh el v

e e r, Ges cki cli te des A lt ert u m s , 2 2 i . .

f J w
. .
,

Ka prrtbv
'
ém '
om s j a bp
fi oh ov. S allus ti us pp .
3 94 , 4 2 7 . Pro . a s t ro re gards

h i los o h u
“
D dii s e t m un do, ” T am m uz as a go d bo o th f
th e s un an d
p p s e

iv .
,

Fragm en ta Pk i losopkoru m Grae of v ege t at i on (Reli gi on of B a by lon i a

coru m , e d F G A u ac ,
3 2, M ll h iii an d A s sy ri a . pp .
5 4 7 , 5 64 . 5 7 4. 5 8 8 )
h b i ti di p t
. . . .

oi A l y brrrt or
' '
a brd r cr a ui ua ra Oeobs
' ‘
’
‘ B ut s uc a c om na on of s a ra e

wué li i ti fi i l l ik ly
. .

vouf a a vr es
'
I tr
‘
q ua t es s ee m s a r c a an d un e
lf 7 77v 3
.

7 7 V
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Aa ww5 5v Ka PTOllf
Y 1 0 2111 11 3 5 Ly dus , 1
D
C h olsoh n , D i e S sa bi er u n d w
T T
.

De IV 4, 7 93
’
A 5 C3 W 5 t , OU '

der S s a bi s m u s (S t Pe t e rs u rg, . b
20“ 7 93 M att? 3 03? 3 22 01 9, 5 0K€2s ii 2 7 ; id , Ueber Ta m m fi z u n d di e
"
A dan t s 6 w
. .

/
uév é or xa pr és, xrh . Th e [Iden s ck en verelz ru ng bei den a lten B a by
vi w he t a t Ta m m uz or A d i on s is a li on i ern (S t Pe te rs bu rg, 38 . p
i fi ti dy i f
. .

p e rs on ca on of th e n
g an d re C om are W pW G ra B audi s si n ,
w
.

i i g v g t ti p ted by
.

v v n e e a on is no ac c e A don i s u n d E s m u n , 1 1 1 s qq pp . .
CH AP 1 x
. THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S

Tli cy wt das e o er a s corcli i n

’
gfl am e

Tbe m a rro wf o ms bon es ;

B ut a m i ller us
’
d ki m w t f llors o a

For li e b tw t w
’
cru s k d ki m e een o s ton es .

Th i s co n c e n t ra t io n s o to s a y of t h e n atu re of A do n i s , ,

u p o n t h e c e re a l c ro p s i s ch a ra ct eri s ti c of t h e s t a ge of cultu re
re a ch e d by h i s wo rs hi pp e rs i n h i s t o ric a l ti m e s Th e y h a d .

l e ft t h e n om a di c lif e of t h e w a n d e ri n g hu n t e r a n d h e rd s m a n
f a r b e h i n d th e m ; f or a ge s t h e y h ad b e e n s e t t l e d o n t h e
l an d a n d h ad d e p e n d e d f or th e i r s ub s i s t e n c e m a i n ly o n t h e
,

p ro d ucts o f ti ll a ge T h e b e rri e s a n d ro o t s of t h e wi ld e rn e s s
.
,

t h e g ra s s of t h e p as tu re s wh ich h a d b e e n m a tt e rs of vi t a l
i m p o rt a n c e to th e i r rud e r fo re fath e rs w e re n owof l i t t l e
,

m om e n t t o th e m : m ore a n d m o re th e i r t hought s a n d
e n e rgi e s w e re e n g ro s se d by t h e s t a p l e of th e i r l i fe t h e ,

mo re

aim they b e fore th e m se lv e s i n c e l e b ra t i n g t h e ri te s w

se t as

t ho rou ghly p ra c t ic a l It w a s n o v a gu e p o e t ic a l s e n ti m e n t
.

wh i ch p ro m p t e d t h e m to h a i l w i th joy t h e re b i rt h of ve g e t a

the m w
t io n a n d to mou rn i t s d e cl i n e

I t h as
H u n g er fe lt o r fe a re d w
w
as

b e e n s u gg e s te d by F a t h e r L a g ra n ge th a t t h e
ors hA
R
.

e LAde m
, ,

T he

m o u rn i n g f o r Ado n i s w
m ou rn i n g
a s e sse n ti a l ly a h a rv e s t rit e d e s i g n e d
f or A don i s
t o p ro p i t i a t e t h e co rn god who w a s th e n e ith e r p e ri s h i n g
- p
i n t er re t e d

u n d e r t h e s ickl e s of t h e rea p e rs or b e i n g t rodd e n to d e at h

,
as a h v
ar es t

, ri te .

u n d e r t h e hoofs of t h e o x e n o n t h e th re s h i n g floor Wh i l e -
.

t h e m en s l e w h i m t h e wom e n w e p t c rocod i l e t ea rs a t h o m e
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t o a pp e a s e h i s n a t u ra l i n d i g n a t io n by a s h o w o f g ri e f f o r h i s
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d e a th T h e th e o ry fi t s i n w e l l w i t h t h e d a t e s of t h e
fe s tiv a l s wh ich fe l l i n
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su m mer n o t a utu m n a re t h e s e a s o n s of t h e b a rl e y an d
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Th e c o m a r s on i s due t o Fe l ix s pi r ng (M ea ofi vros t a pas dunros
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Reli gi on s S ém i t i q u es 2
(Pa r s, i Pt i wi t
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pp .
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P o of A lx di d
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 THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S B OO K 1

Fu rth e r t h e hy p oth e s i s i s co n fi rm e d by t h e p ra cti c e of t h e

,

E gy p ti a n rea p e rs who l a m e n te d c a l l i n g u p o n I s i s wh e n , , ~
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1
t h e y c u t t h e fi rs t co rn ; an d i t i s re com m e n d e d by t h e

a n a logou s cu s tom s of m an y hu n t i n g t ri b e s who t e s tify g re a t ,

?
r t h e a n i m a l s wh i ch th e y k i ll a n d e at

Thu s i n t e rp re te d t h e d e a th of A do n i s i s n o t t h e n a tu ra l
d e c ay of v e g e t a t i o n i n g e n e ra l u n d e r t h e s u m m e r h e a t or

Th a t th i s w a s i n d ee d t h e p ri n ci p a l as p e ct i n wh i ch Ad o n i s

p rese n t e d h i m se lf i n l a te r t i m es to th e a g ricul tu ra l p e o p l e s
of t he L e v an t m ay be a d m i tt e d ; but wh e th e r fro m t h e ,

b e gi n n i n g h e h ad b e e n t h e co rn a n d n oth i n g but t h e co rn ,

li e ar e r p art of A p ri l , wh eat to M ay i n th e
th an wh t i P l ti b t p b bly
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b l y h v t d th b gi i g f
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th e wh t h v t i t v l f tw
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res n o e as ea n un e .
m a zei i th ly j t b gi i g t
s en on us e nn n o F tha L g er g (p a i t pp 3 5 q )
ra n e o . c . . 0 s .

s h t I th h t t p t f t h
oo . n e o er ar s o e a r ues
g t h t th it a f Ad i w e r es o on s e re

J d v ll y th b l y h v t i v
or an a e e ar e ar e s s o er a lw y l b t d i
a s ce e ra e t th n s u m m er a e

by th d f M
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a b t f t i gh t l te (H B T i t
ou a or n a r
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T/ Lie d f I l F
an th E di t i
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a e re n s n ca on an e
L d on 88
on , pp 5 8 3 1 A t 2, . s o d t h f th g d S h i A d i d
ea o e o . ee s on s u n
G ree ce P f E A G d
,
ro e s s ort ll . . ar n er e s E sm un , pp . 1 3 2 sq .

m e th t h v t i f
a Ap i l t M y i
ar es s rom r o a n
1
D i odoru s 14 2 S ee S i culus , i . . .

th e pl i d b t
a n s an th l t i a ou a m on a er n bl w
e o , vol 4 5 sq . ii pp
. . .

th t i
e m oun a n s . H dd th t b l y e a s a ar e
2 S i r ts o
p i f t li e Cor n a n d of tke
m a y t,h b ig d en , th l tt e ass ne to e a er Wi ld, ii
1 8 0 sqq , 2 0 4 s qq
. . .
 THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S B OO K 1

m i ght be t hough t t o re tu rn to l ife i n t h e e a rs which th e y

h a d fa tt e n e d wi t h t h e i r bl ood a n d t o di e a s e c o n d d e a t h a t
N ow t h e gho s t s of tho s e w
,

t h e re a p i n g of t h e c o rn . ho
h av e p e ri s h e d by v iol e n c e a re s u rly a n d a p t to w re a k t h e i r
v e n g e a n c e on t h e i r s l a y e rs wh e n e v e r a n O pp o rtu n i t y offe rs .

H e n c e t h e a tt e m p t t o a pp e as e t h e s oul s of th e s l a ught e re d
vi cti m s w o ul d n a t u ra l ly bl e n d a t l e a s t i n t h e p o p ul a r c on ce p
,

t io n wi th t h e a t t e m p t to p a ci fy t h e S l a i n co rn s p i ri t
, An d -
.

a s t h e d ea d c

I s om eti m es tl un k
'

tk a t n ever blo w s s o red

Tbe Ros e as wk ere s om e bu ri ed Caes a r bled

Tbu t ev ery Hy a ci n t/i tk e G a rden w ea rs

Drop t i n ker L ap f rom s om e on ce lov ely Hea d .

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w
,

F rom /i a t on ce lovely L ip i t p
s ri ngs u n s een

In u m m er a ft e r t h e b a t tl e of L a n d e n t h e mo s t
th e s ,

s a n gu i n a ry b a ttl e of t h e se v e n t e e n th c e n t u ry i n E u ro p e t h e ,

e a rt h s a tu ra t e d w i t h t h e blood o f tw e n ty thou s a n d s l a i n

b rok e fo rt h i n t o m i ll io n s of p o pp i e s an d t h e t ra v e l l e r w
, ,

ho ,

p asse d t h a t v a s t s h e e t of s c arl e t m i ght w e ll fa n cy t h a t t he

e a rt h h a d i n d e e d giv e n u p h e r d e a d
?
T h e f e s ti val At A th e n s t h e g re a t
222 23511
532 2
C om m e m o ra t io n of t h e D e a d fe l l i n s p ri n g a bout t h e m iddl e
of fl wo e rs . of M a rch wh e n th e e a rly flow e rs a re i n bloom Thp ll j he .
,

d e a d w e re b e l i e v e d to ri s e from th e i r g ra ves a n d

of th e
tu ra l i n t e r and na

p re t a t i o n ,
m e a n s t h e F e s t iv a l of Flow e rs a n d t h e t i tl e would ,

1 T . B . M ac ul ay Hi story of E ngl d ch ap t r xx vol i v (Lo d o

a ,
an , e . . . n n,

1 85 5 ) p .
410 .
C H AP . ix THE RI T UA L OF A D ONI S

fit w e l l w i th t h e s ub s t a n c e of t h e c e re m o n i e s i f a t t h a t
s e a s o n t h e p o o r gho s t s w e re i n d e e d th o ugh t t o c ree p from

t h e n a rro whou se wi t h t h e o p e n i n g flow e rs

?
Th e re m a y
t h e re fo re b e a m e as u re of t ruth i n t h e t h e o ry of R e n a n
who s awi n t h e Ado n i s wo rs h i p a d re a my vol u p tuou s cu lt
,

of d e a th co n c e iv e d n ot a s t h e K i n g of T e rro rs but a s a n
, ,

i n s id i o u s e n ch an t e r who lu re s h i s victi m s t o hi m s e l f a n d
l ull s th e m i n t o a n e te rn a l s l e e p T h e i n fi n it e ch a rm o f .

n a tu re i n t h e L e b a n o n h e though t l e n d s i t s e l f to re l i giou s , ,

e moti o n s of thi s s e n s uou s vi s io n a ry s o rt hov e ri n g v a gu e ly , ,

b e t w e e n p a i n a n d p l e as u re b e tw ee n s l u mb e r a n d t e a rs ?
It ,

w o ul d doubtl e s s be a m i s t a k e t o a tt ri bu t e t o Sy ri a n p e a s an t s
t h e wo rs hi p of a co n c e p t i o n s o p u re l y a b s t ra ct a s t h a t of
d e a th i n g e n e ra l Y e t i t m ay be t ru e th a t i n th e i r s i m p l e
.

ti n t e d blo s s om s of the t re e s . Th us t h e i r v i e w s of £ 13 d
m
.

a 3

of the d eat h M
'

of m a n b t h e n

a n d h o p e s a n d fe a rs I n l i ke m an n e r w e c a n n ot d o ubt t h a t

W f Ado n i s w
.

R as i t s e l f d e e p ly t i n ge d by
p a s s i o n a te m e mo ri es m e mo ri e s of t h e s lumb e r a k i n to d e a t h
which s e a l e d h i s o w
,

n e y e s o n t h e s lo p e s of t h e L e b a n o n

m e m ori e s of t h e s i s t er w
,

h o s l ee p s i n t h e l a n d of Ad o n i s
n e ve r a g a i n t o w a k e w i th t h e a n e mo n e s a n d t h e ro s e s .

1 T hi s e xp l a i
n a t on of th e n am e s qq .
; Mi ss J . E . Harri s on Prolego ,

A n t /z est eri a , as a pp l i e d to a f ti v l
es a of m en a to t ke S t u dy o
f Greek Reli gi on 2

t h e dea d, i s due to M r R Wii n s ch . .

(Cam bri dge , pp .
32 sqq. In
(D a s Fru li l i ngsfi s t der I n sel M a lta , A n n am p op l
f f d t th i d d
e e of e r oo o e r ea

Le ips i c 1 902 pp 4 3
, I c ot , . an n on th g ve wh th ra t h b gi
es en e ear e ns

ac p t th l t D A W Ve r ll s
ce e a e r . . . ra
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ro i Sp i g Th re e n n rn . e ce re

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f Hellen i c S tu di es M agi e Religi on A n n a m i tes (Pari s,

”
th es te ri a , j ou rn a l o ,
et

xx .
( 1 90 0 ) pp . 1 1 5 As to PP 4 23 5
9
th ef iv les t a E
s ee . Ro de , Psy h cli e
3 2 E Re n an , M i ssi on de P/z t n i ci e
.

(Tub i g ip s i c i (Pa ri s p
,

n en a n d Le , . 236 , . 2 1 6 .
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T HE G A RD E NS O F A D O NI S

P E RHA PS t h e b e s t p roof th a t Ad o n i s w a s a d e i t y of v e g e t a

tio n a n d e s p e c i a ll y of t h e co rn i s fu rn i s h e d by t h e g a rd e n s
, ,

of Ado n i s a s th e y w e re c a ll e d Th e se w e re b a s k e t s or ot s
fi ll e d wi th earth i n which w fi
.
,

h e afl a m d
v a ri ou s k i n d s of flow e rs w e re s ow n an d t e n d e d
d a y s chi e ,
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gp r
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fo rm wh i l e t h e i m ag e s w i th whi ch t e y w e re carried
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out an c as t i n t t h e fitgr ,
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“
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o re s ur j i on H Od xi 5 9 O th
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d Adon i s ,
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g i
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.

i 3 4 ; Di g i i 4; 5 6 4 , No ii p
Wt
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i
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Gar en s of A on s a re er a s a u ed p h p ll d
W ly
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I sa a ( 1 0, i h x v ii
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J li C i i
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 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B O OK 1

So m e t i m es t h e w e a re r of t h e w re a th i s t h e re a p e r who c ut
t h e l a s t co rn
?
I n N o rt h e rn E ubo e a wh e n t h e co rn s h ea v e s ,
-

h a v e b e e n p i l e d i n a s t a ck t h e fa rm e r s w i fe b ri n g s a p itch e r ,
’

of w a t e r a n d off e rs i t t o e a ch of t h e l a bou re rs th a t h e m ay
w a s h h i s h a n d s E v e ry m an a fte r h e h a s w a s h e d hi s h a n d s
.
, ,

S p ri n k l e s w a t e r o n t h e co rn a n d o n t h e th res h i n g fl o o r -
,

e xp re s s i n g a t t h e s a m e t i m e a wi s h t h a t t h e co rn m a y l a s t

lo n g L as tly t h e fa rm e r s w i fe hol d s t h e p itch e r s l a n ti n gly

.
,
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a n d ru n s a t ful l s p ee d ro u n d t h e s t a ck w ith o ut s p i l l i n g a

d ro p whi l e s he utt e rs a w i s h th a t t h e s t a ck m ay e n d u re a s
,

lo n g a s t h e ci rcl e s h e h as ju s t d e s c ri b e d ?
At t h e s p ri n g
p lough i n g i n P ru ss i a wh e n t h e p lough m e n a n d s o we rs ,

re tu rn e d i n t h e e v e n i n g fro m th e i r wo rk i n t h e fi e ld s t h e ,

fa rm e r s w ife a n d t h e s e rva n t s u s e d to s p l a s h w a t e r o v e r
’

th e m T h e p lou ghm e n a n d s ow e rs re to rt e d by s e i z i n g e ve ry
.

o n e th ro wi n g th e m i n to t h e p o n d a n d d uck i n g th e m u n d e r
, ,

T h e fa rm e r s w i fe m i ght cl a i m e x e m p ti o n o n
’
t h e w a ter .

p aym e n t of a fo rfe i t but e v e ry on e e l se h ad to be duck e d , .

By ob s e rvi n g th i s cu s to m t h e y ho p e d to e n s u re a due
s u pp ly o f ra i n f o r t h e se e d
?
A l s o a ft e r h a rv e s t i n P ru s s i a ,

t h e p e rs o n who wo re a w re a th m a d e of t h e l as t co rn c u t
was dre n ch e d w i th w a t e r wh i l e a p raye r w a s u tt e re d t h a t ,

t h e co rn h a d s p ru n g u p a n d mu l t i p l i e d th rough t h e
“
as

w a t e r s o i t m i ght s p ri n g U p a n d m ul ti p ly i n t h e b a rn a n d
,
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g ra n a ry At Schl a n ow i n B ra n d e n bu rg wh e n t h e s ow e rs
.
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E B B rk s ,
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ly F ll w f T i i ty
orm e r wh g t th ghly d h d
e o o rn m en , o o orou ren c e .

C ll g
o e C
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t d )
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. t . d G b a / . t a d s S / r es o un e r uc i e u n er en ac i sen

m e (M h 4 9 6) f
arc C p b ll S i b b g (H
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re t u rn h o m e fro m t h e fi rs t s owi n g t h e y a re d re n ch e d
” 1
wi th w a t e r i n o rd e r t h a t t h e co rn m a y g row In .

A n h a l t o n t h e s a m e occ a s io n t h e fa rm e r i s s ti l l ofte n
s p ri n kl e d w i t h w a t e r by h i s fa m i ly ; a n d h i s m e n a n d
h ors es a n d e ve n t h e p l o u gh re c e i v e t h e sa m e t re a tm e n t
, , .

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i t is
,
t o wi s h fe rti l i t y t o t h e fi e ld s f o r t h e wh o l e y e a r .

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,

fro m t h e fi e l d f or t h e fi rs t ti m e t h e wom e n a n d gi rl s li e i n ,

w a i t f or th e m a n d s lyly d re n ch t h e m w i t h w a t e r ?
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Na a bu rg i n B av a ri a t h e m a n who fi rs t com e s b ack fro m
, ,

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by s o m e o n e i n h id i n g ?
A t H e t t i n g e n i n B ad e n the
fa rm e r who i s a bou t to b e gi n t h e s owi n g of o a t s i s s p ri n k l e d
wi t h w a t e r i n o rd e r th a t th e o a t s m a y n o t s h ri ve l u p
,
?

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p l a n t th e i r fi e ld s t h e w o m e n s o m e t i m e s p ou r w at e r o n t h e m
,

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, Th e .

I n d i a n s of S a n ti a go T e p e hu a c an s t ee p t h e s e e d of t h e m a i z e
i n w a t e r b e fo re th e y s o wi t i n o rd e r th a t t h e god o f t h e ,

7
w a t e rs m ay b e s tow o n t h e fi e ld s t h e n e e d e d mo i s t u re .

T h e O p i n i o n th a t t h e g a rd e n s o f A do n i s a re e ss e n ti a l ly G d ar e n s
.

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.

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, D e ux l e m e S r e , é i ii
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2 40 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1

a n d, s e co n d by E u ro p e a n p e as a n t s a t m i d s u m m e r Amgngs t
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c i rcl e rou n d t h e K a rm a t re e wh i ch i s d e ck e d wi th s t ri p s of ,

col o u re d clo t h a n d s h a m b ra c e l e t s a n d n e ck l e t s of p l a it e d
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t h e h e a d m a n of t h e vi ll a g e cu lt i v a t e bl a d e s of b a rl e y i n a
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.

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 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1
r i t e s k n o w n o n ly to t h e i n i t i a t e d occu p y s e ve ra l d a y s a n d
, , ,

a re p e rfo rm e d w i t hi n do ors Th e n t h e i m age s o f t h e

.

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p ro

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w a t e r s e dg e a n d d a n c e rou n d i t s i n g i n g hym n s a n d love
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s on g s M ea n t i m e t h e godd e ss i s s u pp o se d to b a th e i n t h e
.

wa te r .N o m e n t a k e p a rt i n th e c e re mo n y ; e v e n t h e
i m a ge of I s w a ra th e hu s b a n d god a tt ra ct s l i t tl e a t t e n ti o n
,
-
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m e n a n d t h e i n voc a tio n of a bl e s s i n g o n t h e i r hu s b a n d s by
,

t h e w i ve s p oi n t cl e a rly t o t h e d e s i re of o f f s p ri n g a s o n e
,

mot i ve f or o b se rvi n g t h e cu s tom T h e s a m e m otiv e p ro b .

a bly e xp l a i n s t h e us e of g a rd e n s of Ado n i s a t t h e m a rri a g e

of B ra hm a n s i n t h e M a d ra s P re s i d e n cy S e e d s of fi ve or .

n i n e s o rt s a re m i x e d a n d s ow n i n e a rth e n p ot s which a re ,

m a d e s p e c i a l ly f o r t h e p u rp o s e a n d a re fi l l e d w i th e a rt h .

B ri d e a n d b ri d e g room w a t e r t h e s e e d s both mo rn i n g a n d
e v e n i n g f o r fou r d a y s a n d o n t h e fift h da y t h e see d l i n g s a re
2
th row n l i k e t h e re a l g a rd e n s of Ado n i s i n to a t a n k o r ri v e r
, ,
.

I n t h e H i m a l a y a n d i s t ri ct s of N o rth W e s t e rn I n d i a t h e -

cult i va to rs s o wb a rl e y m a i z e p ul s e or m u s t a rd i n a b a s k e t
, , ,

of e a rt h o n t h e tw e n ty fou rth day of t h e fou rth mo n t h -

wh ich fa l l s a bout t h e m idd l e of J uly T h e n on t h e

l a s t day of t h e m o n th t h e y p l a c e a m i d s t t h e n e ws p ro ut s
.

smal l cl a y i m a g e s of M a h a d e o a n d P a rv a t i a n d wo rs hi p
th e m i n re m e mb ra n c e o f t h e m a rri a ge of tho se d e i t i e s .

N e x t da y t he y cut dow n t he g ree n s ta l k s a n d w e a r th e m i n

3
th e i r h e a d —d re ss S i m i l a r i s t h e b a rl e y fe as t k n o w n a s
.

J ay i o r J a w ara i n Upp e r I n d i a a n d a s B h uja ri y a i n t h e

C e n t ra l P ro vi n c e s O n t h e se v e n th da y of t h e l ight h a l f of
.

t h e m o n t h S aw a n gra i n s o f b a rl e y a re s ow n i n a p o t o f
m a n u re a n d s p ri n g u p s o qu ick ly th a t by t h e e n d of t h e
,

1
L i C ol
e ut .
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am es . J
T od, A n n a ls ozca ry , ( 1 8xx v
9 6 ) p 1 4.
4 ; E T ur . . h
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,

don , 1 8 2 9 ) pp
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. .

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.
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z
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M da ras Pres e n c , id
I n di an y
A n ti f
o I n di a , i i (A a a b.a ,
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CH AP x . THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S 2 43

mo n th t h e v e s s e l i s ful l o f lo n g y e l lowi s h g re e n s t a l k s On ,
-
.

t h e fi rs t da y of t h e n e x t m o n th Bh ado n t h e w o m e n a n d , ,

gi rl s t a k e t h e s t a l k s out th ro w t h e e a rt h a n d m a n u re i n t o ,

w a te r a n d d i s t ri but e t h e p l a n t s a mo n g th e i r m a l e fri e n d s
, ,
1
who bi n d th e m i n t h e i r t u rba n s a n d a bout th e i r d re s s At .

S a rg a l i n t h e C e n t ra l P rov i n c e s of I n d i a th i s c e re mo n y i s
O b s e rv e d a b out t h e m id dl e o f S e p t e mb e r N o n e but wom e n .

m ay t a k e p a rt i n i t t h o ugh c rowd s of m en com e to lo o k o n ,

.

S o m e l i t t l e t i m e b e fo re t h e fe s tiv a l wh e a t o r o t h e r g ra i n h a s
b e e n s ow n i n p ot s i n g e n iou s ly c o n s t ruct e d of l arg e l e a ves ,

wh ich a re h e l d t oge th e r by t h e th orn s o f a s p e c i e s of a c ac i a .

H a vi n g g row n u p i n t h e d a rk t h e s t a l k s are of a p a l e ,

colou r O n t h e da y a pp o i n t e d t h es e g a rd e n s o f Ado n i s as
we m ay c a l l t he m a re c arri e d tow ard s a l ak e whi ch a but s
.
,

o n t h e n a t iv e c i t y T h e wom e n of e ve ry fa m i ly o r ci rcl e of
fri e n d s b ri n g t h e i r ow
.

n p ot s a n d h a vi n g l a i d th e m o n t h e ,

g rou n d th e y d a n c e rou n d t h e m Th e n t a k i n g t h e p ot s of .

s p ro u t i n g co rn th e y d e s c e n d to t h e e d g e of t h e w a t e r w a s h ,

t h e s o i l a w a y from t h e p ot s a n d d i s t ri but e t h e you n g p l a n t s ,

a mo n g t h e i r fri e n d s
2
A t t h e t e m p l e of t h e g o dd e s s P a dm a
.

v a ti n e a r P a n dh a rp u r i n t h e B o mb ay P re s id e n cy a N i n e
, ,

N ights fe s t iv a l i s h e l d i n t h e b ri ght h a l f of t h e mo n t h
’

A s h v i n (S e p t e m b e r— O ctob e r) A t th i s t i m e a b a mboo fra m e .

i s hu n g i n fro n t of t h e i m a g e a n d fro m i t d e p e n d g a rl a n d s ,

of fl o w e rs a n d s t ri n g s o f W h e a t e n c a k e s U n d e r t h e fra m e .

t h e f lo o r i n fro n t of t h e p e d e s t a l i s s t re w n w i th a l ay e r of
e a rth i n wh ich wh e a t i s s ow n a n d a l low e d to s p rou t
3
A .

s i m i l a r ri t e i s o b s e rv e d i n t h e s a m e mo n t h b e fo re t h e i m a g e s

of two o t h e r godd e s s e s A m ba ba i an d L a k h uba i who a l s o , ,

h av e t e m p l e s a t P a n dh a rp u r 4
.

1 W
C rook e , Pop u la r Religi on a n d
. h i gh t
e wi h of a fe nc es .

Folk -lore o f Nort /z ern I n di a (West M 2

J C M y Ay l y
rs . . . urra -
ns e ,

i
m n s te r, 2 9 3 so Com are ii . . p S l d R l igi D
e c u a r an F lk e ou s an c e s , o

b
B a oo I sh u ree D a ss , D om esti c M a n n ers l j
ore l ( 8 8
ou rn a7 ) pp 53 o,
v . 1 . 2 s .

a n d Cu stom s of t i e H i n doos of Nort /z ernl Th w i t th i k

e rth th
er y n s at e c e re m o n

I n di a (B en ares , pp I I I . s o. p b b ly fi x th
ro a f wi g es e s e as on or so n

A cc o rd i ng to t he l at t e r w ri t r e , th e som e p i l p
a rt cu ar c ro .
”

f ti v l f S l [ t S l ]t k
es a o a on o no a on an a es G 3
tt f t B
az e b y P i
eer od y om a res en c ,

pl ace i A g t d th
n b l y i u us an e ar e s xx (B b y 8 8 4 ) p 4 5 4 T h i
om a 1 s

p g w p i td t t
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,

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a f wd y b f
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th wro by t h i t
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4 Ga z etteer of tk e B om bay Pres i den cy ,
wh th g i h p t d t th xx
en e ra n as s rou e o e .
44 3 , 4 6 0 .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S
'

B OO K 1

In om e p art s o f B a v a ri a i t i s cu s tom a ry to s owfl a x

s

i n a p ot o n t h e l a s t th re e d a y s o f t h e C a rn iv a l ; fro m t h e
s e e d wh i ch g row s b e s t a n om e n i s d ra w n a s to wh e th e r t h e

e a rl y t h e m idd l e o r t h e l a t e s ow i n g w i l l p rod uc e t h e b e s t
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i n co n n e x i o n wi th t h e g re a t M i d s um m e r fe s ti v a l which b e a rs
t h e n a m e of St J oh n A t t h e e n d of M a rch o r o n t h e fi rs t
. .

of A p ri l a y o u n g m an of t h e vi ll a g e p rese n t s h i m s e l f to a gi rl ,

a n d a s k s h e r to b e h i s com a re (go ss i p o r s w e e th e a rt ) off e ri n g ,

to be h e r com pa re T h e i n vi t a ti o n i s co n s id e re d a s a n ho n ou r
.

by t h e gi rl s fa m i ly a n d i s gl a d ly a cc e p t e d
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At t h e e n d of .

M ay t h e gi rl m a k e s a p ot o f t h e b a rk of t h e co rk t re e fi ll s -
,

i t w i th e a rth a n d s ow s a h a n d fu l o f wh e a t a n d b a rl e y i n i t
,
'

T h e p ot b e i n g p l a c e d i n t h e s u n a n d oft e n w a t e re d t h e co rn ,

s p rout s ra p i d ly a n d h as a good h e a d b y M i d s u mm e r E ve

( S E h ) T i
’
t. J oh n s v e t e tw e n t y th
,
i rd of J u n e h e p o t
-
s th e n .

c a l l e d E rm e or Nen n eri O n S t J oh n s D ay t h e you n g m an

. .
’

a n d t h e gi rl d re sse d i n th e i r b e s t a ccom p a n i e d by a l o n g
, ,

re ti n u e a n d p re c e d e d b y ch i l d re n g a mbol l i n g a n d frol ick i n g ,

move i n p roc e s s io n to a chu rch out s id e t h e vi l l a g e H e re .

th e y b rea k t h e p o t b y th rowi n g i t a g a i n s t t h e doo r of t h e

chu rch Th e n th e y s i t d ow n i n a ri n g o n t h e g ra ss a n d e a t
.

e gg s an d h e rb s to t h e m u s ic of flut e s W i ne i s m i x e d i n a .

cu p a n d p a s s e d rou n d e a ch on e d ri n k i n g a s i t p a s s e s
,
.

“ ”
Th e n t h ey j o i n h an d s a n d s i n g Sw e e th e a rt s of St J oh n .

( C o m p a re e co m a r e d i S a n G i ova n n i ) ov e r a n d ov e r a g a i n ,

t h e flut e s p l a yi n g t h e whi l e W h e n t h e y ti re of s i n g i n g .

th e y s t a n d u p a n d d a n c e g a i ly i n a ri n g t i ll e ve n i n g Th i s .

i s t h e g e n e ra l S a rd i n i a n cu s tom A s p ra cti s e d a t O zi e ri i t .

h a s s o m e s p e c i a l fe a tu re s I n M ay t h e p ot s a re m a d e of
.

co rk b ark a n d p l an t e d w i t h co rn a s a l re a dy d e s c rib e d ,
.

Th e n o n t h e E ve of S t J oh n t h e w i n d o w s i l l s a re d ra p e d
.
-

w i t h ri ch cloth s o n wh i ch t h e p ot s a re p l a c e d a do rn e d with
, ,

c ri m s o n a n d blu e s i l k a n d ri bbo n s of v a ri ou s colou rs On .

e a ch of t h e p ot s th e y u se d fo rme rly t o p l a c e a s t a tu e tt e o r

cloth dol l d re s s e d a s a wom an or a P ri a p u s l i k e fi gu re m a d e ,

-

of p as t e ; but th i s cu s to m ri go rou s ly fo rb i dd e n by t h e ,

C hu rch h as fa l l e n i n to d i s u se
,
Th e vi ll a g e s w a i n s go a bou t .

1
B a va ri a , L a n des un d Volksku n de des K on zgrei cfi s B ay ern (
’

M ih
un c ,
1 8 60
ii
2 98 . .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1
In t h es e In th e se m i d s u m m e r cu s to m s of S a rd i n i a a n d S i ci ly i t
S ardi n i a n
i s p o s s i bl e th at a s M r R W un s ch s u pp o s e s
1
St J o h n
'

a n d S i c i i an l ,
. .
,
. .

ce re m o n i e s h a s re p l a c e d A do n i s W e h av e se e n th a t t h e rit e s of
J h
.

St
T a m mu z or Ado n i s w e re com mo n ly c e l e b ra te d a bou t m i d
o n

hv
.

th e i r d a t e w
m ay a e
2
t ak en t h e s um m e r ; a cco rd i n g to J e ro m e as J u n e A nd
pl , .

a c e of

Adon i s .
b e s i d es th e i r d a t e an d th e i r s i m i l a ri ty i n re s p e ct of t h e p ot s
of h e rb s a n d co rn th e re i s a n oth e r p oi n t of a f fi n i ty b e tw e e n
,

t h e two fe s tiv a l s t h e h e a th e n a n d t h e C h ri s ti a n
,
I n both .

of th e m w a t er p l ay s a p rom i n e n t p art At h i s m i d s u m m e r .

fe s t i v a l i n B a bylo n t h e i m a g e of T a m mu z who se n a m e i s
t ru e s on of t h e d ee p w a t e r w
,
”
s a i d to m e an a s b a th e d w ith ,

p u re w a t e r : a t h i s s u m m er fes t i v a l i n Al e x an d ri a th e i m a ge
of Ado n i s w i th th a t of h i s d i v i n e m i s tre s s A p h rod i t e w
, as ,

com m itt e d to t h e w a v e s ; a n d a t t h e m i d su m m e r c e l e b rat i o n

i n G re e c e t h e g ard e n s of Ado n i s w ere th row n i n to t h e s e a
C ust om of o r i n to s p ri n g s N ow a g rea t fe a tu re of t h e m i d s u m m e r
.

h
b at i n g i n
fe stiv a l a s s oci a t e d w i th t h e n a m e of St J oh n i s or u s e d to
w a te r o r
.
,

w hi
as ng in be t h e cu s to m of b a th i n g i n t h e s e a s p ri n g s rive rs o r t h e
w de w
, , , ,
de on
o n M i d s u m m e r E v e o r t h e mo rn i n g of M i d s u m m e r D ay .
t h e E ve or
D ay of S t Thu s f or e x a m p l e at N a p l e s th e re i s a chu rch d e d i c a te d to
J h
.
, ,
o n (M id
St J oh n t h e B a p t i s t u n d e r th e n a m e of St J o h n of t h e S e a
w
. .
s u m m er

E ve orM i d
( S . G i o va n a m a r e ) ; a n d i t as an ol d p ra ctic e f o r m e n
s um m e r
a n d wo m en to b a th e i n t h e se a o n
’
D ay ) .
S t J oh n s E ve th a t i s .
, ,

o n M i d s u m m e r E ve b e l i e vi n g th a t thu s a ll th e i r s i n s w e re
,

I n t h e Ab ruzz i w a t e r i s s t i l l s u pp o s e d to
3
w as h e d a w ay .

a cqu i re c e rt a i n m a rv e l lou s a n d be n e fi c e n t p ro p e rti e s o n S t .

J oh n s N ight’
Th e y s ay th a t o n t h a t n ight t h e s un a n d
.

moo n b a th e i n t h e w a t e r H e n c e m a n y p e o p l e t a k e a b a th .

i n t h e s ea o r i n a ri v e r a t th a t s e a s o n e s p e c i a l ly a t t h e ,

mo m e n t of s u n ri s e At C a s ti gl io n e a C as a u ri a th e y go
.

b e fo re s u n ri s e to t h e P es c a ra R i ve r or to s p ri n g s w a s h th e i r ,

fa c e s a n d h a n d s th e n g i rd th e m s e lv e s w i th twi g s of b ryo n y
,

( v i t a lba
) a n d tw i n e t h e p l a n t rou n d th e i r b ro w s i n o rd e r ,

th a t th e y m ay be fre e fro m p a i n s A t P e s c i n a b oys a n d .

g i rl s w a s h e a ch oth e r s fa c e s i n a riv e r o r a s p ri n g th e n
’

T h e de wa l s o th a t
,

e x ch a n g e k i s s e s a n d b e co m e go s s i p s
, .
, ,

an d th e t i e t us h f orm e di s dd
rega r e as der I n s el Ma lt a , . pp 4 7 .
-
57 .

sa cre d . S ee G . Fi n am ore , C d re e n z e, 2
S ee ab o v e, pp 1 0 .
,
1
n ote , 2 2 4 sq

Usi e Costu m i A bru z z es i (P l a e rm o, 2 26 .

pp 3
J Gr m i 4
’

.6 5 sq
1 . . m ,
D eu ts c/I e Illy t lz olog
a e,
1 R . Wun sc , D ash Fru fi li ngsf est i .
4 90 .
C H AP . x THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S 2 47

fa l l s o n S t J oh n s N i ght i s s u pp o s e d i n t h e A b ruzz i to
.
’

b e n e fit wh a t e v e r i t touch e s wh e th e r i t be w a t e r flowe rs or , , ,

t h e hu m an b o dy Fo r t h a t re as o n p e o p l e p ut o ut v e s s e l s
.

of w a t e r o n t h e w i n dow s i ll s o r t h e t e rra c e s a n d w a s h th e m -
,

s e lv es with t h e w a t e r i n t h e mo rn i n g i n o rd e r to p u ri fy
t h e m se lv e s a n d e s c a p e h e a d a ch e s a n d cold s A s ti l l mo re .

e f fic a ci o u s mod e of a ccom p l i s h i n g t h e s a m e e n d i s to ri s e a t

t h e p ee p of d a w n to w e t t h e h a n d s i n t h e d e wy g ra s s a n d
, ,

th e n to rub t h e moi s tu re o n t h e ey e l i d s t h e b row a n d t h e

t e m p l e s b e c a u s e t h e de wi s b e l i e v e d to cu re m a l a d i e s of t h e
, ,

h ea d a n d e y e s I t i s a l s o a re m e dy f or d i s ea s e s of t h e s k i n
. .

P e rs o n s who a re thu s a ffl i ct e d s houl d rol l o n t h e d e wy

g ra s s .Wh e n p a t i e n t s a re p re v e n t e d by th e i r i n fi rm i ty or
a n y oth e r c a u s e fro m qu i tti n g t h e hou s e th e i r fri e n d s w i l l

g a t h e r t h e de wi n s h e e t s o r t a bl e cl o th s a n d s o a pp ly i t to
,

t h e s uffe ri n g p a rt At M a rs a l a i n S ici ly th e re i s a s p ri n g
1
.

of w a t e r i n a s ub t e rran e a n g rotto c a l l e d th e G rotto o f t h e

S i byl B e s i d e i t s t a n d s a chu rch of St J oh n which h a s
. .
,

b ee n s u pp o s e d to occu p y t h e s it e o f a t e m p l e o f A p ol lo .

O n S t J o h n s E ve t h e tw e n ty thi rd of J u n e wo m e n a n d
’
-
.
, ,

gi rl s vi s i t t h e g ro t t o a n d by d ri n k i n g of t h e p ro p h e ti c w a t e r
,

l e a rn wh e t h e r th e i r hu s b an d s h a v e b e e n fa i thful to th e m i n
t h e y e a r th a t i s p as t o r wh e t h e r th e y th e m s e lv e s w i l l w ,
ed

i n t h e y e a r th a t i s to c o m e S ick p e o p l e t oo i m a gi n e th a t .
, ,

by b a th i n g i n t h e w a t e r d ri n k i n g of i t or duc k i n g t h ri c e i n , ,

2
i t i n t h e n a m e of t h e T ri n ity th e y w i l l be m a d e wh o l e At , .

Ch i ara mo n t e i n S i ci ly t h e fo l lo wi n g cu s to m i s o b s e rve d o n
S t J oh n s E ve T h e m e n re p a i r to o n e fo u n t a i n a n d t h e
’ “

. .

wo m e n to a n o t h e r a n d d i p th e i r h ea d s t h ric e i n t h e w a t e r
, ,

rep e a t i n g at e a ch a bluti o n c e rt a i n ve rs e s i n h o n ou r of
S t J oh n
. Th e y b e l i e v e th a t th i s i s a cu re o r p re v e n t iv e o f
.

3
the s cal d Wh e n P e t ra rch vi s i t e d C ol o g n e h e ch a n c e d to
.
,

1
G . Fi n a m ore , Creden z e, Us i e “
de w f l i gh t
o s, wh i h c s om e d
m o e rn

Cost u m i A bru z z es i , pp 1 5 6 - 1 60
. A . c o m m e n ta to rs (D i ll m an n , S ki n n e r,

pa ssa e i n I s a a
g i h ( 1 9) s m s to xxv i ee Wh i te h ous e ) f ll w i g J
o o n e rom e , hv a e

i m p ly th t d wp os ess d th m gi l
.
,

a e s e e a ca a d pto ed .

v i t e of e tori g th de d to l i fe
r u r s n e a .

G Pi t ré , Feste p a t ron a li i n S i ci li a
2
I t h i s p ss g o f I s i h th
l
.

n a a e t om a a e c us s

wh i ch I h ve i t d i th e tex t p h p
a c e n er a s
i
(T ur n a n d Pa e rm o, 488 , pp .

f v our th o di y i te p r t ti on o f
a e r n ar n r e a
4 9 4 93
1 -
.

mm s d wof h b s
a (c om p e 2
e er ar . i
G P tre, S pet t acol i
3 e Feste Popola ri
K i n gs i v 3 9 ) g i n st th e i t e rp re t t i
. a a n a on S i ci li a n e, 307 p . .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1
T h e s un w
’
a rri ve i n t h e tow n o n St J oh n s E ve a s n e a rly . .

s e t ti n g a n d hi s ho s t a t o n c e le d hi m
,
to t h e Rh i n e A .

s t ra n e s i ght th e re m e t h i s e y es f or t h e b a n k s of t h
g e

Th e c rowd w
,

ri v e r w e re cov e re d w i th p re tty wo m e n a s g re a t .

but good hu mou re d F ro m a ri s i n g g rou n d on wh i ch h e

-

s tood t h e p o e t s a w
.

m a n y of t h e wo m e n gi rt w i t h fra g ra n t ,
’
h e rb s k n e e l dow n o n t h e w a t e r s e dg e rol l th e i r s l e e ve s
, ,

u p a bove th e i r e l bow s a n d w a s h th e i r wh i te a rm s an d h a n d s ,

i n t h e riv e r m u rmu ri n g s oftly s om e wo rd s wh ich t h e I t a l i a n

He w as to l d th a t t h e cu s tom w
,

d i d n o t u n d e rs t a n d . as a

v e ry o ld o n e m uch ho n ou re d i n t h e ob s e rv a n c e ; f or t h e
,

co m mo n fol k e s p e ci a l ly t h e wo m e n b e l i e v e d th a t to w a s h
, ,

i n t h e ri v e r o n St J oh n s E v e wou ld a v e rt e v e ry m i s fo rtu n e
’
.

1
O n St J oh n s E ve t h e p e o p l e of
’
i n t h e c o m i n g ye a r . .

C o p e n h ag e n u s e d to go on p i l g ri m a g e to a n e i gh bou ri n g
s p ri n g th e re to h ea l a n d s t re n gth e n th e m s e lve s i n t h e
,

I n S p a i n p e o p l e s t i l l b a th e i n t h e s e a or ro l l n a k e d
2
w ater
i n t h e de w
.

of t h e m e a dow s o n St J oh n s E ve b e l i e vi n g th a t .
’
,

t h i s i s a s ov e re i g n p re s e rv a ti v e a g a i n s t d i s e a s e s of t h e s k i n
3

To rol l i n t h e de won t h e mo rn i n g of S t J oh n s D ay i s a l s o
.

’
.

e s t e e m e d a cu re f o r d i s ea s e s of t h e s k i n i n N o rm a n dy a n d

P e ri go rd I n P e ri go rd a fi e ld of h e m p i s e s p e c i a l ly re c o m
.

m e n d e d f or th e p u rp o s e a n d t h e p a ti e n t s houl d rub h i m se l f ,

w ith t h e p l a n t s o n wh i ch h e h a s rol l e d 4
A t C io t a t i n .

P rove n c e wh i l e t h e m i d s um m e r b o n fi re b l a z e d you n g p e o p l e
, ,

u se d to p lu n g e i n to th e s ea a n d s p l a s h e a ch oth e r vi go rou s ly .

A t V i t rol l e s th e y b ath e d i n a p o n d i n o rd e r th a t th e y m ight

n o t s uff e r from fe v e r d u ri n g t h e y e a r a n d a t S a i n t M a ri e s ,
-

t h e y w a t e re d t h e ho rs es to p rot e ct th e m fro m t h e i t ch
5
A .

cu s tom of d re n ch i n g p e o p l e on thi s occ as i o n w ith w a t e r

fo rm e rly p re v a i l e d i n To u lo n M a rs e i l l e s a n d oth e r t o w n s of
T he w ater w
, ,

t h e s outh of F ra n c e a s s qu i rt e d from s y ri n g es
.
,

p ou re d on t h e h e a d s of p ass e rs by from wi n dow s a n d s o -

,

1 Pe trarc h , Ep i s tolae de reous

f am i Norm a n d (Con d é -
su r- Noi reau 1 8 8 3 ,

l i a ri ou s, i .
4 v ol
( . i pp
. .
44 46
-
ed .
J . ii . 8 ; A
de . Nore Cout u m es
, ,

Frac assett i ,
l
F ore n ce , 1 859 I My t lt es et Tra di t i on s des p rov i n ces de
Th e pass i s q uote
age Gr m m , d by J . i Fra n ce (Pari s an d L y on s, p .

D eu tsclz e { Wy t/Eologi e,
4
4 8 9 sq i . . 1 50 .

2
JG r m m , op ci t
. i 489 . . i . .
5 A . de Nore , p
o . c i t. p . 20 ;
3
L et te r of D r O tero A c e ado, of . v B ere n ge r-Férau d, Rem i n i scen ces popa
M di
a r d, L e Te m
p s , S e t e m b e r 1 8 98 p . la i res de la Proven ce (Pa r s , 1 8 8 i
J
4
Lec oeur, E squ i sses da B ocage
. pp . 1 35 -1
41 .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B O OK 1
do b e tt e r th e re fo re to S u pp o se th a t a t a re mot e p e riod
, ,

s i m i l a r mod e s of t hou ght b a s e d o n s i m i l a r n e e d s le d m e n

, ,

i n d e p e n d e n tly i n m an y d i s t a n t l a n d s fro m t h e N o rt h S e a
,

to t h e E u p h rat e s to c e l e b ra t e t h e s um m e r s ol s tic e w i t h ri te s
,

wh i ch wh i l e th e y d i ff e re d i n s om e th i n g s y e t a g ree d clo se ly
, ,

i n oth e rs ; th a t i n h i s to ric a l t i m es a w a ve of O ri e n t a l
i n flu e n c e ,
s t a rti n g p erh a p s fro m B a bylo n i a c arri e d t h e ,

T a m m u z o r A do n i s fo rm of t h e fe s tiv a l w e s tw a rd ti l l i t
m e t w i th n a t i v e fo rm s of a s i m i l ar fe s t i v a l a n d th a t u n d e r

p re ss u re of t h e Ro m a n c i vi l i z a t i o n th ese d i f f eren t y e t k i n d re d
fe s t i va l s fu s e d w i th e a ch oth e r a n d c ry s t a ll i z e d i n to a v a ri e ty
of s h a p e s whi ch s ub s i s t e d mo re o r l e s s s e p a ra t e ly s i d e by
,

side ,
ti ll t h e C hu rch u n a bl e to s u pp re ss th e m a l tog e th e r
, ,

s t ri pp e d th e m s o f a r a s i t cou l d of th e i r g ro ss e r fe a tu re s a n d ,

d e x t e rou s ly ch a n gi n g t h e n a m e s a l low e d th e m to p a s s
m u s t e r a s C h ri s ti a n A nd w. h a t h as j u s t b e e n s a i d of t h e
m i d s um m e r f e s t i v a l s p rob a b ly a pp l i es w i th t h e n e c e s s a ry
,

mod i fic a t i o n s to t h e S p ri n g fe s t i v a l s a l s o
,
Th e y too s e e m .
, ,

to h a ve o ri g i n a t e d i n d e p e n d e n tly i n E u ro p e a n d t h e E as t ,

a n d a ft e r a g e s of s e p a ra t i o n to h a v e a m a lg a m a t e d u n d e r
t h e s w a y of t h e Rom a n E m p i re a n d t h e C h ri s ti a n C hu rch
I n Sy ri a a s w
.

e h a v e see n th e re a pp e a rs to h a ve b e e n
an d w
, ,

a v e rn a l c e l e b ra t i o n of A do n i s e s h a l l p re s e n t ly m e e t

w i th a n u n do ubt e d i n s t a n c e of a n O ri e n t a l fe s t iv a l of s p ri n g
i n t h e ri t e s of Att i s M e an ti m e w
. e m u s t re tu rn f o r a l i t t l e

to t h e m i d s u m m e r fe s t i va l wh ich go e s by t h e n a m e of
S t J oh n
. .

Th e S a rd i n i an p ra cti c e of m a k i n g m e rry rou n d a g re a t

’
bo n fi re o n St J oh n s E ve i s a n i n s t an c e o f a cu s t o m whi ch
.

h a s b e e n p ra cti s e d a t t h e m i d s u m m e r fe s ti va l fro m ti m e
i m m e mo ri a l i n m a n y p a rt s of E u ro p e Th a t cu s t o m h as
.

b e e n mo re fully d e a l t w i t h b y m e e l se wh e re 1
Th e i n s ta n c e s .

wh ich I h a v e c it e d i n oth e r p a rt s of t h i s wo rk s ee m to
i n d ic a t e a co n n e x io n o f t h e m id s u m m e r bo n fi re w i t h v e g e t a
ti o n Fo r e x a m p l e both i n Sw e d e n a n d Boh e m i a a n e s se n ti a l
.
,

p a rt of th e fe s t i va l i s t h e ra i s i n g of a M ay p o l e or M id s u m m e r -

2
t re e wh i ch i n Boh e m i a i s bu rn e d i n t h e bon fi re
,
Ag a i n i n .
,

a Ru s s i an m id s u m m e r c e re mo n y a s t ra w figu re of Ku p a lo ,

1 B a lder t lz e B ea u t if u l, 1 1 60
. s
qq .

2 Tbe IV
I agi c A rt a n d t /z e E volu t i on f
o K i n gs , 11 . 65 sq .
C HAP . x THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S

the re p re s en t at i v e of ve g e t at i o n ,
is p l ac e d b es i d e a May -
p ol e
or M i d s u m m e r t re e a n d th e n c a rri e d to a n d f ro a c ro s s a
-

bo n fi re 1
Ku p a lo i s h e re re p re s e n t e d i n d u p l i c a t e i n t ree
.
,

fo rm by t h e M id s um m e r t re e a n d i n hum a n fo rm by t h e -

j u s t a s Ado n i s w
,

s t ra w e f figy ,
as re p re se n t e d both by a n

i m a g e a n d a g ard e n of Ado n i s ; a n d th e d u p l i c a t e re p re
se n t a t i ve s of Ku p a lo l i k e tho s e of Ado n i s a re fi n a lly c as t
, ,

i n to w a t e r I n t h e S a rd i n i an a n d S ic i l i a n cu s tom s t h e
.

Go s s i p s or Sw ee th e art s of St J oh n p rob a bly a n s w e r o n t h e .

,

o n e h a n d to A do n i s a n d A s t a rt e o n t h e oth e r to t h e K i n g
‘

a n d Qu e e n of M a y I n t h e Sw e d i s h p rovi n c e of B l e k i n g e
.

p a rt of t h e m i d s u m m e r fes t i v a l i s t h e e l e ctio n o f a M i d
s u m m e r B ri d e who choo s e s h e r b ri d e g room
, a col l e ct i o n i s

m a d e f o r t h e p a i r who f or t h e ti m e b e i n g are look e d u p o n

,

a s m a n a n d w i fe
2
S uch M i d s u m m e r p a i rs m ay be s u pp o s e d
.
,

l ik e t h e M ay p a i rs to s t a n d f or t h e p ow e rs of v e g e t a t i o n or
,

o f fe rti l i ty i n g e n e ra l th e y re p re s e n t i n fl es h a n d bl ood wh a t
t h e i m a g e s of S i v a o r M a h a d e o a n d P a rv a t i i n t h e I n d i a n
c e re mo n i e s a n d t h e i m a g e s of Ado n i s a n d A p h rod it e i n t h e
,

A l e x a n d ri a n c e re mo n y s e t fo rth i n e f figy , .

Th e re as o n why c e re mo n i e s who s e a i m i s to fo s t e r t h e G d s ar en

g rowth of v e g e t a ti o n s houl d thu s be a s s oc i a t e d w ith b o n fi re s fiftf i gto

.

o’ s

n e

why i n p a rti cul ar t h e re p rese n t a t i ve of ve g e t a ti o n s houl d be f t th os er e

g w t h of
bu rn e d i n t h e ll ke n e s s of a t re e or p a s s e d a c ro s s t h e fi re 1 n v g t t i o
ro
, e e a n,

e f figy o r i n t h e fo rm of a l ivi n g cou p l e h a s b e en d i s cu s s e d

"
d an
,
11
H e re i t i s e n o ugh to h a v e a dd uc e d 23112
5 63 2
3
by m e e l se wh e re .
1

e vi d e n c of s uch a s s oc i a ti o n a n d th e re fo re to h a v e obv i a t e d
e °
,
°P f 5 °

t h e obj e ctio n which m i ght h a v e b ee n ra i s e d to my th e o ry of

t h e S a rd i n i a n cu s tom o n t h e g ro u n d th a t t h e bo n fi re s h a v e
,

n o t hi n g to do wi t h v e g e t a ti o n O n e m ore p i e c e of e vi d e n c e .

m ay h e re be giv e n to p rov e t h e co n t ra ry I n s om e p art s of .

G e rm a n y a n d A u s t ri a you n g m e n a n d gi rl s l ea p ove r m id
s um m e r bo n fi res f o r t h e e xp re s s p u rp o s e of m a k i n g t h e h e m p

o r fl a x g ro w t a ll
4
We m ay th e re fo re as s u m e th a t i n t h e
.
, ,

S a rd i n i a n cu s to m t h e bl ad e s of wh e a t a n d b a rl e y wh ich a re
1 Tb e Dy i ng God, p . 2 62 .
4 W . M an n h dt
ar , B a u m ku lt u s , p .

wd
i 3”
]
1 2 . L l ydo , Pea s a n t L if e in S e en
a ;
”

f $
”

(Lon 5 on , p . 2 57 ‘

For m ore e vi d en c e s ee B a lder t /z e

3 B a lder t/z e B ea u t if u l, i .
3 2 8 sqq .
, B ea u t if ul , i . 1 65 , 1 66 , 1 6 6 sq , 1 6 8 ,
.

2 1 s qq
u . . 1 73, 1 74 .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B oo x r

fo rc e d o n i n p ot s f or t h e m i d s u m m e r fe s tiv a l a n d wh i ch ,

co rre s p o n d s o clo s e ly to t h e g a rd e n s of Ad o n i s fo rm o n e ,

of tho s e wi d e ly s p re a d m i d s u m m e r c e re mo n i es t he o ri g i n a l
-

obj e ct of wh i ch w
,

a s to p ro mot e t h e g rowth of v e g e t a tio n ,

a n d e s p e ci a lly of t h e c ro p s But a s by a n e a sy e x t e n s i o n
'

of i d e a s t h e s p i ri t o f ve g e t a tio n w
.
,

a s be l i e v e d to e x e rci s e a
,

be n e fi c e n t a n d fe rti l i zi n g i n flu e n c e o n hu m a n a s w e l l a s
a n i m a l l i fe t h e g a rd e n s of Ado n i s wou l d be s u pp o s e d
,
l i ke ,

t h e M a y t re e s o r M ay bough s to b ri n g good l uck an d m o re

- -
, ,

p articul a rl y p e rh a p s off s p ri n g to th e fa m i ly or to t h e p ers o n

1
,

who p l a n t e d th e m a n d e v e n a ft e r t h e i d e a h a d b ee n a b an
do n e d th a t th e y o p e ra t e d a ct i v e ly to co n fe r p ro s p e ri ty th e y ,

m igh t s til l be u s e d to fu rn i s h o m e n s of good o r e vi l It is

Acco rd i n gly w
.

t hu s t h a t m a gi c dw i n d l e s i n to d i vi n at io n e .

fi n d mod e s o f d ivi n a t i o n p ra ct i se d a t m id s um m e r wh i ch
re s e mbl e mo re o r l e s s clo s e ly t h e g a rd e n s of Ado n i s Thu s .

a n a n o n ymou s I t a l i a n w ri t e r of t h e s i x t ee n th c e n tu ry h a s

re co rd e d th a t i t w a s cu s tom a ry to s o w b a rl e y a n d wh e a t a
f e wd a y s b e fo re t h e fe s ti v a l of St J oh n (M i d s umm e r D ay )
St V i tu s ; a n d i t w
.

a n d a l s o b e fo re th a t o f a s b e l i e v e d th a t
.

t h e p e rs o n f o r who m th e y w e re s o w n wou ld be fo rtu n a t e a n d ,

t goo d hu s b a n d o r a good wi fe i f t h e g ra i n s p rout e d w e l l

g e a ,

but i f i t s p route d i ll h e o r s h e wou ld be u n l ucky ,

?
I n v a ri ou s
p arts of I t a ly a n d a ll ov e r S ici ly i t i s s t i l l cu s to m a ry to p ut
p l a n t s i n w at e r or i n e a rt h o n t h e E ve of St J o h n an d from .
,

t h e m a n n e r i n wh i ch th e y a re fo u n d t o be bloom i n g o r
fa d i n g o n St J oh n s D ay om e n s a re d ra w n e s p e ci a l ly a s to
.
’

fo rtu n e i n lov e A mo n g s t t h e p l a n t s u s e d f or thi s p u rp o s e

.

3
a re Ci u ri di S Gi uva n n i (St J oh n s wo rt ?) a n d n e t t l e s
’
. . .

I n P ru s s i a two hu n d re d y e a rs a go t h e fa rm e rs u s e d to s e n d
o ut th e i r s e rv an t s e s p e ci a l ly t h e i r m a id s to g a th e r St J oh n s
’
.
, ,

1 Th e u se of
ga r d e n s of d i t A on s o L . Pass ari n i , I l C om p a ra ti co e la
“

f ti l i
er ze th e h um an s e x es a pp p l i ly
ea rs a n Fe sta di S G i o an n i n e e. v
a rc e e ll M h
p
i n t h e corres on n g I n d a n di rac t ce s i p i .
”
i n Rom a , A rcni vi o per lo S t u di o delle
bv
S ee a o e , pp
2 4 1 , 2 42 , 2 43
. . Tra di z i on i Pop ola ri , i ( 1 8 8 2 ) p 1 3 5 . . .

2
. i
G P tre, S pett acoli e Feste Pop ola ri A t S m rn a a y os s om bl
of t h e Agn u s

S i ci li a n e, pp2 96 sq
. . cast u s i s u s e on S t d
o n s D ay f or a
’
. Jh
3 . i
G P tre, op c i t 3 0 2 sq
. . pp . . l
s i m i ar p urp os e , but th e m ode i n ic wh h
A n ton o de N n o, Us i e Cost u m i A oru z
i i th e om e n s are dra n w i s s om e wh ta

l
z es i (F ore n ce , 1 8 7 9 5 5 sq ; i . . d i ff e re n t . S ee T e ofi lo, “
La no tt
e di
A de G ube rn a ti s , Us i Nu z i a li i n I t a li a
. S an G i ov an n i in i
O r e n te , A rc/z i vi o
”

e presso l i a lt ri Po oli I n do-E u ro ei lo S t u di o del le Tra di z i on i Popola ri ,

g p p p er

(M il an , 3 9 s
q pp C o m
. a re . p v ii .
( 1 88 8 ) pp . 1 2 8 -1 30 .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1

th e se p ulch res wh ich wi t h ,

d ea d C h ri s t the e f fi gi e s of the ,

a re m a d e u p i n C a th o l ic a n d G re e k chu rch e s o n G oo d
F rid ay j u s t a s t h e g a rd e n s of Ad o n i s w e re p l a c e d o n t h e
1
,

T h e p ra ctic e i s n ot co n fi n e d
?
g ra v e o f t h e d e a d Ado n i s
t o S ic i ly f o r i t i s ob s e rv e d a l s o a t C o se n z a i n C a l a b ri a
3
, an d ,

p e rh a p s i n oth e r p l ac es Th e whol e cu s tom — se p ulch res a s .

w e l l a s p l a t e s of s p routi n g g ra i n — m ay be n othi n g but a c o n

t i n ua t i o n u n d e r a d i ff e re n t n a m e o f t h e wo rs hi p o f A do n i s
, , .

No r a re th e se S i ci l i an a n d C a l a b ri an cu s tom s t h e o n ly
E as t er c e re mo n i es wh ich re s e mbl e t h e rit e s of A do n i s .
.

“
D u ri n g t h e whol e of G ood F rid a y a w a x e n e f fi gy of t h e
d e a d Ch ri s t i s e xp o se d to V i e w i n t h e m i dd l e of t he G ree k
chu rch e s an d i s cov e re d w i t h fe rve n t k i s s e s by t h e th ro n gi n g
c rowd wh i l e t he whol e chu rch ri n g s w i th m e l a n choly m o n o
, ,

t o n ou s d i rg es L a te i n t h e e ve n i n g wh e n i t h as g row n qu it e
.
,

d a rk th i s w a x e n i m a g e i s c a rri e d by t h e p ri e s t s i n to t h e
,

s t re e t o n a bi e r a do rn e d w i th l e mo n s r o se s j es sa m i n e a n d , , ,

oth e r flow e rs a n d th e re b e gi n s a g ra n d p roc e ss i o n of t h e

'

m ul t itud e who move 1 n s e rri e d ra n k s w i th s l o w a n d s o l e m n

, ,

s t e p th rough t h e whol e tow n

,
E v e ry m a n c a rri e s h i s t a p e r .

a n d b re a k s out i n t o dol e ful l a m e n t a t i o n A t a ll t h e hou s es .

wh i ch t h e p roc e s s io n p as se s th e re a re s e a t e d wom e n wi th
c e n se rs t o fum i g at e t h e m a rch i n g ho s t Thu s t h e com
'

m u n i t y s ol e m n l y bu ri e s i t s C h ri s t a s i f h e h a d j u s t d i e d At .

l as t t h e w a x e n i m a g e i s a g a i n d e p o s i te d i n t h e chu rch a n d ,

t h e s a m e lugub ri ou s ch a n t s e cho a n e w Th e se l a m en t a .

t i o n s a ccom p a n i e d by a s t ri c t fa s t co n ti n ue ti l l m i d n ight o n
, ,

S a tu rd a y A s t h e clock s t rik e s tw e lv e t h e b i s ho p a pp e a rs
.
,
’
an d a n n ou n c e s t h e gl a d ti d i n g s th a t C h ri s t i s ri s e n to ‘
,

wh i ch t h e c ro wd re p l i e s He i s ri se n i n d e e d a n d a t o n c e ,
‘
,
’

t h e whol e c ity bu rs t s i n to a n u p ro a r of joy wh ich fi n d s v e n t ,

i n s h ri e k s a n d s hou t s i n t h e e n d l ess d i s ch a rg e of c a rro n a d e s

,

a n d m u s k e t s a n d t h e e xp lo s i o n of fi re w o rk s of e v e ry s o rt
,
-
.

I n t h e v e ry s a m e hou r p e o p l e p l u n g e fro m t h e e x t re m i ty
o f t h e fa s t i n t o t h e e n j o ym e n t of t h e E a s t e r l a mb a n d n e a t
4 ”
w i ne .

1
G Pi t e S p tt oli e F ste P p l i
. r , e ac G wL t i gli
e i e ll r d o o ar re - a na ne us ne e c e en z e

S i i li
c a n e, p 211 p opol i d ll C l b i Ci t i (C ar e a a a r a er ore o

Ad w
. .

2 K
fi rovs
r b i ém qbl c a ovv a ra p 50
ovs
’ ’
u t c
,
s en z a , . .

E u t th i us
s a Hom e Od xi 5 9 0
on r,4
C W ch sm t h D
. .ll Gri e b . . a u , as a e c en
3 Vi c D L di i o 26
n o en z t l d im
o rs a , u m
a
(Bo ra
pp z ne an ne e nn, .
CH AP . x THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S

l ik e m an n e r t h e C a t hol ic C hu rch h as b ee n a ccu s tom e d R m

In ese

to b ri n g b e fo re i ts fol low e rs i n a vi s i bl e fo rm t h e d ea t h a n d E d ig j tg
n c’

s r

u c
re s rre t o n i of the R d
e ee m er Such s a c re d d ra m a s a re w e l l F m i .
e re on e s

fi t t e d t o i m p res s t h e l ive ly i m a gi n a tio n a n d to s ti r t h e w a rm am in e

fe e l i n g s of a s u s c e p t ibl e s o u t h e rn ra c e to whom th e p om p
Sziiiz
t u ‘ o
,
i s

a n d p a g e a n t ry of C a thol i ci s m a re mo re co n g e n i a l th a n to f Ad i o on s ,

t h e co ld e r t e m p e ra m e n t of t h e T e uto n i c p e o p l e s The .

s o l e m n i t i e s ob s e rv e d i n S ici ly o n Good F ri d a y t h e O ffic i a l ,

an n iv e rsa ry of t h e C ruc i fi x i o n a re thu s d e s c ri b e d by a n a t iv e ,

S i cil i a n w ri t e r “
A t ruly m o vi n g c e re m o n y i s t h e p roc e s si o n
.

wh ich a l w ay s t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e ev e n i n g i n e v e ry com mu n e
of S ic i ly a n d fu rth e r t h e D e p os i t i o n fro m t h e C ro s s The
b ro t h e rh o od s t o ok p a rt i n t h e p roc e ss io n a n d t h e re ar w
.
,

as ,

b rought u p by a g rea t m an y boy s a n d gi rl s re p re s e n ti n g

s a i n t s both m a l e a n d fe m a l e a n d c a rryi n g t h e e mbl e m s o f

fro m t h e C ro s s w
, ,

C h ri s t s P a s s i o n The D e p os i t i on
’
. as

m a n a g e d by t h e p ri e s t s Th e co f fi n wi th t h e d e a d Ch ri s t
in it w
.

a s fl a n k e d by J e w s a rm e d wi th s wo rd s a n obj e c t o f ,

h o rro r a n d a v e rs i o n i n t h e m i d s t of t h e p ro fou n d p i t y
e x cit e d by t h e s igh t n o t o n ly of C h ri s t b u t o f t he M a te r
D ol oro s a who fol l o w e d be h i n d h i m
,
No wa n d th e n t h e .

‘
my s t e ri e s o r s ym bol s of t h e C ruc i fi x i o n w e n t i n fro n t
’
.

So m e t i m e s t h e p ro c e ss io n fol l ow e d t h e t h re e h o u rs o f ‘

a go n y a n d th e D e p o s i t i o n fro m t h e C ro s s T h e t h re e
’ ‘
.
’ ‘

hou rs c o m m e mo ra t e d t h os e whi ch J e s u s C h ri s t p a ss e d u p o n
t h e C ro ss B e gi n n i n g a t t h e e i ght e e n t h a n d e n d i n g a t t h e
I t a l i a n ti m e t w
.

t w e n t y fi rs t h o u r o f -
o p ri e s t s p re a ch e d
a lt e rn a t e ly o n t h e P a s s io n A n c i e n t ly t h e s e rmo n s w e re .

d e l iv e re d i n t h e o p e n a i r o n t h e p l a c e c a l l e d t h e C a lv a ry : a t
l as t wh e n t h e thi rd h o u r w
,
a s a bou t t o s t ri k e a t t h e wo rd s ,

s
q . w it
Th e p th r er c om a re s e se c e re S e e R A A rn o d, From t ne L eva n t
. . l
i w i t h th E l i i i t
m on e s B t e e us n a n r es . u (Lon do n , 2 5 1 sq , 2 5 9 s q pp .

w i h M R W u h (D
.

h h ly p l h
.

I g a re e t r . . n sc as S o i n t h e C urc o f th e Ho S e u c re
F i l l i gf t d
r cz
'

I nl M lt pp 4 9
s es er n se a a, . at J
e rus a e m l
th e dea t an d b u r a of h i l
s
q ) t h. t h b l a t h Atd i e res e m an c e o t e on s hi
C r s t a re a c te d o e r a e k e e fli gy v li f li
-

f i v l i ti ll l
.

e st a C p s V s c ose r om a re y
S ee Hen r M au n dre ll, j ou rn ey f rom
w
. .

D o rsa , L a t ra di z i on e Gre - L a t i n a A lepp o to j e ru sa lem at E a st er, A D

.

h h
,

n egl i u s i e n elle creden z e

p opola ri della 1 6 97 , Fo urt
Ed t on (Pe rt , ii
Ca la ori a C i teri ore , 4 9 sq Pro pp . . f . pp . 1 1 0 s qq ; i d , i n T h Wr g t s
.
’
. . i h
Wa ch sm u t h s des c ri t on s ee m s t o
’
pi E a rly Tra vels i n Pa lest i n e (Lon don ,
a pp ly to A t h en s . I n th e y di
c ou n t r s I S 4S ). pp
4 43 44 5
-
. .

t ri c ts t h e r i tu a l is a pp a ren t ly i il s m ar .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1
em i s i t sp i ri t u m C h ri s t d i e d , bow i n g h i s h e a d m i d th e s ob s a

a n d t e a rs of t h e by s t a n d e rs I m m e d i a t e ly a ft rw a rd s i
e n .

s om e p l a c e s th re e hou rs a ft e rw a rd s i n oth e rs t h e s a c re d
body w
, ,

a s u n n a i l e d a n d d e p o s it e d i n t h e co f fi n I n C a s t ro .

n uovo a t t h e A v e M a ri a
,
two p ri e s t s cl a d a s J e w s re p re
, ,

s e n ti n g J o se p h of A ri m a th e a a n d N i c o d e mu s wi t h th e i r ,

se rv a n t s i n co s tu m e re p a i re d to t h e C a lv a ry p re c e d e d by
, ,

t h e C om p a n y o f t h e Wh it e s T h e re w i th dol e ful v e rs e s .
,

a n d ch a n t s a pp ro p ri a t e to t h e occ a s i o n th e y p e rfo rm e d t h e ,

v a riou s o p e rati o n s of t h e D e p o s i ti o n a ft e r wh ich t h e p ro

c e s s io n took i ts w
,

ay to t h e l a rg e r chu rch I n S a l a p a rut a .

t h e C a lv a ry i s e re ct e d i n t h e chu rch A t t h e p re a chi n g of .

t h e d e a th t h e C ruc i fi e d i s m a d e to bow h i s h ea d by m e a n s
,

of m ach i n e ry wh i l e gu n s a re fi re d t ru m p e t s s ou n d a n d
, , ,

a m i d t h e s i l e n c e of t h e p e o p l e i m p re s se d by t h e d e a th of ,

t h e R e d e e m e r t h e s t ra i n s of a m e l an choly fu n e ra l m a rch
,

a re h e a rd C h ri s t i s re move d from th e C ro ss a n d d e p o s i t e d
.

i n t h e co ffi n by th ree p ri es t s Aft e r t h e p roc e s s io n of t h e .

d e a d Ch ri s t t h e bu ri a l i s p erfo rm e d th a t i s two p ri e s t s lay , ,

C h ri s t i n a fi ct i tiou s se p ul ch re fro m wh i ch a t t h e m a ss of ,

E as t er S atu rd ay t h e i m age of t h e ri se n C h ri s t i s s u e s a n d i s
e l e v a t e d u p o n t h e a lt a r by m ea n s of m a ch i n e ry
1 ”
Sc e n ic .

re p re se n t a tio n s of t h e s a m e s o rt wi th v a ri a tio n s of d e t a i l a re , ,

e x h ib i t e d a t E a s t e r i n t h e A b ru zz i an d p ro b a bly i n m a n y
2
,

oth e r p a rt s of t h e C a thol i c wo rld 3

W hen w
.

e re fl e ct how oft e n t h e C hu rch h a s s k i l fu l ly c o n

t ri ve d to p l a n t t h e s ee d s of t h e n e w fa i t h o n t h e ol d s tock
of p ag an i s m w e m a y s u rm i s e th a t t h e E as t e r c e l e b ra tio n of

t h e d ea d a n d ri se n Ch ri s t w
,

a s g ra ft e d u p o n a s i m i l a r c e l e

b ra t i o n of t h e d e a d a n d ri se n A do n i s whi ch a s w e h av e s ee n

re a s o n to b e l i e v e w
, ,

a s c e l e b ra t e d i n Sy ri a a t t h e s a m e s e a s o n
, .

T h e t y p e c re a t e d by G re e k a rti s t s of t h e s o rrowfu l g odd es s

, ,

w i t h h e r dyi n g love r i n h e r a rm s re s e mbl e s a n d m ay h a ve ,

1 . i
G P t re, S petta coli e Feste Popola ri u p on a t re e or a great b ra n c h wh i h
, c

S i ci li a n e, 2 1 7 sqpp . . h as b h i
b roug t n t o th e c u rc an
ee n h h d
2 G . i
F n am ore , Creden z e, Us i e pl an te d n ea r t h e g hi h l
a tar f or t h e
p ur

pp p ose (A de N n o , op c i t i ii
‘

Cost u m i A bru z z es i , 1 1 8 -1 2 0 ; A . . . . . .

de N n o , U s i e Cos tu m i A bru z z es i ,
i 3 Th
e ra m a o f t h e d
eat d h
a n d re su r

i 6 4 sq , 1 1 2 1 0 2 1 2
. . . A t Rocc a c ara
-
. re ct on i
of C ri st as h w f
o rm e r ly
ce e l
m a n co i p
a rt of t h e E as te r s ec tac e i s l p b ra te d a t E a st e r i n E n g a n d lS ee
w p
.

t h e deat of h
u das , J
h o, ers on ate d by A bbot G asq ue t , Pa ri s/i Lif e i n Medi .

a l iv i n
g m an , pr t
e en d t h g h i lf
s o an m se a eva l E ngla n d, pp
1 7 7 s qq , 1 8 2 sq . . .
 THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S B OO K 1
as wh e v e s e e n t h e d e a t h of t h e o l d god w
a ,
1
a s a n n u a l ly

c e l e b ra t e d Wi t h g re a t s ol e m n i t y A ci rcu m s t a n c e wh ic h .

a t t e n d e d t h e e n t ra n c e of J ul i a n i n t o t h e c i t y a t t h e t i m e of

t h e Ad o n i s fe s tiv a l m a y p e rh a p s t h ro w s o m e l i gh t o n t h e d a t e
o f i t s c e l e b ra t io n Wh e n t h e e m p e ro r d re w n e a r t o t h e ci ty
he w
.

a s re c e i v e d w i th p ubl i c p ra y e rs a s if h e h a d b ee n a go d

m a rve ll e d at t h e voic e s of a g re a t m u l t i t ud e w
,

an d he ho
c ri e d t h a t t h e St a r of S a lv a tio n h a d d a w n e d u p on t h e m i n
t h e E as t
?
Thi s m ay doubtl e s s h a v e b e e n n o mo re t h an a
ful s o m e co m p l i m e n t p a i d by a n ob s e qu i ou s O ri e n t a l c rowd
t o t h e Rom a n e m p e ro r But i t i s a l s o p o s s i bl e th a t .

t h e ri s i n g o f a b ri ght s t a r re gul a rly g a v e t h e s ig n a l f o r

t h e fe s t iv a l a n d th a t as
,
ch a n c e wou l d h a v e i t t h e s t a r
e m e rg e d a bov e t h e ri m of t h e e a s t e rn ho ri zo n a t th e v ery
m o m e n t of t h e e m p e ro r s a pp ro a ch T h e co i n c i d e n c e i f i t
’
.
,

h a pp e n e d c o uld h a rdly fa i l to s t ri k e t h e i m a gi n a tio n of a

,

s u p e rs t i t iou s a n d e x cit e d m u l t i tud e who m igh t t h e re u p o n

h a i l t h e g re a t m an a s t h e d e i t y who se com i n g w
,

as

a n n ou n c e d by t h e s i g n i n t h e h eave n s O r t h e e m p e ror .

m a y h a v e m i s t a k e n f o r a g re e t i n g to h i m s e l f t h e s h o u t s

wh i ch w e re a dd re s s e d to t h e s t a r N ow A s t a rte t h e d ivi n e
m i s tres s of Ado n i s w
,
.

as i d e n t i fi e d w i t h t h e p l a n e t V e n u s
, ,

a n d h e r ch a n g e s fro m a mo rn i n g t o an e v e n i n g s t a r w e re

c a re ful ly n o te d by t h e B a byl o n i a n as t ro n o m e rs who d re w ,

o m e n s from h e r a lt e rn a t e a pp e a ra n c e a n d d i s a pp e a ra n c e
?

H en ce w e m ay co n j e ctu re th a t t h e fe s tiv a l of Ad o n i s w as

re gul a rly t i m e d t o coi n cid e w ith t h e a pp e a ra n c e of V e n u s a s

1 A b ov e p 2 2
7 , . t rs r pp
. r i t h e m on t h of M y s a ea ea n a ,
2 Am m i us M rce ll i n u
an 9 t hae y i m gi e t h t th i
s, c to r i
xx n . . a n a e r an es s

14 , U Oi q r pr p i q ue i p i m o c ov e
n d from h i
u an s ik n s d h ec e re re s s c n e ss an as

a li j u
cu s m i i
nu vot i e ip i t
n
pu o s e tu r d so th y h i l h i m w i th j oy ou
s xc ur r ne e a s

li ic s,m i t v
ra u s m u l t i t di i s m g
oces h o t d th gl d m u i c of pip s d
u n a s u s an e a s e an

n ae, sa l u t a re s i du s i n l u x i ss e eoi s p a rt i wh Th y
a r- g t l t hi
orn s e c on ra u a e m on

v y H ww th k y !
.

ou s a dcl a m a n t i s .
”
We m ay c om p a re hi s re c o e r .
‘
o e an ou

t h e gre e t n gwh i h t ib f S th
i c a r e o ou At l t y hv b k ? Oh
as ou a e c om e ac ,

i
A m e r can I n d i d t gi v t an s u se o e o a h v y h ppi ly
a e v d ? Wi th
ou a re c o e re
’

w h ip f l t ft i t t p y di
ors u s ar a er s em ora r s such i th y fill th i tt ti g t
c r es e e a r, a es n a

pp th i k
“
th i gl d d t h i f lly
”
a e aran ce Th .Ab i p e on e s n o n ce e r a n e ss an e r o .

t h t th Pl i d p d f v S M D b i h ff Hi t i d '

a e e a es , com ose o se en ee . o rz o e r, s or a e Ai n

t
s a rs ,i i g f th i
s an m a t Ae op i o (Vi ii 7 7
e r a n ces or. s an ns en n a, . .

th ll ti i i v i i bl f
e c on s t e a on M J t w Tk R l gi
s n s e or s om e 3 . a s ro , o e i on o f
m on th i s h nky f S t hA ie s B by l i d A y i
o pp 3 7 ou t m e r ca , a on a an ss r a , . 0 s qq .
;
th y b l i v h t th i i i ll H Zi E S h d D ie
’
e e e e tt a ie r a n c e s or s , . m m e rn , n . c ra er s

an d v y y
e er th y ea rt lly f i d K i li
e n if t d d A lt T t
a re m or a a ra e n sc r en u n as e es a m en t ,
3

t h t h w i ll di
a e B t wh th e id p 4 4
. u en e sa . 2 .
CH AP x . THE GA RDENS OF A D ONI S

th e Mo rn i n g o r E ve n i n g S t a r B ut t h e s t a r wh ich t h e
p e o p l e of A n t i och s a l ut e d a t t h e fes tiv a l w
.

as s ee n i n t h e

E as t ; t h e re fo re i f i t w as i n d eed Ve n u s
,
i t c an o n ly h a v e ,

b ee n t h e M orn i n g S ta r At A p h a c a i n S y ri a wh e re th e re
was a fa mou s te m p l e of A st a rt e th e s ig n a l f or t he c e l e b ra
.
,

t io n of t h e ri t e s w
,

a s a pp a re n t ly giv e n by t h e fl a s h i n g of a

m e t e o r wh ich o n a c e rt a i n day fe l l l i k e a s t a r from t h e t op

of M ou n t L e b a n o n i n t o t h e ri v e r Ado n i s T h e m e t e o r w
,

as .

1
though t t o be A s t a rt e h e rs e lf a n d i t s fl i gh t t h ro ugh t h e a i r,

m ight n a tu ra ll y be i n t e rp re t e d a s th e d e s c e n t of t h e a mo ro u s
g o dd e s s t o t h e a rm s o f h e r love r At A n t ioch a n d e l se wh e re .

t h e a pp e a ra n c e o f t h e M o rn i n g S t a r o n t h e da y o f t h e fe s tiv a l
m ay i n l i k e m a n n e r h av e b ee n h a i l e d a s t h e c o m i n g of t h e

godd e s s O f lov e to w a k e h e r d e a d l e m a n fro m h i s e a rt hy be d

I f t h at w e re s o w e m a y s u rm i s e th a t i t w
.

,
a s t h e M o rn i n g

S t a r wh i ch gu i d e d t h e wi se m e n o f t h e E a s t t o B e t h l e h e m ?
th e h a ll o w e d s p o t wh ich h ea rd i n t h e l a n gu a ge o f J e rom e t h e , ,

w e e p i n g of th e i n fa n t Ch ri s t a n d t h e l a m e n t f o r Ado n i s .

1 S oz o m en us , Hi stori a E ccles i a st i ca , s e aso n s wh en t he p op l

e e a ss em bl ed to
ii .
5 ( g i M
u e
’
s Pa t rologi a Gra eca , l xv ii . w h ip o rs th e god e s s d an d to cas t t hi
e r

xi
Th e c on n e on of t h e m e teor of f e r n gs i of g ld
o , s i lv
er, an d fine

w i t h h f ti v l f Ad i i t
t e es a o on s s no i
ra m e n t i to e bn a lk
a es ide th e t e m pl
e .

m en ti d by Son e b t ioz om e n u s , u s c on A s t o A p h a a d th ac n e gra v e of A d ion s

fi d by Z i
rm e wh y (Hi t i
os m u s , o sa s s . . see b ov pp 2 8 q
a e, . s .

5 8) h t l igh t l ik
t a a h gl be a t o rc or a o e

o f fi w re th t y t th
as s e e n on e sa n c ua r a e
2
M tth w ii
a e . 1 -1 2 .
 CHAPTER I

T HE M YT H A ND R IT U A L O F A T T I S

A NOT HE R of tho s e god s who s e s u pp o s e d d ea t h a n d re s urre c A t t i th s e

tio n s t ruck s uch d e e p ro ot s i n to t h e fa i t h a n d ri tu a l of 532n

He w
1

W e s t e rn A s i a i s A t t i s a s t o P h rygi a wh a t A do n i s p t f ar q

wa s to Sy ri a L i k e Ad o n i s h e a pp e ars to h ave bee n a

.

°
Ad m o s ’

.
,

of ve g e t a t i o n a n ,

mou rn e d f ret at
a j e e m
r m s pfi n g i j h e

l egend s a n d rit e s of t h e t w
a
t

o god s a l i k e t at
w re
e so
m uch h
t h e a n ci e n t s th e m se lv e s s om e ti m e s i d e n t i fi e d t h e m A t t i s Hi s

was s a i d to h ave beeh e f airy ou n g s h e ph erd O r h e rds rn a n t Cyb l l

.

"
ti o
’

re a n
‘
'
' “ ‘
' '

o e e .

b e lov e d by C yb ele t h e M o t h er of t h e G od s a g re a t
"
A s i a ti c godd e ss Of f e rt i li ty w
w
( “
, ,

h o h a d h e r ch i e f hom e i n
y
Ph rygi a 3
S o m e h e ld th a t Att i s w
. a s h e r s on
4
i ll .
,

l i k e th a t of m an y ot h e r h e ro e s i s s a i d t o h a v e b ee n
w
,

l Ofi M M
"
m i racu a a wa s a v i r i n h o n c e i ve d
“
"
'

—
g j q c
-

— " 7 ul r M
, _ h

by p ut t if i g a ri p e a lmo n d or a p o m e g ra n at e i n h e rbo s om
. u

I n d e e d i n t h e Ph rygi a n co s mogo n y a n a l m o n d figu re d

1
Di odorus S i c u lus , 5 9 7 ; S al iii . . iii . 23 .
5 1 sqq .

lusti us ph i los oph us D e dn s e t m un do ,

iv Fragm en ta P/z i los op noru m Gra e
, 3
O vid ,
Fa st i , iv . 2 2 3 sqq .
; T ertu ll i an ,
,
Ap ologet i cu s , i d , A d Na t i on es , i
.

coru m , e d F G A u ac ,
.
33 ;
. . M ll h iii .

1 0 ; A rn obi us , A dvers u s Na t i on es ,
1 5 .

iv
.

h li
.

S c o a st o n Ni can der, A lex ip lza rm a ca ,

.

8 i i
F rm cu s Ma t ern us , D e errore p ro 35 A s t o C e e , t h e G rea t
. ot e r, yb l M h
M h iv
‘

th e ot e r of t h e G ods , c on c e e d as
f a n a ru m rel g
i i on u m ,
3 an d 2 2 T h e .

th e s ource of a ll an d lif b h i l
an c en t e i vi
de n ce , te ra r an d i n s c ri p li y v e e t ab e , s ee Ra
e,

l i
ot an m a

n W H Ros ch e r s
’
pp
t i on al , a s t o t h e m t an d r t ua ofyh i l g ,

L ex i /ton der gri ec/z u n a rom My t /z o

’
. .

i
A tt s h a s b e en c o ec te d an d d s c u ss ed ll i logi e, s v K e e,
”
1 6 3 8 s qq yb l
.

ii
.

by M r H Hep di n g i n h i s m on ogra ,
. . ph . . . .

A tt i s , s ei n e My t/z en u n d sei n K u lt 4
Sc h li o ast on Luc i an ,
j up i ter
i
(G e ssen , Tragoedu s , 8, p . 60 ed . H . Rab e
2 H o ipp
tu s , ly
Ref u tati o om n i u m (Le ip s i c , (vol . iv p . . 1 73 ed .

nae res i u m , 9, v
1 68 e d L D u n ck e rp C J a c ob it z ) Hippo ly tus Ref u ta t i o
w
. .
. . .
,

an d F G S ch n e i de i n (G ot t n ge n ,
’

i om n i u mIz a eres i u m , 9, v pp 1 68 , 1 7 0

w
. . . .

S oc ra t e s, Hi stori a E ccles i a s t i ca , e d D un ck er a n d S c h n e ide

. i n .
 THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S B OO K 11

as fa t h e r of a ll t h i n g s p e rh a p s b e c a u s e i t s d e l ic a t e l i l a c
th e ,
1

bl o s s o m i s o n e o f t h e fi rs t h e ra l d s o f t h e s p ri n g a pp e a ri n g o n ,

t h e b a re bough s b e fo re t h e l e a v e s h a v e o p e n e d { S uch t a l e s o f .

vi rgi n moth e rs a re re l i c s o f a n a ge o f chi l d i s h i gho ra n c e wh e n

n e n h a d n ot y e t re cog n iz e d t h e i n t e rcou rs e o f t h e se x e s a s
‘

M
t h e t ru e c a u s e o f offs p ri n g Th a t i g n o ra n c e s t i l l s h a re d by .
,

t h e low e s t of e x i s ti n g s a v a g e s t h e a bo ri g i n a l t ri b es of c e n t ra l
Au s t ra l i a ? w
,

as dou b t l e s s a t o n e ti m e u n iv e rs a l a mo n g
m an k i n d ) E v en i n l a te r ti m e s wh e n p e o p l e a re b e t t e r ,

a cqu a i n t e d wi t h t h e l a w s of n a tu re t h e y s om e ti m e s ,

i m a gi n e t h a t th e s e l a w s m a y be s ubj e ct to e x c e p t i o n s ,

a n d th a t m i ra cu lou s b e i n g s m a y be bo rn i n m i ra cul o u s
w a y s by w o m e n who h a v e n e v e r k n o w n a m a n I n P a l e s ti n e .

to thi s day i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t a wo m a n m a y co n c e i ve by a
j i n n e e o r by t h e s p i ri t o f h e r d e a d hu s b an d Th e re i s or
wa s l a te ly a m an a t N e bk who i s c u rre n t ly s u pp o se d to be
.
,

t h e offs p ri n g o f s uch a u n i o n a n d t h e s i m p l e fo l k h a v e ,

n e v e r s u s p e c t e d h i s m o t h e r s vi rtu e
3 ’
Two di ffe re n t a cc o u n t s .

T h e dea th of t h e d e a t h of Atti s w e re cu rre n t Ac c ordi ng LO—t he

on e he w
. L

of A t tis
.

as k i l l e d b y a bo a r,
l i k e A do n i s A c c o rd i n
g t o .
_

m
fl
m M
‘
“ .
a fi v “ N

the o u n m a n n e d h i m se l f u n d e r
‘
f

Th e l a tt e r i s s a i d t o h a v e
b e e n t h e loc a l s t o ry t ol d by t h e p e o p l e of Pe s s i n us a g re a t ,

s ea t o f t h e wo rs h i p o f Cyb e l e a n d t h e whol e l e g e n d o f ,

wh i ch t h e s to ry fo rm s a p a rt i s s t a m p e d w i th a ch a ra ct e r
’

of rud e n e s s a n d s a v a g e ry th a t s p e a k s s t ro n gly f or i t s
a n t i q ui ty
4
Both t a l e s m i gh t c l a i m t h e s u pp o rt o f cu s t om
.
,

1 P
au s i v ii 1 7 1 1 Hipp o ly tus
a n as , w o k d from th e v e y h e t of th e
. .
,
r s an r ar

Ref t t i mua i m n e i m
o o v 9 pp m y t i s I t i s obv i ously i d t i c l
n u a er s u s er e en a

d S h i de w
. . .
, ,

1 6 6 1 6 8 ed D u
,
k r .i ; w i th th ccou t wh i h P us i
nc e an c ne n e a n c a an as

A r obi us A dve
n N ti o , v 6 m ti o s rs u s
s th e s t ory a cu t i
n es , . . en n a rren n

A c c o di g t o S v i s (o
2
Se b ov e pp 9 9 qq
e a
Ps i u
Vi gi l A
,
ix
.

A t t i w fo d
s .
e s n

r
s .

en . .
r n

s
er

as
u

un
n

,
3
S I C u rt i . P i m i t i v S em i t i
.
bl e d i g to d th u d
ss , r
pi t e c
e n ea n er a n e - re e ,
Religi o To d y npp 1 1 5 q S ee but t h w ou d wh i h ro bb d h i m of
-
a , . s .
e n c e
b ov e pp 7 8 2 1 3 qq
a , .
h i v i i l i ty
, d h i l i f ws n ot i fl i t d
s .
s r an s e a n c e
4
T h t A t t i ws k i ll e d by
a bo r by h i m s lf
s T h e T i m o t h e u s i t ed b y
a a a e c

was st ted by H m es i t h T i m o th u w
.

a e l gi P us i m y b
er an a x , an ho e ac a an as a e e e s

p oet of t h e fo th c en t u y B C (P u ws co sul t d by Ptol em y S ot o

ur r . . a a n e er n

s ui s
a v ii a , c om p r S ch ol i st
. l i gi ou m tte d h l p ed to t bl i h a e a re s a rs a n e es a s

o Ni c der A l ip/ m
n an 8 Th e t h w o h ip o f S
, ex pi z ar S ee Pl ut ch
aca , . e rs e ra s . ar ,

ot h y i t l d by A bi (A d
e r s to r s o rn o us I si s et Os i ri s , 2 8 Fran z C u m on t , Les
vers u s N ti v 5 qq ) th a on es , s on e Rel igi on s Ori en ta les da n s le Paga n i s m e
wh p f d
. .

th i y f Ti th Rom a i n 2 (Pa ri s , pp 7 7 , 1 1 3 ,
'
au or t o m o e us , o ro es s e .

to d iv i f er di e ti q i t ro m rec o n t e an ua r a n 335
 THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S B OO K 1]

th e h e a rt of I t a ly b e fo re t h e re a rgu a rd o f th e be a t e n a rmy
fe l l s ul l e n ly b a ck fro m i t s s h o re s
We m ay c o n j e ctu re t hough w
.

e a re n o t t o ld t h a t t h e , ,

M oth e r of t h e God s b rou gh t w i t h h e r t h e wo rs hi p of h e r

you t hful l ov e r o r s on t o h e r n e who m e i n t h e W e s t .

C e rt a i n ly t h e Rom a n s w e re fa m i l i a r wi t h t h e G a l l i t h e ,

e m a s cul a t e d p ri e s t s of A t ti s b e fo re t h e cl o s e o f t h e R e p ubl i c , .

Th e se u n s e x e d b e i n g s i n t h e i r O ri e n t a l co s tu m e with l i ttl e , ,

i m a g e s s u s p e n d e d o n th e i r b re as t s a pp e ar t o h a ve b e e n a ,

fa m i l i a r s i gh t i n t h e s t ree t s of Rom e wh ich th e y t ra ve rs e d i n ,

p roc e s s i o n c a rryi n g t h e i m a g e of t h e god d es s a n d ch a n ti n g

,

th e i r hym n s t o t h e mu s ic of cym b a l s a n d t a m b o u ri n e s flu te s ,

a n d h o rn s wh i l e t h e p e o p l e i m p re s se d by t h e fa n t a s tic s how
, ,

and move d by t h e wi l d s t ra i n s flu n g a l m s t o th e m i n ,

a bu n d a n c e a n d bu ri e d t h e 1 m a g e a n d i t s b e a re rs u n d e r
A fu rth e r s t e p w
,

a s t a k e n by t h e E m p e ro r
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s how e rs o f ro s e s .

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t h e s a c re d t re e a n d w i t h i t p rob a bly t h e o rgi a s t i c ri t e s of
,

2
Atti s i n t h e e s t a bl i s h e d re l igi o n of Ro m e
,
T h e g re a t .

1
i
Lu c re t us , 11 5 9 8 sqq ; C a t u us , . . ll c e rt a n o bj ti
i ( ec J on s L yd
. I oan n e s us,
1xiii ; Va rro , S a ti r M en ipp , e d F
. . . . . ou r on ly th i ty th p i t pp
au or on e o n , a ears

B uc h ele r (B e r n , li 1 7 6, 1 7 8 ; pp . t o i d ti fy th C l d i i q t i
en e au us n ues on

vi
O d, Fa st i , iv
1 8 1 s qq , 2 2 3 s qq ,
. . . w i t h th p e f th fi t
em e ro r o y e rs c e n t ur .

3 6 1 s qq ; D on s us Hali c a rn ase n s i s ,
. i yi ( ) Th g t
2 e d wid p re a dp pan es re a o u

A n t i qu i t Rom . 1 9 , c om
. ii are Po
. p ly l i ty f t h
ar o Ph y gi e w h ip i th r an o rs n e

bi us , xxii
1 8 ed L. D i n dorf (Le s c ,
. . ip i R o m an e m pi l g b f re 68 on i e ore 2 A D . . s

1 8 66 — I 8 6 8 L am p ly tt t d by a es e y f i t an a rra o an c e n
2
J
o a n n es Ly du s, D e m en s i o u s, iv w itr d i
e rs an ip t i e p i lly by
n scr on s, s ec a a

f i gt
.

41 . i
S e e Rob n son E s , Com m en t a ry ll i g re at i f i ip ti
s e r es o n sc r o n s re e rr n o

on Ca t u llu s (O ord, xf 2 06 pp t h e ll g f T b
co e es o(D d re e - ea re rs en ra

wh i h w l
.

sq ; H He di n , A t t i s ,
p g 1 4 2 s qq ; pp p / z ori ) f ro m th t c e e a rn a on e

ll g d v t d t th w
. .
. .
,

Fr C u m on t , Les Reli gi on s Ori en t a les

. o f th e se co e e s, e o e o e or

da n s lo Paga n i s m e Rom a i n 2 (Pa ri s , s h ip f Cyb l d A tti xi t d t

o e e an s, e s e a

pp 8 3 s
e R om e i th g n f h A t i
e a e o t e n on n e s ,

h ld
It is e by Pro f A von D om a s a b t ou t y b f
a c e n ur th i f
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w h l di w
. .

ze sk i t a t t h e C au us h o i n c o rp o C l di au G th i
us o(3 ) P cu s
g .f a s sa es o

h y i w h ip
ra t e d th e P r g an ors of th e th A g te u h i t i (A li L
us a n s or a n s e us am

d
sa c re i l w
t re e i n t h e Ro m an r t ua as p i di
r Alus, d S ex a n 37 ; T er everu s , re

p
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e ror o f yth e rs t c e n tu r b lli
e P ll i
us Cl di
o iv ) f t
o, au us , . 2 re e r o

p hi d y
bu t t h e e m e ror o f t h e t r c e n t u r , th g e t p i g f t i v l f C yb l
rea s rn des a o e e an

l i w
C aud us G o th i cu s , h o c am e to th e At i i t s wy wh i h
n a a t i p ly c seem s o m
h
t ron e i n 2 68 A D S ee A v on th t th
a f ti v l w ffi i lly
e es a g as o c a re c o

w M
. . .

D om as z e ski , M i
agn a a t e r i n La t n i d b y th R
n ze
g v
e t b
o m an f o e rn m e n e ore

ip i ”
I n s c r t o n s , T/z e j ou rn a l o f Rom a n Cl d i au G th i
us o d d t th
cu s s uc c e e e o e

i
S t u di es , p
( 9
1 1 1 ) l 5 6 T h e ate r p plur e d w y h i t t t f ll w
an e m a es a e o o o

wki i i p ly
. . .

i wi h
da t e , i t i s s a d, fi ts b e t t e r t the P f ro D vo n om asz e s n s m

l wd v l p
.

s o w h ip
e e o m en t o f t h e ors B ut . e x i i g th
c s n p g es e th w k
ass a es as e or

h h d hi vi w p
o n th e o t e r an t s e i s O en t o o f an i p d t f g
“
m u (4 ) Th
en or er .
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e
CH AP . I THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A TTI S

s p ri n g fe sti v a l of Cyb e l e At t i s i s b e s t k n ow n to u s i n an d

t h e fo rm i n which i t w a s c e l e b ra t e d a t Rom e ; bu t a s w e
1
a re i n fo rm e d th a t t h e R o m a n c e re mo n i e s w e re a l s o P h rygi a n

w
,

e m a y a s s u m e th a t t h e y d i ff e re d h a rd ly i f a t a ll fro m , ,

t h e i r A s i a tic o ri g i n a l T h e o rd e r of t h e fe s t i v a l se e m s to .

?
h av e b e e n a s fo l low s
O n t h e tw e n ty s e co n d day of M a rch a p 1 n e tre e w ri n g

Ev g
as - - he s

es t i a of

y l
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wh e re i t w as treated a s of At tis at

c a rry m g t h e s a c re d t re e w as en t r s te u d to
Rom e

w wi t h
” a. ” — —
'v u J 4
.

beM
‘ ’
G
I .. . G fl

tr
un k as s w at h e d li k e a c or se
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b a n d s a n d d e ck e d w i t h w re a th s o f v i o le t s f o r v i o le t s w
fl q
h

e re .
,
.

s ai d to i t om of Atti s a s ro s e s a n d . ,

a n e mo n e s fro m t h e blo od of A don i s ; a n d t h e e f figy o f a -

you n g m a n dou btle s s A t t i s hi m se lf w a s ti e d to t h e m idd le

, .
,
.

3
of t h e s t e m O n t h e s e c on d day o f t h e f e s t i v a l t he twe n ty
.
,

of fi c i a l e s ta b li hs m en t of th e hi t y f b l ood y d t
enc e adi p lf o ur s os a or th e s or o

Ph y gi r p t i ti
an su i t b t t th
e rs on su s h t i f e er e th i it
e se c e n t u r es , s e em s ra s o n er

l i f d h t f th p t i i
e an c ara c e r o e su t h v e rs b t ous , th t ffi i l
a lt an o c a cu ca n n o a e e en

ti i d m l p d i C l di f th
,
c ru e , e an t c au t ti f it
us o e ol d th t h er li an e e a r es no ce o

fi t t y h th g ll t l di
rs c e n ur t an e a an d w so er wh i h h h d t c as c an c e o c om e o n to
1 1 18 k
n a m esa i th th i de t y n e r ce n ur . us .

Th l g d w y h i t p t i bl
e on e o un e a A i
a T ti 3 3 ; S vi
s c on em e
1
rr a m, ac ca , er us on

d y i t h f t y f th p l
a s n e sa e Vi gi l A
o xii 8 3 6 e a ac e , s u r r , en . . .

rou n d d by e h dg f l i f g d T h
a e e o O th f ti v l e J M q dt
uar s e
2 n e es a s ee ar u a r

p t th t w y wlt g iii (L ip
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,

o th er s en f hi b i f
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ears o s r e om sc i e a a sv er a un ,
.
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b t gl i
u ig i
o r ous re p d b tt l n i n cam 8 8 5 ) pp 3 7 qq s an h l d a e s c, 1 . 0 s . t e c a en ar

fi ld e s th Ou f ti b ti g h
e ron f Ph i l
e r, l i C p
c om I ip t i
a n t e o oca us, n or u s n s cr on u m

b b ia r ar a n e n e m i f th pi es od L ti l ie emP p i (B l i re an a n a ru m , vo . .
2
ars r or er n ,

i t i p b b l th t h h d
s ro a e l i t tl a p 6 w i th Th M
e a as e . 2 0, . om m sen s
’

li e s ure a s i l i t i t p d t th nc na on t y (pp 3 3 q )
o an W M er o e c om m e n a r . 1 s . . an n

su p i tie rs t f th R
on s p p l
o h d t A t i k W ld d F ldk lt
e om an o u ac e . ar , n e a un e u e,

F th or it
e se reas on s b tt w i h pp 9 qq ; i d B k lt pp
s e em s e er t 2 1 s au m u u s,

w R l igi
.
, , .
.

M r H p di g
. e d P f Cn t tan 57 qq ; G W i
ro . um on d o 2 s . . ss o a, e on un

ac
q i i
u e s ce h t di i n l v i w h t K lt d Ro
t e ra t on a pp 3 8 qq ; e t a u us er
'

m er, 2
. 1 s .

th it
e r f A t ti w
es O f fi i lly s l H H p di g A tt i
e re o pp 4 7 qq
c a ce e . e n ,
s, . 1 s .

b t d t R
ra e a f th fi t t y J T t i L C lt P t d
om e ro m e rs c en u r . ou a n , es u es a en s an s

on w d ar . l E pi R i ii (P i 9 )
’
m rc om a n , . ar s, 1 1 1

A i t n di t v i w i
n e rm e d p t d bya e pp 8 qq e s a o e 2 s

w wh b h i g i d
. .

P f G Wiro . . ss o a, J li o, O t v 68 C p 8
rus n as e
3 u an , ra . . 1 , 2 1
f J lt
.

th e t t t
s a e m en Ly d o d F C H tl i
oa n n e s (L ip i 875 us a o e . . . er e n e s c, 1

g the w ld
e r, i gly i g h p b l i
ou see m 8 7 6)
n J a ss Ly d D
n t ib e u c 1 o a n n es us , e m en s u s,

i t i t ti
ns u f th on o i t t th i ddl f i v 4 A bi A d
e r es o e m N ti e o . 1 rn o u s, vers u s a on es ,

th d
e s ec on t y D
c en ur th g d v h 7 6 3 9 ; Fi i M t
A . . on e rou n . c s .
,
1 , rm c us a e rn u s ,

t h t tha l i t x t vi d
e e a r es f th i
e D an t e
p f e n ce o l gi e r e errore ro a n a r um re i on u m ,

p bl i l b ti
u c ce e f ra th t p i d
on re e rs t o
7 ; S ll i ph i l ph a D er o 2 a us t u s OS O us ,
“
e

(R l igie d K lt
on un d R udil t us d iv F g t
er om er 2
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, ra m en a

M ih 9 un c , p 1 1 2, B t .P/ i l p n G d F G u , c on z os o oru m r aecoru m ,

e . .

ly i p f t i A M ll h iii 3 3 A t h g i l d f
.

s id i g h er n xt t e e re m e m e r ec ev . u ac , . . s o t e u o
 THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S B OO K 11

t hi rd of M a rch t h e ch i e f c e re m o n y s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a
,

bl o wi n g o f t ru m p e t s 1
T h e t h i rd da y t h e tw e n t y f o u rt h o f -

M a rc h w
.
,

a s k n o w n a s t h e D a y of B l oo d : t h e A f c h i a llu s o r
, g
high p ri e s t d re w blo o d fro m h i s a rm s a n d p re s e n t e d i t a s a n
-

o ffe ri n g
?
Nor w a s h e a l o n e i n m a k i n g t h i s blo o dy s a c ri fi c e .

Sti rre d by t h e wi ld b a rb a ri c m u s i c of cl a s hi n g cym b a l s ,

rumbl i n g d rum s d ro n i n g ho rn s a n d s c re a m i n g flute s t he

, , ,

i n fe rio r cl e rgy wh i rl e d a b o u t i n t h e d a n c e wi t h w a ggl i n g

h e a d s a n d s t re a m i n g h a i r u n ti l ra p t i n to a fre n zy o f e x c i t e , ,

m e n t a n d i n se n s i bl e to p a i n th e y g a s h e d t h e i r bod i e s w i th ,

p o t s h e rd s o r s l a s h e d th e m wi th k n i v e s i n o rd e r to be s p a tt e r
3
t h e a lt a r a n d t h e s a c re d t re e w i t h t h e i r flowi n g bl o o d Th e .

gh a s t ly ri te p rob a bly fo rm e d p a rt of t h e mou rn i n g f or Atti s

a n d m ay h a v e b ee n i n te n d e d t o s t re n g t h en h i m f or t h e
re s u rre c t io n Th e A u s t ra l i a n a bo ri gi n e s cut th e m s e lve s i n
.

l i k e m a n n e r ove r t h e g ra ve s o f th e i r fri e n d s f o r t h e p u rp o s e
Fu rth e r w
,

p e rh a p s of e n a bl i n g th e m to be bo rn a g a i n 4
e

though w
.
, ,

m ay c o n j e ctu re e a re n ot e xp re s s ly tol d th at
it w
, ,

as on the sa m e D a y o f B l oo d a n d f o r t h e s a m e
p u rp o se th a t t h e n o vi c e s s a c ri fic e d t h e i r vi ri l i ty W rough t .

u p to t h e hi gh e s t p i tch of re l i giou s e x c it e m e n t th e y d as h e d
t h e s e v e re d p o rti o n s o f t h e m se lv e s a g a i n s t t h e i m a ge of t h e
Crue l godd e s s Th e s e b rok e n i n s t ru m e n t s of fe rt i l i t y w e re
.

a ft e rw a rd s re v e re n tly w ra p t u p a n d bu ri e d i n t h e e a rth o r i n
5
s ubt e rra n e a n ch a mb e rs s a c re d to Cyb e l e wh e re l i k e t h e , ,

T re e -b eare rs (D en drop li ori ) s e e J oa n n es o f t /z e Rep u bli c (Lo n d on , p .

Lydus , l c H D es sau , I n s cript i on es

. .
La t i n ae S electae, Nos 4 1 1 6 s q , 4 1 7 1
4 1 7 4 , 4 1 7 6 ; H He p di n g, A tt i s ,
. 62
. . T reb elli us Po o, Cla u di u s , 4 ;
2 ll i
. pp . ll i
T e rt u an , Ap ologet i cu s , 2 5 .

8 6 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 9 6, 1 5 2 s q q ; F C u m o n t , . .
3 Lu c a n
,
i
D eoru m di a logi , x 11 1 ; .

s v
. . D en dro ph o ri ,
”
i n Pa u -VVi s ly S en eca, Aga m em n on , 6 8 6 s qq ; a rt a , . M i l
sow a s
’
Rea l E n c y l p di
c o a d
'

e er cl as xi 84 3 sq Va e r u s Flac c us , l i
wi
. . .

i /
s s c z en A l tert u m s fi fl
s s en scv a , . 1 . A rgon a u t . v iii . 2 3 9 s qq ; . S ta t iu s, Tneo .

coll . 2 1 6 2 19 ;
-
J
T o u ta n , L es Cu ltes . i x 7 0 s qq ; A u e us , M eta m
. 1 . 27 p li . v iii .

Pa i en s da n s l E m p i re Rom a i n ,
’
ii . L a ct a n t i us , D i v i n a ru m I n s ti t u t i on u m
8 2 sq , 9 2 . sq . Ep i t om e, 2 3 ( 1 8 , v ol 6 8 9 ed . i p
. . .

J li l
1
d 69 C p
u an , 9 d . c. an 1 , . 2 1 e . B ra n dt an d La u b m a n n ) H Hep di n g, .

F C H tl i
. Th
. ery y e n . e ce re m on m a A tt i s , pp
1 5 8 s qq A s t o th e m us c
. . i
hv b a e b i d w i th t h
ee n c omld t bi ne e o u of t e s e h
an c n
g e r d
i s es see ai s o d v h l
l i
u str u m p i fi ti f t p t
or ur ca on o ru m e s, Lu cre t i us , 6 1 8 sqq ii . .

wh i h f ll th i d y S J
c e on s a . ee oa n n e s
4 Tbe M a
g i c A rt a n d t bc E v ol u t i o n

Ly d D ib
us , iv 4 ; V e m en s u s, . 2 a rro , of R i ngs ,
'

90 s q , 1 0 1 sq i . . .

D li g e L i v i 4 F t pp
n ua at n a, . I es us , .
5 n uc a s Fe Mi ,
i
Octa v i u s , 2 2 a n d l ix
35 3 5 3 d C O M ull
2, W W d
e . . , er ; . ar e 2 4 ; La c tan ti us , D i v i n I n st i t 2 1 . . i . .

F wl o R F ti l f t h P i d
e r, om a n es va s o e er o 1 6 ; i d E p i tom a , 8 ; S c o
. o n Lu c an , hl . i
 THE M Y TH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S B OO K 11

g rea t e s t fe s t i v a l of t h e ye a r a t H i e ra p o l i s fe l l a t t h e be gi n n i n g
of s p ri n g wh e n m ulti t ud e s t h ro n g e d to t h e s a n c t u ary fro m
,

Sy ri a a n d t h e re gi o n s rou n d a bout Wh i l e t h e flu t e s p l a y e d .
,

t h e d ru m s b e a t a n d t h e e u n uch p ri e s t s s l as h e d t h e m s e lv e s
,

w i th k n i ve s t h e re l i gio u s e x c i t e m e n t g ra d u a l ly s p re a d l i k e a
,

w a v e a m o n g t h e c ro wd of o n look e rs a n d m a n y a o n e d i d ,

th a t whi ch h e l i t t l e t ho ugh t to do wh e n h e c a m e a s a h o l id a y
s p e c t a to r to t h e fe s t i v a l Fo r m a n a ft e r m a n h i s v e i n s
.
,

t h ro bbi n g w i th t h e m u s i c h i s e y e s fa s c i n a t e d by th e s igh t
,

of t h e s tre a m i n g blood fl u n g h i s g a rm e n t s from hi m l e a p e d

, ,

fo rth with a s hout a n d s e i z i n g on e o f t h e s wo rd s wh ich

,

s tood re a dy f o r t h e p u rp o s e c as t ra t e d h i m s e l f o n t h e s p o
,
t:
T h e n h e ra n th rough t h e c ity hold i n g t h e bloody p i e c e s i n ,

h is h i n t o o n e o f t h e hou s e s which
he T h e hou se hol d thu s ho n ou re d
h a d to f ur s u i t of fe m a l e a tt i re a n d f e m a l e

o rn a m e n t s wh i ch h e wo re f o r t h e res t o f h i s
,
Wh e n
t h e tu m ul t of e m otio n h a d s u b s i d e d a n d t h e m a n h a d com e ,

to h i m s e l f a g a i n t h e i rre voc a bl e s a c ri fic e m u s t oft e n h a v e »

b ee n fol lo w
,

ed by p a ss i o n a t e s o rro w a n d l i fe lo n g re g re t .

Th i s re vul s io n of n a tu ra l hu m an fe e l i n g a ft e r t h e fre n zi e s of
a fa n a t ic a l re l i s p ow e rfu lly d e p i ct e d by C a t ul l u s i n a
c e l e b ra t e d p oe
1 i
Lu c an , D e dea Sy ri a , 4 9 5 1 -
. f it
ru t o th e go s I n C o rea ur n g d .
“
d i
2
ll
C a t u us , Ca rm . l xiii
I agree . a i
c e rt a n n g t , k n o i h
n a s C nu -i l , i n w
wi h
t M r H He pdi n g (A t t i s ,
. . 1 40 ) p . th e t w lfth eh p l m o on , t e a a c e e un uc h s,

hi i
h j
i n t n k n g t a t th e s ub ec t of t h e o f wh th om th h d d
e re a re s om e ree un re ,

p o em y hi l i
i s n ot th e m t c a A tt s , b u t p f e r orm y pp d t
a ce re m on su os e o e n su re

di y p i
o ne Of h i s o r n ar
“
’

w b r es ts , ho ore a b ti f l p i h
oun u i gy
c ro n t e e n su n ea r.

i i i
t h e n a m e a n d m ta t e d th e s u f f e r n gs of Th y h e t i ch p y w i gi g
an n c oru s ra e rs , s n n

h i s god h i p
. p
T us n te r re ted th e oe m b i gt h
urn n d th o rc h wh i l
es a rou n em t e e .

g i
a ns ly f
g re at i n o p h
rc e a n d a t os Th e . Thi i id t b y b li l f b i g
s s sa o e s m o ca o u rn n

re al w f ll w
s o rro s o f o ur e o h -m en touc th d d g
e ea d t y th
ra s s , so as to e s ro e

u s m ore n ea r ly h t ani i y
th e m ag n a r fi ld i
e d m th cev i an S o er e rm n .
”
ee

p a n gs o f th e gods . W W dv i ll R k h i ll
. oo Nt e oc ,
“
o es on

ifi
A s t h e s ac r c e ofvi ili y r t an d t h e s om e f th L w o C e d a s, us t om s, an

i i i h pi
n s t t ut o n o f e un uc pp r es t s a ea r t o S p u ti i e rsf K Tb A
t on s o i ore a , e m er ca n
w i ll
b e ra re , I w x pl
a dd a f e e am es . A t/ p l gi t i v (W h i gt
n z ro o o s 89 )
, . as n on , 1 1

i
A t S t ra t on i cea i n Ca r a a e un uc h p 8 5 C p M Bi h p K
. 1 . om a re rs . s o ,
orea

hl e d a fi
s a cre d of ce xi
i n c on n e on an d l N g/ o i er (L d ei z ou rs on on ,

wi h t w h ip
th e ors o f Z e u s an d Heca t e ii 5 6 q I t pp
. s th t g a t h e a rs a a m on e

h Ni g i b th
.

( Corp u s I n scrip t i on u m Graeca ru m , No . Ek i f S

o o ou t e rn er a o m en

di
A c c o r n g t o E us ta th i us (o n an d w om en d t b a re , ti o r u se o e, m u

Hom e r, I l i a dxix p 2 5 4, 1 1 8 3 ) th e l t d by t h x i i f h i g i l
a e e e c s on o t e r e n ta

h w
. .
,

yp i p i
E g t an w
r e sts e re e un u c s ho or an s
g t al f i v l
an wh i h i
a n n ua es t a ,
c s

ifi d h i vi il i y
h ad sa c r ce t e r r t a s a fi rs t ce el b t d i d t p d pl i f l
ra e n or er o ro uc e en t u
CH AP ! . THE M Y TH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S

Th e p a ra l l e l
th e se Sy ri a n d e vot e es co n fi rm s t h e vi e w of The s acri

t h a t i n t h e s i m i l a r wo rs h i p o f Cyb e l e t h e sa c ri fic e o f vi ri l i t y
took p l a c e o n t h e D a y of Bl o od a t t h e v e rn a l rit e s o f t h e
g o dd e ss wh e n t h e vi o l e t s s u pp o s e d to s p ri n g fro m t h e re d
, , m f
“

d ro p s o f h e r wou n d e d lov e r w e re i n bl oom a mo n g t h e p i n es ,

.

I n d e e d t h e s t o ry t h a t At t i s u n m a n n e d h i m s e lf u n d e r a p i n e
t re e w1
a s cl ea rly d e vi se d t o e xp l a i n why h i s p ri e s t s d id t h e

s a m e b es id e t h e s a c re d vi ol e t w re a th e d t ree a t h i s fe s t i v a l -
.

h v t di
ar es s an h d m m un t iy f rom t un er h i v i i l i ty
t e r S e e F Fa cet t,
r On . . w “

b lt T h vi i ly di f pp ”
o s . e ct m s a a ren t e rom B asi vi s , j ou rn a l of tli e A n t fi rop ologi ca l
l f bl d S
os s o P A oo y T lb t ee m au r a o S oci ety of B om oay , 3 4 3 sq In ii
S h d w f th B
. .
, . .

I n t/ ze h (L d a o o e us on on , Pegu th e E n g s t ra e er, A e a n de r li h v ll lx
pp 7 4 qq M T lb t w i t . s . r. a o r es w il
Ham ton , i tn es s ed a an ce i n on ou r d h
to A h
m e : i bl “ h j orr e c as e as us t o f t h e go ds of t h e e a rt
“
He rm a h
w w
.

h pp d t I d wh
a en e t th a ua , e re , a e ne p h rodi tes , h o a r e n u m e ro u s i n t s hi
y p l ti g
ar
n an t f f hi n w , a m an cu o s o n y
c ou n t r g , a re i f th en e ra lly h c os e n , e re

m em b i il ru m (l t d d Ek t v r e
”
et er at e e a re gh p e n ou t k t f re se n t o m a e a se or

wi d
,

N C l b
1
’

S tha a Ni g i F b
a r, ou e rn er a , e . th d e I an c e . l ik d sa n ne an ce e m a

7 t h ,
A g t t h B di m on s e a - s un
f lk f
o s b v h lf h ; d
or a o e a -
ah - ou r an

an d B bw d f a- h C g en y e o t e on o m an th f h
e n s om e f ll i fi t f i g o t em e n s, o am n

y thou t d i
s a re ca s t ra e d t “
n or e r o m o re a t th th f h Sp
e m ou f h lf or t e ace o a -an

fi ti gly f f
t n h lv t h p h ll i o er t e m se es o t e a c h ; d wh th i
ou r an , en e r s e n ses a re te

w h ip wh i h i
ors i gly p v i l c n c re a s n re a s t
s ore d th y p t d t f t ll p l y
e re e n o ore e en t

w dv
, ,

as e f th a t th
a n ce ro m e c oa s to e i ty f
o r s c a rc f th t y i f th
o corn or a e ar, e

i t i
n e r or. At t i v i ll g b t w ce r a n a es e ee n y w i ll p v i k ly
e ar l t y t ro e s c or sa u a r o

M y g d I gi l th
an an a an i s an a e re are cur th p e pl deo v l th h i g f
e , an se e ra o er t n s o

o us h de un uc t l b t th a n ce s o ce e ra e e m om e n t d ll by t h t h lf h an a a a ou r s
’

w
,

ne i wh i h wh i t
m oon , k i n c a e c oc s c on v ti th t th f i d
e rs a on a e u r ous an c e r

th w p i t th i l i v w i t h
ro n u n o e a r a e, h d w i t h th g d wh i l
a h w i e o s e s e as n a

l ipp d w i g d i t f ll t w d (A H i l AN w “
”
c e n s , an as a s o ar s t ran c e A . t am ton e c c ou n

th eg d it i roun gh t d pl k d s c au an uc e o f h E t I di
t e i J Pi k
as n es , n n er

h I w t ld th t
.

by th e e un uc s . as o a t on sVy g’
d T o a esl v ii i an ra ve s , .

or i gi lly t h i na d t b h s u se o e a um an S i oth w nh ip f At ti th A h i
e o rs o s e rc

s ac r ifi d th t ce, y g b y gi l
an a a o un o or r g lla h d f th
us or h pi t ea o e e un u c r es s

w h w p i th i d t
as t ro n u n to e a r an o rn p ph i d p h p h i l ik
ro es e er a s e n e m an n e r

t o pi by t h ece s h h e e un u c s as e or w k d h i lf p t h pi t h f i
or e m se u o t e c o n

s h f ll b t th t
e e f l , y u lv a o a te e a rs s a es s pi i by f i d d
ra t on S H a re n z e an c e . ee .

h d g t
a o ild d
sc arc e o r m an n e rs m e r, an D e ssau , I n scri pt i on es L a t i n a e S elect a e,
a wh i t k w e w b ti t t d
coc as no su s u e v ol . Pa rs ii . 1 42 , 1 43 , Nos i pp. . .

(H H J h t 4 1 3 0 , 4 1 3 6 ; G Wi lm a n n s , E x em p la
“
. .O th o R f
n s on , n e a c es o .

th e C o n go , j ou rn a l of t h e A n t/t rop o
”
I n scrip t i on u m L a t i n a ru m (B er n , li
logi ca l I n s t i t u te, i (1 8 8 4) 473 ; xi i . p . vo l 1 3 6 , N o s 1
. 1 911 , 1 2 0 . p . .

c om p
a re i d , Tlz e R i ver Congo Lon do n ,
J i
T o u ta n , L es Cu l tes Pa t e n s da n s
w
. .
,

1 884, p
I n I n d a , m en ho i l E m p i re Rom a i n ,
’
93 sq As to ii
w
. . .

a re bo rn e un u c s or i n s o m e ay h th e s ac r ce o f r tifi i n th e S r a n vi i l i y yi
f
de o rm e d a re s o m e t m es ded ca te to i i d l
re i i on c om
g a re T h NOldek e , D i e
“
p .

d
a go de ss n am e d Hu li gam m a T e hy S e lbs te n tm an n un g b e i de n S re rn ,
”
y
w
.

w f l i h
ea r e m a e a tt re a n d m i g t b e m i s A rcli i v f u r Rel i gi on s i ss en s c/i cy t ,’
x
w
.

w
t ak e n f or l
om e n A s o m en h o are .
( 1 90 7 ) pp . 1 5 0- 1 52 .

or b l i v th lv i p t w i ll
e e e em se es m o te n 1 A rn obi us, A dvers u s Na t i on es v 7
wt d
, .

vo w d
o v th re ss as o m en an se r e e an d 1 6 S er vi us on V rg i il ,
A en . ix .

g ddo i th h p f
e ss v ig n e o e o rec o er n 1 1 5 .
 THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S B OO K 11

A t a ll e v e n t s w e c a n h a rdly doub t t h a t t h e D a y o f Blood

,

w i t n e s se d t h e m ou rn i n g f o r At t i s o v e r a n e f fi gy of h i m
wh ich w
:

Th e i m a g e thu s l a i d i n t h e
1
a s a ft e rw a rd s bu ri e d

s e p u l ch re w
.

a s p ro b a bly t h e s a m e wh ich h a d hu n g u p o n t h e

t re e ?
Th ro ugh o ut t h e p e ri od of m o u rn i n g t h e w o rs h i pp e rs
fas t e d fro m b re a d n o m i n a l ly b e c a u se Cyb e l e h a d do n e s o i n
,

h e r g ri e f f o r t h e d e a t h of A t t i s but re a l ly p e rh a p s f or t h e
3
,

s a m e re a s o n whi ch i n duc e d t h e w o m e n o f H a rra n t o a b s t a i n

fro m e a t i n g a n ythi n g g ro u n d i n a m i l l wh i l e t h e y w e p t f o r
T a m mu z 4
To p a rt a k e of b re a d o r flou r a t s uch a s ea s o n
.

m i ght h av e b ee n d ee m e d a w a n to n p rofa n a tio n of t h e b ru i s e d

a n d b ro k e n body of t h e
g od O r t h e fast m a
y p o ss i bly h a v e .

b ee n a p re p ara t i o n f or a s a c ra m e n t a l m e a l ’
.

B ut wh e n n i ght h a d fa l l e n t h e s o rro w of t h e wo rs h i pp e rs
wa s tu rn e d to joy For s udd e n ly a l i ght s ho n e i n t h e
,

d a rk n e s s : t h e tom b w
.

as ope n e d : the o d h a d ri se n fro m

g
t h e d e a d ; a n d a s t h e p ri e s t tou ch e d t h e l i p s o f t h e w e e p i n g
mou rn e rs wi th b a l m he s o ft ly wh i s p e re d i n t h e i r e a rs t h e
T h e re s u rre ctio n of t h e god w
,

gl a d ti d i n g s of s a lv a t io n
\ as .

h a i l e d by h i s d i s ci p l e s a s a p rom i s e t h a t t h e y t oo wou l d
i s s u e t ri um p h a n t from t h e c o rru p tio n o f t h e O n th e

1
D i odorus S i c ul us , 5 9 ; A rri a n , iii .
Q uid m i seras li orta ri s ga u dea n t ? u i d q
Ta ct i ca , 3 3 ; S c o i a s t on Ni ca n de r, h l decep tos nom i n es l a eta ri com p elli s

A lex ip lza rm aca , 8 ; F rm c us M a t e rn us , i i q ua m i lli s sp em , u a m s a lu tem f u n esta q

D e errore p rof a n a ru m reli gi on u m , 3 p ers u a s i on e p rom i tt i s ? D ei t u i m ors
an d 2 2 A rn obi u s , A dvers u s Na ti on es , n ota es t , v i t a n on
p a ret I dolu m .

v 16 ;
. vi
S e r us on V rg , A en i il . ix . i dol u m p la ngi s , i dolu m de s ep u l
se eli s ,
p
1 1 5 . tu ra p ro f eri s, et m i ser cu m Iz aec f eceri s,
2
S ee a o e, 2 67 b v p . .
ga u des T u
. d eu m t u um li bera s , t u
3 A rn ob i u s l c lap i di s ora
, S a llus ti us ph i loso
. .
j acen t i a m em com p on i s , tu

ph us , D e dn s e t m un o, ”
,
Frag d iv . i n s en si bi le corri hi gi s s ax u m .
”
In t s

m en t a P/ z i los o /
p zoru m Gra ecoru m , e d . p g Fi i
as sa e d trm xp lyc us oe s no e res s

F G A . . . M ll h
u ac , i i i 3 3 . . ti
m en A tt ion b t th t th s,f u a e re e ren ce
4 A o e
,
bv p
2 30 . . i t hi
s it
o i s d p b bl
r es by s m a e ro a e a

5
S b l wp
ee e o 274 p i
c om w i h h p t 3 f th
a r s on t c a er o e
,

w it w k C p l
. .

i c us M
’
0 Fi rm at e rn a s , De p ro
s am e r er s or . om are a so

Ph ti
errore
D
’
i i B i bl i k
f a n a ru m rel i
gi on u m 22,
“
Nocte q u a am asc us , n o us s ot eca ,

da m s i m u la cru m in
,

lect i ca pi n u m
p 345
.
5 qq A, d I B k k s .
, e . . e er

(B l i
su
13 I p
’

er n , 6 éh éy 7 7 6 7 e an
' '
et
‘

pon i t u r et p er n u m eros di gest i s f let i bu s "

l a n i tu r dei n de cu m s e fi cta la m en ta
Ka fie vd o a s fi 65 6m A rm s 7 1?
m! dva p 6
p
‘

g .

11 1 , Ka i n or é m r eh ei a fia i 1 ra p6 rfis
’

11 6 0 0
'
t
t i on e s a t i a veri n t , lu m en i nf ert u r : tun e
w
, rprr b s 7 6 3V 9 6 6 V T hu 1 3
1 5 1} iha l
p u KCL) \ OU w
a sacerdot e om n i um qu i f leoa n t f a u ces
é w é r i ju
-
6 é dfi h v T hu eE {i dov
’

q
’
u u x/ o r o
p 1 e
p
wnpl f th
,
t u r, u i bu s eru n ct i s noc len to
u n gu en
p 7
’

v a r
‘
av . S ee ur er
m u rm u re s u s u rra t
Fr C um L es Rel i gi on s Ori en ta les
on t ,

wué
.

fla ppei re ué o ra i ' '

rofi Oéov o e u o uov
'
da n s le Paga n i s m e Rom a i n 2
( P a r s i
w wfip
,

é o ra i y up
‘ '
14K r év v a r ta. pp . 8 9 so
 THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A TTI S B OO K 11

Such th e n a pp e a rs t o h av e b e en t h e a n n u a l s o le m n i z a
, ,

t i o n of t h e d e a th a n d re s u rre ct i o n o f A t t i s i n s p ri n g
b e s i d e s th es e p ubl i c rit e s h i s w ors hi p i s k n o n t o h a v e
com p ri s e d c e rt a i n s e c re t or my s t ic c e re m o n i e s wh i ch p rob
B ut
,
w .

a bly a i m e d a t b ri n gi n g t h e wo rs h i pp e r a n d e s p e c i a l ly t h e ,

n ovic e i n to clo s e r c o m mu n i c a t io n w ith h i s god

, O u r i n fo rm a .

ti o n a s to t h e n a tu re of t h e s e my s t e ri e s a n d t h e d a t e of
th e i r c e l e b ra t io n i s u n fo rtu n a t e ly v e ry s c a n ty but t h e y s ee m ,

to h a ve i n cl ud e d a s a c ra m e n t a l m ea l a n d a b a p ti s m of
blood I n t h e s a c ra m e n t t h e n ovi c e b e c a m e a p a rt a k e r of
.

t h e my s t e ri e s by e a t i n g out of a d ru m a n d d ri n k i n g ou t
o f a cym b a l two i n s t ru m en t s of m u s i c wh ich figu re d p ro
,
1
m i n e n t ly i n t h e th ri l l i n g o rch e s t ra o f A t t i s T h e fa s t .

which a cc o m p a n i e d t h e mou rn i n g f or t h e d e a d god m ay 2

p e rh a p s h av e b e e n d es ig n e d to p re p are t h e body of t h e
c o m mu n i c a n t f or t h e re c e p ti o n of t h e bl e sse d s a c ra m e n t
by p u rgi n g i t of a ll t h a t could d e fil e by co n t a c t t h e s a c re d
I n t h e b a p ti s m t h e d e vot e e c row n e d with gol d
?
e l e m e n ts ,

a n d w re a th e d with fil l e t s d e s c e n d e d i n to a p i t t h e mou t h
of wh i ch w
, ,

as cove re d with a wood e n g ra t i n g A bu ll .

,

a d o rn e d w i th g a rl a n d s of flow e rs i t s fo re h e a d gl itt e ri n g
w i t h gol d l e a f w
,

a s t h e n d ri v e n o n to t h e g ra t i n g a n d t h e re
,

s t a bb e d to d e a th w i t h a co n s e c ra t e d s p e a r I t s h o t re e k i n g
blood p o ure d i n to rre n t s th rough t h e a p e rtu re s a n d w
.

as ,

re c e i v e d wi th d e vout e a g e rn e s s by t h e wo rs h i pp e r o n e v e ry

p a rt of h i s p e rs o n a n d ga rm e n t s t i ll h e e m e rg e d fro m t h e ,

p i t d re,
n ch e d d ri pp i n g a n d,
s c a rl e t fro m h ea d t o fo ot ,
to ,

re c e i ve t h e ho m a g e n a y t h e a do ra tio n of h i s fe l low s a s o n e

wh o h a d be e n b orn a g a i n to e te rn a l l i fe a n d h a d w a s h e d
, ,

Fla c c us ,
A rgon a u t . v iii . 2 39 s qq .
; v d by w
ser e ll d i om e n ca e
“
m ar n e

M ti l iii 4 7
ar a 1 sq ; Am m i an us wh d ty i p b bly ose u t ro a

w t w h h i g i th
.
, . .

M ll i xxiii
a rc e n us , .
3.
7 ; A rn o bi us , as o as er m a e n e sea

A dvers u s Na t i on es ,
vu .
3 2 ; Pru e n d (C h M i h l R .il d I pt i c e ,
ecu e
’
n s cri on s

i
t us, Peri s tep ba n .x . 1 5 4 s qq For t h e
. G q B l 9 pp 4 3 q
rec u es ru sse s , 1 00 , . 0 s ,

d d
.

es cr ip ti o n of th e i m age o f t h e
god e ss N 5 o S f th J M q d ee ur er a r ua r t ,

wlt g i ii 3 7 3 ;
. .

see A rn ob i us , A dversus Na t i on es v ii Ro i l St tm sc i e a a s ve r a un
2

w
, .
, .

49 . C a rt age th e go e ss
At h as dd H Hep di n g
.
, A tt i s , pp . 1 33 sq .

ca rr e i hd li
to h e r b a t in a t t e r, n ot i n 1 C l em en t of A l ex an dr a i Protrep t
a w a o n (A ugus t i n e , D e ci v i t a t e D ei ,
g 1 5 p 3 ed Pot t er ; Fi rm i c us
.

ii . h f
T h e ba t p o rm e d a rt of t h e
11 .

M ate rn us , D e
, . 1 .

prof a n a ra m re
f iv l
es t a h y i wh
in P r g a, en ce t h e c us t om
e rrore

w w
a s b orro e d by th e Rom an s (A rri an ,
l i gi on u m
2 bv p
, 1 8 .

Ta ct i ca , yi l i
A t C z c us th e P a c
A o e, . 2 72 .

an i anM h f
o t e r, a y l w
o rm of C be e , as
3 H He pdi n g
.
, A tt i s , p . 1 85 .
 CH AP ] . THE M YTH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S

a w a y h i s s i n s i n t h e bl o od of t h e bul l For s o m e ti m e 1

a ft e rw t h e fic t i o n of a n e w bi rt h w
.

a rd s as k e p t u p by
d i e t i n g hi m o n m i l k l i k e a n e wbo rn b a b e ?
T h e re g e n e ra -

t i o n o f t h e w o rs h i pp e r t o o k p l a c e a t t h e s a m e ti m e a s t h e
re g e n e ra t io n o f h i s god n a m e ly a t t h e v e rn a l e qu i n o x
?
At T he

R o m e t h e n e wb 1rt h a n d t h e re m 1 s s 1 on of s m s by t h e
,
Va t i c a n
a ce m re o f

s h e d d i n g of bul l s blood a pp e a r t o h a v e b ee n c a rri e d o u t

’
th e wq rs h i p

Of Am s'
a bov e a ll a t t h e s a n c t u a ry of t h e Ph rygi a n g o dd e s s o n t h e

V a t i c a n H i l l a t o r n e a r t h e s p o t wh e re t h e g rea t b a s i l i c a of
S t P e t e r s n o ws t a n d s ; f o r m a n y i n s c ri p t io n s re l a t i n g t o
,
’

t h e ri t e s w e re fou n d wh e n t h e chu rch w

.

a s b e i n g e n l a rg e d i n

1 6 0 8 or F ro m t h e V at ic a n a s a c e n t re thi s b a rb arou s
s y s t e m of s u p e rs titio n s e e m s t o h a v e s p re a d to oth e r p a rt s

1 Prude n t i us , Peri s tep/z a n . x . 1 00 6 Rom er, 2

pp .
322 s qq . Th e ta u ro
1 05 0 co m p are hv f d p t
Fi rm i c us M a t e rn us ,
ool i u m s e em s to a e orm e no ar

D p f
e errore l gi 8 8
ro a n a ru m f th i gi l w h ip f C y b l re i don u m , 2 . . o e or na ors o e e an

Th t h b th f b ll bl t h v b i p t d i t it t ’
a t e a d (t o u s oo a u ro o a e e en m or e n o a a c om

) w b li v d t p t i v ly l t d t p h p i th
,

o li
o um as
g t th e e e o re e n e ra e e a ra e a e a e, er a s h e

d v t e f
o ee t i t y i p v d byor e e rn d t y f sIt i gi ro e an s ec on ce n u r o our e ra . s or n

i i pt i
n sc r f d R on wh i h
ou n i b I that j i ty f th
om e , c re s o s c u re . n e m a or o e

c or s d th t t i aS t i li Ag i l
a cer a n l d i ip ti th ex f th itus es aus o er n scr on s e n am e o e r e

A d i e wh d di d
e s us , l t pp
o t p li
e ca t ed i h b an a tar o a e a rs a s a u ro o um an t as e en

w h l d h h i i th t f
,

At i d th M th
t s an f h G d e o er o big t e o s, as e t at t s s e rue o rm , e n

t b li
a u ro o i o li q a i t
cr o o d iv d f th w h i p f th A i i
o ue n a e ern u m er e ro m e ors o e s at c

t
ren a u s (C p I pt i or u s L ti g dd A t i T n s cri
p li (S t b on u m a o es s r em s a u ro o s ra o,

n a ru m vi N 5 H D , . I O ip .
7 p 10 ; Thi w f . ly
e ss a u , n scr xi i . 2 .
, . s as orm e r

ti on es L li S l t a N n ac th vi w f P f F C e ec a e, t ( o e e o ro u m on s v

w R l
. . . .

ph
.

Th e i p fras e i io i A ii
a rca n i P ly Wi s er us on us n
“
na t s, n au -
sso a s
’
ea

i d di E y l p i di d i l
'

t
ae ern u m t ren a u s l
occ urs Al n a e ca nc c o c e er c ass s c z en t er
ti ont M i h ( C p I ipt i
o t ra t wi /f t i or u s l b n scr on u m um s ss en s c i a 2 co ut

wh i h h w h wp f th f t b li
. .
, .

L ti a i N
n a ru m ,
v . o . c , o e no re e rs e o rm a u ro o um ,

e v i e r, p t d f b i ng p i
s s us d w
ec e l d d d b th th o e d s ur o us . an ou e u ce o e n am e an

A t s th i i p ti
o wh i h f t
e n sc r h it f i t A t li
on s c re e r o t e r e rom an an c e n na o an

th t e o li a u ro o G Z ipp l D
um h t i g t f l i g w i l d b ll
s ee . e ,
“
as un n c us o m o a sso n u s .

b li F t / if t “
” 2
T a u ro io um , S ll t i ph i l
n
ph D dii
es s c z r z um a us us os o u s, e s

f f l
i n i y
g an z g D
'

t j
'

oi l
ri Len t d i v F goc or ut P / i l aum . e m un o,
”
.
, ra m en a z os o

F i dl r e d d g o /t
a en er i pn G
a r e ra c z d F G A von s e n en oru m ra ecoru m , e . . .

pp 4 9 8 5 ; M ll h i i i 3 3
.

S nul c (L ip i
ern e s c, .
-
20 u ac , . .

H D e s s a u,
. I n scrip t i on es L a ti n a e 3
S a llus ti us ph i los oph us , l c . .

S elect ae, v ol 11 Pars 1 4 0- 1 4 7 ,

. . i pp . .
4 C r u I n cr
o p s s ip t i on u m La t i n a ru m ,
Nos 4 1 1 8 -4 1 5 9 A s to t h e o rigin of
. . vi . Nos 4 9 7 5 0 4 H D es sau , I n scrip
. .

t h e t a u robol i u m an d th e m ea n i n
g of t i on es L a t i n a e S elect a e, Nos 4 1 4 5 , .

th e w
ord, s e e Fr C u m on t , Tex ter et .
4 47 4 1 5 1 ,
1 -
41 5 3 I n s cript i on es
M on u m en ts Figu res rela t if s a u x Il/y s Gra eca e S i ci l i a e et I t a li ae, e d G . .

t eres de M i tli ra (B russe s , 1 8 9 6 l K a i be l (B e r n , li

2 7 0 , No p .

l
.

i 3 3 4 sq ; i d Les Rel igi on s Ori en ta les

. . . 1 02 0 ; G Z e , o
p ci t
.
5 0ipp
9 sq , . . pp . .

P R pp 5 1 9 ; H He pdi n g, A t t i s , pp
l i i 2
da n s e a g a n s m e o m a n , 1 00 . . 83, 86 .

sqq ; .
J
T ou ta n , L es Cu ltes Pa i en s
. i 8 8 , 1 7 6 ; Ch Huelsen , Topogrop /z i e .

da n s l E m p i re Rom a i n ,
’
8 4 s qq ii der S t a dt Rom i m A lt ert /i u n i , von II
w
. .

G Wi ss o a , Rel i gi on u n d K u lt u s der
.
'

j orda n , 3 (B e r n ,
i . 6 5 8 s
q li pp . .
276 THE MYTH A ND RI T UA L OF A T TI S B OO K 11

of Rom a n e m p i re
the I n s c ri p t i o n s fou n d i n G a u l a n d
.

G e rm a n y p ro ve t h a t p rovi n ci a l s a n ctu a ri e s mod e l l e d th e i r

ri t u a l o n t h a t o f t h e V a tic a n
?
F rom t h e s a m e s ou rc e w e

l e a rn t h a t t h e t e s t icl e s a s w e l l a s t h e blood of t h e bull

p l aye d a n i m p o rta n t p a rt i n t h e c e re m o n i e s P rob a bly t h e y
?

w e re re g a rd e d a s a p ow e rful ch arm t o p ro mot e fe rt i l ity a n d

h a s t e n t h e n e wbi rth .

1 2
Corp u s I n scrip t i on u m L a t i n a ru m , Corp u s I n scrip t i on u m L a t i n a ru m ,
x ii
i No 1 7 5 1 H D e ssau , I n scrip
. . . x i ii . No 1 7 5 1 ; G W i lm an n s , E x em pla
. .

t i on es L a l i n ac S electae, No 4 1 3 1 G . . I n script i on u m L a t i n a ru m ,
v ol . i pp
. .

Wi lm a n n s , E x em p la I n s crip ti on u m 3 5 3 7 , Nos 1 1 9 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 ; H D essau ,

- . .

La t i n a ru m l
(B e r i n 1 87 vol ii p I n scrip t i on es La t i n a e S elect a e, Nos
W i s so w w
, . . . .

1 25 ,
No . 2278 ; G . a ,
Rel i gi on 4 1 2 7 , 4 1 2 9, 4 1 3 1 , 4 1 4 0 ; G W i ss o a ,.

und X u lt u s der R om er , 2 p . 2 67 ; H
. Rel igi on u n d [( u lt u s der Rom er, 2 pp .

Hep di n g, A tti s , 1 69- 1 7 pp . 1 ,

1 76 .
3 2 2 s qq ; H He pdi n g A tt i s ,
. . , 1 91 p , .
 A T TI S A S A G OD OF VE GE TA TI ON B OOK 11

fine h a rv es t w a s a t t ri but e d to t h e re c e n t a rri v a l o f t h e G re a t

1
M o t he r Th e b a thi n g of t h e i m a ge of t h e g o dd e ss i n a
.

ri v e r m a y w e l l h a v e b e e n a ra i n ch arm to e n s u re a n -

a bu n d a n t s u pp ly o f mo i s tu re f or t h e c ro p s O r p e rh a p s .
,

a s Mr He p di n g h as s u gges t e d t h e u n io n of Cyb e l e a n d
Att i s l i k e t h a t of A p h rod it e an d Ado n i s w
.
,

,
a s d ra m a tic a l ly ,

re p re se n t e d a t t h e fes t iv a l a n d t h e s u b se qu e n t b a th o f t h e

god d e s s w
,

a s a c e re mo n i a l p u ri fic a t io n of t h e b ri d e s uch a s ,
?
i s o ft e n ob se rv e d a t hu m an m a rri a g e s In l i k e m a n n e r
A p h rod i t e i s s a i d to h a ve b a th e d a fte r h e r u n i o n w ith
A d o n i s a n d s o d i d D e m e t e r a ft e r h e r i n t e rcou rse wi t h
3
,

H e ra w a s h e d i n t h e s p ri n g s of t h e riv e r B urrh a
?
Po s e i do n
5
a ft e r h e r m a rri a g e with Z e u s ; a n d e v e ry y e a r s h e re cov e re d

h e r vi rgi n i t y by b a th i n g i n t h e s p ri n g of C a n a t h u s H ow
6
.

e v e r t h a t m a y be t h e rul e s of d i e t ob s e rv e d by t h e wo rs h i pp e rs
,

o f Cy b e l e a n d A tt i s a t th e i r s o l e m n fas t s a re cl e a rly d ic t at e d
by a b e l i e f t h a t t h e d i vi n e l i fe of t h es e d e i t i e s m a n i fe s t e d
i t se lf i n t h e fru it s of t h e e a rth a n d e s p e ci a lly i n s uch of ,

th e m a s a re a ctu a lly h i dd e n by t h e s oi l Fo r wh i l e t h e .

d e vot e es w e re a l low e d to p a rt ak e o f fl es h though n ot of ,

p o rk o r fi s h th e y w e re fo rbi dd e n to e at s ee d s a n d th e root s
,

of v e g e t a bl e s b ut th e y m i ght e a t t h e s t a l k s a n d u pp e r p a rt s
,

of t h e p l a n t s 7
.

D em on s,
”
wh i h c is pl i a n ly a C h i ti
rs an go d es s d as rob a w pA sta rt e So bly .

v i
e rs on th ti l ofM th f th
e i t e “
o er o e Lu c an (D e dea S y ri a ) c a s th e A s ta rt e ll
G d i p li o f H e ra o s
“
th e A s s ri an He ra y
” ”
o s . .

1Ab v p 6 5 I th i l d f
o e, . 2 . i n e s an o
5 Pa us an as i i
, 38 2 . . .

Th e ra wh t b l y w i
an ox , d J l i
ea O ,
t v 7 3 qq
ar e (pp , 5 n e , an 7 u an , ra . 1 s . . 22

d F C H l i ) ; H H p di g
.

th
o fi t f it
er f ll t h t t h
rs - ru qqs o a a e s e a s on s s . e . . . e rt e n . e n ,

p d ro wuc e ff d t th M th A t i pp 5 5 5 7 H w v pp l
”
e re o e re o e o er t s, 1 -1 o e e r, a es

h w
. .
,
o f th G d p l i ly b
e o s, p g t
a n d d t w
e ca use l s e as om e ra n a e s , an a es e re a so

d d th
eem e f f t i l i ty
e S
s ou rc ef bi dd Th o t y th t t h er th . ee or en . e s or a e m o er

G D i tt b g
. Sy ll g I
en ip t i
er e r, f A t ti i v d h i th gh
o e n scr t t on u m o s c on c e e m ro u c on ac

G ra eca ru m l ii p 4 6 N 6 3 ,
2
vo w i th p g t ( b v pp 6 3
. . . 2 , o . 0 . a om e ra n a e a o e, . 2 ,

H H pdi g A tt i pp
2
. e
5 7 ;n 6 9 ), i gh t xp l i s, th p h i b i t
. i f21 -
21 2 m e a n e ro on o

c omp id p 75 a re . . th t f i t
1 n ot e 7
B t th .f t b a ru . u e reas on s or a oo

P l
3 N Hi t i p 8 3 f i g pp l
to e m ae us , ov d d t . t pp
s . .t . 1 o n a es a n a e s a re n o a a ren ,

A W t th gh J l i t i d t di v th
’
. I lly tn g p ni G
e s erm an n s i o ra raec ou u an re o sc o er em .

(B wi k
run s c , H gg t d th t d t y h v b e su es e a a es m a a e een

P 4 i v iii 5 5 q
a usa n as , f b i dd b . 2 th . d t p l s d . or en e ca use e a e- a m oes
5
A li Nt A i e xii 3
an , Th a t g w i Ph y gi
n m th ti v l d 0 e no ro n r a, e na e an

w i M p t i
. . . .

pl ac e as nd th f Cyb l es o d A i o am a
,
an e o e e an tt s .
 C HAPTER III

A T TI S AS T HE FA T HE R G O D

T HE m e A t t i s a pp ea rs t o m e a n s i m p ly fa th e r
na Th i s Th m “
.
” I
e na e

e xp l an a t io n i s c o n fi rm e d by t h e i f zf
t’ m ’ e s
s ugg e s t e d by e tym o logy

ob s e rva t i o n t h a t a n o th e r n a m e f or At t i s w
, , rr e

as P a p as ; f or f t h
2 “
a er .

P a p as h a s a ll t h e a pp e a ra n c e of b e i n g a com mo n fo rm of
th a t wo rd f or fa th e r wh ich o ccu rs i n d e p e n d e n t ly i n m a n y
“ ”

d i s ti n ct fa m i l i e s of s p e e ch a ll t h e w o rld ov e r S i mi l a rly t h e
m o t h e r of A t t i s w
.

as n a m e d N an a
3
wh i ch i s i t s e l f a fo rm of ,

“ “ ”
t h e wo rld w i d e wo rd f o r -
mo t h e r Th e i m m e n s e l i s t
of s uch wo rd s c o ll e ct e d by B u s ch m a n n s hows th a t t h e t y p e s
d t w i t h t h i m i l fo m n d a t p re p o n d e ra t e i n
p a an a e s ,
a r r s up a ,

t h e wo rl d a s n a m e s f or fa th e r whi l e m a a n d n a a m a n d
‘ ’
, ,

an p re p o n d e ra te a s n a m e s f o r m ot h e r
,
4
.
’

Thu s t h e moth e r of At t i s i s o n ly a n oth e r fo rm of h i s R l t i o of e a n

d ivi n e m i s t re s s t h e g re a t M o th e r Godd e s s a n d w 5
e a re
fiét h éf
’h
,
’s e

b rough t b a ck t o t h e my t h t h a t t h e l ov e rs w e re m oth e r a n d G dd o e ss .

son T h e s t ory t h a t N an a co n c e ive d m i ra cul o u s ly wi thout

.

co m m e rc e wi th t h e o t h e r s e x s h o w s th a t t h e M o t h e r Godd e s s
of Ph rygi a h e rs e lf w a s vi e w e d l ik e o th e r g o dd e sse s o f the ,

s a m e p ri m itiv e ty p e as a V i rgi n
6
Moth e r Th a t vi e w o f
, .

1 P K re tsc
. h m e r, E i n lei t u ng i n di e occ u r in P h ygi
r a (H Hepdi n g.
, A tt i s ,
Gescli i cnt e der g i ec/i i sclz en Sp ra c/z e
r pp .
78 C om a re A B C ook , p . .

(GOtti n ge n , 355 p Z e us , J pi u t e r, an d t h e O ak ,
”
Cla ss i ca l
wx v iii
. .

2 D i od r
o us S i c u lu s , 58 4 ; iii . . Rev i e , .
(1 904 ) p .
79 .

ly
H o tus , Ref uta t i o om n i u m lz aere
ipp 3
A rn ob i us , A dvers u s Na t i on es ,
v .

si u m , 9, i
1 6 8 ed p
D un ck e r an d 6 an d 1 3
w
. . . .

S c h n e i de i n A La t n ded c a t on t o
. i i i 4
(S i r) E a r dw d B . Ty l or, Pri m i t i ve
A tte Pap a h a s ee n ou n d a t A u e a
q b f il i Cu lt u re 2 (Lon don i 223

w
. .
,

(F C u m on t, i n Pa u Wi sso a s Rea l
.
-
’
ly 5 Ra pp , s v
. .
“
K bey l e,
”
in W H . .

en cy clop a di e der cla s s i s cli en A ltert u m s Ros c h er s Lex i kon der gri ec/i
’
u n d ro
’

. m .

i f
z o s sen s cna t , 2 1 80, s v
“
ii
A t tepa ta
.
”
. . Il/y t nologi e, ii . 64 8
1 .

H He pdi n g, A tt i s ,
. G reek p .
5
S he i s c a ed ll a m ot h l
e r ess

i i
de d ca t on s t o Pa a s or t o Z e us Pa a s p p v i gi r n
”
by J li u an (Or . v . 1 66 B p , .
 A T TI S A S T HE FA THER G OD B OO K 11

her ch a ra ct e r do e s n ot res t o n a p e rve rs e a n d m i s chi e vou s

t h e o ry th a t vi rgi n i t y i s m o re ho n o u ra bl e t h a n m a t ri mo n y .

I t i s d e riv e d as I h a v e a l rea dy i n d i c a t e d from a s t a t e of

p a te rn i ty w
, ,

s a v a g e ry i n wh ich t h e m e re fa c t o f as u n k n ow n .

Th a t e xp l a i n s why i n l a t e r ti m e s l o n g a ft e r th e t ru e n at u re
o f p a t e rn i t y h a d b e e n a s c e rt a i n e d t h e F a t h e r G o d w
,

a s oft e n ,

a m uch l e s s i m p o rt a n t p e rs o n a g e i n mythol o gy t h a n h i s
d i vi n e p a rt n e r t h e M o t h er Godd e ss W ith re g a rd to At t i s .

i n h i s p a t e rn a l ch a ra c t e r i t d e s e rv e s to be n o t i c e d t h a t t h e
B i thy n i a n s u s e d t o a s c e n d to t h e t o p s of t h e mou n t a i n s
an d th e re c a l l u p o n h i m u n d e r t h e n a m e of P a p as The .

l
cu s tom i s a tt e s t e d by A rri a n who as a n a ti ve o f B i t hy n i a ,

m u s t h a v e h a d g oo d o pp o rtu n i t i e s o f ob se rvi n g i t We m ay
‘

p erh a p s i n fe r from i t th a t t h e B i t h y n i a n s co n c e iv e d At t i s as
a s k y go d o r h e a v e n l y fa th e r l i k e Z e u s w i th wh o m i n d ee d
-
, ,

A rri a n i d e n ti fi es h i m I f th a t w e re s o t h e s to ry of t h e .
,

love s of Atti s a n d C yb e l e t h e F a t h e r God a n d t h e M o th e r ,

G odd e s s m igh t be i n o n e of i t s a s p e ct s a p a rt i cu l a r v e rs i o n
,

of t h e w i d e s p re a d myth wh ich re p re s e n t s M o t h e r E a rt h
2
fe rti l i z e d by F a t h e r S ky ; a n d fu rt h e r t h e s t o ry o f t h e , ,

2 1 5 ed F C He rtl e i n ) an d t h e re h b d w
us an bl t di v f e re un a e o orc e rom

w
. . .
, ,

as a Pa rtlz en on v i gi h
or r n s c am be r th i i d t h i d th t
e r m nl g s e ea a a m a e e rm

in h er san c tu a r y t Cy i a z c us (Ch . w as yf i p d i
n ecessa r d or ts ro u c t on , an

Mi h l Recu ei l d I n scrip t i on s Grecqu es ,

c e ,
’
fi di g i t i p i bl t d iv i f
n n m oss e o er e t rom

p 4 04 , No
. C om p are Ra pp , i n . a b i g x
e n l t th g dd e t e rn a o e o es s ,

W H Rosc h e r s L ex i kon der gri ecli d th t h h lf p v i d d t

’
a ssu m e a s e e rs e ro e no

wh i h w t f
. . .

u n d rom My t h ologi e, ii 1 6 4 8 ; W agn e r,

'

. . on ly h b t t e su s an ce c as o orm

s v Na n a h ”
i oz d iii 4 sq A n ot er t h b dy f Ra b t l
e o th l g o u a so e m a e e rm

w w wh i h f d t d i t T h N t w
. . .
. .
,

g t
rea g dd f f t i l i t y o h e ss o er o as c e cu n a e us e as

M th w
.

c on c eiv d V i gi e as a r n o er as th ty p
e f p th g i
e o ar e n o - en e s s .

th Egy p ti
e N i th N t Sh i an e or e . e s 1
Q t d by E t th i uo e H us a us on om e r,

ca ll d h G t G dd th M th
e
“
t e re a o ess , e o er Il v 4 8 ; F g t Hi t i
0 ra m en a s or coru m

d w b li v d t
. .

f A ll t h G d M ti lle r, iii
”
o e o s, an as e e e o Graecoru m , ed . C . .
5 92 ,
h v b gh t f t h R th S w i th
a e rou or a, e un , Frag 3 0 . .

ou t th h lp f l p t
e S
e o a m a e a r n e r. ee
2
(S i r) E dw d B Tyl P i i t i ar . o r, r m ve

C P Ti l G / i nt d R ligi
e e, i es c z c e er e on m C lt u i 3u re,
2
qq 7 qq 2 1 s 11 2 0 s

x p l th E w p p l
.
. . . .
, .

A lt t i E A W ll i B dg
er u m , . 1 1 1 . . a s u e, F or e am f e, e e eo e o

Tb G d f tb Egy p t i
e o s (L d o e an s on on , T g lo d i W
o- an Af i t h i k th t
,
n est r c a, n a

i 4 5 7 46 Th l tt w i t
.
- 2 . e a er r er th eE th i h w i f f h S ky
ar s t e e o t e ,

sa y (p s I v y ly i “
n er ear t m es an d t h t th i i g t k pl i
a e r m a rr a e a es a ce n

N t w th p
.

e ifi i as f th e e rson c a t on o e th i y
e ra n wh th i se a son , en e ra n c a u ses

l f l p i ip l f l i f wh i h
e t e rn a em a e r nc e o e c th e d t p t d b
se e sf i o s rou an ea r ru t

w lf
.

as i i g d lf xi t t
se - s us ta n n an se - e s en Th f i t th y g d th h i l d
ese ru s e re ar as e c ren

d w E th w
,

w f M th h i th i pi i
.

an t d ka s s e c re d ll an un no n , an a o o er ar ,
o n e r o n on

p v di g ; th
er a t i l th i k
n e m ore m a e r a n e rs , i th
s h l f
e m ot d f g d er a s o o m en a n o o s.

wh i l t d i ti g th t h b gh t f th
s a m t n a s e rou or S ee
J S pi th D i E l S t. e , e
'
z /e - am m e

h er Ra w i th t ths on id f ou e a o a (B l i er n , pp 4 6 4 5 48 I th .
,
. n e
2 84 A T TI S A S THE FA THER G OD B OO K 11

the th a t t h e m uti l a tio n of t h e p ri e s t s of A t t i s a n d

t h e o ry
t h e bu ri a l of t h e s e v e re d p a rt s w e re d e s i g n e d fe rt i l i z e
t h e g rou n d m ay p e rh a p s be re co n c i l e d w i t h t h e co s m o
go n i c myth i f w e re m e mb e r th e o ld O p i n i on he l d ,

a pp a re n tly by m an y p e o p l e s th a t t h e c re at io n o f t h e ,

wo rl d i s y ear by ye a r re p e a t e d i n th a t g re a t t ra n s f or
m a tio n wh i ch d e p e n d s ulti m a t e ly on t h e a n n u a l i n c re a s e of
t h e s u n s h ea t
?
H ow e ve r t h e e vi d e n c e f or t h e c e l e s ti a l
’
,

a s p e c t o f Atti s i s too s l ight to a l l o w u s t o s p e a k with a n y

c o n fid e n c e o n t hi s s ubj e ct A t rac e of th a t a s p e ct a pp e a rs .

t o s u rviv e i n t h e s t a r s p a n gl e d c a p whi ch h e i s s a i d to h a v e -

a n d wh i ch i s fi gu re d o n s om e mo n u
2
re c e iv e d fro m Cyb e l e ,

m e n t s s u pp o s e d to re p re s e n t hi m ?
Hi s i d e n t i fic a ti o n w i t h
t h e Ph rygi a n moo n god M e n Ty ra n n u s
4
po i n ts i n the sam e -

d i re ct io n but i s p rob a bly due ra th e r to t h e re l i giou s s p e cu l a

,

tio n of a l a t e r a ge t h a n to g e n u i n e p o p u l a r t ra d it i o n 5
.

1
Com p are Tno Dy i n g God, pp . 1 05 Nos . 1 6
4 4 41
-
49 ; H Hepdi n g
.
,
A tt i s,
sqq. pp . 82 , 86 8 9 sq A s t o M en
sq . ,
.

2 J li
u an , Or . v pp
6 5 B, 1 70 D
. . 1 y
T ran n us , see D re e r, s v “
M en , ”
xl . .

(pp . 2 1 4, 2 2 1 , ed F C He rt e n ) ; . . . li i n W H Rosch e r s L ex i leon der gri ec/i

. .
’
.

S a llust i us ph i oso ph u s,
l “
D e di i s e t u n d rom My t b . 2 6 8 7 s qq . ii . .

m un do,
”
iv . Fragm en ta Ph i losop lz oru m 5
O n t h e ot e r an d S ir Wh h . M .

Gra ecoru m ,
ed F G A . u ac , i i i
. . . M ll h . Ra m s a y h l
o ds t a t A tt i s an d h
M en
33 a re ii
de t es of s m ar c a ra c t e r a n d i il h
3D re e r, s v xl M en , i n W H . .
“
. . i i
o r g n , bu t d f
i f e re n t a te ro m eac i d f h
Rosc h er s Lex i eon der gri eclz
’
a nd . h vlp
o t e r by de e o m en t i n d f f e re n t s ur i
ram My t fi ologi e,
. 2 745 H He p ii . . roun d n gs i
(Ci t i es a n d B i s nop ri cs of
i
d n g, A tt i s, 0
12 , n ot e
8 p Pli rygi a , i bu t h e e n e s t at d i h
w
. . .

4
H D e ssa u, I n s crip t i on es L a t i n a e
. M en as a m oon -god (op ci t 1 04 , . . i .

S elect ae, vol Pa rs 1 . ii

1 4 5 sq , . . pp . . n ot e
 C HAPTER IV

HU M A N RE PRE S E NTA T I V E S OF AT T I S

F RO M i n s c ri p t io n s i t a pp e a rs t h a t both a t Pe s s i n u s a n d T h h i gh e

“ f
R o m e t h e h igh p ri e s t o f Cyb e l e re gul a rl y bo re t h e n a m e o f A t t i b
- m e

s
O

ore
1
At t i s I t i s t h e re fo re a re a s o n a bl e co n j e c t u re th a t h e t h g d
’

.
e o s

m e d
p l aye d t h e p a rt of h i s n a m e s a k e t h e l e ge n d a ry Atti s a t t h e t , ,
na

s e e nl s
'
an

an n u a l fe s ti v a l ?
W e h a v e s ee n t h a t o n t h e D a y of B lood h v p a e er

h e d re w blood fro m h i s a rm s a n d t hi s m a y h a v e b e e n a n ,

i m i t a tio n of t h e se lf i n fli c te d d e a t h o f Atti s u n d e r t h e p i n e
-

t re e I t i s n o t i n co n s i s t e n t wi t h t h i s s u pp o s i ti o n th a t A t t i s
wa s a l s o re p re se n t e d a t t he se c e re m o n i e s by a n e f figy ; f o r
.

i n s t a n c e s c a n be s how n i n which t h e d ivi n e b e i n g i s

fi rs t re p re s e n t e d by a l i v i n g p e rs o n a n d a fte rw ard s by
?
a n e ffigy wh i ch i s t h e n bu rn e d o r oth e rwi s e d e s t roy e d
P e rh a p s w
,

e m a y go a s t e p fa rt h e r a n d co n j e ctu re th a t th i s T h e

d w i g of
m 1 m 1c k 1 ll1n g o f t h e p r1e s t a c c o m p a m e d by a re a l e f f us 1 o n
ra n

t h h i gh
of h i s blood w
,
e

as i n P h rygi a a s i t h a s b e e n e l se wh e re a p i t r es
’

s ub s t i t u t e f o r a hum a n s a c ri fic e wh ich i n e a rl i e r t i m es w
, , ,

gi b g
d
E
r’
as
e

a c t u a l ly o ffe re d S i r W M R a m s a y who s e a u t h o rity o n b ti t t a su s u e

Ph ry g1a n o o n e w
f
. . .
,
i t mg
a ll qu e s t 1 o n s re la t 1n g to 1 11 d1s ut e
p 1 8 ,

1 In l e tte rs o f Eu m en e s an d A t ta us , l He pdi n g ,
A tt i s , p .
79 Ra pp, s v. .

p re s e r e vdi i n pi
n s c ri t on s a t S i vri h i ssa r, A tt i s, in W H . . Rosc h e r s L ex i /i on
’

th e pi r es t a t Pe ssi n us i s a dre sse d a s d de r gri ec/z u n d rom

’

My t/z ologi e i 724

w
. . .
, .

A tt i s S ee A v on D om a s z e s k i , l
S e e a s o Po b us, 18 ly i
(ed L xxii
w
. . . . .

i
B r e e de r f A t ta liden an den Pri es te r D i n dori ) , h o m e n t on s a ri e s t of i p
v on Pe ss i n us, ”
A rc/z a eologi sc/i e - ep i the M h
ot e r o f t h e G o s n a m ed A t t s d i
l i sclze M i t t /z ei lu n en Oest er a t Pe ss i n us
g p
ra i g a u s .

re i cli Unga rn , (1 8 8 4 ) v iii

9 6, . pp .
2
T he j i s t at h of Hen z en
98 Ch . Mi h l
c e , Recu e i l d I n s crip t i on s
’

i n A n n al
c on e c ture

d I n st 1 8 5 6, p
,

Grec u es, q 5 7 sq No 4 5
pp . W . . .

f e rre d t o
.

by R pp
.

a
.

l c
. 1 1 0, re

D i t te n b e rge r, Ori en t i s Graeci I n scri p

.
, .

t i on es S electa e (Le ip i c s ,
1 90 3
3 Tli e Ill agi c A rt a n d Me E volu t i on
vo l . i pp. .
482 s qq . No .
315 . For f
o K i n gs , ii
7 5 s q ; Tfi e Dy i n g God,
. .

m ore vid e e n ce of i n scr ip ti o ns see H . pp . 1 5 1 sq .

,
2 09 .

2 85
 HUMA N REPRE S EN TA TI VE S OF A TTI S B OO K 11

of o p i n io n th a t th e s e P h rygi an c e re m o n i e s t h e re p re
at

s e n t a t i ve o f t h e god w a s p rob a bly s l a i n e a ch y e a r by a c ru e l

d e a t h j u s t a s t h e go d h i m s e l f d i e d
,
1
We k n o w from .
”

St ra b o t h a t t h e p ri e s t s of Pe s s i n us w e re a t o n e t i m e
2

p o te n t a t e s a s w e l l a s p ri es t s ; t h e y m ay th e re fo re h a ve , ,

b e lo n g e d to th a t cl as s o f d ivi n e k i n g s o r p o p e s who s e d u t y
it w a s to di e e a ch y e ar f or th e i r p e o p l e a n d t h e wo rld .

T h e n a m e of Atti s i t i s t ru e do e s n o t occu r a mo n g t h e
n a m e s of t h e O ld k i n g s of P h rygi a w
, ,

h o s e e m to h a v e bo rn e ,

t h e n a m e s of M id a s a n d Go rdi a s i n a l t e rn a t e g e n e ra ti o n s ;
but a v e ry a n ci e n t i n s c ri p tio n c a rv e d i n t h e rock a b o v e a
fa m ou s P h rygi an mo n u m en t whi ch i s k n ow n a s t h e Tom b
of M i d a s re co rd s t h a t t h e m o n u m e n t w
,

,
as m a d e f o r or ,

d e d i c a t e d to K i n g M i d a s by a c e rt a i n At e s who s e n a m e
i s dou b tl e s s i d e n t ic a l w i th Att i s a n d w
, ,

h o i f n ot a k i n g , ,

h i m se lf m ay h a v e b ee n o n e of t h e roy a l fa m i ly
,
?
It i s
wo rt hy of n ot e a l s o th a t t h e n a m e Aty s whi ch a g a i n , , ,

a pp e a rs to be o n ly a n oth e r fo rm of A t ti s i s re c o rd e d a s ,

th a t of a n e a rly k i n g of L yd i a ; a n d th a t a s on of C ro e s u s
4

k i n g of L yd i a n o t o n ly bo re t h e n a m e A t y s but w
,

as s a i d

to h av e b e e n k i l l e d wh i l e h e w
,

as hu n ti n g a bo a r by a , ,

m e mb e r of t h e roy a l Ph rygi a n fa m i ly who t ra c e d h i s l i n e a g e ,

to K i n g M i d a s a n d h ad fle d to t h e cou rt of C ro e s u s b e c a u s e
h e h a d u n w i tt i n gly s l a i n h i s o w
5
n b ro t h e r Sch o l a rs h a v e .

"
re cog n i z e d i n thi s s to ry of t h e d e a t h of A t y s s o n o f C ro e s u s , ,

a m e re doubl e o f t h e myth of Atti s ; a n d i n V i e w of t h e

fa ct s wh i ch h a v e co m e b e fo re us i n t h e p re se n t i n qu i ry i t 7

1
A rti c l “
Ph ry gi i E y l p di
e S i r W M Ra m s y th e c o q u i g
a, n n c c o ae a . . a , n er n

B itr i 9th d x v ii i ( 1 8 8 5 ) p 8 5 3
a n n ca , e d ru l i n g c s te i n Ly di b el o g d to
. . . . an a a n e

E l wh e re
se p e k i g of th e re l igi o o f th e Ph rygi sto k (j ou l of H ll i c
, s a n ns an c rn a e en

A s i M i or i g e r l t h e s m
a n n w i t r S tu di ix (1 8 8 8 ) p
en a , a e r e es , . .

sa y s Th e h i gh t p i t d p ri t 5 H r do u
es o t s i 34 45
r es s an Th e tr d i es e , .
- . a

e s ses p l y e d th a p t of th e g t gods ti o th t Cro sus w oul d ll ow o i ro

e ar s re a n a e a n n

i n t h m y t i c i t u l w or t h e i r d
e s r s w p o to com n e r A tys suggest
a , e res , ea n e a s

an d b ore th i r m s (Ci t i e d th t na s i m i l ar t b oo m ay h v e bee

e es an a a a a n

B i bop i s of P/ y gi
s r c i zr i m p osed o t h e Ph ygi n p i est n m ed
a, . n r a r s a
2
S tr b o xii 5 3 p 5 6 7
a , . A t ti s
. Fo r t b oos of t h i s o t see
, . . . a s r

(S i ) W M R m y A S tu dy f t l e S o l pp
“
3 r . . T b o d tl P ri l o
a sa , a o an ie e s z u , .

of Ph ry gi l f H ll i
”
A t joan r , 225 qq u rn a o e en c s .

S t u di ix (1 8 8 ) pp 3 7 9 qq ; d
es , 8 . i 5 H S t i on Herod otus i 4 3 ;
. s . .
, . e n , .

A S t u dy o f Ph ry gi M y “
A ty i n P uly
“ ” ”
A t j o l Ed e r an v r u rn a e s. s, a

x (1 8 8 9 ) pp 1 5 6 Wi ows R l E y lop adi e d r l

, .
, .

f H ll i S t di
’ '

e en c u es , ss -
o a ea nc c e c as

e tu m w
. .

s
qq ;. G P o t
. t C h C h ipi
e rr e H i s t o i e i b A l t . i e b af t ii 2
z ,
re s sc en r s s s n sc , .

de l A rt da n s l A n t i q u i te,
’ ’ '

v
8 2 s qq
. . c oL 2 2 6 2 .

4 He rod otus i , .
94 . A ccord n g to i 7 S ee a b v pp
o e, . 1 3, 1 6 sq .
, 48 sqq.
 C HAPTER V

T HE HA NG E D GOD

A RE M I NI S C E NC E
m a n n e r i n wh ich th e se ol d re p re
of th e
s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e d e i t y w e re p ut to d e a th i s p e rh a p s p re s e rv e d

i n t h e fa m o u s s t o ry o f M a rs y a s He w a s s a i d t o be a .

P h rygi an s at y r o r Si l e n u s a cco rd i n g to oth e rs a s h e p h e rd o r ,

h e rd s m a n w h o p l ay e d s w e e t l y o n t h e flut e
,
A f ri e n d of .

Cyb e l e h e ro a m e d t h e cou n t ry wi t h t h e d i s c o n s ol a t e g od d e s s
,

Th e com p o s i ti o n
?
t o s o o t h e h e r g ri e f f o r t h e d e a t h of Atti s
of t h e M o t h e r s A i r a tu n e p l a y e d o n t h e flut e i n ho n o u r of
’

t h e G re a t M o t h e r God d es s w
,

a s a t t ri bu t e d to h i m by t h e ,

p e o p l e of C e l a e n ae i n Ph rygi a ?
V a i n of h i s s k i l l h e ,

ch a l l e n g e d A p ol l o t o a mu s i c a l co n t e s t h e t o p l a y o n t h e ,

flut e a n d A p o l l o o n t h e ly re B e i n g v a n qu i s h e d M a rs y a s
wa s t i e d u p t o a p i n e t ree a n d fl aye d o r cut l i m b fro m l i m b
.
,

e i th e r by t h e v i c t o ri ou s A p ol lo o r by a Scyth i a n s l a v e 3

Hi s s k i n w
.

a s s how n a t C e l a e n ae i n h i s t o ri c a l t i m e s It .

1
D i odorus S i culus , 5 8 sq As iii . . ob as , i Cen t . iv . 81 J . T z e tz e s , Cbi li
to a rs a s M y
i n t h e c a ra c t e r of a h ades , i .
353 d l sqq l li n y
’
l
a on e e c a re s

h ph h yi hv b pl wh i h
.

s e e rd o r e rds m a n s ee H g n us , th t e t re e o a e een a an e , c

Fa b 1 6 5 Non n u s , D i ony s i 4 1 s qq di g
acc o r hi w i ll h w t
n to m as st s o n a

wy f
. . .

ll il
,

He i s c a e d a S e n us by Pausan as i A l u oc re n eth Ap on e a rom a m ea

(i . 24 . t oPh y gi (N t Hi t x v i
r a a s . .

d l b i th V t i
.

2
Pa usan 30 9 i as , x . . . O n a ca n h e a ra n e a ca n t e

,
p
3 A o o orus B i bli ot / ll d z eca , 4 2 ; i . . d f t d M
e ea e y i p t d h g a rs as s re re s en e an

yi
H g n us, Fa b 1 6 5 an . an c e n t . M y i i gn pi t (W H lb i g
on a n e - re e . e ,

wi i
r t e rs m e n t on t at th e t re e hon i 5 q ) b t th
22 s t l id u e m on u m e n a ev

h w
. .

wh h M y
ic a rs a s s uff e re d de a t as a e n cei t it t
s th i nop i t c on s s e n on s o n

pi ne S e e A o o orus , l c ; Ni c
. p ll d . .
(J e ss e n , M y i W H
s v..
“
a rs as ,
”
n .

wi h
.

a n de r, A lex ip lz a rm a ca , Rosch e r s L ex i t on der gri ecli

’
u n d rom
'

3 0 1 sq , t . / . .

’
h l
t h e S c o i a s t s n o te ; Lu c i a n , Tragodo My t/z ologi e ,
ii . The p o i ti o
s n

p odagra , 3 1 4 sq ; A rc as M i ty l e
. hi wh i h th c h ld e pi ne e i n th e yh m t an d

n ae u s , i n A n tbologi a Pa la ti n a , v ii . ri t l f Cy b l pp
ua o e e su o rts th e p p d re on er

6 9 6 ; Philos tratus , un or, I m agi n es , J i an ce of i t t ti a n c en es m on yi fv n a o ur o f

i .
3 ; L on us,
g P a s tor 8 ; Z e n . iv . h tt
t a ree .

2 88
C HAP . v THE HA NGED G OD

hu n g a t t h e foot of th e c i t a d e l i n a c a v e fro m wh i ch t he
riv e r M a rs y a s ru s h e d w i th a n i m p e tuou s a n d n o i s y tid e
?
t o jo i n t h e M a e a n d e r S o t h e Ado n i s bu rs t s ful l bo rn fro m -

t h e p re ci p ic e s of t h e L e b a n o n ; s o t h e bl u e ri v e r of I bre e z
l e a p s i n a c ry s t a l je t from t h e re d ro ck s of t h e T a u ru s ;
s o t h e s t re a m w hich n owru mbl es d ee p u n d e rg rou n d u s e d
, ,

to gl e a m f or a mom e n t o n i t s p a s sa g e from d ark n e ss to

d a rk n e s s i n t h e d i m l ight of t h e C o ryc i a n c a v e I n a ll th e s e .

co p i ou s fou n t a i n s w i t h th e i r gl a d p rom i se of fe rti l i t y a n d

l i fe m e n of O ld s awt h e h a n d of God a n d wo rs h i pp e d h i m
,

b e s i d e t h e ru s h i n g rive r wi th t h e mu s ic o f i t s tu m bl i n g
w a t e rs i n th e i r e ars At C e l ae n ae i f w e c an t ru s t t ra d i .
,

ti o n t h e p i p e r M a rs y a s h a n gi n g i n h i s c a v e h a d a s ou l
, , ,

f o r h a rmo n y e v e n i n d e a th ; f o r i t i s s a i d th a t a t
the s ou n d o f h i s n a t iv e P h rygi a n m e l o d i e s t h e s k i n of
t h e d e a d s a ty r u s e d t o th ri ll bu t th a t i f t h e mu s i c i a n ,

s t ruck u p a n a i r i n p ra i s e o f A p ol lo i t re m a i n e d d e a f a n d
?
motio n l es s
I n thi s Ph rygi an sa ty r s h e p h e rd or h e rd s m a n who M sy , , ar as

e n joy e d t h e fri e n d s h i p of C yb e l e p racti se d t h e mu s ic s o ,

3
ch a ra ct e ri s t ic of h e r ri t e s a n d d i e d a v iol e n t d e a th o n h e r f A tt i o s

s a c re d t re e t h e p i n e m a y w
, .

e n o t d e t e ct a clo s e re s e mbl a n c e
, ,

to Atti s t h e fa v o u ri t e s h e p h e rd o r h e rd s m a n of t h e godd e s s
wh o i s h i m se l f d e s c ri be d as a p i p e r? i s s a id to h a ve p e ri s h e d
, ,

u n d e r a p i n e t ree an d w as a n n u a l ly re p re s e n t e d by a n e f fi gy
-
,

hu n g l i k e M ars y as u p o n a p i n e ? We m ay co n j e ctu re th a t
, ,

i n o ld d a y s t h e p ri e s t who b o re t h e n a m e a n d p l a y e d t h e
p a rt of Atti s a t t h e s p ri n g fe s ti v a l of Cyb e l e w a s re gu l a rly

h a n g e d or o t h e rwi s e s l a i n u p o n t h e s a c re d t re e a n d th a t
th i s b a rb a rou s cu s to m w
,

as a ft e rw a rd s m i t i g a t e d i n t o t h e

fo rm i n which i t i s k n ow n to us i n l a t e r ti m e s wh e n t h e ,

p ri e s t m e re ly d re w blood fro m h i s body u n d e r t h e t re e an d

a t t a ch e d a n e f figy i n s t e a d of h i m s e l f t o i t s t ru n k In the .

h o ly g ro v e at Up s a l a m e n a n d a n i m a l s w e re s a c ri fic e d by
1
He rod otus , vn . 26 X en op h o
; n, 341 ; Poly aen us, S tra tagem . v iii
L i vy xxx v iii l f
.

A n a ba s i s , i . 2 . 8 ; , .
53 4 . . F u t es or pip
e s o t en a e ar pp
13 . 6 : Q u i n t us Cu r ti iii 1 1 5 ;
us , . .
-
on h e r m on u m en t s S e e H D e ss a u ,
.

l i y N Hi t v 6 H d t
.

P n , at . s . . 10 . e ro o us I n s cri pt i on es L a t i n ae S elect a e, N05

ll th i v th C t h t
.

ca s e r er e a a rr ac es .
4 1 00 , 4 1 4 3 , 4 1 4 5 , 4 1 5 2 , 4 1 5 3 .

2A li V e Hi t xiii
an , ar . s . . 2 1 .
4 H o ipp ly
tu s , Ref uta ti o om i um n
3C t ll l xiii
a u ; L ti
us , 22 u cre us , Iza eres i u m , 9, v p 1 68 , e d D un ck e r

w
. .

; O vid F ti i v
. .

11 . 6 20 8 q , as , . 1 1 s .
, an d S c h n e i de i n .

PT . IV . VOL . I
 THE HA NGED G OD B OO K 11

b e i n g h a n g e d u p o n t h e s a c re d t ree s T h e hum a n v icti m s

?

d e d i c a te d t o O d i n w e re re gul a rly p ut to d e a t h by h an gi n g
o r by a combi n a tio n of h a n gi n g a n d s t a bbi n g t h e m a n ,

b e i n g s t ru n g u p to a t re e o r a g a l l o w s a n d th e n w o u n d e d
w i t h a s p e ar H e n c e O d i n w as c al l ed t h e Lo rd o f t h e
. .

G a l low s or t h e God of t h e H an g e d a n d h e i s re p re s e n t e d ,

?
s i tti n g u n d e r a g a l low s t re e I n d e e d h e i s s a i d to h a v e
b e e n s a c ri fic e d to h i m s e l f i n t h e o rd i n a ry w ay as w e l e a rn ,

fro m t h e w e i rd v e rs es of t h e Ha va m a l i n wh i ch t h e god ,

d e s c ri b e s how h e a c qu i re d h i s d i vi n e p ow e r b y l e a rn i n g t h e
m a gi c ru n e s
I kn o wt/ za t I bu ng on tne wi dy n tree
F or n i n e f i e
/b ole r u
g/i ts ,

Wou n ded wi tn t/ ie s p ea r, dedi ca ted to Odi n ,

My se
lf to m y s elf .
” 3

Th e B a go b o s of M i n d a n a o on e of t h e P h i l i pp i n e I s l an d s , ,

u se d a n n u a l ly to s a c ri fic e hum a n vi c t i m s f or t h e good o f
t h e c ro p s i n a s i m i l a r w ay E a rly i n D ec e mb e r wh e n t h e .
,

1
A d am of Bre m en , D escri pt i o i n pp .
5 48 s q. ; Th . M o m m s en ,

s u la ru m A q u i lon i s , 27 ( g u e
’
Mi
s Pa t ro R om an Hi story ,
bk . i . ch . 12 (vol . 1 .

logi a L a t i n a , c x lv i . p . 1 92 , ed . id .
,
Rom i scnes
2 B ugge , S tu di en uber di e E n t
S . S t raf rec/i t (Le ip i c s ,
pp .
900
s teli u ng der n brdi scb en Gotter u n d G ran ge r, Tbe Wors b ip of
F
’ '

s qq . ; .

Helden sagen (M un i ch , pp .
339 t be Rom a n s (Lon o n , 259 d pp .

s qq . K S im . rock , D i e E dda 8
(S tut t s qq ; E W est e rm arc k , Tbe Origi n
. .

g a rt , p .
3 8M ullen h of f ,
2 ; K . a n d D evelo m en t o
p f t be M o r a l I d e as,

D e u tsc/z e A ltert u m sku n de (B e r i n , l i .

(Lon don , 1 90 6 ) 4 3 9 sq S o, pp . .

1 870 iv 2 44 sq ; H M t oo , a m on g b a r a rou s eo es th e b p pl
w
. . . .

h wi k
C ad c , Tbe Cu lt qf Ot /z i n (Lon l
s au g t e r of h
r s on ers i n pi
ar i s o ten f
don , pp .
3 -
20 . T h e o ld a ifi
sa c r c e of f e re d by th e c tors t o vi
E gl i h
n s c us tom of h an g n g i an d di s th e go s t o d
ose a i d t e wh
a s c r be hy i
em b w ll i o e ng i
tra tors w p b bly as ro a th e c tor vi
S ee A B E s, n o y . . . ll i
d iv d f
er e rom a p ra c ti f th
ce i o u s sa c r Ts ki sp ea k i ng Peoples of
- tbe Gold
fi i g th
c n em to Od i n f y
or a m o n
g m an Coast (Lo n on , d 1 6 9 sq ; pp . .

ra ce s , i n c l ud i g n th e T e u ton ic d an W E . s, P o ly n es ll i
i a n R e s ea r clz es
2

La t i n p op l s
e e , ca pi t a l pu i h m e t n s n (Lon on , 1 8 3 2 d 2 89 ; D io i .

app s to h av e
ea r be en o i gi r lly na a dorus S i c ulus , 6 5 ; S t rab o , v i i xx . .

re l i i ous ri t e s ifi or c on s e c ra 2 2 9 C p sa r, D e bello Ga ll i co,

g , a ac r ce 3.
, 4 ; a e .

tio of th e c ri m i
n na lt o th e go d wh om vi 1 7 ; T a c i t u s , A n n a ls ,
. 61, i . xiii .

h e h ad o f e n e f dd . S ee F . L e i b ht re c , 5 7 ; P r o c o us ,
D e be ll o Gpiot / z i co, ii .

Z u r Volksku n de (He i lb ron n , 1 5 2 4, . 25 ii

9 ; J orn an des , Get i ca ,
. .

pp . 8 sq . K . v on Am ir a, in H P l. au
’
s vi 41 ; J
. G r m m , D eu tscbe My t/i o
. i
Gru n dri s s der germ Pli i lo a n i s cb en logi e 4 (B e r n , 1 8 7 5 li 3 6 sq ; i
w
. .

logi e 2 i i i (S t ra sbu rg, 1 9 00 )

, . 1 97 pp . Fr S ch ally , S em i ti scli e K ri egsa lt er
.

sq . G Vi gf usson an d F Y ork Po e ,
. . w ll t ti m er (Le i s c ,
'

pi
2 9 sqq pp . .

Corpu s Poet i cu m B orea le (O ord, xf 3

Ha va m a l, 1 3 9 sqq (K S m roc k , . . i
i .
410 ; W .G olth e r, Ha n dbu cb D i e E dda , 8
55 ; K M ti llpe n.h off , .

der germ a n i sclz e n My t/i ologi e (Le s c , ip i D eu tsc/z e A ltert u m sku n de, v . 2 7 0 sq .
 THE HA NGED G OD B OO K 11

w as t ol d m e d A s p a li s who h an g e d h e rs e l f but
of a gi rl na ,

who a pp e a rs t o h a v e b ee n m e re ly a fo rm of A rte m i s .

Fo r a fte r h e r d e a t h h e r b o dy c o u ld n o t be fou n d but a n

i m a ge o f h e r w
,

a s d i s cov e re d s t a n d i n g b e s i d e t h e i m a g e o f

A rt e m i s a n d t h e p e o p l e b e s towe d on i t t h e ti t l e of He c ae rge
,

or Fa r s hoo t e r o n e o f -
t h e re gu l a r e p i th e t s of t h e godd ess
, .

E v e ry y ea r t h e vi rgi n s s ac ri fic e d a you n g go a t to t h e i m a g e
by h a n gi n g i t b e c a u s e A s ty p a li s w as s a i d to h a v e h a n g e d
,

h e rs e lf ?
T h e s a c ri fi c e m ay h a v e b e e n a s u b s t i tu t e f o r h an g
i n g a n i m a g e o r a hu m a n re p re se n t a t iv e of A rt e m i s Ag a i n
i n Rhod e s t h e fa i r H e l e n w
.
,

a s wo rs hi pp e d u n d e r t h e ti tl e of

H e l e n of t h e T re e b e c a u s e t h e qu ee n of t h e i s l an d h ad ,

c a u s e d h e r h a n d m a i d s d i s gu i se d a s Fu ri e s to s t ri n g h e r u p , ,

to a b ou gh 2
Th a t t h e A s i a t i c G re e k s sa c ri fi c e d a n i m a l s i n
.

th i s fas h i o n i s p rov e d by co i n s of I l i u m wh ic h re p re se n t a n ,

o x o r cow h an gi n g o n a t re e a n d s t a bb e d w i th a k n i fe by a
m a n who s it s a mo n g t h e b ra n ch e s o r o n t h e a n i m a l s b a ck
? ’

At H i e ra p ol i s a l s o t h e v i cti m s w e re hu n g o n t re e s b e fo re
?
th e y w e re bu rn t W i th th e s e G re e k a n d S c an d i n a vi a n
p a ra l l e l s b e fo re u s w e c a n h a rd ly d i s m i s s a s wh o l ly i m p ro b

(B e r i n , l 3 3 6
1814
sq , s v i . . . . t urn ig b ac k
n w d ar s an d u pw a rds th e
”
Ay a xna T h e god ess Hec a te
’
E xdrns d h e a d of th e v i tiS ee P S ten ge ,
c m l
w
. . .

i id ifi w i h i g i hi h
”
Zu m sc en O pf e rri t ua l ,
a s s om e t m e s en t ed t A rt e m s , r ec
j a br
h h
t ou g i n or g n ro a sh e as i i p b bly w bu ck des ka i s er deu tsck A rc/i aolo . .

q di i
u i te s t n c t S ee L R F a rn e , . . . ll gi sck en I n st i t u ts , ( 1 90 3 ) x v iii . pp .

Tli e Cu lts of Me Greek S ta tes , 4 99 ii . 1 1 3 -1 2 3 B ut i t see m s

.
g im h i hly
s qq . p rob a bl th t
e a so tr i vi a l an t h
ac ld s ou
1 A n ton i nus Li berali s , Tra n gf orm . be l ly
so e m n c om m em ora t e d in ih an

i ri i i s cr ip ti o n a m on g th e xp l ie o ts of th e
wh o p f
.

2 Pausan i as , iii 19 9 sq y ou n g m e n (ep /z eboi ) e r o rm ed i t

h h d w w h
. . . .

3 H . v on Fri tz e ,
“
Z u m gr ec sc e n i hi h O n th e ot e r an , e kn o t a t at
O pf r i t e r ua l ,
”
j z rbu ck
a/ des ka i ser . y li f y
Ny s a th e oun g m e n did t an d c a rr
deu tsc/i A rc/i aologi sck en
'

I n st i t u ts , i fi i l ll
th e s ac r c a h
b u , an d t a t t h e ac t
w d
.

x v iii .
( 9 1 03 ) pp 5 8 6 7 I n th e
.
- . as ee m e dw hyort i
of c om m e m orat on

ri tu l a of E l e us i s th s ri fi c i l ox e ac a en on i
th e c o n s v p
S ee a bo e ,
. 2 06 . .

w e re s om e t m e s i l i fte d u p by y ou g n fi d
T h e Wajagga of E a s t A r ca re a d t h e
m en f
ro m t h e groun d S e e G D i tten
. . h i i
g os ts o f s u c des wh so en a m an h a s

b e rge r, Sy l loge I n s crip t i on u m Gra e h h i lf h y

an ge d m se p f
t e t ak e th e ro e rom
ca ru m ,
2 v ol
. ii pp. 1 6 6 sq
. No 5 2 1 . . h f l
h i s n e c k a n d a n g a goa t i n t h e a ta
(fipa’ uro dé ra t 7 o uva rnpf ors robs fiofis
“
f wh h h y l y
n o os e , a t e r i l
i c t e s a t h e an m a .

eu Eh e voi ui f f } flva f a i , In k ) ; E S
‘

. . hi
T s i s su pp pp
os e d t o a hease t h e g os t

Robe rt s an d E A G a rdn e r, I n tro . . an d p f

reve n t hi m pi h
ro m t e m t n g u m an
du ct i on to Greek Ep igrap /zy , i i (Ca m . i f ll w x pl
be n gs t o o o h i s ba d e a m e S ee .

id pp
b r ge , 1 90 5 ) 1 7 6 sq , No 65 B G ut m a n n , “
T ra u e r u n d B e grab n i s
w
. . . .

h i i ip i
.

I n t s n s c r t on t h e ord fipa vr o i s s t t en de r W a ds ch a
i l xxxix
”
gga , Globu s , .

i ly i p
d ff e re n t n t e r re te d b
y P S te n ge , l p
(1 90 6 ) 2 00

w pp
. .

h f ly v p
.

4
ho su os es t at i t re e rs m e re to S ee abo e , 1 46 . .
CH AP v
. THE HA NGED G OD

a bl e t h e co n j e ctu re th a t i n P h rygi a a m a n god m a y h a ve -

hu n g y e a r by y e a r o n t h e s a c re d but fa t a l t re e
T h e t ra d itio n th a t M a rs y as w
.

a s fl a y e d a n d th a t h i s s k i n U of t h se e

wa s e x h i bi te d a t C e l ae n ae d ow n to h i s to ri c a l ti m e s m ay 53223 1 ”
1
1

w e l l re fl e ct a ri tu a l p ra ctic e of flay i n g t h e d e a d god a n d vi t i m t c s o

h a n gi n g h i s s k i n u p o n t h e p i n e a s a m e a n s of e ff e c t i n g h i s
re s u rre c t io n a n d wi t h i t t h e re viv a l of v e g e t a t i o n i n s p ri n g t i o
,
.
n

S i m il arly i n a n c i e n t M e x ico t h e hu m a n victi m s who

,

p e rs o n at e d god s w ere oft e n flaye d a n d th e i r bloody s k i n s

wo rn b y m e n who a pp e a r to h a v e re p res e n t e d t h e d e a d
?
d e i ti es co m e to l i fe a g a i n Wh e n a Scyth i a n k i n g d i e d h e
wa s bu ri e d i n a g rav e a lo n g w i th o n e of h i s co n cu b i n e s h is
,

cu p b e a re r c o ok g ro o m l a cqu e y a n d m e s s e n g e r w
,

-
h o w e re
a ll k i l l e d f o r t h e p u rp o s e a n d a g re a t b a rrow w
, , , , ,

a s h ea p e d

A y ear a ft e rw
,

u p ov e r t h e g rav e . a rd s fift y of h i s s e rv a n t s

a n d fi fty of h i s b e s t ho rs e s w e re s t ra n gl e d a n d t h e i r bod i e s ,

h a vi n g b e e n d i s e m bow e l l e d a n d cl e a n e d out w e re s tuff e d ,

wi th ch a ff s e w n u p a n d s e t o n s c a ff o ld s rou n d a bou t t h e
b a rrow e ve ry d e a d m an b e s t ri d i n g a d e a d ho rse whi ch w
, ,

,
as ,

?
bi t t e d a n d b ri d l e d a s i n l i f e Th ese s t ran g e ho rse m e n w e re
n o doubt s u pp o se d to mou n t gu a rd ov e r t h e k i n g Th e .

s e t t i n g u p of th e i r s tu ff e d s k i n s m ight be t hou gh t to e n s u re

th e i r gho s t ly res u rre cti o n

Th a t s om e s uch n o t io n w
.

a s e n t e rt a i n e d b y t h e Scythi an s S k i f ns o

i s m a d e p rob a bl e by t h e a ccou n t wh ich t h e m e d i a e v a l

t ra ve l l e r de P l a n o C a rp i n i giv e s of t h e fu n e ra l cu s tom s t ff d d s u e an

t p t se u a
of t h e M o n gol s T h e t ra ve ll e r t e ll s us th a t wh e n a g v
n obl e Mo n gol d i e d t h e cu s t o m w
ra es
.
.

, a s t o bu ry h i m s ea t e d i n

t h e m idd l e of a t e n t a lo n g w i th a ,
ho rs e s a ddl e d a n d
b ri dl e d a n d a m a re a n d h e r fo a l
,
A l s o t h e y u se d to e a t
.

a n o t h e r ho rs e s tuff t h e c a rc a s e wi th s t ra w a n d s e t i t u p o n
, ,

p o l e s A l l t h i s t h e y d i d i n o rd e r t h a t i n th e o t h e r w o rld
.

t h e d e a d m a n m i ght h a v e a t e n t t o l iv e i n a m a re t o yi e ld ,

m i l k a n d a s t e e d t o ri d e a n d th at h e m i ght be a bl e to
, ,

b ree d h o rs e s M o re ov e r t h e b o n e s o f t h e ho rs e wh i ch t h e y
.
,

?
a t e w e re bu rn e d f o r t h e go o d o f h i s s o ul Wh e n t h e A ra b
t ra v e l l e r I bn B a t ut a vi s i t e d P e k i n g i n t h e fo u rt ee n t h c e n tu ry ,

1 Tb e S cap egoa t, pp . 2 9 4 sqq .

3 J ea n l
da P an de C a r n , Hi s t ori a pi
M on ga lor um , e d D A ve z a c (Pa r s ,
’
. i
2
He rodotus i v , .
7 1 sq . ca
p . iii . iii .
 THE HA NGED G OD B O OK 11

he w i t n e s se d t h e fu n e ra l of a n e m p e ro r of C h i n a who h a d
b ee n k i l l e d i n b at t l e T h e d ea d s ov e re i g n w . a s bu ri e d a lo n g

w ith fou r you n g fe m a l e s l a v e s a n d s i x gu a rd s i n a v a ul t

l i k e a hi ll w
,

a n d a n i m m e n se mou n d a s p i l ed ov e r h i m .

Fou r ho rs e s w e re th e n m a d e to ru n rou n d t h e h i llock t i l l

th e y coul d run n o lo n ge r a ft e r wh i ch th ey w e re k i ll e d , ,

i m p a l e d a n d s e t u p b es i d e t h e to m b
?
,
Wh e n a n I n d i an of
P a t a go n i a d i e s h e i s bu ri e d i n a p i t a l o n g w i th s om e of h i s
,

p ro p erty Afte rw a rd s h i s fa vou ri t e ho rs e h a vi n g b ee n

.
,

k i l l e d s k i n n e d a n d s tuff e d i s p ro pp e d up o n s t i ck s w ith i ts
, , ,

h e a d tu rn e d tow a rd s t h e g ra v e At t h e fu n e ra l of a ch i e f .

fou r ho rs es a re s a c ri fic e d a n d o n e i s s et u p a t e a ch co rn e r ,

o f t h e b u ri a l p l a c e T h e cl oth e s a n d oth e r e ff e c ts of t h e
-
.

d e c ea s e d are bu rn e d a n d to co n cl u d e a ll a fe a s t i s m a d e of ,

?
t h e ho rs e s fl e s h T h e Scyth i a n s c e rt a i n ly b e l i e v e d i n t h e
’

e x i s t en c e of t h e s oul a ft e r d ea th a n d i n t h e p o s s i bi l i ty of

tu rn i n g i t to a ccou n t Th i s i s p rove d by t h e p ra ctic e of .

o n e of th e i r t ri b e s t h e T a u ri an s of t h e C ri m e a who u s e d to , ,

cut off th e h e a d s of th e i r p ri s o n e rs a n d s e t th e m o n p ol es
ove r th e i r hou s e s e s p e c i a l ly ov e r t h e ch i m n e y s i n o rde r , ,

th a t t h e s p i ri t s of t h e s l a i n m e n m i ght gu a rd t h e dw e l l i n g s ?

S om e Som e of t h e s a v ag e s of B o rn e o a l l e ge a s i m i l ar re a s o n f or
tri bes of “
th e i r fa vou ri te cu s to m of t a k i n g hu m an h e a d s Th e .

B orn eo u se
ll
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cu s tom s a i d a K ay a n ch i e f
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i s n ot ho rri bl e It is a n , .

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a r C D é f ré m e ry e t B R S g u i t t i on th e d ead T h u s a P si n
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i v 3 00 q For h s b e k ow to fl y n e em y . s . a e n n n a a n ,

m or e ev i d e f s i m i l a c us tom s oh
n ce o s tu f f t h e sk i r w i t h h f f an d h g i t ,
n c a , an

s e rv e d b y T u r i p e op l see K
an an o h igh t e (Procopi us D b llo
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T h i s ws th e
.
,

Neum an n , D i H lle i m S ky t k
e e P i co i
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lan de (B e l i r n, pp 2 3 7 2 3 9 t e t m en t .wh i ch th e rch h eret i c-

. r a a -

2
C p t i n R Fi t roy N
a a . t i ve o fz M-
i ch e u s i s sai d t o h v e r ce i v d
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n n, . E l i ti s . cc es as ca , . a r a
3 He o d o tus i v 1 03 M y S cy G
r , . l x v ii 1 3 7
. S t i ll su h
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, c a

thi an s fl ye d th ei r d ead
a m i p u i sh m n t m y h v e b ee uggeste d en e es , n e a a n s

an d s tretc h i g th sk i n o
,
n w oode by
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n T h e i dea o f
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f r m ew o k c rri ed i t bo t w i th t h m
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a u v i cti m pp e rs e c n an s a a

on h or b ck (H odotus i v
se a er to h v e be ugges t e d t o t h e n egroes
, . a en s

T h sou l s o f th d d m y h v b
e e ea of B i by t h e c uc i fi es of th e e rly
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th ough t t o tt d o n d s rv th Po tug se m i s i o i S e H Li g
a en n a e e e r ue s n a r es e n

w
. .

m an h o th us b ore th i em i s b ou t Roth G e t B i
e rr (H l i f x
a n a ,
r a en n a a ,

w i th h i m I t i l so p ossi bl t h t pp 1 4 q
. s a e a . s .
 THE HA NGED G OD B OO K 1 1
“
i n flu e n c e o f a ll th e i r fe a s t s a n d c e re mo n i e s Th e obj e ct of .

t h e m a ll i s to m a k e th e i r ri c e g row w e l l to c a u s e t h e fo re s t ,

to a bou n d w ith wi l d a n i m a l s to e n a bl e th e i r dog s an d ,

s n a res to be s ucc e s s fu l i n se cu ri n g g a m e to h a v e t h e s t re a m s ,

s w a rm w i th fi s h to giv e h e a l th a n d a ctivi t y to t h e p e o p l e
,

th e m s e lve s a n d to e n s u re fe rti l i ty t o th e i r wo m e n
,
Al l th es e .

bl e s s i n g s t h e p o s se s s i n g a n d fe as ti n g of a fre s h h e a d a re
,

s u pp o s e d to be t h e mo s t e f fic i e n t m ea n s of se cu ri n g T he .

v e ry g rou n d i t s e l f i s b e l i e v e d to be b e n e fit e d a n d ren d e re d
fe rti l e mo re fe rt i l e e v e n th a n wh e n t h e w a t e r i n wh i ch
,

fra gm e n t s o f gol d p re s e n t e d b y t h e R aj a h h av e b e e n w a s h e d ,

h as b e e n s p ri n k l e d ov e r i t
1 ”
.

T h e s tu f e d f I n l i k e m a n n e r i f my co n j e ctu re i s ri ght t h e m a n who , ,

re p re se n t e d t h e fa th e r god of P h rygi a u se d to be s l a i n a n d
3255
1 1 11 8
2
-

re p re se n t a h i s s tuff e d s k i n hu n g o n t h e s ac re d p i n e i n o rd e r t h a t h i s
s p i ri t m i ght wo rk f or t h e g rowth of t h e c ro p s t h e m u lti p l ic a
0 2 1 11 3

3?yg r l an ,

god m ay t 1o n of a n 1 m a ls a n d t h e f e rt 1 11 ty of wo m e n So a t Ath e n s
a n o x wh ich a pp e a rs to h a v e e mbod i e d t h e co rn s p i ri t w
.
,

2225 E
”
ff
“
-
,
as ,

l ik e k i l l e d a t a n a n n u a l s a c ri fic e a n d i t s h i d e s tuff e d wi t h s t ra w
an d s ewn u p w
, ,
p p oses
ur
as a ft e rw a rd s s e t o n i t s fe e t a n d yok e d to
’

a p lough a s i f i t w e re p loughi n g a pp a re n tly i n o rd e r to ,

re p res e n t o r ra th e r to p romot e t h e re s u rre cti o n of t h e s l a i n

, ,

1
S p e n s er S t . J h o n, o p . ci t . i . 2 04 . ot h if t
er m th viv
s or un es on e sur ors .

S ee f h
u rt e r G A . . Wi l k en ,
I ets o v er Th us a m on
g t h p p l th t es e eo e e c u s om

de sch e de lve re e ri n g,
”
s d ragen t ot o f h d h ea i gi b -d th i b l i f
un t n s as e on e r e e

de Taa l
L a n d en Volken ku n de va n i nh i um ant l i ty d th i m m or a an on e r

Nederla n dscli -I n di e,
'

xxx v iii .
( 1 8 8 9) pp . c on c ep ti f th x ti g d
on d o e e ac n e m an s

8 9-1 2 9 i d Versp re i de Ges ck rif t en (T h e

.
,
wh i h th d d k p th l i v i g
c e ea m a e u on e n .

Hague , 37 -8 1 iv
A d ff e re n t . . i Wh th enk ll h v b ep t d
s u s a e een re s e n e

vi w
e of t h e h d h i
u r ose of p p
ea - un t n g t o ad d h i f th p i t p y h i
ea c e , e r es ra s to m

i i
i s m a n ta n e dby y
M r A C K ru t , . . . f orh i bl i g s th wi g d
es s n on e so n an

y
i n h i s e ssa , Het k oppe n sn e lle n h v ti g f th i
a r es n th f it
o e r ce , on e ru

M i dd C l b fl f w f th S
,

dj d
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de r T
o ra a s van en - e e e s , en u n ess o om e n , a n so or . ee

z ijn e B e t ee k en i s ,
”
Vers lagen en M ede C . Fri e s ,
“
D as ‘
K oppen sn elle n ’
au f

deel i ngen der kon i n kl ij ke A ka dem i e v a n Ni as ,

”
A llgem e i n e M i ss i on s Z e i t scli rif t
-
,

I/Veten sck appen , Af de e li n g Le tt erk un de , Fe b 90 8 ,

ru a r y , 1 pp 7 3 8 8 From
. .

V i e rd e Re e k s , iii . 2 (A m s t er a m d ,
t hi
s acc ou n t i t w l
ou d s e e m h
t at i t i s

PP 1 47 5 47 n ot t he s r ts o f pi i i
th e s la n m en , bu t
Th e n at iv e s of Ni as , an il dt
s an o th e h
th e g os t of th e e a c e d d h i f f wh
ro m om

w t f S t th i k i t
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e rt tf ili y
an d s o f h
ort

ob t i t h h d f th i
a n e i f ea s o e r e n em es or a re s u os e pp d
t o e m a n a te C om arep .

th e p p f
u r os el b t i g th fi l o ce e ra n e na Th C Rapp a r , d “
il
Het e an d N as i
w
. .

o b q i f
se u es d d h i f Th i
o a ea c e . e r e n z ijn e b e on e rs ,
”
B ij dragen tot de
no ti on t b t h t h gh t
see m s f o e a t e os o Ta a l La n d en Volken ku n de v a n
th d e d l d
e c e as e d th i i
ru e r e m an s s sac r Nederla n ds ck -I n di e, l xii
( 1 90 9) l pp '

. .

fi cei hi h
n s d w i ll p i h th
o n ou r, an un s e 6 09 6 1 1 -
.

om i i f i t by
ss on di g i k
o sen n s c n e ss or
CH AP v
. THE HA NGED G OD 2 97

c o rn -
s p i rit at th e e n d of the Th i s e m p l oym e n t
th re s hi n g ?

o f t h e s k i n s of d ivi n e a n i m a l s f o r t h e p u rp o s e o f e n s u ri n g

t h e re viv a l of t h e s l a ught e re d d i vi n ity m i ght be i llu s t ra t e d by

o th e r e x a m p l e s
?
P e rh a p s t h e h i d e of t h e bul l wh ich w as

k i ll e d to fu rn i s h t h e re g e n e ra ti n g b a th of blood i n t h e ri t es
o f At t i s m a y h a v e b e e n p ut to a s i m i l a r u se .

1 S p i ri ts f
o Me Corn an d
f
o ti l e
2 S p i ri ts f
o t bc Corn an d
qf t bc
Wi ld ii, . 1 6 9 sqq .
 C H A P T E R VI

O RI E NT A L RELI G I O NS I N T HE WE S T

Po l y T HE wo rs h i p of t h e G re a t M oth e r of t h e God s a n d h e r
p u a ri t

o ve r or s o n w
ofh t
l
e
a s v e ry p o p ul a r u n d e r t h e Rom a n E m p i
w hip f
ors o
re .

C yb l d I n s c ri p t i o n s p rov e th a t t h e two re c e i v e d d i vi n e ho n ou rs
e e an
,
A i i h
tt s t e
R om an
s e pn
a ra t e ly o r co n j o i n tly n o t o n ly i n I t a ly a n d e s p e c i a lly a t , ,

E pim
Rom e b ut a l s o i n t h e p ro v i n c es p arti cul a rly i n A fri c a
re .

, , ,

S p a i n Po rtug a l F ran c e G e rm an y a n d B ul g ari a

, ,
Th e i r , ,
?

wo rs h i p s u rv i ve d t h e es t a b l i s h m e n t of C h ri s ti a n i ty by
C o n s t a n t i n e ; f or Sym m a chu s re co rd s th e re cu rre n c e of t he
fe st i va l o f t h e G rea t M o t h e r a n d i n t h e d ay s of A ugu s ti n e
2
,

h e r e ff e m i n a t e p ri es t s s t i l l p a ra d e d t h e s t re e t s a n d s qu a re s of
C a rth a ge w i th whi t e n e d fa c e s s c e n t e d h a i r a n d m i n c i n g , ,

g a i t whi l e l ik e t h e m e n d i c a n t fri a rs of t h e M i dd l e A g es
, , ,

th e y b e gg e d a l m s fro m t h e p a s se rs by ?
I n G re e c e o n t h e -
,

oth e r h a n d t h e bloody o rgi e s of t h e A s i a t i c god d e s s a n d h e r

,

co n s o rt a pp e ar to h a v e fou n d l i ttl e fa vou r ?

Th e b a rb a rou s
an d cr u e l ch a ra ct e r of t h e wo rs h i p wi th i t s fra n ti c e x c e s s es
was dou b tl e s s re p u g n an t to t h e good t as te a n d hu m a n ity of
, ,

t h e G re e k s who se e m to h av e p re fe rre d t h e k i n d re d but

,

g e n tl e r ri te s of A do n i s Y e t t h e s a m e fea tu re s wh ich .

s hock e d and re p e l l e d t h e G re e k s m ay h av e p o s i t ive ly

1 H . D ess au , I n scrip t i ones L a t i n a e Cen t u ry of ti l W
e es tern E mp i re 2
(Lon
S electe e, Nos 4 0 99 , 4 1 0 0, 4 1 0 3 , 4 1 0 5 ,
. don , p . 16 .

4 1 0 6 , 4 1 1 6, 4 1 1 7 , 4 1 1 9 , 4 1 2 0, 4 1 2 1 ,
3 A ugus t n e , i D e ci vi ta te Dei , v11 26

ww bl i ly w
. .

4 B ut t h e t o e re p u c or

sh ipp d t D y e a m e an d P i A h i
a t rae n c a a

H Hep di n g 8 5 , 8 6, 9 3 ,
A tt i s , pp (P i v ii
a usan as , 1 7 9 ii
v 20d an

w
. . .
, ,
. . .

9 4 , 9 5 , I u se r Nos 2 1 2 4 , 2 6 , 5 0, 5 1 ,
. .
-
th e re as an a s s oc a i ti f
on th i or e r

f h w h ip t Pi
.

5 2 , 6 1 , 62 , 63 S ee u rt e r, T ou
.
J . ors a S ee P Fou c a rt ,
ra eu s . .

i
t a n , L es Cu ltes Pa i en s da n s l E m p i re
’
D es A ssoci a t i on s Religi eu ses cli ez les
Rom a i n (Pa r s , i
7 3 s qq , pp . . Grecs (Pa r s , i 8 5 s qq , 1 96 ; pp . .

1 0 3 s qq . Ch .c e , Mi h l
Recu ei l d I n scrip ti on s
’

2
S Di. ll ,
Rom an S oc i ety i n t ke L ast Grecqu es , 7 7 2 , No 9 8 2
p . . .
 ORI ENTA L REL I G I ONS I N T HE WE S T B OO K 11

m i n e th e l i fe g ra d u a l ly u n d e rm i n e d t h e whol e fa b ri c of a n ci e n t
re e k a n d Rom a n s o ci e ty w
Sf éi zg
r ?
e d
c ivi l iz ati o n G a s bu i l t o n t h e

R m co n c e p tio n of t h e s u bo rd i n a t io n of t h e i n d i vi du a l to t h
o an e

m
,

g zijg,
’
c o m mu n i ty of t h e ci ti z e n to t h e s t a t e ; i t s e t t h e sa fe ty of
,

i g th
n e t h e com mo n w e a l th a s t h e s u p re m e a i m of co n duct a b o v e, ,
1
222 2
3

13
02
t h e s a fe ty of t h e i n d ivi du a l wh e th e r i n thi s wo rl d o r in a
i
nf
wo rl d to com e T ra i n e d fro m i n fan cy i n thi s u n se l fi s h
s ou l th as e
.

p m 1 d e a l t h e c 1 t 1 z e n s d e vot e d th e 1r l 1 v e s to th e u b l r
su re e , p 1 c s e v1 c e
i m °f 11f
a n d w e re rea dy to la y th e m dow n f o r t h e co m mo n good ;
a e

or i f t h e y s h ran k from t h e S u p re m e s a c ri fic e i t n e ve r ,

occu rre d to th e m th a t th e y a cte d o th e rwi s e th an b as e ly i n

p re fe rri n g th e i r p e rs o n a l e x i s t e n c e to t h e i n t e re s ts of t h e i r
cou n t ry A l l th i s w . as ch a n g e d by t h e s p re a d of O ri e n t a l

re l i gi o n s whi ch i n culc a t e d t h e co m m u n i o n of t h e s ou l
w i th God a n d i t s e t e rn a l s a lv at i o n a s t h e o n l y o bj e ct s
wo rth l i vi n g f or O bj e ct s i n com p a ri s o n w i th wh ich t h e
,

p ro s p e ri t y a n d e ve n t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e s t a t e s a n k i n to
i n s i gn i fi c a n c e T h e i n evi t a bl e re s u lt of th i s s e l fi s h a n d
i m mo ra l doct ri n e w
.

as to w i thd ra w t h e d e vot e e mo re
an d mo re fro m t h e p ubl i c s e rvic e to co n c e n t ra t e h i s
thought s on h i s ow
,

n s p i ritu a l e moti o n s a n d to b re e d in ,

h i m a co n t e m p t f or t h e p re se n t l ife whi ch h e re g a rd e d
m e re ly a s a p rob a t i o n f or a b e tt e r a n d a n e t e rn a l The .

s a i n t a n d t h e re cl u s e d i s d a i n fu l of e a rth a n d ra p t i n e c s t a tic
,

c o n t e m p l a ti o n of h ea v e n b e c a m e i n p o p ul a r o p i n io n t h e ,

h igh e s t i d e a l of h u m an i ty d i s p l a c i n g th e ol d i d e a l of t h e ,

p a t ri ot a n d h e ro who fo rg e tful of s e l f l ive s a n d i s re a dy t o , ,

di e f or t h e good of h i s cou n t ry Th e e a rthly c ity se e m e d .

p oo r a n d co n t e m p t i bl e t o m e n who se e y es be h e l d t h e C i ty
of God com i n g i n t h e cloud s of h e av e n Thu s t h e c e n t re
of g ra vi ty s o t o s ay w
.

,
as s h i ft e d fro m t h e p re s e n t to a
,

futu re l i fe a n d h o w e v e r m uch t h e oth e r wo rl d m ay h a ve

,

g a i n e d th e re c a n be l i ttl e d oubt t h a t th i s o n e lo s t h e a vi ly
,

by t h e ch a n g e A g e n e ra l d i s i n t e g ra t i o n of t h e body
.

p ol i ti c s e t i n T h e ti e s of t h e s t a te a n d t h e fa m i ly w e re
.

loo s e n e d : t h e s t ructu re of s oc i e ty t e n d e d to re s olv e i t s e l f

1
As to th e di
ff us on o f O r en ta i i l Rom e s ou s les S evéres (Pa ri s , pp .

re li i
g on s i n th e Rom an E m re s ee pi 4 7 qq ; S D
s . . i ll ,
Rom an S oci ety i n tke
G B oi ss i e r, L a Rel i gi on Rom a i n e L a st Cen tu ry of t ke Wes tern E mp i re 2
'

d A ugus t e a u x A n ton i n s 5 (Pa ri s , (Lon don pp 7 6

’
,
. s
qq .

i 3 4 9 s qq
. Re
.
J . v i ll
e , L a Rel igi on 2
1
 C HAP . v1 ORI ENTA L REL I GI ONS I N THE WE S T

i n t o i t s i n d ivi d u a l e l e m e n t s a n d t h e re by t o re l a p se i n t o
b a rb a ri s m ; f or c ivi l i z a t io n i s o n ly p o s s i bl e t h ro ugh t h e
a ct ive c o o p e ra ti o n of t h e c i t i z e n s a n d t h e i r w i ll i n g n e s s t o
-

s ubo rd i n a t e th e i r p riv a t e i n t e re s t s to t h e common good .

M e n re fu s e d t o d e fe n d th e i r cou n t ry a n d e v e n to co n t i n u e
I n th e i r a n x i e t y t o s a v e th e i r o w
?
th e i r k i n d n sou l s a n d

t h e s ou l s o f o t h e rs th e y w e re c o n t e n t t o l e a ve t h e m a t e ri a l ,

wo rld wh i ch t h e y i d e n t i fi e d w ith t h e p ri n ci p l e of e vi l t o
, ,

p e ri s h a rou n d t h e m Th i s ob se s s io n l a s t e d f o r a th o u s a n d
T h e re viv a l of Rom a n la w o f t h e A ri s t ot e l i a n
.

y e a rs .
,

p h i lo s o p hy of a n c i e n t a rt a n d l i t e ra tu re a t t he cl o s e of t h e
,

M id dl e A g e s m ark e d t h e re tu rn of E u ro p e to n a t iv e i d e a l s
,

of l i fe a n d co n duc t to s a n e r m a n l i e r vi e w s of th e wo rl d
T h e l o n g h a l t i n t h e m a rch of civi l i z a tio n w
, , .

as ove r The .

ti d e o f O ri e n t a l i n v a s io n h a d tu rn e d a t l a s t I t i s e bbi n g .

?
s ti l l

A mo n g t h e god s of e a s t e rn o ri gi n who i n t h e d e cl i n e Popul i ty ar

o f t h e a n c i e n t w orl d c o m p e t e d a g a i n s t e a ch o t h e r f o r t h e w h pf ‘h O e

a l l e gi a n c e of t h e W e s t w
.

ors i

as t h e ol d P e rs i a n d e ity M i th ra f M i th ; . o ra

1 C om p are vi
S e r us on V rg , A en i il
d w f ll f i t . c on t r i b ute d t o th e o n a o an c e n

11 vi
6 0 4, i . 66 1 ; ivil i i
O r gen , Con tra A g th t ib t y c z a t on . m on ese c on r u or

f i d f wh j dg t d
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G B o i s si e r, L a . e a rn n en er a n e es res ec

t b d g v
,

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A t i n on n s
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,

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ve o m en t f tk M o l Id (L e ora y b i ea s on on , as m a e se e n n ou r o n a e

1 9 6 0 i 345 q H H . bl i gh t wh i h h s .t k th T ki h . . c as s ruc e ur s

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m an , s or Ck i p o I t i p b bl a t
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m o re re a s er gy w i h wh i h t h
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h d f gh t f
a ou hi w i th th w d G v
or m t b t d h fi t t
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ec ivi vi t
ne b o k f th e Bc h i p l g (Thc r ues re a o e acc c a ue

th i fl f Ch i i
.

un d er e n ue n c e o ti M R If i t y
r s t an a s ce iii 5 om m se n , om a n s or , 1 1
W E H L k y Hi t y f
.

i
c sm se e . .
q . d ec Th di , t s ff
s or t o s .
, e . e s as rou e ec s

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on on , d p p l ti f th pi . 1 n u s t r es an o u a on o e em re ,

sqq . p ti l ly f G d ib d ar c u ar o re e ce , a re es el e

T p v t
2 o i pp h i I w i ll by G g Fi l y (G
re en m sa re e n s on d tk e or e n a reece un er e

add th t th ap d f O i t l l i gi
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 ORI ENTA L REL I GI ONS I N THE WE S T B OOK 11

The i m m e n s e p o p ul a ri t y of h i s wo rs h i p i s a tt es t e d by t h e
m o n u m e n t s i l l u s t ra t i ve of i t which h av e b e e n fou n d s c a tt e re d
i n p rofu s io n a ll o v e r t h e Ro m a n E m p i re I n res p e ct bo t h
?

o f doct ri n e s a n d of ri t e s t h e cul t of M i th ra a pp e a rs to h a v e

p re se n t e d m an y p o i n t s of re s e m bl a n c e n ot o n l y to t h e
2 ?
re l igio n of t h e M o th e r of t h e God s but a l s o to C h ri s t i an i ty
Th e s i m i l a ri ty s t ruck t h e C h ri s ti a n doct o rs th e m s e lv e s a n d
was e xp l a i n e d by th e m a s a wo rk of th e d e vi l who s ought ,

t o s e duc e t h e s oul s of m e n fro m t h e t ru e fa i th by a fa l se

S o to t h e S p a n i s h c o n
?
a n d i n s i d i ou s i m i ta t ion of i t ‘

u e r o r s o f M e x i co a n d P e ru m a n y o f t h e n a t iv e h e a th e n
q
ri t e s a pp e a re d to be d i a bol ic a l cou n t e rfe i t s of t h e C h ri s ti a n

s a c ra m e n t s
?
W i t h mo re p ro b a bi l i ty t h e m od e rn s tud e n t
of co m p a ra tiv e re l i gi o n t ra c e s s uch re s e m bl a n c e s to t h e
s i m i l a r a n d i n d e p e n d e n t wo rk i n g s of t h e m i n d of m an i n
h i s s i n c e re i f c ru d e a tt e m p t s to fa tho m t h e s e c re t o f t h e
, ,

u n iv e rse a n d to a dj u s t h i s l i t t l e l i fe to i t s a wfu l my s t e ri e s
H ow
, .

e v e r th a t m ay be th e re c a n be n o doubt th a t t h e ,

M i th ra i c re l i gi on p rov e d a fo rm i d a bl e ri v a l to C h ri s ti a n i ty ,

com bi n i n g a s i t d i d a s ol e m n ri tu a l wi th a s p i ra t io n s a fte r
m o ra l p u ri ty a n d a h O p e of i m mo rt a l ity ?
I n d ee d th e i ss u e
o f t h e co n fl i ct b e t w ee n t h e two fa ith s a pp e a rs f o r a t i m e to
7
h a v e hu n g i n t h e b a l a n c e A n i n s t ructi v e re l ic o f t h e lo n g .

1
S ee Fr C u m . on t , Tex tes et M on u l i t i g t th w d f th i pi d
s en n o e or s o e ns re

m en ts
fi g u res rel a t if s a u x My s teres de p p h t th d v i l d i v d th
ro e s e e s s co e re e

M i tli ra (B russe s , 1 8 9 6 l
id , s v . . . di v i i t ti
ne d t i i p t d th
n en on s a n an c a e em

Mi ht ra s , i n W H Rosc h e r s Lex i kon

” ’
. . by i f p f
a ser es o d bl p h ro a n e a n as e m o us

de r gri ci li u n d rom Illy t /i ologi e, ii i it ti A g th t v ti f

'

. . . m a on s . m on es e ra es es o

3 0 2 8 sqq C om a re i d , L es Rel i gi on s
. p . Ch i ti t th h
rs an t th ru e e n um e ra e s e

Ori en ta les da n s lo Paga n i s m e Rom a i n 2 d h

ea t ti ,
d i
res urre c f on , an a s c e n s on o

(Pa ri s , pp . 2 0 7 s qq . Di y th v i gi b i th f P
on s us , e r n r o e rse us ,
2
Fr C um . on t , Tex tes et Al on u m e n ts , an d B ll ph e d e roPg on m oun t e on e a sus ,

i 3 3 3 s ee wh h g d om p dy f C h i t
e re ar s a s a aro o rs
3
E Ren an , M a rc-A u rele et la Fi n
. r idi g n S J t i M ty
on an a ss . ee us n ar r,

da M on de A n t i u e (Pa r s , q i pp . Ap ology , i .
54 .

5 7 6 s qq Fr C u m.on t , Tex tes et M on u

.
5de A c os t a , Na tu ra l a n d M ora l
J .

m en ts , i
3 3 9 s qq . . Hi story of Me I n di es , t rans a te by E l d .

4 T e rt u ll i
a n , D e coron a , 1 5 id , D e . i
G r m s ton (Lon don , bk v ch s .
a
. .

p raescrip t i on e k a eret i coru m , 4 0 us t n J i 1 1 , 7,1 6, 1 v ol ii pp 1 8, 2 4 -2 8 , . .

M y
.

art r, Apologi a , 6 6 ; i d , D i a loga s i . .

3 2 4 S i . 3 3 4 s ee-i 3 5 6 s ee .

cu m Try pk on e, 7 8 ( i gu e s Pa t rologi a
’
M 6 C om p a re
S D i , Rom a n S oc i ety . ll
Gra eca , 4 2 9, ll ivi T e rt u a n
. i n t k e L a st Cen t u i y o
f tlz e Western
e xp i d
la n e liin k e m an n e r th e res e m 2
E m p i re (Lon on , d pp . 8 0 s qq ; .

l f i y l
b an c e of t h e a s ts o f I s s a n d C b e e i d Rom a n S oci ety f rom
. Nero t o M arcu s
f hi i iy
t o th e a s ts o f C r s t an t (D e j ej u n i o, A u reli u s (Lo n don , pp . 6 1 9 sqq .

J t i M ty th gh t th t by
us n ar r ou a 7 E . Re n an , M a rc-A u réle et la Fi n
 ORI ENTA L REL I GI ONS I N THE WE S T B OO K 11

M i t h ra w
gul a rly id e n t i fi e d by h i s w o rs h i pp e rs w i t h t h e
as re

S u n t h e U n c o n qu e re d S u n a s th e y c a l l e d h i m ; h e n c e h i s
,
1
,

n a t i vity a l s o fe l l o n th e tw e n ty fi f t h of D e c e mb e r? Th e -

Go s p e l s s ay n o thi n g a s t o t h e day o f Ch ri s t s b i rt h a n d ’

a cc o rd i n gly t h e e a rly Chu rch d id n o t c e l e b ra t e i t I n ti m e . .

how e ve r t h e C h ri s ti an s of E gy p t c a m e to re g a rd t h e s i x th
,

o f J a n u a ry a s t h e d a t e of t h e N a tivi ty a n d t h e cu s to m of ,

c o m m e m o ra t i n g t h e bi rth of t h e S a vi ou r o n t h a t da y g ra d u

a l ly s p re a d u n t i l b y t h e fou rt h c e n tu ry i t w a s u n i ve rs a l ly

e s t a bl i s h e d i n t h e E a s t B ut a t t h e e n d of t h e th i rd o r t h e .

b e gi n n i n g o f t h e fo u rt h c e n tu ry t h e W e s t e rn Chu rch wh ich ,

h a d n e v e r re cog n i zed t h e s i x th of J a n u a ry a s t h e da y of t h e
Nativi ty a do p t e d t h e tw e n ty fi f t h of D e c e mb e r a s t h e t ru e -

d at e a n d i n ti m e i t s d e ci s io n w
,

as a cc e p t e d a l s o by t h e

E as te rn C hu rch At A n tioch t h e ch a n g e w
,

a s n ot i n t roduc e d
.

3
ti ll a bout t h e y e a r 3 7 5 A D . .

Wh a t co n s i d e ra ti o n s le d t h e e ccl e s i a s tic a l a u t ho ri ti e s to
1n s t i t u t e t h e fe s tiv a l of C h ri s tm a s ? Th e m o ti v es f o r t h e
i n n ov a t i o n a re s t a t e d w ith g re a t fran k n e s s by a Sy ri a n
”
w ri t e r h i m s e l f a C h ri s ti a n
,
T h e re a s o n h e t e l l s u s why .
, ,

t h e fa th e rs t ra n s fe rre d t h e c e l e b ra tio n of t h e s i x th of J a n u a ry
to t h e tw e n ty fi f t h of D e c e mb e r w as thi s
- It w a s a cu s t o m .

of t h e h ea th e n to c e l e b ra t e o n t h e s a m e tw e n ty fi f t h of -

D e c e m b er t h e bi rthd ay of t h e S u n a t wh i ch t h e y k i n d l e d ,

or th e Hea v en ly Vi rgi n (Te rtu ll i an , H . U se n e r, D as Wei lz n a cktsf es t

2

Ap ologet i cu s , 23 A ugust i n e, D e ci vi t a te (B on n , 3 4 8 s qq pp . .

D ei , ii . T h e G reek s s p ok e of h e r
2 Fr
C um on t , o
p c
. i t 3 2 5 q , 339
s . . i . . .

a s th e Heav e n ly A ph rodi te (He rod ot us ,

3
J i
B n g am , Tbe A n t i q u i t i es of
. h
i . 1 05 ; Pausan i as , i . 14 . A G re ek t k e C/z ri st i a n Ck u rclz , bk ch . xx . . iv .

i ip ti on
n sc r f
ou n d in De l os c on t a n si a i ’
h
(B n g a m s Works , vol 111 1 2 79 . . pp .

d ed i c ti o a n t o A st a rt e A p h od i te r d an s qq , O .or , xf d
C A Credn e r, . .

h f
a n ot e r oun d i n th e sa m e i sl d c ou p l an es
“
D e n a tali t i orum C r st or g n e ,
”
hi i i i
P l ti ia es n an A s ta rte an d Hea v e n ly Z ei tsclz rif t f u r di e ki s tori scke Tli eologi e,
A ph d it ro S ee G e D i tt en b e rge r,
. . iii 2 . 2 3 6 s qq ; M gr L pp . . . .

S y lloge I n script i on u m Graecaru m , v ol 2

. h
D uc esn e , Or gi n i e s d u Cu e Ck e en
l t r t i 3 ’

ii pp . 6 1 9 sq , No 7 6 4 ; R A
. . . . .
(Pans , I 90 3 L 257 s qq ; TW L pp .

w li
.

S te a rt a ca s te r, M
Tb e Pk i li s t i n cs , M o m m se n , i n Corp u s I n scrip t i on u m
t kei r Hi st ory a n d Ci v i l i z a t i on (Lon do n L a t i n a ru m , i 2 Pa rs r or, 3 38
. pi p . .

P 94 T h e ea r e s t m en t on of th e li e st a i f iv l
1 D e d c a t on s t o i
t ra t h e U n i Mi h of hi
C r s tm as i s i n th e c a e n da r o f l
c on ue re d S un (S ol i i n v i ct o M i t kra e )
q Ph i loc alus , c as ra n wh i h w d w
up a t

hv b
a e een oun i n a u n dan ce f
S ee d b . Ro m e i n 3 3 6 A D Th e ords a re w . .

Fr Cum on t , Tex tes et M on u m en ts ,

. ii . VI I I ka l j a n , n a t u s Ck ri s t u s i n
. . .

99 sqq A s t o th e . ors o f th e w h ip B etleem j u dee (L D uc esn e, op ci t h . . .

U n c o n q ue red S un (S ol I n vi ct u s ) s ee p 2 5 8h
.
CH A P v1 . ORI ENTA L REL I GI ONS I N Tf I E WE S T

l igh t s i n t o k e n o f fe s t ivi t y I n t h e s e s ol e m n i t i e s a n d .

fe s t ivi t i e s t h e C h ri s t i a n s a l so t oo k p a rt Acco rd i n gly wh e n .

t h e docto rs of t h e C hu rch p e rc e iv e d t h a t t h e C h ri s ti a n s h a d
a l e a n i n g t o t hi s fe s t iv a l t h e y t o o k c o u n se l a n d re s olv e d ,

t h a t t h e t ru e N a t ivi ty s h o uld be s ol e m n i z e d o n t h a t da y
a n d t h e fe s t iv a l o f t h e Ep i p h a n y o n t h e s i x t h o f J a n u ary .

Acc o rd i n gly a l o n g w i t h t h i s cu s t om t h e p ra c t ic e h a s p re
, ,

v a i l e d o f k i n dl i n g fi re s t i l l t h e s i x t h 1
Th e h e a t h e n o ri gi n .
”

of C h ri s tm as i s p l a i n ly hi n t e d a t i f n ot t a ci t ly a d m i t t e d by , ,

Augu s t i n e wh e n h e e x ho rt s h i s C h ri s ti a n b re t h re n n ot t o
c e l e b ra t e th a t s ol e m n day l i k e t h e h e a th e n o n a ccou n t of
?
t h e s u n bu t o n a cc o u n t of hi m who m a d e t h e s un
,
In
l ik e m a n n e r L e o t h e G re a t re bu k e d t h e p e s t i l e n t b e l i e f t h a t
C h ri s t m a s w a s s ol e m n i z e d b e c a u s e o f t h e bi rt h of t h e n e w
s un as i t w as c a l l e d
,
a n d n ot b e c a u s e of t h e n a t i v i t y of ,

?
C h ri s t
Thu s i t a pp e ars th a t t h e Ch ri s ti a n C hu rch ch o s e t o Th E t r e as e

222
1 11 “
c e l e b ra t e t h e bi rt hd a y o f i t s Fou n d e r on t h e t w e n t y fif t h 2 -
2 0

of D e c e mb e r i n o rd e r to t ra n s fe r t h e d e voti o n o f t h e h e a t h e n d th d ea an

fro m t h e S u n t o h i m w ho w a s c a l l e d t h e S u n o f Right e ou s

n e ss
?
If t h a t w a s s o t h e re c a n b e n o i n t r i n s i c i m p rob a C h i t
,
rs

1
Q C re dn e r, op ci t
uo t e d by C . A . . . h vi g b
a n h e en b i t i ly “
c os en ar ra r , or

p 2 3 9 , n ot e 46
; by T h o m m se n , . M ra th er
gg t d b y it
su i id
es e s co n c en c e

w i th th ffi i l q i x f p i g
.

2 ”
Corp u s I n s crip t i on u m L at i n a ru m , i . e o c a e u no o s rn .

Pa rs r or, 3 3 8 sq ; a n d b y H
pi pp . . . It w ld b t l t
ou e ht
n a u ra o as s um e t a

U se e ,
n r D a s W ei k n a ck t sf es t 2
(B o n n, Ch i h d liv d
r st a x t b e f an e ac n um er o

PR 3 4 9 5 9 y e a rs th on d th ear f h t hi ,
an e re o re t a s
2 A ugus t i n e , S erm . cxc . 1 (M i gn e s
’
in ca rn a ti w ll h i d h k
on as e as s ea t t oo
Pa trologi a L a t i n a , xxx v iii . pl a c e on th t w y fif h f M h I
e en t -
t o a rc . n
3
Le o t h e G rea t , S erm ii (a l . xx . . p i t f f t t h C h h h p l d th
o n o ac e u rc as a ce e

xxi ) 6 (M i gn e s Pa trologi a L a t i n a , i ti d w i t h i t th b gi i g
’
. A n n un c a o n an e e nn n

liv . Co m a re S t A m b ros e , p . o f hi h p g y h tv y
s m ot er s
’
re n an c on t a er

S erm 1 ( . vi
i gu e s Pa t rologi a L a ti n a ,
’
. M d y a I f th
. w h i bi h w
at lde re s o , s rt ou

x v ii . in th e f t
c ou rse hv o d n a u re a e o cc urre
4
C redn e r, op ci t
A . 2 3 6 sq q ; . . pp . . i
n ne th l t th t i
m on s th a e r, a s, on e

E B T o r, Pri m i t i ve Cu lt u re , 2 i i
. . yl . tw ty fi f th
en f D -
b Th
o ecem er . us on

2 9 7 sq Fr Cu m on t , Tex tes et M on u Mg D h r h y t h d t f th
uc es n e s t
’
e or e a e o e

N t i v i ty w bt i d by i f
. . .

m en ts , 3 4 2 , 3 5 5 sq iTh . o m m se n , . . M a as o f a ne n e ren c e rom

i n Corp u s I n scrip t i on u m L a t i n a ru m , th d t
e f th C
a e o i fi xi wh i h i i te ruc on , c n s

i 2 Pa rs r o r,
.
3 3 8 sq H U s e n e r,
pi pp . . . tu rn w h b
as c i i id d
ose n ec a us e t co n c e

D a s Wei /z n a c f es t
/i t s
2
(B on n , w i h h ffi i l q i x f p i g
t t e o c a e u no o s rn

xp l
.

p p 3 4 8 s.
qq A di f f e re nt e a n a t i o n of
. Mg D h
r . d uc ti
e sn e h oe s n ot no ce t e
h f w
C ri s t m as h as b een p ut o r a rd by M gr . i id
co n c f th v e n ce o l q i x w i th e e rn a e u no
D uc h H h w h t
e sn e . g h e s o s t a am on t e h
t e f i v l f A t ti S h i w k
est a o s ee s or

ly Ch i ti th d h f Ch i w
.
,

ea r rs an s e ea t o r st as Origi n es du Cu lte C/z ret i en

’
3
(Pa r s , i
c o m m on ly pp d t h v f ll su ose o a e a en on pp . 261 -2
65 , 272 . T h e t ra d i
the w ty f fth f M h th d y
t en - i o a rc , at a i
t on t h t b th
a o t h e c on c e t i o n p an d th e

PT . I V VO L I
. . X
 ORI ENTA L REL I GI ONS I N THE WE S T B OO K 11

a pp ea rs to b i li t y i n t h e c o n j e c t u re t h a t m o t iv es o f the
m e s ort m a y sa
h al e Pe e “
h av e le d t h e e ccl e s i a s t ic a l a u t h o ri t i e s t o a s s i m i l a te t he
a S S l m l la t e d

t o th e E as te r f rre c t i o n Of t h e i r L o rd
a fi o”

i fs
l
g é o t h e fe s tiv a l o f the d eath
d thea d A s i a tic god whi ch f eW
an NO W t h e 15 3 3 1 6 1 “

ri t e s s t i l l ob s e rv e d m G re e c e S i c i ly a n d Sou t h e rn I t a ly b ea r , ,

i n s o m e re s p e ct s a s t rik i n g re s e mbl a n c e to t h e ri t e s o f
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c e rt a i n ly ob s e rv e d i n P h rygi a C a pp a d o c i a a n d G a u l a n d , , ,

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a n ci e n t p a g a n fe s t iv a l o f t h e P a ri l i a ;
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mo re th a t t h e C h ri s t i a n a n d t h e h e a th e n fe s tiv a l s of t h e
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CH AP v1
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of t h e J ul i a n c a l e n d a r a n d t h e res u rre c t i o n of Atti s A .

s i m i l a r d i s p l ace m en t of two d ay s i n t h e a dj u s t m e n t of
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,

p e rh ap s by t h e p ractic e of t h e C hu rch i n G a ul p l ac e d t h e ,

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-

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a s s o h i s re s u rre c t io n ,

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I n p o i n t of fa ct i t a pp e a rs from t h e t es t i mo n y o f a n D if f e ren t

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of Ch ri s t w
,

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A tti s a n d t h e C h ri s ti a n s a s s e rt i n g wi th e qu a l w a rm t h th a t
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,

a s a d i a b ol ic a l c o u n t e rfe i t o f th e
re s u rre ctio n of Ch ri s t I n t h e se u n s ee mly bick e ri n g s t h e
.

h e a t h e n t ook wh a t to a s u p e rfici a l ob se rve r m i ght s e e m

s t ro n g g rou n d by a rgu i n g th a t t h e i r god w as t h e old e r
a n d t h e re fo re p re s u m a bly t h e o ri g i n a l n o t t h e cou n t e rfe i t , ,

s i n c e a s a g e n e ra l ru l e a n o rigi n a l i s o l d e r t h a n i t s co p y .

Th i s fe e bl e a rgu m e n t t h e C h ri s t i a n s e a s i ly re bu t t e d Th e y .

1
Lac tan ti us, D e m orti bu s p ers e Ga ll i c u sage se e S . M tia r n us D um i
cu toru m , 2 ; i d , D i vi n I n st i t u t iv
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en s s, q u o te d a bv p
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3 07 n ot e .

10 . 18 . v
A s to th e e i de n c e o f th e
 ORI ENTA L R EL I GI ONS I N THE WE S T B OO K 1 1
a d m i t te d i n d ee d th a t i n p o i n t o f t i m e C h ri s t w
, ,
as the j u n i o r

d e i t y but t h e y t ri u m p h a n t ly d e mo n s t ra t e d h i s re a l s e n i o ri t y
by fa l l i n g b a ck o n t h e s ub t l e t y of S a t a n w
,
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i m p ort a n t a n occ a s i o n h a d s u rp a s s e d hi m se lf by i n v e rt i n g
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T a k e n a l tog e t h e r t h e c o i n c id e n c e s of t h e Ch ri s t i a n w i th
,

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a cc i d e n t a l Th e y m a rk t h e co m p ro m i s e wh i ch t h e C hu rch
i n t h e h our of i t s t ri um p h w
.

as com p e l l e d t o m a k e w ith
i t s v a n qu i s h e d y e t s ti l l d a n g e rou s riv a l s T h e i n fl e x i bl e .

P ro t e s t an ti s m of t h e p ri m itiv e m i s s io n ari e s wi t h th e i r fi e ry ,

d e n u n ci a t io n s o f h e a th e n d o m h a d b e e n e x ch a n g e d f o r t h e,

s u pp l e p o l icy t h e e a s y t o l e ra n c e t h e com p re h e n s ive

, ,

ch a ri ty o f s h re wd e cc l e s i a s tic s who cl e a rly p e rc e iv e d

th a t i f Ch ri s ti an i t y w
,

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d o s o o n ly by re l a x i n g t h e too ri gi d p ri n c i p l e s of i t s
Fou n d e r by w i d e n i n g a l i ttl e t he n a rrow g a t e wh i ch l e a d s
,

t o s a lv a tio n I n thi s re s p e ct a n i n s t ruct i v e p a ra l l e l m ight

.

be d ra w n b e tw e e n t h e h i s to ry of Ch ri s ti a n i t y a n d t h e

1 The p a s sa ge i n t h e 8 4 th
o c c u rs v eri t a t em n os t ra m i m i ta t i on em pot i n s
of t h e Q u a es t i on es Veteri s et Nov i v i deri q u am v eri t a t em , u as i
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.

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wi w d ’
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o n n ou s

et m en da ci a su a com m en t i t i a veri t a te p ssa age to m e . H h d p v i ly

e a re o us

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dom i n i ca sc i t celebra n da , q uia n on l i

Po é m q u e de l A m b ros i aste r c on t re les
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Paga n i s q u a e Pa i e n s, Rev u e d Hi s toi re et de L i ttera

’
m edi ocri s p oten ti a e est ,

observa ren t i n st i t u i t m y s t eri a , ui t u re rel igi eu ses , i (1 90 3 ) 419 v ii . pp .

a n i m as coru m du a bu s ex ca u s i s i n h
T oug th e n am e of A t t s i s h i
errore det i n eret ut uia
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p ra ej u di ca n s veri t a t i . Et q u ia in eq i x t wh i h h w i t
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p ri m o m en s e, i n
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e t os e o e a o oo

b a ben i Rom a n i , s i ca t et n os , ea ip sa wh i h f d p t f h g
c o rm e q i ar o t e rea t ae u

obs erv a t i o a b li i s c u s todi t u r ; i t a et i a m n octi l f ti v l

a f A tt i
es C p F a o s . om a re .

p er s angu i n em di can t exp i a t i on em fi eri , C u m on t , L es Reli gi on s Ori en ta les dan s

s i cu t et n os p er cru cem k a c vers u t i a‘
. lo Paga n i s m e Rom a i n 2 (Pa r s , i
Paga n os det i n e ’ i n e rrore, u t pu ten t
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3 12 ORI EN TA L REL I GI ONS I N THE WE S T B OO K 1 1
i n e vi t a bl e . wo rl d c a n n ot l iv e a t t h e l e ve l of i t s gre a t
T he
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-
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t h e i r p ri m i t i v e p a t t e rn s
. Fo r i t s hould n e v e r be fo rg o t t e n
th a t by t h e i r glo ri fic a t i o n of p ov e rt y a n d c e l i b acy b ot h
t h e s e re l i gi o n s s t ruck s t ra igh t a t t h e root n o t m e re ly of
c i vi l s o c i e ty bu t o f hu m a n e x i s t e n c e . T h e blow w as

p a rri e d by t h e w i s d o m or t h e fol ly o f t h e v as t m aj o ri ty
of m a n k i n d who re fu s e d t o p u rch a se a ch a n c e of s avi n g
,

th e i r s oul s wi t h t h e c e rt a i n ty of e x ti n gu i s h i n g th e s p e c i e s
.
 C HA PT E R V II

HYA CI NT H

A NOT HE R myth ic a l b e i n g w h o h a s b e e n s u pp o s e d to b e lo n g
He to o
'

t o t h e cl a s s o f god s h e re d i s cu s s e d i s H y a c i n t h .

h a s b ee n i n t e rp re t e d a s t h e v e g e t a tio n which blo o m s i n

s p ri n g a n d w i t h e rs u n d e r t h e s co rch i n g h ea t of t h e s um m e r

s un
?
Thou gh h e b e l o n g s t o G re e k n ot t o O ri e n t a l ,

myth o l ogy s om e a ccou n t o f hi m m a y n ot be o u t of p l ac e

,

i n t h e p re s e n t d i s cu ss io n Acco rd i n g to t h e l e ge n d
H y a ci n th w
.
,

a s th e yo u n ge s t a n d h a n d s om e s t s o n of t h e
a n c i e n t k i n g A mycl a s who h a d h i s c a p i t a l a t A mycl a e i n ,

t h e b e a uti ful v a l e of S p a rt a O n e day p l a yi n g a t quoi t s w i t h

A p ol l o h e w
.

a s a cci d e n t a lly k i l l e d by a blow o f t h e god s

’

quoi t B i t t e rly t h e god l a m e n t e d t h e d e a t h o f h i s fri e n d

th a t s a n gu i n e fl o w e r i n s c ri b e d w i t h w
. .

”
T h e hy a ci n t h oe

s p ra n g fro m t h e blo o d of t h e h a p l e s s you t h a s a n e mo n e s an d ,

ro s e s fro m t h e bl oo d of A do n i s a n d viol e t s fro m t h e blood ,

2
of A tt i s : l i k e th e s e v e rn a l fl ow e rs i t h e ra ld e d t h e a dv e n t
of a n oth e r s p ri n g a n d gl a dd e n e d t h e h e a rts o f m e n w ith
t h e p rom i s e o f a j oyful re s u rre c t io n Th e fl o w e r i s u s u a l ly
s u pp o s e d to be n ot wh a t w
.

e c a ll a hy a ci n th but a l i t t l e ,

p u rp l e i ri s w i t h t h e l e t t e rs of l a m e n t a tio n (A l which i n ,

1 G . F . S cho m an n , Gri ec k i sc/i e t hi en ,

”
Pk i lologu s , xx x vu 1 877) . pp
l hd
.

(B e r i n E Ro e (Psy ck e , 3 i
4
A lt ert/i u m er , 1 8 97 ii . 20 . 137
ll
.

4 37 L P re e.r,
G ri eck i s c/z e I /y tk ologi e ,
l s qq ) an d S
. W de (La kon i scke [( u lte,
. i
li
i -4 (B e r n , 1 8 9 4 ) PB 2 4 8 i d ; G re e , v ip
Le si c , 1 8 9 3 , p .

s v .
“
. Hyak i n th os , i n W H Ros ch er s ’
. .
2
A p oll od o rus , B i bl i ot keca , i .
3 .
3,
L ex i kon dergri ecli u n d rbm Il/y t k ologi e, iii 3 ; Ni ca n de r, Tk er 90 1 s qq ,
’

. . . 10 .

h vi w y i h
.

w h h li
.

i 2 7 6 3 sq O t e r e s of H a c n t th e S c o as t s n o t e ; i
’
. . it Lu c a n ,
hv b
a e ee n e re sse xp d
by G F W e c k e r . . l D e sa lta t i on e, 4 5 ; Pau s an as , 1 3, i iii . .

(Gri ec/i i s cke Gotterle/i re, G Ot t i n ge n , i ii 1 9 5

.
J
Tz e tz e s, Cki l i a des ,
. . 24 1 i
vi
.

1 8 5 7 1 8 62 ,
-
G i
F U n ge r
. . . sqq ; O . d, M et a m K 1 6 1 -2 1 9 ; P n , . . li y
“
( D e r I s th m i en tag l l ud di e B a k n y i Na t Hi st x x i 6 6
. . . .
 H YA CI NTH B OO K 1 1
G re e k m e an s a l a s cl e a rly i n s c ri b e d i n bl a ck o n i ts p e t a l s
“
.

I n G re e c e i t bloo m s i n s p ri n g a ft e r t h e e a rly vi o l e t s b ut
O n e s p ri n g wh e n t h e hy a c i n t h s w e re i n
?
b e fore t h e ro s e s ,

bloom i t h a pp e n e d t h a t t h e re d co a te d S p a rt a n re gi m e n t s
,
-

lay e n c a m p e d u n d e r t h e w a l l s of Co ri n th Th e i r co m .

m a n d e r g a v e t h e A m y c le a n b a t t a l io n l e a v e to go h o m e
a n d c e l e b ra t e as u s u a l t h e fe s tiv a l of H y a c i n th i n th e i r
n a tiv e tow n But t h e s a d flow e r w a s to be t o t h e s e m e n
.

an o m en of d e a th ; f o r th e y h a d n ot g o n e f a r b e fo re t h e y
w e re e n ve lo p e d by c loud s of l i ght a rm e d fo e s a n d cu t to -

p i e c es ?

T h e to m b T h e t om b o f H y a ci n th w a s a t A mycl a e u n d e r a m as s iv e

a l t a r l i k e p e d e s t a l wh i ch s u pp o rt e d a n a rch a i c b ro n z e i m a g e
a n d th e -
f vl
I n t h e l e ft s i d e o f t h e p e d e s t a l w
,
es ti a of

Hy i hac n t of A p ollo . a s a b ro n z e
at

A y l
m c ae .
doo r, a n d th rou gh i t o ff e ri n g s w e re p as se d
to a h e ro 0
a t t h e a n n u a l H y a ci n th i a n fes tiv a l .

B a s re l i e fs c a rve d o n t h e p e d e s t a l re p re s e n t e d H y a ci n t h
-

an d h is m a i d e n s i s t e r Po ly bo e a c a u ght u p t o h e a v e n by
a com p a n y of godd ess e s ?
T h e a n n u a l fes t i v a l of t h e
H y a c i n th i a w a s h e l d i n t h e mo n th of He c a t o m be us whi ch ,

s ee m s to h a v e co rre s p o n d e d to M ay ?
Th e c e re mo n i e s
occu p i e d th ree d a y s O n t h e fi rs t t h e p e o p l e mou rn e d f o r .

h ph t Hi t Pl t v i
1 T eo ras u s, s or an T h e oc r i t us x 28 P in l y Na t Hi s t
hy i h w
. . .
.
, , . .

8 .
q T h t th
1 s . a e ac n t as a xxi . 66 ; E us ta th i u s on Ho m e r , I li a d,
S p i g fl w i p l i ly i di t d l
rn o er s a n n ca e a so ii .

by Ph i l t t (I g i 3 ) d
os ra us m a . . 2 . 1 an X e op h o Hell
2
n n, en i ca , iv .
5 7 .
-1
7
O v i d (M t x 6 S f th
e am . . 1 2 ee ur er P us i as i ii 1 0 1
a an , . . .

G v re Hy k i th
e, i W H
s v.. a n os , n . .
3 P u
s i s iii 1 a an a , . .
3, iii . 1 9 . 1 -
5 .

Rosch e r s L ex i kon 4 He sych i us

’

der gri eck

’
un d .
,
s v . . E xa ronfi ebs ; ‘

G .

rom My tkologi e, i
’

2 7 64 ; u rr, J M F U n ge r i n Pk i lolog us 87 7) xxx v ii 1

w
. . . .
, .

D ie Pfl a n z en elt i n der gri ec/z i pp

1 3 -3 3 ; G re ve , s v
. Hyak i n th os, . .

s ck en My tli ologi e (I n n s ruc k , b i n W H Rosch e r s L ex i kon der gri ec/i

.
’
. .

pp 2 5 7 s qq ; O
. S c ra de r, R ea llex i
. . h u n d rom M tkologi e,
'

2 7 62 ;
. W i . .

kon der I n dogerm a n i scken A ltert u m s Sm t , i h

D i ct i on a i y f
o Gr eek an d

b
k u n de (S t ras urg, pp 3 8 3 sq q i Rom a n A n t i u i t i es , 3 339 From
i w iv 5 ) w l
. . . .

Mi Jss E Ha rr s on i X p h (H ll i
a s s o k n d as to en o on e en ca , e ea l n

w i th w p i
. . .

p t
re s e n m ef h h t i 39 t th Hy i th i
o s ec m e n s o t e t a n 0 B C . . e ac n an

fl w (D lpki i Aj i ) wh i h f ll w d
o er e n ft th I th i
um ac s on c o o e s oon a er e s m an

th w f l l tt w p l i ly v i i bl
e o u f i v l wh i h th t y f ll i p i g
e e rs e re a n s e . est a , c a e ar e n s r n .

A fl w i i l ly
o k d f
er s m l O th h w v i d ti fy i g H t
ar m ar e o a co ou r e rs , o e e r, en n ec a o m

b t w wh i d d w
,

e een i td b w i th th A tti
t e an th Hre t ,
as as s oc a e e us e c m on e ca o m

w i h th d h f Aj x (P i
t e bea t w l d p l th Hy i h i i
o a a us an a s, a e on , ou a ce e ac n t a n

i 35
. B t lly th t w fl w
. J ly (K O M ll D i
u usu a B l e o o e rs u . .
’

tl e r, or er,
2
res au ,

w h gh t t b th
e re t ou(O v i d 8 44 i o I Rh d eC d e s am e 1 n o e s, os , a n

w
.
, ,

M t x i ii 3 94 qq ; S h l i t
e am . .th G k t t th s h. c o as on o er re e s a es e re as a m on t
 H YA CI NTH B OO K 1 1

t h a t s a c ri fic e s a t t h e fe s t i va l w e re o ffe re d t o H y a ci n t h a s t o ,

a h e ro b e fo re t h e y w e re off e re d t o A p ollo ?
Fu rth e r o n
t h e a n a l o gy o f s i m i l a r d e i ti e s e l s e wh e re w
, ,

e s h o u l d e xp e ct ,

t o fi n d H y a ci n t h c o u p l e d n o t wi th a m a l e fri e n d b u t wi t h a , ,

fe m a l e c o n s o rt Th a t co n s o rt m ay p e rh a p s be d e t e ct e d i n
.

h i s s i s t e r Poly bo ea who a s c e n d e d t o h ea v e n with hi m Th e

n ew my th i f n e wi t w
.
,

,
a s of t h e lov e o f A p ol lo f o r H y a c i n th , ,

wou l d i n volv e a ch a n g e d co n c e p tio n of t h e a b o ri gi n a l god ,

whi ch i n i t s t u rn m u s t h a v e a ff e ct e d th a t of h i s s p o u s e .

Fo r wh e n H y a c i n th c a m e t o be thought of a s you n g a n d
u n m a rri e d th e re w a s n o l o n g e r room i n h i s s to ry f or a w i fe

a n d s h e woul d h a v e to be d i s p o s e d of i n s om e o t h e r w
,

ay

Wh a t w
.

a s e a s i e r f or t h e myth m a k e r th a n t o tu rn h er i n t o -

h i s u n m a rri e d s i s t e r ? H ow e v e r w e m ay e xp l a i n it a ,

ch a n g e s ee m s c e rt a i n ly to h av e co m e ov e r t h e p o p ul a r id e a
of H y a ci n th ; f o r wh e re a s o n h is tom b h e w a s p o rt ra y e d as

a b e a rd e d m a n l a te r a rt re p re s e n t e d h i m a s t h e p i n k o f
,

youthfu l b e a uty ?
Bu t i t i s p e rh a p s n e e d l e s s to s u pp o s e
th a t t h e s i s t e rly re l a tio n o f Po ly boe a to h i m w as a l at e

m o d i fic a ti o n of t h e myth Th e s t o ri e s of C ro n u s a n d Rh e a .
,

o f Z e u s a n d H e ra of O s i ri s a n d I s i s re m i n d u s t h at i n old , ,

da ys god s l i k e k i n g s o ft e n m a rri e d th e i r s i s t e rs a n d p rob

n a m e ly to e n s u re th e i r o w
, , ,

a bly f o r t h e s a m e rea s o n n t itl e , ,

to t h e t h ro n e u n d e r a ru l e of fe m a l e k i n s h i p wh ich t re a te d
w o m e n a n d n o t m e n a s t h e ch a n n e l i n w h i ch t h e blood roy a l
flow I t i s n ot i m p o s s i bl e th a t H y a ci n th m ay h a v e b e e n
3
ed .

a d ivi n e k i n g who a ctu a l ly re ig n e d i n h i s l i fe ti m e a t A mycl a e

an d w a s a ft e rw a rd s wo rs h i pp e d a t h i s to m b T h e re p re .

s e n t a t i o n of h i s t ri um p h a l a s c e n t to h e a v e n i n co m p a n y w i t h

h i s s i s t e r s ugg es t s th a t l i k e A d o n i s a n d P e rs e p ho n e h e m a y , ,

h a v e b e e n s u pp o s e d to s p e n d o n e p a rt of t h e y ea r i n t h e

1 Pau san i as , iii . 1 9 .

3 . Th e G reek Vl l . 20 .
9 ,4 v iii , . 1 . 1 1 v iii 41 1,
. . ix .

w h
o rd d f
e re u se ifi 38 5 x
or s a c r vd ce .
, 24 6
. I t h as
. . b e e n ob se r e

p p ly d t
ro er ifi
e n o es ff d t by E sac r i 39 )
ces o e re o . Rc-b de (Psy c/z e, 3 . 1 ,
n ot e 2

th h e i w h ip f l d d ; th
ero c o r ors th t ifi w f q t ly ff d
u ea an o er a sac r ce s e re re u en o e re

w d or w pl y d f ifi t
as e m h bf g d o d h gg
e t or sac r ce s o a e ro e ore a o an e su es s

w
,

o ff d t
e re g d oT h t ot s w i h h p b b i l i t y
e t h t i h o e rm s a re t m uc ro a a n t e se

w h ip f th h w
.

di ti g i h d by P
s n u s e i h d th a usa n a s e re an c ase s e ors o e e ro as

l wh (ii
e se e re ii . C 10 ld th th t f th d i y
. 1 , . 1 1 . om o er an a o e e t .

p H d t
a re e roii 4 4 S i fi
o us , t P i i ii 9 4
. . ac r ces o 2 a us an a s , . 1 . 1 .

th w e h i pf l d d w f
o rs u l ea S b v p 44 ; d b l w l e re o t en a n n u a .
3
ee a o e, . an e o ,
vo .

S e e Pa usa n i as, iii . 1 . 8, vi i . 1 9 . 1 0, 11. pp . 21 3 s qq .

CH AP VII
. H YA CI NTH 3 17

u n d e r wo rl d o f d a rk n e s s a n d d e a t h a n d a n ot h e r p a rt i n t h e
-
,

u pp e r w o rld o f l igh t a n d l i f e
-
. A n d a s t h e a n e mo n e s a n d
the s p rou t i n g co rn m a rk e d t h e re t u rn o f Ad o n i s a n d
P e rs e p ho n e s o t h e flow e rs t o w h ich h e g a ve h i s n a m e m ay
,

h a ve h e ra ld e d t h e as c e n s io n of H y a ci n t h .

E ND O F VO L . I

Pr i n ted by R 81
. C LA RK , LMT
I I E D,
W ork s by J . o FR A Z E R D C L
. . . . LL D . Li t t D . .

THE B E L IE F IN I M M O R TA L ITY AND THE

WO R SHI P O F T HE DEA D . V ol . I . Th e B e l i ef
a mo n g th e Ab o ri gi n e s o f Au s t ra l i a ,
the T o rres S t ra i t s
I s l an d s , Ne wGu i n e a ,
an d M e l an e s i a . Th e G i ff o rd L e c t u re s ,

St . A n d re w s ,
1 9 1 1 -
1 9 1 2 . 8 vo . I os . n et .

M R E DW A RD C LO D D i n th e D A I L Y CHR ONI C L E
. . If a m an di e , s h ll b
a e

l iv e a ga n i ? is
’
a i
q ue st on a sk e d hi li d b f
c a s e ore J ob p ut i t, and th e ge n e ra t i o n s o f m an

k i n d re p ea t it . In t h i s p ro fou dly i t n ti n e re s ng vl o u m e, Pro f

e s s or Fraz e r, o ut of th e

t re a s ur y of h is k n o wl e dge , a n d w i th c o n s u m m a te a rt o f a tt ra c t i v e p rese n t m e n t, i
g ev s

th e an s w e rs de vi se d by t h e L w oR er ac es .
”

PA U S A NIA S S DE S CR I PT I O N O F GR EE CE
’
.

T ra n s l at e d w i th a C o mm e n t a ry I l lu s t ra t i on s a n d M a p s , , .

S e co n d E d i t i on S i x vol s 8 vo 1 2 65 n et . . . . .

A THE N/ E UM
'
.
— “ A ll t ese h wii r t n gs in m an yl a n guage s M r Fraz er h a s
. rea d

an d d ig este d w i th x t e raor di y h t hi b
n ar c a re , s o t a s ook w i ll b e f or y e a rs t/i e book o f
f
re ere n ce on s u c h t m a t e rs, n o t ly i E gl d b t ion n n an , u n Fran ce an d G erm an y . It i s a

pe f
r e ct h
t e s au rus of G ree k t p g p hyo h l gy
o ra , a rc aeo o , an d art .
”

PAU S A NIA S AND O T HE R GREE K S KE T CHE S .

G l o b e 8 vo 4 5 n e t . . .

G UA RD I A N . Here we h a v e m a t e ri a l wh i h v y c e er on e wh o h as vi i s ted G re e ce ,
or p pour s es to v i it i t
s , m os t c e rta n i ly h l d s ou rea d d j y
an en o . \ Ve can n ot i m agi ne

a m ore e x ce ll en t book f or th e e du ca e t d vi it s or t o G reec e .

”

L E TT E R S O F WILL IAM COWPE R Ch o s e n a n d .

E d i te d w i t h a M e m o i r a n d a f e wN ot e s by J G F RA Z E R . .
,

LL D . .
,
L i tt D Tw o vol s
. Gl o b e 8 vo
. 8 3 net . . . .

[E versley S eri es .

MR H
. R i t h D A I L Y CHR ONI CL E
C L E M E NT S O RT E n e — “ T o t h e t a sk Dr .

F h gi v
ra z e r h l ly
as h t w i ll k th di ti
en a sc th t i
o ar
j ca re t a m a e e e on on e a s a oy to
p ossess Hi i t d t y M
. i f s i gh ty p g i l g h i
n ro uc o r vl e m o r, o som e e a es n en t , s a a uab e l
addi t i t th on y pp i o t f C wp t h t th
e m an l t y hva ra se m e n s o o er a e se a er e a rs a e se e n . I t is
no p f t y i d ti
m ere b t pi e f
e r u n c or d bi g p h i l w k
‘
n t ro uc on ,
’
u a ec o s o un o ra ca or

wv l
.

D F h gi v th t l i fi ”
r. raz e r as
q dj y
e n us t o o u m es a a re a n u n ua e o .

M A C M I L LA N A ND C O .
,
LT D .
,
LO ND O N .