SLOW SUICIDE

A not always so pleasant walk in the minefield of Life

What is Saccharopleonexia?
It is the result of an inborn genetic defect that
transforms a normal human sensation into sugar lust
and creates an irresistible urge to gorge on anything
that tastes sweet.

The penalty is obesity, premature aging and death.

BY Daniel Davis
Clipperton Publishing Company
Manitou, Washington
SLOW SUICIDE**
[sub-title] A not always so pleasant walk in the minefield of Life
COPYRIGHT © 2007 BY Daniel Davis

All rights reserved including (but not limited to) the right to reproduce
this book, or parts thereof, in any form, except for the inclusion of brief
quotations in a review.

Profits realized from the sale of this book are to be used solely in support
of research with the aim of alleviating the scourge of preventable illness
wherever it is found and whomever is afflicted.
Daniel Davis

The source of the information presented here is a compilation of my studies

over many years through books and articles, papers, lectures, personal
conversations and correspondence with some of the people doing the studies
which are described. It is not to be considered as medical advice or information
to be used for self-doctoring. Keep in mind though, you are most likely doing
some of that right now and might possibly derive benefits from more and better
training. See this website for some insight. http://www.soilandhealth.org/

All diseases and illnesses I describe are the result of an imaginative and creative
analysis of the literature regarding diet, nutrition and the relationship between
our genetic heritage and our ability to be fully functional people here on Earth
and Beyond. You can bring this knowledge to a Learned Licensed Practitioner of
the Arts & Sciences of Health if you think your Well Being will improve by doing
so. Consult with the healers too: http://www.ppnf.org/catalog/ppnf/index.htm
Although I am very interested in individuals, it’s the multitude of physicians who
need to know what’s up with the physiology of the ailing people in their care.

You may be puzzled by the outright hostility expressed by some licensed

practitioners when you bring these matters to their attention. Betimes, they are
condescending while bemused at the foolishness of some people who are
otherwise seemingly intelligent enough ( viz., you and I). Most will concede they
have very little knowledge of these subjects as their reading material is mostly
supplied by large, influential, multi-national drug companies, Orthodox Medical
Associations (OMA’s) and Lettered Federal Agencies. They have very little time
left for Dr. Rath’s writings ( q.v.).

The most successful health seekers I know take the information they gather
from whatever source, add a grain of Celtic salt, compare what they see in the
mirror with what they did at the dinner table, and take a clue; that’s what I
advise. You are what you ate...already.
Dear Friends,

DEDICATION
To Little Sammy
Who lived his whole life
In a short, short time
And to his grown up brother, Zeb,
Who carries the flame now;
Life is sweet.
-Daddy

Foreword
This book is for open-minded souls who look on in amazement
mixed with wondement and ask, “what gives?”, as we Americans
spend more on healthcare in the state of Massachusetts than the
Canadians do in their whole darn country. And, in spite of our
profligate spending on every therapeutic modality ever conceived by
the mind of Man, we still rank only 37th worldwide in quality of
health care along with Costa Rica, Slovenia, and Cuba, where, if it’s
not great healthcare, at least it’s free! Even our northern neighbors,
the Canadians, bereft the benefits of normal sunshine and banished
to chilly places further North than we think of as humanly habitable,
are healthier than we are by a significant seven points!

If you are one of the multitude who have been persuaded by

modern methods of mainstream medicine (M4™) that it’s easy to
get too many vitamins, and they’ll just be washed out and wasted,
this book would probably just bore you because you are among the
fortunate number who are perfectly well, still have the bloom of
youth at fifty-five, never get colds or the flu, never had any
problems with your lower back or pain any kind at all and will live to
be at least 127 and still count birthdays. This book not for you, but,
please do consider the following before you put it down: have you
applied the washout test to the other things you eat and drink? For
example, what is the correct dose of nicotine, alcohol or caffeine?
Do you stop eating pie and ice cream when you have taken just the
proper dose? What is the correct dose of Jewish penicillin for the
blahs? What if you inhale too much smoke? Will those tasty “tars”
just wash out in your urine and be wasted? It can’t be a good idea
to eat pudding until a urine sugar test shows positive. Is it honest
to say, “it doesn’t matter how much sugar I eat, the surplus just
washes out?” How much single malt is exactly the right dose? Do I
have enough of it around the house to last me through this next
hangover? What if I run out? How much time and money will I spend
to replace my stock. What if I stop taking it entirely? Will my health
status decline? Can I be honest with myself (if not with my loved
ones)? If I have an adverse health event and need M4™, will the
family suffer economic hardship? Who will care for me when I can’t
care for myself? Will it be expensive to live like that for God knows
how long? Come to think of it, isn’t it well within my power to
address these things or is reality too unpleasant to contemplate?

When I talk to friends and neighbors about how important it is to

live well and steer clear the eating patterns that commonly lead to
illness and M4 visits, many of them assure me that they are in, like,
y’know, perfect health… When I ask them if they are taking
prescription medicines (M4Meds™) they hasten to make it clear that
they are only taking two or three. Like what? “Just a thyroid pill and
something for my blood pressure.” Then I wonder aloud if they use
aspirin and they say, ”oh, no, that makes your stomach bleed; we
use only acetaminophen…” When I ask how long they think they will
live, they say something like,” there’s longevity in our family; my
dad died at 83.” I say, “what did he die of?” I often hear, “oh, a
stroke; uh, they run in the family too.” Is reality really too
unpleasant to contemplate?

Acknowledgements
This book is about a common disease that affects virtually
everyone, to a greater or lesser degree. I discovered it by putting
two and two together and coming up with a brand new answer that
is actually four and not three, plus or minus one, as is widely
believed. For this insight, I owe a great debt to Linus Pauling, PhD.,
to his associate, Matthias Rath, M.D. (Fonorow) and to Professor
William W. “Bill” Wells. I also owe a vote of thanks to Dirk Benedict,
actor, screenwriter, author and gentleman.

The really pivotal clue came from a paper Bill Wells published in
1995. He reported on an experiment he conducted investigating the
activity of the guinea pig pancreas. He and his colleagues
discovered that when ascorbic acid is undersupplied, the pancreas
continues producing insulin, but delays secreting it for over two
hours. Properly, secretion should occur on demand in response to
the concentration of sugar in the blood but, in this instance, an
oversupply of insulin is released rapidly and blood sugar drops
abnormally low. Doctors call this, “hypoglycemia” (low blood sugar).

In the wild, H. s. sapiens would react to low blood sugar by

initiating a hunt. His galaxy of impulses would include a sense of
urgency inasmuch as the alternative to finding a caribou would be
to starve. We have every reason to believe that the same reactions
occur in modern people and this is why we are committing slow
suicide. Today, most of our hunting occurs at convenience stores or
in the baked goods section of the A&P. Extremely low blood sugar
creates a sense of heightened urgency, even panic. The possibility
of death by starvation is rarely verbalized but it is fundamental.
When urgently hungry, modern H.s. sapiens grabs everything in
sight and swallows it without so much as chewing. Many scientists
define this behavior as “scarfing”. Then he takes big gulps from a
40 oz. carafe of soda pop to “wash it down”. It can happen this way
even if he has just come from a well laid meal! If you add to this
scorbutic syndrome the modern tendency to travel everywhere by
car and “work” by tapping gently on a keyboard near a drawer full
of Mr. Hershey’s Finest, is it any wonder that many ordinary people
are getting to be twice as large as ordinary people used to be?

I recommend to the reader Dr. Matthias Rath’s book entitled, Why

animals don’t get heart attacks…but people do! He covers all the
material concerning diet, health, and the importance of 3-keto-L-
gulofuranolactone (vitamin C) in maintaining good health and living
a long, productive life. His wonderfully helpful book can be a useful
adjunct to this book, if you buy it. That way, I am excused from
having to rehash his seminal findings here. Particular attention
should be paid to the comprehensive bibliography.
(See also: http://www.internetwks.com/owen/HeartCure.htm )

Dr. Rath’s book may be purchased from Rath Education Services

USA, BV, 1260 Memorex Drive, Suite 100, Santa Clara, California
95050. The book’s ISBN Number is 0-9679546-8-1. Dr. Rath also
shows a website at www.drrathresearch.org and email at
publishing@drrath.com .

In the bibliography at the end of the book you are holding, I have
included a list of suggested readings which would be of benefit to
people and their personal M.D.’s who sincerely want only a healthy
humanity and Long Life for everyone without the final 20 years
being wasted on hospital visits and expensive 4M™ procedures. I
would like to make a special mention of Dr. Joel D. Wallach, N.D.,
who has made a fortune honestly from giving people good advice
about food and lifestyle. His list of “don’ts” is the best one around
because it is realistic and comprehensive. Any one of his books
would be a goldmine of useful information to someone finally
discovering that you can still be healthy even if you haven’t ever
given a thought to health before. …health insurance, maybe.
http://www.thewallachfiles.com/wallach.htm

Dr. Pauling himself admitted that he paid little attention to keeping

healthy before he turned 50 and then (lucky for us and him) ran
into Irwin Stone and got some really good advice. It is interesting to
note that Professor Pauling was certain that his well-known vitamin
C crusade was been a failure. He died too soon to learn the truth: so
many Americans heeded his advice about defeating the common
cold (except most M.D.’s), the rate of heart disease dropped in
direct proportion to the increase of vitamin C taken for colds! Look
at the data for yourself. If there is a heaven and Dr. Pauling can
check up on us from there, he must have noticed that his dedicated
effort was a great success after all.

On a personal level, I must first thank Ann Hughey of Eugene,

Oregon, for all of her attentions during the period I was researching
and writing this book. Also, Mrs. Edwin N. Scheid, Jr., known to her
friends as “Lynnette”, has been of immeasurable aid in the million
things that need to be attended to when there is an author
anywhere around; we can be bad company at times, I’m sorry to
say. Her husband is awarded beribboned accolades for tolerating
the aging artist (sometimes). I also owe a great debt to my neighbor
and good friend, Dr. Carl L. Johannessen, who had to comprehend
every last picayune detail before he could sign off on any aspect of
Saccharopleonexia Theory…his constitution does not permit
otherwise! May I say that he has been like a father to me (in my
dotage), but, unlike my father, he is not terribly offended when I
disagree with him or I by him when he with me. My sincere
gratitude goes to his soul mate, Doris, who gives him just enough
lead to get over to my sunny front porch now and again. I must
thank my long-suffering family who donated this PowerBook G4
and gave my fingers a portable voice. As I tap out these words, I am
sitting on the terrace at Chateau Spudrock overlooking the beautiful
Rainbow Valley in Western Oregon, for which inspiration I owe more
grateful hosannas than I could ever utter in a lifetime to the Creator
who made us, every one.

Finally, to the multitudes of people who have been of assistance in

the discovery, elaboration, and refinement of this new theory of
Mankind’s Success, you know who you are as well as I do and I hope
to be able to repay you soon for your many favors, intelligence,
humor, and sympathy over the years. Now a few words from our
sponsor: Life…

Always Look on the Bright Side of Life (from Monty Python)

-words and music by Eric Idle

Some things in life are bad

They can really make you mad
Other things just make you swear and curse.
When you're chewing on life's gristle
Don't grumble, give a whistle
And this'll help things turn out for the best...

And...always look on the bright side of life...

Always look on the light side of life...

If life seems jolly rotten

There's something you've forgotten
And that's to laugh and smile and dance and sing.
When you're feeling in the dumps
Don't be silly chumps
Just purse your lips and whistle - that's the thing.

And...always look on the bright side of life...

Always look on the light side of life...

For life is quite absurd

And death's the final word
You must always face the curtain with a bow.
Forget about your sin - give the audience a grin
Enjoy it - it's your last chance anyhow.

So always look on the bright side of death

Just before you draw your terminal breath
Life's a piece of shit
When you look at it
Life's a laugh and death's a joke, it's true.
You'll see it's all a show
Keep 'em laughing as you go
Just remember that the last laugh is on you.

And always look on the bright side of life...

Always look on the right side of life...
(Come on guys, cheer up!)
Always look on the bright side of life...
Always look on the bright side of life...
(Worse things happen at sea, you know.)
Always look on the bright side of life...
(I mean - what have you got to lose?)
(You know, you come from nothing - you're going back to
nothing.
What have you lost? Nothing!)
Always look on the right side of life...
As common as the Common Cold
Saccharopleonexia is the result of an inborn genetic defect that
transforms a normal human sensation, hunger, into a powerful urge
to overeat, sweet foods being preferred over healthy, nutritious
foods. Nobel prize-winning researchers have mapped the etiology
of this common, chronic, debilitating disorder and it is now 100%
reversible*. Read on!

A parallel human desire, normal sex, is driven by a

natural urge to spread one’s genes far and wide.
According to recent exhaustive, on-campus research,
this does not require the informed consent of the
female or a license from any authority. Nevertheless,
this basic urge has come under the control of two cultural artifacts,
namely, female consent and the institution of matrimony.

In other words, people have a genetic or instinctive

endowment which, through cultural mores, can be
channeled or even entirely suppressed.

Thus, even as we are able to control our procreative urges

through knowledge and restraint, we can likewise control
the instinctive urge to commit slow suicide.

What is meant by “slow suicide”? It is quite simply

the votive ingestion of surplus nutrients which may be
deposited as fat in adipose layers and elsewhere in the
body leading inevitably to obesity and premature death.
In layman’s terms, we eat like pigs, we get fat, we get sick
and then we die early. Any questions? Recent statistical analysis
of health (and disease) data places overweight people at
far greater risk of early death than confirmed lifelong
cigaret users. Government healthcare statistics tell of the huge
burden imposed on Medicare and Medicaid by obese beneficiaries.
Perhaps you can recall some other examples…
Statistics clearly show that overeaters place more costly
burdens on the economy than do mere smokers and often in
subtle ways. For example, you may have read articles in the media
reporting that larger airline passengers require more aviation fuel
to lift and carry them and their big posteriors require much wider
seating than do the backsides of slimmer travelers.

The principle symptom of saccharopleonexia is greed

for carbohydrates and overconsumption of sweet and
refined foods. The common signs are corpulence and
compromised health status, although, individuals who
strictly limit their diet to sweet foods may be quite slim,
even emaciated. Smokers too, tend to be slimmer. One of
the tenets of Saccharopleonectic Theory is that sugar greed
is a vain attempt to balance body chemistry in response to
cues from sensors within the endocrine system to increase
and conserve glucose supplies. Similarly, people who use
cigarets are responding to a sense of imbalance in their
body chemistry. Commonly, cigarets contain (besides natural
phytochemicals from the tobacco plant) residues of the sugar
and other ingredients used to convert the uncured leaf into the
shredded smoking and chewing products found in tubes,
packets, and pocket carry pouches the world over.

Science tells us that 3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone (vitamin C)

is a metabolite that can be produced in the liver from glucose by
mammals. Plants also produce significant amounts of it. In
mammals, a four-step enzymatic conversion takes place
which is stimulated by environmental conditions as well as
normal physiological impulses. A mammal under stress
will produce more than a resting level and an animal with
significant dietary resources of vitamin C will produce less.
Homo sapiens is among a small number of the class mammalia
unable to produce vitamin C due to an inborn genetic defect. Sailors
on long voyages were deprived of phytonutrients and came down
with scurvy. Starving Irish people all got it during the potato famine
when their British overlords supplemented meager food supplies
with corn meal. Potatoes contain a lot of vitamin C while corn
contains virtually none. The Inuit people seldom got scurvy even
though there are no lemons in the far North. How can this be
explained? The people of the North derived a good deal of their diet
from the caribou which collect significant vegetable material while
grazing. The Inuit never wasted a shred of the contents of the
digestive system of a killed ungulate. Analysis shows significant
vitamin C from that source. Not surprisingly, the liver and blood of
the Inuit prey also contain significant amounts of it. It’s unfortunate
that visiting sailors would not follow their example for cultural
reasons (including the “yuk” factor) and many died as a result. The
“lost” Nordic colony of Greenland became extinct while natives, just
up the path, survived and prospered without the advantages of
Western Civilization.

According to Saccharopleonectic Theory, when h.s. sapiens

perceives a shortage of vitamin C in serum, glucose is
conserved and sought, not 3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone!
This because of a somatic response to increase the glucose
available in sera to produce vitamin C. In practical terms, the
release of insulin from the pancreas is temporarily suppressed
and later, when it is suddenly oversupplied and blood sugar drops,
the individual will seek sugary treats (see Wells). In a prosperous,
well-fed society like ours (USA, AD2007), that natural sense of
desire for sweet foods can be translated easily into action. Thus, as
a result of the stresses of modern living, obesity is affecting 2/3 of
the U.S. population! Walk through any mall and observe it for
yourself! The new somatatype is definitely a more endomorphic
Carl Rove than it is a mesomorphic Steve Reeves!
You can stop killing yourself
Fortunately, 20th Century Science has not only described
the problem, but it has also provided a solution. Since dietary
sources have been shown to be inadequate in vitamin C, a pro-
active approach is required as a corrective. Our physiology most
closely resembles that of our best friend, the dog; compare the
teeth. If we look to the dogs, (they produce vitamin C from blood
sugar) we find that a pro-rata level of maybe 3g per diem is about
adequate for an unstressed man or woman. A healthy child requires
less and an expectant or nursing mother requires much more.

Somewhere in the world, all the local conditions must

conjoin to create a perfect environment for h.s. sapiens.
Life is slow and sweet, fruit is plentiful and the climate is benign.
Does that describe where you live? No? Then science insists
that you must add vitamin C to your diet with
an eye toward maintaining levels known to be
associated with good health and resistance to
Saccharopleonectic symptoms. The usual way of doing this
within current best practice is through the use of
concentrated vegetable powders or factory-made
analogues, usually in the form of ascorbic acid and
its various salts. One such supplementary source I
have recently come across is a commercial
product called "The Right C" which I purchased at PC
Market of Choice in Eugene. The website describing
this product may be found at http://www.naturesway.com/ .
The label describes a preliminary study that indicates
an absorption rate of twice that of Ester-C. It is an enhanced
form of sodium ascorbate which is itself known to be
better absorbed than other ascorbic acid salts. I am using it
now to see if I can detect improved performance. Another new
product, called Amazing Oranges, contains many of the fractions
Dr. Szent-Györgyi said enhanced the effect of vitamin C.
http://www.purityproducts.com/ It deserves evaluation even
if only to draw attention to foods naturally containing significant
amounts of vitamin C and its multitude of co-factors. Consider for a
moment, if one were to simplify one’s life and avoid stressful
situations, it is highly likely that dietary modifications alone could
alleviate all the symptoms of saccharopleonexia. In the present
paradigm, however, many people would not be able to accomplish
this very quickly (if at all) and so it is well to know what commercial
products are available to provide an alternative to the modern
methods of mainstream medicine (M4).

It may now be germane to this discussion to describe some of the

usual health problems associated with the genetic defect preventing
ordinary people from converting blood sugar into vitamin C.

1. Sub-clinical scurvy. This has been called

"Syndrome-X" and occurs when people get just enough
vitamin C from dietary sources to prevent frank scurvy
but not enough to enable hundreds of other
physiological chores vitamin C is responsible for in
the body's chemical processes.

2. Diabetes. When the pancreas is deprived of

vitamin C, several things happen. First, it stores
insulin for a period of time rather than secreting it
as needed. Then insulin is released in a flood,
causing a drop in blood sugar (Wells). This can initiate
a panic attack, sugar greed or both (consider the scorbutic
housewife eating half a gallon of chocolate ice cream without
even sitting down…whoa, Nellie!). When the conserved insulin
finally flows into the bloodstream, the circulating sugar is
converted to glycogen and stored as fat rather than providing
energy. The ensuing hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) triggers
a yen for a quick fix, whereupon the panicked patient rapidly takes
double doses of hallowe’en candy, chocolate bars, soda pop, bran
muffins, cookies, or danish pastry, truly a parody of modern
medicine practiced without the benefit of doctoring.
3. Glandular disorders. The pancreas is made largely
of cells knitted together in helical collagen matrices.
The critical component of collagen synthesis is vitamin C.
Dr. Rath has shown that when sugar (glucose) is
oversupplied, tissue formations will accept a molecule
of glucose in place of one of vitamin C. Such
structures are disordered and flaccid and do not perform
their functions as nature intended. The pancreas is
only one of many glands, each with its own contributions to make
to the functioning of the whole. When the glands are structurally
competent, they can perform their lively gavotte according
to natural rhythms . Vitamin C is what makes the difference.

4. Obesity. Obesity is more a sign than a symptom.

While it is well understood by fat people that
it is harder to tie shoes and have good sex, they
sometimes fail to notice that fatty deposits
harbor heavy metals, crowd organs, impede
gastro-intestinal processes, impair structures,
layer the heart in thick deposits that cause it to
work harder, and generally increase energy
expenditures, induce lethargy, some, both, other and all.

5. Cancer. Defective cellular structures reduce cell

respiration (see Warburg) allowing abnormal
(anaerobic) metabolism to take hold. Cancerous cells
can develop in the acidic conditions associated with
a glucose oversupply and spread around easily in
compromised terrain. Cancer love
cookies; mmmmm!

6. Iatrogenic complications. Take a look at all the

symptoms of scurvy and you will see a laundry
list of medical conditions. Since the medical
profession fails to diagnose scurvy (even as a
sequel to long ocean voyages) it treats the symptoms
one by one with partially efficacious palliatives.
Unfortunately, the underlying condition is
all too often exacerbated by stressful treatments such as
surgery and drugs and the opportunities for medical errors
(iatrogeny) proliferate to the point of unaccountability. This is for
real. http://www.ourcivilisation.com/medicine/usamed/deaths.htm
During a walkout of hospital workers in Sweden in 1980, the overall
death rate significantly declined!

7. Grumpiness [a.k.a. “irritability” –Ed]. Prescient sea captains

of old knew when an outbreak of scurvy was immanent: if the
crew started getting grumpy and fights broke out, an experienced
captain knew it was high time to break out the lemon juice rations.
Today, we realize that bad dispositions can drive away support
groups (family and friends) and this can lead to chronic depression.
Depression is the 5th leading cause of medical visits
and prescribed drugs.

8. Premature aging. People with dry, wrinkled, sagging

skin look older that their healthier brethren, and they are
clinically older even though they may have been born
later. The condition is most likely the result of faulty
collagen. When collagen structures erode and shrink, the
healthy glow of youth is in danger. Since collagen is also an
important part of tendons, cartilage and joint structures,
movement can become difficult and painful. The sufferer
wears a frown, wrinkles his brow, and says, "I'm gettin’ old!"

9. Immune deficiency. The immune system depends not

only on its structures and chemistry to perform correctly,
but on nutrients to supply its motile components.
Vitamin C plays an important role in all of this. As an example,
bacterial infections lodge in compromised tissues such as stomach
ulcers, degenerated heart valves and dysfunctional joints. As these
scavengers work, they throw off toxins that may overwhelm the
body’s ability to evacuate them; the result may be toxemia and flu-
like symptoms associated with Herxheimer-Jarisch Syndrome.
Of what use is the immune system if not to assist the body to
limit the proliferation of harmful agents and how can it
perform if it is inadequately supplied? The medical profession
prefers to knock down colonies of bacteria (a treatment)
rather that build up the body chemistry to enhance its ability
to evade overwhelming infections (a cure). Moreover, there is
insufficient recognition of chronic inflammation as a very normal,
necessary, and defensive response to vitamin C starvation.
If you are still reading this obvious quackery (possibly due to a
macabre curiosity), then perhaps you wonder what I am proposing
and what is the way of intelligence and self-restraint? Good Science
may serve as a guide to a favorable outcome and show us the
means of correcting unconscious, habitual eating errors acquired in
the past. The food we learned to love during the time of our
upbringing was based on convenience and affordability. It made us
feel comfortably full or so it seemed. Since it is the way of nature to
make things attractive that are good, like the sweetness of luscious
fruit, the elation of imbibing good wine, and the desire for
closeness, intimacy, and passion with another, we can become
willing participants in our own destruction. However, our ability to
foresee the consequences of our actions by applying the lessons of
Science informs us that without restraint, even benefits can lead to
obesity, estrangement, and an excess of progeny who may rightly
claim their share of the finite store of the family wealth. If we
choose the path of least resistance over the Path of Nature, we must
ultimately pay the penalty because nothing is free, everything must
be earned or defended, even our birthright of happiness and health.
-DrP.

And now, the rest of the story…

Here’s what the experts have to say
Dr. Saul’s Observations and advice: (Section I)

SUGAR ADDICTION –Dr. Saul

http://www.doctoryourself.com/news/v2n14.txt

C. R. writes: “All my 45-plus years I've fought against sugar, simple

carbohydrates, and the fatigue and mood swings they bring about.
However, like an alcoholic, I always seem to end up craving, and
then getting back with sugar products.

“I read the following post on an Internet newsgroup:

“”In order to control your sugar addiction, follow the protocol for
alcohol at http://www.doctoryourself.com/alcohol_protocol.html
My daughter treated a sugar addiction nutritionally exactly as
alcoholism is treated, and it works. Many people who have sugar
addiction have alcoholics in the family. When alcoholics go off
alcohol, they nearly always start eating lots of sugar. Unfortunately,
this usually keeps the addiction going.” [See reference below. –Ed.]
“I'd love to see a diet and tactics suggested to escape a sugar
addiction. I am the son of alcoholics, and addicted to a terrible
sugar and refined carbohydrate diet that leaves me exhausted and
stressed out. Your assertion that alcoholism can be "cured" really is
heresy to my way of thinking, but, hey, maybe you might be right. I
sure would like to find a nutritional key that might help me in my
ongoing white-knuckle struggle as I hurry past the baked goods
and candy sections.”

Probably the most reliable and powerful help for the sugar junkie is
indeed to diligently follow Dr. Roger J. William’s nutritional program
for alcohol users. Large quantities of the B-complex vitamins are a
cornerstone of the treatment. The cheap and easy key is to take the
entire B-complex at least six times daily. Chromium, vitamin C,
lecithin, the amino acid L-glutamine, and meals rich in vegetables,
high-fiber, and complex carbohydrates are also very important.

Detailed dosages are posted at

http://www.doctoryourself.com/alcohol_protocol.html
A case history is posted at
http://www.doctoryourself.com/alcoholism.html

Books by Roger J. Williams include

Nutrition and Alcoholism (1951),
Alcoholism: The Nutritional Approach (1959),
Nutrition Against Disease (1971) and
Physician's Handbook of Nutritional Science (1975).
[People who substitute spirited beverages for food are often
malnourished even if overweight. We can take a hint from the
bodybuilders who have found that products in the diet similar to
Capra Mineral Whey can convert fat into muscle. In addition, when
my children were young, I fortified their milk with brewers’ yeast
according to the teaching of Adele Davis and never had reason to
regret it as they routinely slept right through the night even as
infants. –Ed.]

And for some good anti-sugar motivational reading, don’t forget

Sugar Blues (1975), by William Dufty (NY: Warner.)

A word about 4M People

Lost History of Medicine

"Dr Young shows us a history that has been wiped out of our
medical texts and wiped out for a good reason. If we were to
acknowledge these lost discoveries, everything we know about
medicine today would topple."

The Lost History of Medicine

http://www.mnwelldir.org/docs/terrain/lost_history_of_medicine.htm

Reclaim Your Inner Terrain

One of the best books ever to have been recommended to me is

called Sick and Tired?: Reclaim Your Inner Terrain, by Dr Robert
Young (no relationship to the actor) and his wife, Shelly. I
recommend this book more than any other we’ve ever touched
upon at this web site. And I’ll tell you why as I go along here.

I’ve always had suspicions that, no matter what our research here
has uncovered, there was still something missing. All too often we'd
come across something that has no historical perspective. Take Roy
Rife: his work came, it would seem, from nowhere, and after his
research was destroyed, it went nowhere. Then there is Gaston
Naessens. We’ve talked about his cure for cancer called 714X, but
his work with somatids, again, had no apparent historical
perspective. His discovery comes from nowhere, and goes nowhere
as medicine refused to accept his theories, even though they are
well documented with slides, movies, and even a multimedia show.

With the discovery of Sick and Tired, I finally discovered the missing
link. Dr Young shows us a history that has been wiped out of our
medical texts and wiped out for a good reason. If we were to
acknowledge these lost discoveries, everything we know about
medicine today would topple.

It is our intention to display for you objective scientific research that

has been ignored, covered up, and abandoned by those who profit
from your being ill.

Despite a system that treats symptoms only, kills 3 to 6 thousand

people weekly, cures one thing only to cause another, conventional
medicine is still very popular. Why? Because it is based upon
religious tenets and not upon science. (See Modern Medicine: The
New World Religion) And, as we'll mention once more in this
newsletter, modern conventional medicine is popular because it
works instantly; you take a pill, and the pain is gone. How much
more wonderful could that be?

The Germ Theory

Everyone has heard of Louis Pasteur. He is considered the father of

the Germ Theory of Medicine and he invented the process of
pasteurization. Despite the simple fact that the Germ Theory of
Medicine was at least a hundred years older than Pasteur, his
experiments that supposedly "proved" this theory have established
him as a cornerstone in Modern Medical History.

Too bad much of his work was plagiarized and totally unscientific.

What most of us don’t know about Pasteur is that throughout his

career, he too often doubted his assumptions. On his deathbed, he
even recanted saying the Germ Theory was all wrong: "It’s the
terrain, not the germ…", he said, or words to that effect.

But did we hear his last words? No.

Was he speaking of the immune system? If we have a strong

immune system, the germ doesn’t matter, does it?

Wrong, he was not speaking of the immune system. As Dr Young

points out in Sick and Tired, the immune system’s function of
fighting off germs is its secondary job. If you’re immune system is
battling off bugs, you’re driving on a "spare tire," according to the
good doctor.

The Terrain

What exactly is a healthy terrain?

Dr Young’s book introduced me to Antoine Béchamp. I looked him

up on the web and read one of his books published there. Amazing
stuff. You won’t find Béchamp’s name in the history of medicine. He
and his work have been expurgated. When he died, his
accomplishments were listed in a journal. They took up seven
pages. Some of the things we attribute to Pasteur were actually
accomplished by Béchamp.

Even though Béchamp was a scientist, his work is very easy to read.
Scientists hadn’t yet developed their Latin/Greek lingo that would
keep the average person on the sidelines looking in.

The first thing I read by him was a study on cats. One group was
fed cooked foods and the other was fed raw foods. The raw foods
group were much healthier than the group fed cooked foods. By the
third generation, the young of the cooked foods group (also getting
cooked foods) did not survive into adulthood.

Is there any wonder why the Anti-Cancer Diet is 70% live foods?

Now Béchamp was a critic of Pasteur’s. Pasteur hated Béchamp,

mainly because Béchamp was constantly finding fault in Pasteur’s
work. For instance, Pasteur’s experiments that "proved" his germ
theory were less than scientific, according to Béchamp . Pasteur had
injected healthy animals with the blood of a sick animal. The
healthy animals got sick.

First off do I need to point out that we do not catch germs in this
fashion? I mean, if I had to get an injection to catch a cold, I’d never
catch one.

Secondly, there are too many variables in a syringe full of a sick

animal’s blood to "prove" that the germs in the blood are making
the experimental animal sick. Béchamp made the obvious
observation that Pasteur was poisoning the blood of the
experimental animal.

Claude Bernard was also a contemporary of Pasteur’s. On Pasteur’s

deathbed, he admitted that Bernard was right and that he, Pasteur,
was wrong (though he failed to mention his nemesis, Béchamp).

Bernard is considered the Father of Experimental medicine. He was

a physiologist. However, his greatest achievements are entirely
overlooked today. Let me give you one example of this man’s
assertions.
Amidst a group of physicians and scientists, Claude Bernard made
the statement: "The terrain is everything; the germ is nothing," and
then drank down a glass of water tainted with cholera.

There are not many scientists who are willing to risk their lives on a
theory. This we know. Claude Bernard has few equals in the history
of medicine.

Germs Do Not Cause Disease

The most telling "concept" that has ever crossed my desk is the
quotation Dr Young uses right at the beginning of his book, Sick
and Tired:

If I could live my life over again, I would devote it to proving that

germs seek their natural habitat—diseased tissue—rather than
being the cause of the diseased tissue; e.g., mosquitoes seek the
stagnant water, but do not cause the pool to become stagnant.
Rudolph Virchow (Father of Pathology)

Do you understand the importance of this? When I read this

quotation for the first time, it hit me like a brick. I’ve always known
the terrain was the key, but I had always thought of the terrain as
the immune system. I had had no idea that the proper terrain alone
was, by itself, enough for perfect health. Nor had it ever occurred to
me that the immune system was merely a backup system that took
over when the terrain failed.

So, Béchamp was, in effect, telling Pasteur that his experiments

proved nothing because it poisoned the experimental animal’s
terrain, hence allowing the germs to attack the diseased tissues
caused by the poisoning.

Before we go any further, we need to know this…

Take a banana and place it on a counter next to a piece of cheese.

Place a glass over the cheese so it doesn't dry out too quickly. Now
watch them both over the over the next few days. What do you
think will happen? The banana starts to turn black and the cheese
begins to mold. They go bad. They rot.
Now slice open the cheese. Inside, no mold. Slice open the banana.
It's rotten inside. Smell the banana and you'll smell a hint of
alcohol. It's fermenting.

Something that perhaps only a few of you already knew is: The
cheese molds from the outside in, but the banana rots from the
inside out.

The banana was alive. The cheese is not alive.

Every living thing comes equipped with it’s own janitorial service
that goes to work when it dies. They are programmed to clean up
the mess our dead bodies leave behind.

This is a VERY important concept for us to know and remember,

always.

Healthy Terrain

So what is healthy terrain? Béchamp began to describe it nearly two

hundred years ago, but Claude Bernard finally put it this way. It
consists of two internal factors:

1. Alkalinity

2. Negative Electrical Charge

Contributing to a healthy terrain are two factors, according to

Bernard:

1. Nutrition

2. Toxins

One must have proper nutrition and be free of toxins to maintain a

healthy terrain. More recent studies add one more factor
contributing to a healthy terrain: Emotions/Mental Health.

In our last newsletter we touched upon psychoneuroimmunology

with a small test that you can take on your own (Click Here to see
it). The higher the score, the greater your chances of getting sick.
Why? Well, the higher the score, the greater your acidity/the less
your alkalinity. There is an emotional side to our terrain. You can do
everything the books tell you to keep your body alkaline, but if you
have unchecked emotional issues, you will still be acidic. This is the
body/mind connection, or as someone put it: emotional toxicity.

We live in a toxic society. Our food, water, air is poisoned.

Additionally, we are poisoning ourselves with drugs, alcohol,
smoke, and even the way we prepare our foods (barbecuing,
microwave heating [nuking]).

Nearly every drug your doctor gives you causes your body to
become acidic. Every can of pop, every cup of coffee, every
teaspoon of sugar, every piece of chicken, steak, or fish you
consume causes your body to become acidic.

The Clean-Up Crew Within

Béchamp theorized that there was a particle of life in us, the

smallest living thing on the planet, called a microzyma. It is a plant.
Scientists previous to Béchamp had seen these little "molecular
granulations" but had no idea what they were. Gaston Naessens
discovered somatids. Are they the same thing? I think so. Many
think so. The newer powerful dark field microscopes allow doctors
and scientists to view living tissues.

The microzymas are part of the clean-up crew that lives within all
of us.

Now, one place where modern medicine is completely off track is in

our standard blood tests. They take blood, stain it, freeze it, and
examine it.

Blood is alive. It is not a liquid, but a mobile tissue (Béchamp was

the first to describe blood thus). The things in our blood are alive.
And one thing modern medicine does not accept is that something
like a bacterium can change into a yeast that can turn into a fungus
that can turn into a mold. We’ve talked about this in previous
newsletters; it is called pleomorphism. Pleo meaning many and
morph meaning form or body.

Gaston Naessens has thoroughly documented the life cycle of his

somatids. As we published in our Cancer Edition of the Wellness
Directory of Minnesota, Naessens discovered that his somatids are
nearly indestructible. They resisted blasts of radiation,
temperatures up to 392 degrees, and laughed at the strongest
acids. Naessens mapped the somatid's (or microzyma's)
pleomorphic life cycle. Others have documented the pleomorphic
changes in bacteria, viruses, yeasts, molds and fungi.

Dr Young, the author of Sick and Tired has watched these tiny
creatures change from one to another under a dark field
microscope. He has even seen a red blood cell turn into a bacterium
and then back into a red blood cell. Yet it might take 100 more
years for medical science recognize this fact. You will see why
shortly.

The True Definition of Disease

When does disease begin? In our culture, disease begins at the

onset of symptoms. In Chinese medicine, disease begins much
earlier. However, with the theories of Béchamp followed by the
scientific and verifiable research of Professor Gunter Enderlein (who
basically proved all the theories of Béchamp), we now have a new
definition of disease.

Disease begins when our alkaline tissues turn acidic and when our
negative energy charge turns positive.

This is the beginning of disease.

Perhaps we should be quoting Dr Arthur C Guyton MD who wrote

the Textbook of Medical Physiology (once used in most medical
schools):

The first steps in maintaining health is to alkalize the body ( pH or

acid/alkaline balance). This is one of the most important aspects of
homeostasis. Changes in pH alter virtually all body functions.

The cells of a healthy body are alkaline while the cells of a diseased
body are below a pH of 7.0. The more acidic the cell, the sicker we
become. If the body cannot alkalize the cells they will become acidic
and thus, disease sets in. Our bodies produce acid as a by product
of normal metabolism. Since our bodies do not manufacture
alkalinity, we must supply the alkalinity from an outside source to
keep us from becoming acidic and dying.

A Little Chemistry

Water is one oxygen molecule connected to two hydrogen

molecules. If you break the water molecule apart, you have one
hydrogen on one side and an oxygen and hydrogen on the other.

H+ OH-

The singular hydrogen is acidic with a positive charge. The hydroxyl

(OH) is alkaline with a negative charge. Together they are neutral.

A pH of 2 is extremely acidic. A pH of 11 is very alkaline. It's just a

number; don't let it confuse you. I do like to refer to pH as Potential
for Hydrogen. Dunno why, it's how I learned it. But I have also
learned that the more hydrogen in a solution the more acidic that
solution, and the more oxygen the more alkaline.

Alkalinity means oxygen. We need oxygen to survive. We need

oxygen to maintain an alkaline environment. Life is oxygen. Oxygen
is life.

In the past we have mentioned that bacteria, yeast, cancer, and

viruses (just to name a few) survive without oxygen. They are said
to have an anaerobic (without oxygen) existence. They metabolize
without oxygen, just like fermentation. Fermentation produces
alcohol (as one of its waste products) and many more wastes known
as mycotoxins (that further corrupt our environment).

Remember the smell of the banana?

When we become acidic, our immune systems attempt to bring us

back into order and balance, or homeostasis. Our immune system
is, first, a clean-up crew, and second a juggling artist on a
tightrope focused only on balance.

Our immune system's first job is to clean up the dead cells we

slough off. Billions are lost daily. In just seven years, our entire
body has been replaced with new cells. This is the immune system's
first and foremost job.
If we get out of balance, then our juggling artist on a tightrope tries
to re-balance the system. This is a secondary job. However, if we
are really, really sick and begin to get attacked by outside invaders,
then this overworked immune system has to try to fend them off.
This is our immune system’s backup job. As Dr Young points out,
when this happens, we’re riding on one of those tiny spare tires
found in our trunks.

Disease begins when our bodies turn acidic.

Now, it is important to note that acid means lack of oxygen and

that bacteria and germs and fungus all survive without oxygen.
Because I’m about to tell you something that will knock your sox
off.

Remember that clean-up crew we're all born with inside? The clean-
up crew that ate the banana from the inside out?

When we turn acidic (lose our oxygen and our negative charge), the
clean-up crew goes to work, BECAUSE IT THINKS WE ARE DEAD.

This is where the first symptoms of illness show up, but you have to
be looking for them. The Chinese use smell and taste, and the
shapes of fingernails, and all sorts of things to discover what’s
going on here. Westerners need live blood analysis.

We talked about candida in our last newsletter. Candida is part of

the cleanup crew. As this yeast turns into a fungus, it spreads its
thin mycelia throughout our bodies attacking other organs. The
clean-up crew produces wastes called mycotoxins. One of the
wastes is uric acid, another is alcohol, and yet another is aflatoxin,
one of the most potent carcinogens known.

Our liver starts producing more cholesterol to help clean up these

mycotoxins. Take Lipitor™ and all you’ll do is allow the mycotoxins
to create more and more damage to organs and blood vessels.

Now you know why modern medicine has ignored years of research
and scientific findings.

Drugs cannot heal a sick terrain.

Only nutrition and detoxication programs can heal our terrain.

Do we need modern medicine? You bet we do! Our bodies are so far
out of alignment that all too often we need something to save our
lives.

The problem is, after having our life saved, we continue on our way
as if we are totally healed when all we’ve been given is a short (very
short) reprieve. The body is still acidic. We are still sick.

Secondary Illness

Remember Rudolf Virchow’s quotation? Once our system is acidic,

and once the clean-up crew kicks in, we start to get diseased
tissues. Once we have diseased tissues, outside germs can find a
favorable environment in which to grow. They produce the
secondary illnesses we, in this modern culture, call illness or
disease. As amazing as it can seem, germs are attracted to the
diseased tissues, they are not the primary cause of it.

But what about cancer? How does cancer fit into this picture?

First off, Dr Young points to a study from the University of

Minnesota Medical School that every cancer patient ever tested has
been found to have candida in their blood stream. They also noted,
almost as an aside, that candida wasn’t responsive to drug therapy.

I can assure you that long before a person has cancer, that person
has a systemic yeast problem. It just hasn’t surfaced. The
mycotoxins released by a yeast/fungal infection cause the body to
become even more acidic (with even less oxygen).

Otto Warburg won the Nobel Prize for describing how cancer
metabolizes. He said that cells once thriving on oxygen suddenly
become anaerobic.

If you were a cell, and you were deprived of oxygen (by an acidic
environment) how would you survive? Wouldn’t you try to change
your method of metabolism to one that did not require oxygen?
Cancer could very well be our bodies trying to survive the
conditions we’ve allowed them to deteriorate to. Perhaps a better
way of putting this is: Cancer is the result of your cells trying to
survive a condition that you won't.

Symptoms of Acidosis

Since the first step in the disease process occurs when our alkaline
terrain turns acidic, it follows that acidosis is the number one
disease in human beings. If so, then why don't our medical
community test for it?

Again, why test for something that pharmaceuticals or surgery

cannot repair?

From Dr Cochrain (mostly, but also from many others), a naturopath

from St Paul, Minnesota, we learned the symptoms of the three
stages of acidosis.

The symptoms of the first stage of acidosis are so common that

most people simply take a pain killer or some over the counter
medication to mask the symptoms: headaches, food allergies,
bloating, acne, panic attacks, lack of energy, lack of sex drive, cold
hands and feet, agitation, hard to sleep, hard to get up, sinus
headaches, and an increased susceptibility to colds and flu and
whatever's going around.

The symptoms in phase two might bring you to a doctor, but still,
some just self-medicate: cold sores, hives, depression, migraines,
asthma, urinary tract infections, fungal infections, yeast infections,
swelling, colitis, tingling, excessive falling hair, osteoarthritis, and
atherosclerosis.

If you have toenail fungus, then take note that this fungal infection
goes much further than just under your toenails. It is all over your
body. And no drug (diflucan) will end it, though it might clear up
symptoms for a while.

The final stages of acidosis are chronic, debilitating diseases:

Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, leukemia, all cancers, Hodgkin's
disease, schizophrenia, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and
tuberculosis just to name a few.
Heart Disease and Alkalinity

From a lecture by Scientist/Nutritionist Dr Fred Kaufman we get the

following quotation:

"Why is it just the arteries around the heart that get clogged and not
the other veins and capillaries? Because wherever there is a muscle
producing energy there’s always a by-product of lactic acid or
waste....as you know any kind of acid can burn.....this lactic acid
burns holes in the arteries and the liver uses cholesterol to patch
those holes. Because heart is a muscle that continually produces
lactic Acid. The more acidic your blood is the more clogged your
arteries are."

This is why our omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids are so important to

heart health. They cut the production of lactic acid. As Johanna
Budwig discovered, these oils are highly charged (negatively) and if
bio-available, they keep our bodies negatively charged and alkaline.
(See the article Johanna Budwig Revisited, at the bottom, for
information on our favorite product, Omegasentials.)

Summary

There you have it. Our medical and scientific communities have sold
out to the profiteers and have erased one huge chunk of science
(scientific fact) from our history. You stay sick; they stay rich. And
sadly, they’re in this too. They too are sick for having overlooked
this bit of information. Is there anyone who doesn't now understand
why we, Americans, pay more for medical care than any other
people on the planet yet our health care system is ranked 24th?

I highly recommend Dr Young’s book. It is an eye opener. He also

has a wonderful web site
(http://www.beaphmiracle.com/index.html).

There are things that I found in Dr Young’s book that I disagree

with. Mainly a few of his nutritional beliefs. They seemed a little off
the mark, at least from our nutritional research. I was also reading
another book at the same time called Alkalize or Die by Dr
Theodore A Baroody. The nutritional advice in this other book
seems to be more realistic. But then again, even some of the things
he says in Alkalize or Die. concerning heart disease don't jive with
our findings on heart disease. This is to be expected. What we know
today in the sciences is still very little compared to what we will
know ten, twenty, thirty years from now. Learning is an endless, but
joyful journey.

So now, let us focus on returning our bodies to their alkaline and

negatively charged state.
www.mnwelldir.org/docs/terrain/lost_history_of_medicine.htm
see also:
www.jeremyfreese.com/docs/ComplexityOfGeneticCausation.pdf
[Even well-intentioned Dr.’s have a hard time shaking off their
Medical School indoctorination. –Ed.]
Health care from the Medical (Mayo Clinic) point of view.
http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/19/23/4346

Reference No. 1:

Terrain

Twentieth century medicine was heavily influenced

by the debate triumph of a man whose name
has been famous and celebrated but that we know today
was at least partly a fraud. Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895) admitted on his deathbed that “Bernard was
right…” [Claude Bernard (1813-1878)] but he
forbade his family to publish the documents that would
have proved the rumor true. Upon the death
of Pasteur's grandson in 1975, 10,000 pages of
laboratory notes were made public—and it became clear
that an entire century of medical history would have
been different had the facts been presented
as we now know them to have been.

For me, the ramifications of the debates are

nothing short of numbing, but when I first wrote
something on Pasteur, for only the second time
in my life, I had an article rejected by a publisher.
He did not believe what I wrote, but we
both know better now.

The 20th century honored Pasteur and gave him the

dubious title of "Father of the Germ Theory of Disease."
How accurate is the theory? According to
what we have learned and how the grant money
and research were directed in the last century, the
germ was "everything." It was necessary to
identify it—the little alien organism—and to attribute
to it all the pathological consequences
that people suffer when they are ill. To eradicate
disease, we needed bigger and bigger cannons to
shoot tinier and tinier microbes.

Claude Bernard, professor at the Sorbonne and

member of the Academy of Science, maintained
that the "terrain" is everything. Neither man,
Bernard, a physiologist, and Pasteur, a chemist,
denied the existence of microorganisms. The question
is how the organisms behave and whether or
not they invade from outside (Pasteur) or are mainly
life forms that behave in different ways
depending upon the circumstances, organisms that may
not be pathogenic in some conditions (Bernard).

If this theory had been accepted, the curriculum

in medical schools would have been quite different
as would have been the strategies for treating
illness. Medicine would have sought relief for
suffering by healing the patient rather than trying
to destroy the disease. It is truly the debates
in Paris that precipitated the present lamentable
medical paradigm that is still not sufficiently
questioned even by those who admit its limitations.

The crux of the Terrainiste argument is that

microbes change depending on the environment in
which they exist. The school of medicine that derives
from this theory accepts pleomorphism rather
than the static view of microorganisms that prevailed
in the 20th century. Pleomorphists study
live blood rather than blood that has been stained and
fixed for use in electron microscopes. If
one observes movement and change, diseases do not
appear to be "carved in stone" the way they do
when something is frozen in a moment of time. It is
therefore not surprising that the thoughtforms
that surround such theories are also more flexible.

For me, the tragedy of Pasteur and his public

relations victories can only be measured in
terms of life: the countless lives of animals that
have been sacrificed because of residuals of
fear probably tracing back centuries to the Bubonic
Plague . . . and humans who have also suffered
from the injection of morbid substances into their
bodies and the compromised immunity that comes
from tampering with the immune system in this manner.

I realize that if one has never thought about such

matters before, what I am writing now
sounds like the ranting and raving of an iconoclast,
but I am not deluded and Pasteur's
contributions to medicine have been overrated.
The destiny-altering debate was with Antoine
Bechamp who died without being able to set the record
straight. Bechamp felt that disease begins
from within and that the conditions inside the body
determine how the microbes will adapt to the
"terrain." Physiological conditions are derivative of
the pleomorphic processes: change the
terrain and the symptoms and disease also change.
Countless studies prove that pleomorphism is
correct. The conclusive studies are those involving
bacteria and viruses. If one has viruses and
uses a filter, the bacteria would not be able to pass
the filter (because they are larger than
viruses) so what has been filtered can only contain
viruses, but this is not the case. Bacteria
appears despite the care taken to remove it, proving
that viruses morph into bacteria and vice
versa depending on the environment.

None of this would be important except that it

provides another way of looking at cancer and
incentive for those who so choose to expend as much
effort on inner healing as on cytotoxic protocols.
 For those who are new to this school of thought, I
might make reference to inner conditions I
have seen clairvoyantly. I have often seen cells that
are choked or grimy. Sorry not to use a more
technical term, but I see cells that are complaining
of the environment in which they are living.
They express difficulty breathing.

We know that cancer cells are anaerobic. Whereas

normal cells use oxygen, cancer cells subsist
on fermentation. The site where they are is acidiic,
which is why diagnostic devices such as
thermography are effective. Many of the destroy
tactics involve yet more heat: irradiation and its
counterpart in the alternative field: hyperthermia.
There have also been efforts to induce fevers
deliberately using weakened bacteria such as Coley's
toxins or malaria; and some have used
poisonous herbs.

I know this is absolutely unscientific, but I have

"interviewed" some of the "cancerous" cells.
They are gagging and desperate for more wholesome
conditions in which to live. This is what
Bernard called the environment [terrain].

Like many who dare to think outside the box, Dr.

John Christopher, a naturopath and prolific
writer, subscribed to a theory of terrain. He
explained that just as flies do not cause garbage,
but garbage attracts flies, tumors may be scavengers.
There may, in fact, be such types of tumors.
There may also be tumors that had the misfortune of
getting caught in biological sludge. When the
cells present themselves to my inner vision, they are
as pathetic looking as a bird found in an
oil slick. They look and behave normally after getting
a proper bath. I have used a combination of
aromatic, bitter, and sponging herbs to cleanse.
Aromatic herbs neutralize toxic gases and make
breathing more congenial. Bitter herbs are cleansing
and alkalizing. They also arrest fermentation.
The sponging herbs soak up the debris.
Such cleansing formulae can be used both
internally and externally.

Other people, historic and modern, may see

different pictures of the inner life of cells.
Hildegard of Bingen said that people with spiritual
sight could see miniature organisms that died
when they licked her violet salve. Tibetan doctors of
the same era, roughly 800 years ago, said
that cancer is caused by a tiny copper colored
organism that can be seen by those who know how to
meditate. My visions come and go; and, at the time of
this writing, I have not personally seen
anything similar to that described by either Hildegard
or the Tibetan doctors. As suggested, what
I have seen is best compared to a toxic spill.

As the years go on, it will be interesting to see

how these insights unfold. Thus far, many
damaged cells appear to have the capacity to return to
normal. When consulted, they display anger
over efforts to destroy them instead of healing them.
This must be very hard to understand, but it
seems our bodies are host to countless sentient
microcosms!

I have reflected on the fact that the thymus is

the primary site of immune response. It is
related to the heart. The heart does not want to use
violence to attain peace. This is an
anachronism to the heart. Likewise, part of the
difficulty in "fighting" cancer is that the immune
system does not attack cells that it regards as part
of the host, not foreign at all. The cells I
have interviewed definitely express a desire to be
healed.

I will continue looking for proper protocols for

treating cancer, but for the present, I favor
approaches that are less aggressive because they
resonate better with my experience and
understanding. When working psychologically and
spiritually, almost everyone, especially cancer
patients, seek peaceful means for resolving issues.
Therefore, it makes no sense to me to use
violent physical therapies when the esoteric
treatments used to harmonize the subtle components of
our being are gentle!

Copyright by Ingrid Naiman 2000 and 2005

Reference No. 2:

Preface

If you have never heard of Syndrome X, you're probably

wondering: what is this mysterious
condition, and why should you be concerned about it?

The answer is very simple: you may already be

suffering from it.

We believe Syndrome X is a disorder that most people

seriously risk developing by the time they
reach middle age, if not before. Syndrome X can
explain why you feel lousy today -- such as being
tired and fuzzy minded. It can also age you faster
than normal, setting the stage for catastrophic
health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes,
Alzheimer's, cancer, and other age-related
diseases.

A syndrome is a condition defined by a cluster of

related symptoms or disorders. In this case,
Syndrome X refers specifically to a group of health
problems that can include insulin resistance
(the inability to properly deal with dietary
carbohydrates and sugars), abnormal blood fats (such
as elevated cholesterol and triglycerides),
overweight, and high blood pressure.

Doctors have known for years that each of these health

problems can increase the risk of other
diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. However,
until relatively recently, they failed to
connect the dots and see these health problems as part
of a syndrome. We now know that eating
large amounts of dietary carbohydrates (such as
sweets, pastas, and breads) can raise cholesterol,
triglyceride, and insulin levels. We know also that
elevated insulin can promote obesity and high
blood pressure. Because these problems are related and
tend to occur in clusters, they form a
syndrome.

X, of course, has always represented the unknown,

whether it referred to hidden conspiracies in
the X-Files television show or the unknown integer in
algebra. Researchers added "X" when the
syndrome was first recognized, but still largely
unproved and mysterious. Today, Syndrome X is no
longer a mystery. It is a frightfully common, and
often ignored, disorder that can derail your
health.

The good news is that it does not have to be. Syndrome

X is primarily a nutritional disease caused
by eating the wrong types of foods. You have the power
to easily modify your lifestyle to protect
yourself against Syndrome X, and this book will tell
you how you can do this.

If you're tired of being overweight, having high

triglycerides, high cholesterol or high blood
pressure, feeling lousy after meals, and seeing your
health spin out of control-and not knowing
why-it's time for you to delve into this book.

The program we've put together against Syndrome X

involves diet, light physical activities, and
the use of supplements. We call it, quite simply, the
Anti-X™ program. We know it works because it
has worked for each of us - helping us to shed
unwanted pounds, get our blood sugar under control,
and help us feel more energized. We have also seen the
program work for many other people as well,
and we're confident that it will do the same for you.

Introduction

You are about to be engulfed in one of the largest

disease epidemics to ever strike North America.
It is not a dangerous new flu or some other supergerm.
Rather, it is a disease caused by your
body's inability to make the most of the food you eat.

The consequences will age you prematurely, making you

feel older than you should. If you have this
condition, you will also have a sharply increased risk
of practically every age-related disorder,
including obesity, hypertension, nervous system
disorders, eye disease, diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition
to physical symptoms, you may feel
exhausted, spacey, depressed, irritable, or angry when
you shouldn't be.

Doctors who recognize the underlying cause of this

epidemic call it by one of several, often
overlapping names: insulin resistance, metabolic
syndrome, glucose intolerance, prediabetes, or
Syndrome X. But few people have recognized the full
scope of this disorder: it affects, to one
degree or another, the majority of people.

If you are over the age of 35, you may be more

familiar with some of the early signs and symptoms
than the names of this condition: feeling sluggish,
physically and mentally, after you eat and at
many other times as well. Gaining a pound here and a
pound there-and having increasing difficulty
in losing them. Having your blood pressure creep up
year and after year. And finding that your
cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood sugar levels are
doing the same. These are all accepted
signs of getting older, but they are all easily
reversible.

Such symptoms indicate that something is fundamentally

wrong with your health, and they have an
"additive" effect, meaning that two or three of these
symptoms (such as obesity plus high blood
pressure) increase your risk of serious disease far
more than just one symptom. Look at your own
health: are you a little flabbier than you would like
to be, is your blood pressure a little
higher than it should be, or is your cholesterol up
more than your doctor says it should be?
Uncorrected, the symptoms will add up year after year
and their effect will become magnified,
undermining your health and all of your hopes for a
happy and healthy future.

You want some good news? You have the power within you
to turn all of this around. You can reverse
these changes and prevent a downward spiral in your
life and health. You can spend the rest of
your life feeling better, not worse.

We know this is possible because we have seen dramatic

improvements in health in ourselves and in
other people with insulin resistance and Syndrome X
who have followed our program. A case in
point: a couple of years ago, Jack Challem's fasting
glucose was 111 mg/dl-high normal and just
shy of what doctors would call prediabetes. He had
also developed a little paunch, another sign of
looming health problems. With guidance from Burt
Berkson, M.D., Ph.D., Jack fine-tuned his
supplement regimen to include higher doses of the
nutrients that help reverse insulin resistance.
Following the advice of nutritionist Melissa Diane
Smith, he also went on the Anti-X Diet plan we
describe in this book. In the span of several months,
Jack lost four inches from his waistline and
almost twenty pounds. His fasting glucose dropped 24
points to an ideal 87 mg/dl.
Syndrome X in a Nutshell

The key underpinning of Syndrome X is insulin

resistance-a diet-caused hormonal logjam that
interferes with your body's ability to efficiently
burn the food you eat. Syndrome X occurs when
insulin resistance is combined with high levels of
blood fats (cholesterol and triglyceride), too
much body fat, and high blood pressure. Both insulin
resistance and Syndrome X increase your risk
of heart disease and diabetes-and many other serious,
life-threatening diseases-because they
impact, directly or indirectly, virtually every
disease process.

Two of the key players in this life-and-death drama

affecting you are substances regarded as
absolutely essential for health: glucose (also known
as blood sugar) and the hormone insulin.
Because of the foods we, as a population, now eat, our
bodies' levels of glucose and insulin have
gone out of control. Quite simply, we are overdosing
on glucose and insulin-and both substances in
high doses accelerate the aging of our bodies and
encourage the development of disease.

Insulin resistance and Syndrome X are caused primarily

by a diet high in refined carbohydrates,
which probably include many of your favorite and
frequently eaten foods, such as cereals, muffins,
breads and rolls, pastas, cookies, donuts, and soft
drinks. These refined carbohydrates not only
raise glucose and insulin to unhealthy levels, but
they also are devoid of the many vitamins,
minerals, and vitamin-like nutrients our bodies need
to properly utilize these foods.

In other words, nearly all of us have been eating a

diet designed for disaster. We have been
eating too many "bad" foods that set the stage for
disease and not enough of the "good" foods that
protect us. As a result, our health is being squeezed
in the middle.

Nutrition is Your Best Medicine

One of the problems people face in reversing insulin

resistance and Syndrome X is perceptual: the
long-held belief that food has relatively little to do
with the development and progression of
disease and the maintenance of health. We believe-and
are supported with overwhelming scientific
evidence-that the quality of our foods has a direct
and fundamental bearing on the quality of our
health, more so even than the genes that we inherit.

In the coming chapters, we explain how the modern diet

has set the stage for overdosing on glucose
and insulin and creating insulin resistance and
Syndrome X. We describe the "baseline" diet that
people evolved on, how this diet has changed,
especially over the past 100 years, and how you can
easily restore many aspects of traditional diets while
also enjoying the food you eat.

We also explain the interplay of diet and physical

fitness (through moderate and easily doable
activities), and we describe the key supplemental
vitamins, minerals, herbs, and vitamin-like
nutrients that can be used to jump-start, as well as
fine-tune, your body's defenses against
insulin resistance and Syndrome X. Chief among these
supplements is alpha-lipoic acid, a
remarkable nutrient that can safely lower glucose and
insulin levels. We will even give you some
very specific guidelines for individualizing the
general recommendations of this book, including
sample meal plans and nutritional supplement regimens.

The take-home message of this book is relatively

simple: you don't have to go through life without
a sense of vitality, and you don't have to accept
insulin resistance and Syndrome X as inevitable
parts of an age-related physical decline. We know that
you can feel better and reduce your risk of
obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's
disease and other age-related physical and
mental disorders. And you won't have to wait years to
see the benefits. You will start to see
"side benefits" (instead of side effects) very, very
quickly-likely within days of adopting just
some of our recommendations.

Excerpted with permission of the publisher John Wiley

& Sons, Inc. from Syndrome X: The Complete
Nutritional Program to Preventing and Reversing
Insulin Resistance. Copyright © 2000 by Jack
Challem, Burt Berkson, and Melissa Diane Smith.
Syndrome X: The Complete Nutritional Program to
Preventing and Reversing Insulin Resistance ($24.95)
is available at all bookstores, online
booksellers, and from the Wiley web site at
www.wiley.com. To order, call John Wiley & Sons
publishers at 1-800-225-5945, or go to www.amazon.com.

Reference No. 3:

Overwhelming Evidence Shows That Vitamin C Prevents

Common Colds and Reduces a Cold's Severity and
Duration
Two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling found that
ascorbate (vitamin C) in a daily amount of
1,000 mg was repeatedly reported in double-blind
controlled studies to decrease the incidence of
colds by about 45% and the integrated morbidity
(duration) by about 63%.1 Dr. Pauling, a strong
proponent of using vitamin C to prevent and treat
colds, wrote the definitive book on the
subject.2 Dr. Pauling quoted chest specialist
Frederick R. Klenner, MD, who for 27 years had used
ascorbic acid for the treatment of virus
infections: "I have several hundred patients who have
taken ten or more grams of vitamin C daily
for three to 15 years. Ninety percent of these
patients never have colds; the others need
additional ascorbic acid (vitamin C)."3

In the years since Pauling and Klenner, research has

reconfirmed that vitamin C is the safest,
cheapest, and most effective way to fight the common
cold.4 Gorton and Jarvis conducted a
controlled study of 715 subjects to investigate the
effect of mega dose vitamin C in preventing
and relieving cold and flu symptoms. When the test
group presented with symptoms, they were
treated with hourly doses of 1,000 mg of vitamin C for
the first six hours and then three times
daily thereafter. Those not presenting any symptoms
were given 1,000 mg dose of vitamin C three
times a day. The results of this
study were that flu and cold symptoms in the test
group decreased by 85% compared to the control
group. The authors also mentioned that, "for more than
30 years, vitamin C in megadose quantities
has been recognized as an effective agent against
colds and flu."5

Even more recently, Van Straten and Josling found that

subjects receiving a
vitamin C supplement for 60 days during winter had
significantly fewer colds as compared to
placebo. And if those subjects did get a cold, it was
of shorter duration and less severe than
those experienced by the placebo group. The authors
concluded that vitamin C was effective.6

How to Stop a Cold

The best way to prevent a cold is to take plenty of
vitamin C. Avoiding dietary refined sugar is
also helpful.7 One popular preventive method is to
take 1,000 mg of vitamin C every eight hours.
If you feel a cold coming on, take 2,000 mg of vitamin
C every waking hour and continue this
dosage until the cold is gone.8 Many people
successfully use even more frequent doses. If you
arrive at bowel tolerance with vitamin C (loose
stool), reduce the dosage somewhat. Taking large
quantities of vitamin C lessens the duration of the
cold and its symptoms. The higher the total
daily dose, the better the result.

Why Vitamin C Works

Vitamin C strengthens connective tissue, increasing
resistance to viral invasion. Vitamin C also
strengthens the body's immune system, neutralizes free
radicals, and kills viruses.9,10 These
important functions of vitamin C work together to
safely and effectively reduce the frequency,
severity, and duration of a cold.

References
1. Pauling L. The significance of the evidence about
ascorbic acid and the
common cold. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. November 1971:68
(11):678-2681. Available at:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed
&pubmedid=4941984
2. Pauling L. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. W. H.
Freeman, 1970.
3. Pauling L. Ascorbic acid and the common cold.
Available at:
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/MM/B/B/G/V/_/mmbbgv.pdf.
4. Hemila H. Vitamin c and the common cold. Br J Nutr.
1992 Jan;67(1):3-16.
5. Gorton HC and Jarvis K. The effectiveness of
vitamin C in preventing and
relieving the symptoms of virus-induced respiratory
infections. Journal of
Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999;
22(8): 530-533.
6. Van Straten M and Josling P. Preventing the common
cold with a vitamin C
supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey.
Adv Ther. 2002
May-Jun;19(3):151-9.
7. Ely JT. Ascorbic acid and some other modern analogs
of the germ theory.
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine.1999;14(3):143-56.
Available at:
http://faculty.washington.edu/ely/JOM4.html.
8. Cathcart RF. Vitamin C, titrating to bowel
tolerance, ascorbemia and
acute induced scurvy. Medical Hypotheses.
1981;7:1359-1376. Available at:
http://www.orthomed.com/titrate.htm.
9. Klenner FR. Significance of high daily intake of
ascorbic acid in
preventive medicine. Megascorbic Therapies: Vitamin C
in Medicine. 1(1).
Available at:
http://www.vitamincfoundation.org/news.htm.
10. Klenner FR. Clinical guide to the use of vitamin
C. Available at:
http://www.seanet.com/~alexs/ascorbate/198x/smith-lh-
clinical_guide_1988.htm.

What is Orthomolecular Medicine?

Linus Pauling defined orthomolecular medicine as
"the treatment of disease
by the provision of the optimum molecular environment,
especially the optimum concentrations of
substances normally present in the human body."
Orthomolecular medicine uses safe, effective
nutritional therapy to improve health. For more
information, visit http://www.orthomolecular.org.
Take the Orthomolecular Quiz at
http://www.orthomolecular.org/quiz/index.shtml.

The peer-reviewed Orthomolecular Medicine News Service

is a non-profit and
non-commercial informational resource.

Reference No. 4:

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 December 5; 92(25):

11869–11873.
Copyright notice
Ascorbic acid is essential for the release of insulin
from scorbutic guinea pig pancreatic islets.
W W Wells, C Z Dou, L N Dybas, C H Jung, H L Kalbach,
and D P Xu
Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University,
East Lansing 48824, USA.
Small right arrow pointing to: This article has been
cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract [note: The guinea pig is an appropriate human
surrogate as it produces no endogenous
3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone and relies solely on diet
for this essential nutrient. -Ed.]
Pancreatic islets from young normal and scorbutic male
guinea pigs were examined for their ability
to release insulin when stimulated with elevated
D-glucose. Islets from normal guinea pigs
released insulin in a D-glucose-dependent manner
showing a rapid initial secretion phase and three
secondary secretion waves during a 120-min period.
Islets from scorbutic guinea pigs failed to
release insulin during the immediate period, and only
delayed and decreased responses were
observed over the 40-60 min after D-glucose elevation.
Insulin release from scorbutic islets was
greatly elevated if 5 mM L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate
was supplemented in the perifusion medium
during the last 60 min of perifusion. When 5 mM
L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate was added to the
perifusion medium concurrently with elevation of
medium D-glucose, islets from scorbutic guinea
pigs released insulin as rapidly as control guinea pig
islets and to a somewhat greater extent.
L-Ascorbic acid 2-phosphate without elevated D-glucose
had no effect on insulin release by islets
from normal or scorbutic guinea pigs. The pancreas
from scorbutic guinea pigs contained 2.4 times
more insulin than that from control guinea pigs,
suggesting that the decreased insulin release
from the scorbutic islets was not due to decreased
insulin synthesis but due to abnormal insulin secretion.

Full text is available as a scanned copy of the

original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF
file) of the complete article (1.8M), or see the
PubMed citation or the full text of some...
Selected References
This list contains those references that cite another
article in PMC or have a citation in PubMed.
It may not include all the original references for
this article.

* BANERJEE S, DEB C, DELAVADY B. Effect of scurvy

on glutathione and dehydroascorbic acid in
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Mar;195(1):271–276. [PubMed]
* Wells WW, Xu DP, Yang YF, Rocque PA. Mammalian
thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) and protein
disulfide isomerase have dehydroascorbate reductase
activity. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep
15;265(26):15361–15364. [PubMed]
* Wells WW, Yang Y, Deits TL, Gan ZR.
Thioltransferases. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol.
1993;66:149–201. [PubMed]
* Wells WW, Xu DP. Dehydroascorbate reduction. J
Bioenerg Biomembr. 1994 Aug;26(4):369–377.
[PubMed]
* VENETIANER P, STRAUB FB. THE MECHANISM OF ACTION
OF THE RIBONUCLEASE-REACTIVATING ENZYME.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964 Jul 8;89:189–190. [PubMed]
* VENETIANER P, STRAUB FB. STUDIES ON THE
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE RIBONUCLEASE-REACTIVATING
ENZYME. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung. 1965;27:303–315.
[PubMed]
* GIVOL D, GOLDBERGER RF, ANFINSEN CB. OXIDATION
AND DISULFIDE INTERCHANGE IN THE REACTIVATION
OF REDUCED RIBONUCLEASE. J Biol Chem. 1964
Sep;239:PC3114–PC3116. [PubMed]
* Nomura H, Ishiguro T, Morimoto S. Studies on
L-ascorbic acid derivatives. 3. Bis(L-ascorbic
acid-3,3')phosphate and L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1969
Feb;17(2):387–393. [PubMed]
* Welch RW, Wang Y, Crossman A Jr, Park JB, Kirk
KL, Levine M. Accumulation of vitamin C
(ascorbate) and its oxidized metabolite
dehydroascorbic acid occurs by separate mechanisms. J Biol
Chem. 1995 May 26;270(21):12584–12592. [PubMed]
* Wollheim CB, Meda P, Halban PA. Isolation of
pancreatic islets and primary culture of the
intact microorgans or of dispersed islet cells.
Methods Enzymol. 1990;192:188–223. [PubMed]
* Gardner JD, Jackson MJ. Regulation of amylase
release from dispersed pancreatic acinar
cells. J Physiol. 1977 Sep;270(2):439–454. [PubMed]
* Labarca C, Paigen K. A simple, rapid, and
sensitive DNA assay procedure. Anal Biochem. 1980
Mar 1;102(2):344–352. [PubMed]
* Zimmerman AE, Yip CC. Guinea pig insulin. I.
Purification and physical properties. J Biol
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* Treacy GB, Shaw DC, Griffiths ME, Jeffrey PD.
Purification of a marsupial insulin:
amino-acid sequence of insulin from the eastern grey
kangaroo Macropus giganteus. Biochim Biophys
Acta. 1989 Mar 24;990(3):263–268. [PubMed]
* Tager HS. Coupling of peptides to albumin with
difluorodinitrobenzene. Anal Biochem. 1976
Apr;71(2):367–375. [PubMed]
* Bank HL. A quantitative enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay for rat insulin. J Immunoassay.
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* Wells WW, Rocque PA, Xu DP, Meyer EB, Charamella
LJ, Dimitrov NV. Ascorbic acid and cell
survival of adriamycin resistant and sensitive MCF-7
breast tumor cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995
Apr;18(4):699–708. [PubMed]
* Roberts JC, Francetic DJ. The importance of
sample preparation and storage in glutathione
analysis. Anal Biochem. 1993 Jun;211(2):183–187.
[PubMed]
* Ito K, Date T, Wickner W. Synthesis, assembly
into the cytoplasmic membrane, and proteolytic
processing of the precursor of coliphage M13 coat
protein. J Biol Chem. 1980 Mar
10;255(5):2123–2130. [PubMed]
* Smith LF. Amino acid sequences of insulins.
Diabetes. 1972;21(2 Suppl):457–460. [PubMed]
* Johnston CS, Yen MF. Megadose of vitamin C
delays insulin response to a glucose challenge in
normoglycemic adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994
Nov;60(5):735–738. [PubMed]
* Bergsten P, Moura AS, Atwater I, Levine M.
Ascorbic acid and insulin secretion in pancreatic
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[PubMed]
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Reference No. 5:

Symptoms of Scurvy

General information about symptoms of Scurvy:

The symptom information on this page attempts to
provide a list of some possible symptoms of Scurvy.
This symptom information has been gathered
from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and
may not be the full list of symptoms of Scurvy.
Furthermore, symptoms of Scurvy may vary on an
individual basis for each patient. Onlyyour doctor
can provide adequate diagnosis of symptoms
and whether they are indeed symptoms of Scurvy.

List of symptoms of Scurvy: The list of symptoms

mentioned in various sources for Scurvy includes:

* Tiredness
* Weakness
* Irritability
* Aches and pains
* Poor healing
* Bleeding symptoms
o Weak capillaries
o Fingertip bleeding
o Bruises
o Bruising easily
o Bleeding from old scars
o Internal bleeding
* Dental symptoms
o Swollen purple spongy gums
 o Bleeding gums
* Bone symptoms

More symptoms of Scurvy: In addition to the above

information, to get a full picture of the
possible symptoms of this condition and its related
conditions, it may be necessary to examine
symptoms that may be caused by complications of
Scurvy, underlying causes of Scurvy, associated
conditions for Scurvy, risk factors for Scurvy, or
other related conditions.

Medical articles on symptoms: These general reference

articles may be of interest:

* Symptoms of the Silent Killer Diseases

* Symptoms and Medical Malpractice

Last revision: June 24, 2003 Information provided on

this site is for informational purposes only;
it is not intended as a substitute for advice from
your own medical team. The information on this
site is not to be used for diagnosing or treating any
health concerns you may have - please
contact your physician or health care professional for
all your medical needs. Please see our
Terms of Use.

CureResearch.comTM
Copyright © 2000-2005 Adviware Pty Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Last updated: 24 March, 2005

Reference No. 6:

Background

Scurvy was first described in 1541 by a Dutch

physician named Echthius working in Cologne,
Germany. Mistakenly, he thought it was an infectious
disease. In 1540, a French explorer named
Jacques Cartier learned of a remedy for scurvy from
the Native Americans of Lower Canada, which
was prepared by extracting the needles of pine trees
with hot water. http://www.flavan.net/
The first English reference to the disease occurred in
the Oxford English Dictionary in 1565.

Two physicians who played an enormous role in

decreasing the mortality from the disease were John
Woodall and James Lind. In 1617, Woodall wrote
The Surgeon's Mate, which described scurvy and
listed lemon juice as the cure. Woodall persuaded the
East India Company to provide lemon juice
for its sailors.

In 1747, Lind, an officer in the British Royal Navy,

conducted a study on 12 patients with scurvy.
He divided the patients into 6 groups of 2 and gave
each group a different remedy. Only the group
given oranges and lemons recovered. It took Lind 41
years to convince the British Royal Navy to
implement his recommendation. The British used lime
juice instead of lemon or orange juice to prevent the
disease, and the sailors became known as limeys.

Pathophysiology

Humans, other primates, and guinea pigs are unable to

synthesize L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C);
therefore, they require it in their diet. The enzyme,
L-gluconolactone oxidase, which usually
would catalyze the conversion of L-gluconogammalactone
to L-ascorbic acid, is defective due to a
mutation or inborn error in carbohydrate metabolism.

Vitamin C is required as a redox agent, reducing metal

ions in many enzymes and removing free
radicals. In this capacity, it protects DNA, protein,
and vessel walls from damage caused by free
radicals. Vitamin C is necessary for the triple-helix
formation of collagen. Deficiency of vitamin
C leads to impaired collagen synthesis, causing
capillary fragility, poor wound healing, and bony
abnormalities in affected adults and children.

Although the clinical manifestations are unclear,

vitamin C is a cofactor in the metabolism of
tyrosine and cholesterol and the synthesis of
carnitine, norepinephrine, peptide hormones,
corticosteroids, and aldosterone.

It also enhances the absorption of iron from the small

intestine. This may contribute to the
anemia seen with vitamin C deficiency.

Frequency
United States

Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey (NHANES III) assessed the
prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United
States among a sample of 15,769 children and
adults aged 12-74 years. They found that 14% of males
and 10% of females were vitamin C deficient.
International

A study of nonhospitalized patients in Paris found

that 5% of women and 12% of men were deficient.
In those older than 65 years, this proportion
increased to 15% of women and 20% of men.

Race

According to NHANES III, non-Hispanic black males had

a slightly increased risk of vitamin C
deficiency (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1,1.5) compared to
white males. Mexican American males and
females had a lower risk of vitamin C deficiency
compared to white males and females probably
because the traditional Mexican diet is rich in
chilies, tomatoes, and squashes, which are high in
vitamin C.

Sex
Some studies show vitamin C deficiency to be more
common among men, whereas others show equal
distribution among men and women.

Age

* The incidence of scurvy peaks in children aged

6-12 months who are fed a diet deficient in
citrus fruits or vegetables.
*

* Incidence also peaks in elderly populations, who

sometimes have "tea-and-toast" diets
deficient in vitamin C.

CLINICAL
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this topic

* Authors and Editors

* Introduction
* Clinical
* Differentials
* Workup
* Treatment
* Medication
* Follow-up
* Miscellaneous
* References

History

* Early symptoms are malaise and lethargy.

*

* After 1-3 months, patients develop shortness of

breath and bone pain.
*
 * Other symptoms include skin changes with
roughness, easy bruising and petechiae, gum
disease, loosening of teeth, poor wound healing, and
emotional changes.
* Dry mouth and dry eyes similar to Sjögren
syndrome may occur.
* In the late stages, jaundice, generalized edema,
oliguria, neuropathy, fever, and
convulsions can be seen.

Physical

* Vital signs: Hypotension may be observed late in

the disease. This may be due to an
inability of the resistance vessels to constrict in
response to adrenergic stimuli.
* Skin: Perifollicular hyperkeratotic papules,
perifollicular hemorrhages, purpura, and
ecchymoses are seen.
* Nails: Splinter hemorrhages may occur.
* Head and neck: Gum swelling, friability,
bleeding, and infection with loose teeth; mucosal
petechiae; scleral icterus (late, probably secondary
to hemolysis); and pale conjunctiva are seen.
Conjunctival hemorrhage, flame-shaped hemorrhages, and
cotton-wool spots may be seen. Bleeding
into the periorbital area, eyelids, and retrobulbar
space also can be seen.
* Chest and cardiovascular: Scorbutic rosary (ie,
sternum sinks inward) may occur in children.
High-output heart failure due to anemia can be
observed. Bleeding into the myocardium and
pericardial space has been reported.
* Extremities: Fractures, dislocations, and
tenderness of bones are common in children.
Bleeding into muscles and joints may be seen. Edema
may occur late in the disease.
* Gastrointestinal: Loss of weight secondary to
anorexia is common. Upper endoscopy may show
submucosal hemorrhage.
Causes

* Scurvy is caused by a dietary deficiency of

vitamin C. The body's pool of vitamin C can be
depleted in 1-3 months.
* Risk factors include the following:
o Babies who are fed only cow's milk during
the first year of life are at risk.
o Alcoholism and conforming to food fads are
risk factors.
o Elderly individuals who eat a
tea-and-toast diet are at risk. Retired people who live
alone and those who eat primarily at fast food
restaurants face increased risk of deficiency.
o Economically disadvantaged persons tend to
not purchase foods high in vitamin C (eg,
green vegetables, citrus fruits), which results in
them being at high risk.
o More recently, vitamin C deficiency has
been noted in refugees who are dependent on
external suppliers for their food and have limited
access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
o Cigarette smokers require increased intake
of vitamin C because of lower vitamin C
absorption and increased catabolism.
o Pregnant and lactating women and those
with thyrotoxicosis require increased intake of
vitamin C because of increased utilization.
o People with anorexia nervosa or anorexia
from other diseases such as AIDS or cancer
are at increased risk of vitamin C deficiency.
o People with type 1 diabetes have increased
vitamin C requirements, as do those on
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
o Because vitamin C is absorbed in the small
intestine, people with disease of the small
intestine such as Crohn, Whipple, and celiac disease
are at risk.
o Iron overload disorders may lead to renal
vitamin C wasting.

Reference No. 7:
Vitamin C Foundation to Offer Best Vitamin C
24 Jan 2005

The Vitamin C Foundation asserts that contrary to

marketing claims, one form of vitamin C is best
taken by mouth. Individuals may now purchase superior
vitamin C from the not-for-profit Vitamin C
Foundation. Proceeds from sales fund vitamin C
research.

Houston, Texas - Vitamin C is the most popular

nutritional supplement and there has been debate as
to which form of vitamin C is best, and in some
quarters, there is debate regarding what
constitutes "real" vitamin C. One form, L-ascorbic
acid, is the most biologically active form of
the vitamin. The Vitamin C Foundation believes that
ascorbic acid is superior to other forms and
it has begun selling it as a powder from its web site
http://www.vitamincfoundation.org

People are often confused about vitamin C. According

to Foundation co-founder, Dr. Owen R. Fonorow, Ph.D.,
"We've posted science articles about vitamin C
for the past eight years. There are a variety of vitamin C
products on the market, and people frequently request
our recommendation for an ideal form of the vitamin.
We believe it best to recommend a product over which
we have quality control. Our vitamin C is a pure powder
that is produced to our specifications in a top
domestic laboratory. Proceeds from sales will help us
to fund our web site and independent research."

Most animal species produce ascorbic acid molecules in

the liver or kidney from the sugar glucose;
human beings have lost this ability. Experts, such as
the late Linus Pauling, Ph.D., recommend
taking vitamin C orally as ascorbic acid, perhaps
buffered with some added bicarbonate of soda.

One of the world's leading Vitamin C experts, Robert

Cathcart, MD (orthomed.com) commends other
forms of vitamin C as "fine products," the mineral
ascorbates, calcium-ascorbate or
magnesium-ascorbate. However, Dr. Cathcart has not
been able to achieve the so-called "ascorbate
effect" with mineral ascorbate forms of the vitamin.
Cathcart reports that in his practice, now
spanning 20 years and more than 20,000 patients, only
ascorbic acid by mouth can achieve the
results that he achieves with intravenous vitamin C.

The much advertised Ester-C(tm) is a patented form of

calcium ascorbate.

The ascorbate effect, explains Dr. Cathcart, is the

ability of vitamin C at very high dosages to
quench numerous free radicals. Cathcart likens this
effect in his patients to pouring water on a
"free radical" fire. He explains that each molecule of
ascorbic acid reacts with two free
electrons or "free radicals." Mineral ascorbates,
already bound to the mineral ion, react only
with one free radical per molecule. This means,
literally, that twice as much vitamin C in the
form of mineral ascorbates is necessary for positive
therapeutic results.

Pharmacologists have determined that ascorbic acid can

be absorbed and pass directly into the
blood stream through the stomach lining. This
absorption short-cut means the vitamin does not have
to travel into the intestines.

Ascorbic acid should not be used intravenously (IV)

"as is," according to Dr. Cathcart; only
sodium-ascorbate is suitable IV.

The Vitamin C Foundation's Vitamin C Powder is pure

ascorbic acid: Its hypoallergenic and is
certified 100% free of corn and free of Genetically
Modified Organisms (GMO-Free). There are no
additives, fillers or binders. The product is to be
taken orally (rather than intravenously) and
can be mixed with water or juice. It can also be added
to drink-mix formulas, such as the
Foundation's new Cardio-C vitamin C/lysine drink mix,
or the Tower Laboratories HeartTechnology, a
more complete Pauling Therapy drink mix.

The Vitamin C Foundation is a Texas nonprofit

organization that has qualified for 501 (c )(3)
status by the IRS. When ordering vitamin C from the
Foundation customers have the option of making
a contribution to the Foundation, which may be tax
deductible and which support the Foundation's
work and independent vitamin C research.

For more information regarding this subject, or to

schedule an interview with Owen Fonorow, please
call Mike Till at 281/443-3634 or e-mail Mike at
e-mail protected from spam bots.

The Vitamin C Foundation is a USA nojnprofit,

charitable organization that has been assigned the
IRS tax-exempt 501(c)(3) designation as a Texas
non-profit corporation devoted to preserving the
"lost knowledge" of ascorbic acid and its essential
role in life. Technical advisors include Drs.
A. Hoffer, MD, PhD,. Steve Hickey, PhD, Hilary
Roberts, PhD, Robert Cathcart III, MD, Thomas Levy,
MD, JD, and John Ely, PhD, The Foundation is dedicated
to the memory of Linus C. Pauling.

All of its activities are funded by charitable

contributions.
Visit http://www.vitamincfoundation.org for more
details.

Reference No. 8:

Ascorbic Acid
Identifications

* Formula: C6H8O6
 * CAS Number: 50-81-7
* Caswell Number: 061B
* Synonyms/Related:
o (+)- o Ascorb o Cebion
Ascorbic acid o o Cebion,
o 3-Keto-L- Ascorbajen gamma-lactone
gulofuranolactone o ascorbate o Cecon
o 3-Oxo-L- o Ascorbate o Cee-Caps
gulofuranolactone anion TD
o 3-Oxo-L- o Ascorbic o Cee-Vite
gulofuranolactone Acid o Cegiolan
(enol form) o Ascorbic o Ceglion
o Acide acid (JP14/USP) o Ceklin
ascorbique [INN- o Ascorbic o Celaskon
French] acid [BAN:INN:JAN] o Celin
o Acido o o Cell C
ascorbico [INN- Ascorbicap o Cemagyl
Spanish] o o Cemill
o Acidum Ascorbicap (TN) o Cenetone
ascorbicum [INN- o o Cereon
Latin] Ascorbinsaeure o Cergona
o Acidum o o Cescorbat
ascorbinicum Ascorbutina o Cetamid
o Adenex o Ascorbyl o Cetane-
o Allercorb radical Caps TC
o o Ascorin o Cetane-
Antiscorbic o Ascorteal Caps TD
vitamin o Ascorvit o Cetebe
o o C-Level o Cetemican
Antiscorbutic o C-Long o Cevatine
vitamin o C-Quin o Cevex
o o C-Span o Cevi-Bid
Araboascorbic acid o C-Vimin o Cevimin
o o C00072 o Cevital
Araboascorbic o Cantan o Cevitamic
acid, D- o Cantaxin acid
o Arco-cee o Catavin C o Cevitamin
o Ascoltin o Ce lent o Cevitan
o Ascoltin o Ce-Mi-Lin o Cevitex
(TN) o CE-VI-Sol o Cewin
o Ascor- o Cebicure o Chewcee
B.I.D. o Cebid
 o o Dora-C- o L-
Chromagen 500 ascorbate
o Ciamin o Duoscorb o L-
o Cipca o E 300 ascorbate (vitamin
o Citriscorb o Erythorbic C)
o Citrovit acid o L-
o Colascor o ascorbate acid
o Concemin Erythroascorbic o L-
o Cortalex acid, D- ascorbate(1-)
o D- o Hex-2- o l-ascorbic
Araboascorbic acid enonic acid acid
o D- gamma-lactone, o L-
Ascorbic acid L-threo Ascorbic acid
o D- o Hicee (8CI,9CI)
ASCORBIC ACID, o Hybrin o L-
ISO o IDO-C Ascorbic acid, free
o D- o Iron(2+) radical form
Erythorbic acid di-L-ascorbate o L-
o D- o Iron(2+) Ascorbic acid,
erythro-3- L-ascorbate ion(1-)
Ketohexonic acid o Iron(II) o L-
lactone ascorbate Lyxoascorbic acid
o D- o Iron- o L-threo-
erythro-3- ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid
Oxohexonic acid complexes o L-threo-
lactone o iso- Hex-2-enonic
o D- Ascorbic acid acid, .gamma.-
erythro-Ascorbic o lactone
acid Isoascorbic acid o L-threo-
o D- o Juvamine Hex-2-enonic
Isoascorbic acid o acid, gamma-
o D- Kangbingfeng lactone
Lyxoascorbic acid o Kyselina o L-threo-
o D00018 askorbova [Czech] hex-2-enono-
o o L(+)- 1,4-lactone
Davitamon C Ascorbic acid o L-
o o L-(+)- Xyloascorbic acid
Dihydrogen bis(L- Ascorbic Acid o
ascorbato(2-)- o L-3- Laroscorbine
02,03) ferrate(2-) Ketothreohexuroni o
o DL- c acid lactone Lemascorb
Ascorbic acid o Liqui-Cee
 o LS-145 o Ronotec labeled ferrous
o LS-2352 100 ascorbate
o Mercate o Rontex o
"5" 100 Testascorbic
o Meri-C o Roscorbic o Vasc
o o Rovimix C o VC 97
Monodehydroasco o o Vicelat
rbate Saccharosonic acid o Vicin
o o Scorbacid o Vicomin C
Monodehydroasco o Scorbu C o Viforcit
rbic acid o Scorbu-C o Viscorin
o o o Viscorin
Natrascorb SDCCGMLS- 100M
injectable 0066895.P001 o Vitace
o o Secorbate o Vitacee
NCI60_002981 o o Vitacimin
o P 1110 Semidehydroascor o Vitacin
o Planavit C bate o vitamin C
o o o Vitamisin
Proscorbin Semidehydroascor o
o bic acid Vitascorbol
Proscorbin o Suncoat o Xitix
Redoxon Ribena VC 40 o
Ronotec 100 o Xyloascorbic acid,
o Redoxon Technetium-99 L-
o Ribena

Editor's note: Some chemicals in this database contain more

information than others due to the original reason this information
was collected and how the compilation was accomplished.

While working with material safety data sheets (MSDS), I found that
manufacturers sometimes used obscure names for constituent
chemicals and I didn't always have a good idea of what I was
dealing with. To resolve this problem, over the years, I compiled
chemical names and identifiers into a personal database, cross
referencing regulatory and health safety information when possible.
Colleagues and friends eventually started suggesting that I make
my data available on this website so that others could benefit from
my efforts -- which I finally did in 2004. The more common,
regulated and/or hazardous a chemical is, the more information I
will have likely collected on it.
Related Resources

* Guide for Handling Household Chemicals

Things you can do to make your home safer.
* USDOT Hazardous Materials Table 49 CFR 172.101
An online version of the USDOT's listing of hazardous materials
from 49CFR 172.101. This table can be sorted by proper shipping
name, UN/NA ID and/or by primary hazard class/division.
* 2004 ERG (Emergency Response Guidebook)
Have you ever wondered what those four digit numbers on the
placards on the side of trucks and rail cars mean? Our online
2004ERG will give you your answer. This is an online version of the
guidebook produced by the USDOT for first responders during the
initial phase of a Dangerous goods/HazMat incident.
* US DOT Hazardous Materials Transportation Placards
Hazardous materials placards (DOT placards) are required when
shipping hazardous materials in the United States, Canada and
Mexico. These pages provide US DOT definitions for each hazmat
placard.
* Molarity, Molality and Normality
Introduces stoichiometry and explains the differences between
molarity, molality and normality.
* Molar Mass Calculations and Javascript Calculator
Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript
calculator to aid calculations.

Further notes are below.

Trademarks

If you are aware of any synonyms listed above that are registered
trademarks, please contact us with relevant information so that
trademarks can be appropriately noted.
Notes about mixtures

Some chemicals listed in this database or not pure chemical

compounds, rather they are mixtures/solutions of chemicals. It is
not uncommon for wide range of molar ratios of a mixture to be
lumped together as "synonyms" of the same "chemical". In some
instances chemicals that are very similar from a health & safety
and/or regulatory standpoint also may have been lumped together.
Reference Sources
Data for this database was compiled from: hundreds of Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) of common industrial and household
products; the Hazardous Materials Table from the United States
"Code of Federal Regulations" title 49 section 172.101; the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards; the US DOT 1996, 2000 & 2004 Emergency
Response Guidebooks; U.S. National Library of Medicine and many
other related resources.
Disclaimer

WARNING: These pages are for general reference and educational

purposes only and MUST NOT be relied upon as a sole source to
determine regulatory compliance or where matters of life and health
are concerned. This site and the author do not warrant or guarantee
the accuracy or the sufficiency of the information provided and do
not assume any responsibility for its use.

To ensure regulatory compliance when transporting hazardous

materials or dangerous goods, one must receive proper training
and certification from a qualified instructor and refer to the current
year's Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 (49CFR) or your
country's shipping regulations. In matters regarding workplace
safety, refer to current OSHA regulations (29CFR) and NIOSH
guidelines or your own country's health and safety regulations. No
one should ever enter into a hazardous environment without proper
training from qualified instructors.
Citing this page

If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text:

Kenneth Barbalace. Chemical Database - Ascorbic Acid.

EnvironmentalChemistry.com. 1995 - 2007. Accessed on-line:
4/25/2007
http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/Ascorbic%A
0Acid.html

Reference No. 9:

146 Reasons Why Sugar Is Ruining Your Health

by Nancy Appleton, Ph.D.

www.nancyappleton.com
 Author of LICK THE SUGAR HABIT and LICK THE SUGAR HABIT
SUGAR COUNTER.

1. Sugar can suppress the immune system.

2. Sugar upsets the mineral relationships in the body.

3. Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, difficulty concentrating,

and crankiness in children.

4. Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides.

5. Sugar contributes to the reduction in defense against bacterial

infection (infectious diseases).

6. Sugar causes a loss of tissue elasticity and function, the more

sugar you eat the more elasticity and function you loose.

7. Sugar reduces high density lipoproteins.

8. Sugar leads to chromium deficiency.

9 Sugar leads to cancer of the ovaries.

10. Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose.

11. Sugar causes copper deficiency.

12. Sugar interferes with absorption of calcium and magnesium.

13. Sugar can weaken eyesight.

14. Sugar raises the level of a neurotransmitters: dopamine,

serotonin, and norepinephrine.

15. Sugar can cause hypoglycemia.

16. Sugar can produce an acidic digestive tract.

17. Sugar can cause a rapid rise of adrenaline levels in children.

18. Sugar malabsorption is frequent in patients with functional
bowel disease.

19. Sugar can cause premature aging.

20. Sugar can lead to alcoholism.

21. Sugar can cause tooth decay.

22. Sugar contributes to obesity

23. High intake of sugar increases the risk of Crohn's disease, and
ulcerative colitis.

24. Sugar can cause changes frequently found in person with

gastric or duodenal ulcers.

25. Sugar can cause arthritis.

26. Sugar can cause asthma.

27. Sugar greatly assists the uncontrolled growth of Candida

Albicans (yeast infections).

28. Sugar can cause gallstones.

29. Sugar can cause heart disease.

30. Sugar can cause appendicitis.

31. Sugar can cause multiple sclerosis.

32. Sugar can cause hemorrhoids.

33. Sugar can cause varicose veins.

34. Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses in oral

contraceptive users.

35. Sugar can lead to periodontal disease.

36. Sugar can contribute to osteoporosis.

37. Sugar contributes to saliva acidity.

38. Sugar can cause a decrease in insulin sensitivity.

39. Sugar can lower the amount of Vitamin E (alpha-Tocopherol in

the blood.

40. Sugar can decrease growth hormone.

41. Sugar can increase cholesterol.

42. Sugar can increase the systolic blood pressure.

43. Sugar can cause drowsiness and decreased activity in children.

44. High sugar intake increases advanced glycation end products

(AGEs)(Sugar bound non-enzymatically to protein)

45. Sugar can interfere with the absorption of protein.

46. Sugar causes food allergies.

47. Sugar can contribute to diabetes.

48. Sugar can cause toxemia during pregnancy.

49. Sugar can contribute to eczema in children.

50. Sugar can cause cardiovascular disease.

51. Sugar can impair the structure of DNA

52. Sugar can change the structure of protein.

53. Sugar can make our skin age by changing the structure of
collagen.

54. Sugar can cause cataracts.

55. Sugar can cause emphysema.

56. Sugar can cause atherosclerosis.

57. Sugar can promote an elevation of low density lipoproteins

(LDL).

58. High sugar intake can impair the physiological homeostasis of

many systems in the body.

59. Sugar lowers the enzymes ability to function.

60. Sugar intake is higher in people with Parkinson’s disease.

61. Sugar can cause a permanent altering the way the proteins act
in the body.

62. Sugar can increase the size of the liver by making the liver cells
divide.

63. Sugar can increase the amount of liver fat.

64. Sugar can increase kidney size and produce pathological

changes in the kidney.

65. Sugar can damage the pancreas.

66. Sugar can increase the body's fluid retention.

67. Sugar is enemy #1 of the bowel movement.

68. Sugar can cause myopia (nearsightedness).

69. Sugar can compromise the lining of the capillaries.

70. Sugar can make the tendons more brittle.

71. Sugar can cause headaches, including migraine.

72. Sugar plays a role in pancreatic cancer in women.

73. Sugar can adversely affect school children's grades and cause
learning disorders..
74. Sugar can cause an increase in delta, alpha, and theta brain
waves.

75. Sugar can cause depression.

76. Sugar increases the risk of gastric cancer.

77. Sugar and cause dyspepsia (indigestion).

78. Sugar can increase your risk of getting gout.

79. Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in an oral glucose

tolerance test over the ingestion of complex carbohydrates.

80. Sugar can increase the insulin responses in humans consuming

high-sugar diets compared to low sugar diets.

81 High refined sugar diet reduces learning capacity.

82. Sugar can cause less effective functioning of two blood

proteins, albumin, and lipoproteins, which may reduce the body’s
ability to handle fat and cholesterol.

83. Sugar can contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.

84. Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness.

85. Sugar can cause hormonal imbalance; some hormones become

underactive and others become overactive.

86. Sugar can lead to the formation of kidney stones.

87. Sugar can lead to the hypothalamus to become highly sensitive

to a large variety of stimuli.

88. Sugar can lead to dizziness.

89. Diets high in sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress.

90. High sucrose diets of subjects with peripheral vascular disease

significantly increases platelet adhesion.
91. High sugar diet can lead to biliary tract cancer.

92. Sugar feeds cancer.

93. High sugar consumption of pregnant adolescents is associated

with a twofold increased risk for delivering a small-for-gestational-
age (SGA) infant.

94. High sugar consumption can lead to substantial decrease in

gestation duration among adolescents.

95. Sugar slows food's travel time through the gastrointestinal tract.

96. Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in stools and

bacterial enzymes in the colon. This can modify bile to produce
cancer-causing compounds and colon cancer.

97. Sugar increases estradiol (the most potent form of naturally

occurring estrogen) in men.

98. Sugar combines and destroys phosphatase, an enzyme, which

makes the process of digestion more difficult.

99. Sugar can be a risk factor of gallbladder cancer.

100. Sugar is an addictive substance.

101. Sugar can be intoxicating, similar to alcohol.

102. Sugar can exacerbate PMS.

103. Sugar given to premature babies can affect the amount of

carbon dioxide they produce.

104. Decrease in sugar intake can increase emotional stability.

105. The body changes sugar into 2 to 5 times more fat in the
bloodstream than it does starch.

106. The rapid absorption of sugar promotes excessive food intake

in obese subjects.
107. Sugar can worsen the symptoms of children with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

108. Sugar adversely affects urinary electrolyte composition.

109. Sugar can slow down the ability of the adrenal glands to
function.

110. Sugar has the potential of inducing abnormal metabolic

processes in a normal healthy individual and to promote chronic
degenerative diseases.

111.. I.Vs (intravenous feedings) of sugar water can cut off oxygen
to the brain.

112. High sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung

cancer.

113. Sugar increases the risk of polio.

114. High sugar intake can cause epileptic seizures.

115. Sugar causes high blood pressure in obese people.

116. In Intensive Care Units, limiting sugar saves lives.

117. Sugar may induce cell death.

118. Sugar can increase the amount of food that you eat.

119. In juvenile rehabilitation camps, when children were put on a

low sugar diet, there was a 44% drop in antisocial behavior.

120. Sugar can lead to prostrate cancer.

121. Sugar dehydrates newborns.

122. Sugar increases the estradiol in young men.

123. Sugar can cause low birth weight babies.

124. Greater consumption of refined sugar is associated with a
worse outcome of schizophrenia

125. Sugar can raise homocysteine levels in the blood stream.

126. Sweet food items increase the risk of breast cancer.

127. Sugar is a risk factor in cancer of the small intestine.

128. Sugar may cause laryngeal cancer.

129. Sugar induces salt and water retention.

130. Sugar may contribute to mild memory loss.

131. As sugar increases in the diet of 10 years olds, there is a linear

decrease in the intake of many essential nutrients.

132. Sugar can increase the total amount of food consumed.

133. Exposing a newborn to sugar results in a heightened

preference for sucrose relative to water at 6 months and 2 years of
age.

134. Sugar causes constipation.

135. Sugar causes varicous veins.

136. Sugar can cause brain decay in prediabetic and diabetic

women.

137. Sugar can increase the risk of stomach cancer.

138. Sugar can cause metabolic syndrome.

139. Sugar ingestion by pregnant women increases neural tube

defects in embryos.

140. Sugar can be a factor in asthma.

141. The higher the sugar consumption the more chances of

getting irritable bowel syndrome.
142. Sugar could affect central reward systems.

143. Sugar can cause cancer of the rectum.

144. Sugar can cause endometrial cancer.

145. Sugar can cause renal (kidney) cell carcinoma.

146. Sugar can cause liver tumors.

1. Sanchez, A., et al. "Role of Sugars in Human Neutrophilic

Phagocytosis," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Nov
1973;261:1180-1184.

Bernstein, J., et al. "Depression of Lymphocyte Transformation

Following Oral Glucose Ingestion." American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition.1997;30:613.

2. Couzy, F., et al."Nutritional Implications of the Interaction

Minerals," Progressive Food and Nutrition Science 17;1933:65-87.

3. Goldman, J., et al. "Behavioral Effects of Sucrose on Preschool

Children." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.1986;14(4):565-
577.

4. Scanto, S. and Yudkin, J. "The Effect of Dietary Sucrose on Blood

Lipids, Serum Insulin, Platelet Adhesiveness and Body Weight in
Human Volunteers," Postgraduate Medicine Journal. 1969;45:602-
607.

5. Ringsdorf, W., Cheraskin, E. and Ramsay R. "Sucrose,Neutrophilic

Phagocytosis and Resistance to Disease," Dental Survey.
1976;52(12):46-48.

6. Cerami, A., Vlassara, H., and Brownlee, M."Glucose and Aging."

Scientific American. May 1987:90.

Lee, A. T. and Cerami, A. "The Role of Glycation in Aging."

Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 663:63-67.
7. Albrink, M. and Ullrich I. H. "Interaction of Dietary Sucrose and
Fiber on Serum Lipids in Healthy Young Men Fed High Carbohydrate
Diets." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986;43:419-428.

Pamplona, R., et al. “Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis.”

Medical Hypotheses. Mar 1993;40(3):174-81.

8. Kozlovsky, A., et al. "Effects of Diets High in Simple Sugars on

Urinary Chromium Losses." Metabolism. June 1986;35:515-518.

9. Takahashi, E., Tohoku University School of Medicine, Wholistic

Health Digest. October 1982:41.

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16. Ibid.
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62. Goulart, F. S. "Are You Sugar Smart?" American Fitness. Mar-

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63. Ibid.

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65. Goulart, F. S. "Are You Sugar Smart?" American Fitness.

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66. Ibid.

67. Ibid.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid.

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75. Ibid.

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77. Yudkin, J. Sweet and Dangerous.(New York:Bantam Books,1974)

129.

78. Ibid, 44

79. Reiser, S., et al. “Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose

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80. Reiser,S., et al. “Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose

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81. Molteni, R, et al. “A High-fat, Refined Sugar Diet Reduces

Hippocampal Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuronal
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85. Ibid.

86. Blacklock, N. J., "Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone." Nutrition

and Health. 1987;5(1-2):9-12.

Curhan, G., et al. “Beverage Use and Risk for Kidney Stones in
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87. Journal of Advanced Medicine. 1994;7(1):51-58.

88. Ibid

89. Ceriello, A. “Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation.”

Metabolism. Feb 2000;49(2 Suppl 1):27-29.

90. Postgraduate Medicine. Sept 1969:45:602-07.

91. Moerman, C. J., et al. “Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of

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92. Quillin, Patrick, “Cancer’s Sweet Tooth.” Nutrition Science

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Rothkopf, M.. Nutrition. July/Aug 1990;6(4).

93. Lenders, C. M. “Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are

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94. Ibid.

95. Bostick, R. M., et al. "Sugar, Meat.and Fat Intake and Non-
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96. Ibid.

Kruis, W., et al. "Effects of Diets Low and High in Refined Sugars
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97. Yudkin, J and Eisa, O. “Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol

Concentration in Young Men”. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.
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98. Lee, A. T. and Cerami A. "The Role of Glycation in Aging."

Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1992; 663:63-70.

99. Moerman, C. et al."Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of

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100. "Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response."

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Colantuoni, C., et al. “Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive

Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence.” Obes Res.
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101. Ibid.

102. The Edell Health Letter. Sept 1991;7:1.

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105. Nutrition Health Review. Fall 85. Sugar Changes into Fat Faster
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107. Girardi, N.L.” Blunted Catecholamine Responses after Glucose

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109. Lechin, F., et al. “Effects of an Oral Glucose Load on Plasma

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110. Fields, M. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. Aug

1998;17(4):317-321.

111. Arieff, A. I. Veterans Administration Medical Center in San

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113. Sandler, Benjamin P. Diet Prevents Polio. Milwakuee, WI,:The

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117. Donnini, D. et al. “Glucose May Induce Cell Death through a

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Nancy Appleton
P.O. Box 3083
Santa Monica CA 90403

Reference No. 10:

A Protocol for Alcohol, with Commentary

Alcoholism II

CONQUERING ALCOHOL [or SUGAR] NUTRITIONALLY

“"Wake up and pray so as not to enter into temptation. The spirit is

willing, but the flesh is failing." -Gospel of Matthew [26:41]
An alcoholic is very likely to confirm this statement. One reason
why the body is weak is because of nutrient deficiencies.

Another reason is because beverage alcohol is a slow acting poison.

Other alcohols are immediate poisons. If you add a carbon atom to
drinking alcohol, you get C3 H7 OH (isopropyl or rubbing alcohol)
which is toxic. C H3 OH, or methanol, is found in windshield
washer fluid and is just one carbon less than drinking alcohol... and
again, is very toxic.

Beverage alcohol is a major factor in most violent crimes, notably

sexual assault and murder. At least one-third, and some studies
indicate as much as three-quarters, of all suicides are alcohol
related. Alcohol directly kills about 40,000 drivers each year, not
counting their passengers, pedestrians and occupants of other cars.
I have no love for the tobacco industry, which kills over 400,000
smokers annually. Still, smoking is unlikely to lead to murder over
a piece of meatloaf, and alcohol literally has. (Ray, O. and Ksir, C.
Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, Mosby, 1990, page 173)
[It may be significant that 100% of people convicted of violent
crimes smoke cigarets or use tobacco in some other form. –Ed]

But, like cigarettes, alcohol does lead to lung cancer. And cancers
of the mouth, esophagus, larynx, tongue, throat, and much of the
rest of the body. Hard-drinking, cigar-smoking Ulysses S. Grant
died of throat cancer which is obscured by a large, carefully placed
scarf in his later photographs.

Given all this, and more, we are surely aware that alcohol is harmful
to health. This is why the drinking age is 21, yet a person can
legally perform other adult tasks, such as voting, signing a
mortgage, and fighting in the military, at 18. If alcohol is harmful,
is it any less harmful to a person of 21 than it is to a 20 year-old?

This leaves us with a need to either collectively or individually stop

using alcohol. A general ban on alcohol has already been tried.
Prohibition is usually written off as a failed social experiment, but
the truth is that alcohol-related hospital admissions and deaths did
indeed decline during prohibition's early years. Individual action
requires no law. Many, many alcoholics have stopped using alcohol
by the power of their wills alone. If you are in A.A., it is with the
help of the Power of a Will greater than yours. If it works, do it.

I've taught college courses in biology, health, and substance abuse

inside two New York State prisons. Quite a few members of my
"captive audiences" have had drinking problems. (Incidentally,
many are studying to become certified as alcoholism counselors). I
believe more alcohol users and abusers could "work the steps" of
A.A., or just plain stop drinking on their own, if they were optimally
nourished. If you drink too much, then you are not eating right.
Here's why:

Alcohol is filling, so it displaces more nourishing foods in the diet.

This causes malnutrition.

Alcohol causes thiamin (vitamin B-1) deficiency in particular, and a

deficiency of many other nutrients as well.

Alcohol destroys the liver and brain gradually, but profoundly. This
damage INCREASES the need for nutrients to repair these organs at
a time when the drinker is eating fewer and fewer good foods.

Therefore, VITAMIN AND OTHER FOOD SUPPLEMENTS ARE

ESSENTIAL for the heavy drinker.

Which ones and how much of each? I would recommend

considering the following, based on the many works of Roger J.
Williams, Ph.D.:

1. VITAMIN C may be taken to the point of daily saturation, which is

just below the amount causing diarrhea. Vitamin C improves the
metabolism of the toxic by-products of alcohol and, in large
quantities, is a powerful antitoxin. It has also been shown to be
effective against hepatitis. (Smith, L. H., ed. Clinical Guide To The
Use of Vitamin C, Life Sciences Press, Tacoma, WA, 1988)

2. B-COMPLEX (50 milligrams [mg], 6 times daily) Beverage alcohol

(ethanol, C2 H5 OH) is a simple carbohydrate supplying lots of
energy and no nutrition. In this way it is a lot like sugar. Excess
consumption of either sugar or alcohol is well known to increase
our need for the vitamins necessary for their metabolism,
specifically the B-complex vitamins. It is safest, easiest and
cheapest to take the whole B-vitamin team together.

The B-vitamins, including much-needed thiamin, help correct a bad

diet and also help level out low blood sugar problems.
Hypoglycemia is often a factor in alcohol cravings. The body wants
simple, quick carbohydrate and we erroneously satisfy that craving
with sugar... or booze. Niacin (vitamin B-3) helps the body to calm
down. The B-vitamins have been successfully used for decades by
orthomolecular psychiatrists to relieve depression and psychoses.
Watch what they can do to relieve the D.T.'s. Incidentally, you can
create the symptoms of delirium tremens in laboratory animals
without alcohol just by inducing B-vitamin deficiency.

3. CHROMIUM (200 to 400 mcg chromium polynicotinate or

chromium picolinate daily) Chromium, deficient in 90% of all
healthy people, is almost certainly wanting in the alcoholic's diet.
Chromium improves your body's sensitivity to insulin, so you can
do more with less of it. Remember that alcoholics consume huge
amounts of simple carbohydrates. The last thing an alcoholic's
body needs would be insulin-resistant cells.

4. L-GLUTAMINE (probably two or three grams daily) This amino

acid has been shown to improve brain function in alcoholics,
resulting in improved sleep, decreased anxiety and a reduced
craving for alcohol.

5. LECITHIN (2 to 5 tablespoons daily) Lecithin makes up one third

of your brain by dry weight. Lecithin also provides choline, which
your body can make into the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. As
with L-Glutamine above, this produces a feeling of well being and
self-control so wanting in most alcoholics.

Additionally, lecithin is lipotrophic, which means it can help move

fats about in the body. The fatty liver condition so common with
alcoholics is likely to improve with lecithin supplementation.

6. Controlled VEGETABLE JUICE FASTING has been successfully used

to clear out fatty livers, too. Juice fasting, along with large
amounts of the B-vitamins and vitamin C, may be a real long-term
help with cirrhosis of the liver. The liver can regenerate to a
considerable extent; Max Gerson, M.D. says that it takes about 18
months to do so. It is no surprise, then, that the Gerson Therapy
focuses on the liver and on raw vegetable juice therapy for it.

7. A HIGH POTENCY DAILY MULTIVITAMIN AND MULTIMINERAL

supplement is needed as well. It should carotene, an antioxidant
and safe form of vitamin A. 400 to 800 IU of vitamin E, 50 mcg of
selenium, and 50 to 100 mg of zinc gluconate or zinc
monomethionine would also be desirable.

8. A DIET OF GOOD VEGETARIAN FOOD and plenty of fresh

vegetable juices is important. A vegetarian (or even a nearly-
vegetarian) diet effortlessly ensures better health. More fiber and
complex carbohydrates; less fat and sugar. No junk food!

I have seen this program work. I've personally observed how

charitably dispensed vitamin supplements help street people. I've
seen just wheat germ (a modest source of B-vitamins, among other
good things) help those in prison. I've also worked with financially
well-off alcoholics, and supplements help them, too. Booze and
malnutrition have no respect for bank accounts.

Remember: many people want to stop drinking but can't UNLESS

THEY HAVE THE BODILY STRENGTH TO DO IT. Since alcohol hurts
the body, we have to first fight back with vitamins, and then we can
reach our highest goals. Don't tell someone to stop drinking;
EMPOWER them to stop drinking. Studies confirm it: good eating
stops bad drinking.

REFERENCES:

Read more about it by tracking down the references that follow. If a

book is out of print, as the older R. J. Williams books are likely to
be, do ask your librarian for interlibrary loan assistance.

Balch, J. F and Balch, P. A. Prescription For Nutritional Healing, Avery

Publishing, Garden City Park, NY, 1990, pp 75-76 and 138-140.
(A fine, vitamin-friendly guide with dosage recommendations
included.)

Gerson, Max A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases, Totality

Books, Del Mar, CA (Don't let the title limit you: this is the
complete instruction manual for the liver-restoring Gerson Therapy.
A really outstanding work.)

Pauling, L. How To Live Longer and Feel Better, Freeman, 1986 (The
best introduction and support for therapeutic vitamin use that I've
ever read.)

Ray, O. and Ksir, C. Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, Mosby,

1990, chapter 9

Werbach, M. R. Nutritional Influences on Illness, Keats, 1988, pp

11-22 and 241-242. (An excellent review of the scientific
literature.)

Williams, R. J. Biochemistry of B Vitamins, 1950

Williams, R. J. Nutrition and Alcoholism, 1951

Williams, R. J. Alcoholism: The Nutritional Approach, 1959

Williams, R. J. Nutrition Against Disease, New York: Pitman, 1971

Williams, R. J. Physician's Handbook of Nutritional Science, 1975

Williams, R. J., ed. A Physician's Handbook on Orthomolecular

Medicine Keats, 1977 (This is an inexpensive collection of terrific
nutritional papers on orthomolecular [more commonly known as
"megavitamin"] therapy.)

Dr. Roger Williams knows nutrition and alcoholism the way Charles
Schultz knows Charlie Brown: through a lifetime of careful study,
hard work and a lot of writing. Begin with him. The entire Roger J.
Williams bibliography is posted elsewhere on this website.

Copyright C 1999 and prior years Andrew W. Saul. From the book
PAPERBACK CLINIC, available from Andrew Saul, PhD, 23
Greenridge Crescent, Hamlin, NY 14464.

Andrew Saul, PhD

AN IMPORTANT NOTE: This page is not in any way offered as
prescription, diagnosis nor treatment for any disease, illness,
infirmity or physical condition. Any form of self-treatment or
alternative health program necessarily must involve an individual's
acceptance of some risk, and no one should assume otherwise.
Persons needing medical care should obtain it from a physician.
Consult your doctor before making any health decision.

Neither the author nor the webmaster has authorized the use of
their names or the use of any material contained within in
connection with the sale, promotion or advertising of any product
or apparatus. Single-copy reproduction for individual, non-
commercial use is permitted providing no alterations of content are
made, and credit is given.

Reference No. 11:

Peering into the mystery of disease

Interview with Bernard Muschlein
by Monte Leach

An interview with German researcher Bernard Muschlein, whose

work with a new microscope challenges the long-held assumptions
on the nature of disease.

"Why should the public be interested in this work?" I asked the

German gentleman somewhat naïvely.

Without pause, he tossed a question back: "Do you think it was

important to develop the electron microscope?"

The response turned out to be no exaggeration. Bernard Muschlein,

the German gentleman in question, heads a research team which
uses a powerful new microscope, the Ergonom 400, to study
illnesses such as cancer, AIDS and Legionnaire’s Disease. The
group’s findings are challenging long-held assumptions on the
nature of disease itself.

Until now, light-source microscopes could reach magnifications of

about 2,000 times allowing limited live observation of bacteria, but
not of smaller, virus-sized micro-organisms. Electron microscopes
can reach magnifications of up to 400,000 times but because they
work with x-rays and an evaporated vacuum, cannot be used to
view living cultures. The Ergonom 400, a ‘light-source-like’
microscope with magnification capability of 25,000 times allows
observers to view, for long periods, the development cycle of living
micro-organisms as small as viruses.

Such a breakthrough in technology was achieved over a 30-year

period by the microscope’s inventor, a pioneering German scientist
named Kurt Olbrich. He disregarded industry experts who told him
that his goal of inventing a new super-microscope was "impossible.
There’s a physical limit which will not allow it."

Olbrich’s invention does seem to overcome known laws of physics,

and has baffled some in the optical industry who say it is
theoretically impossible for his microscope to work. Yet the proof is
in the pudding. After looking into the Ergonom 400, Kurt Zanker,
Head of the Institute of Immunology at Witten/Herdecke University,
told a reporter for Capital magazine: "It is fantastic. I have never
seen such things before." A group of leading scientists in England
have called the microscope a major development in the field. Videos
taken from the Ergonom 400, in their first showing in the US, were
a highlight of a World Research Foundation conference, "New
Directions for Medicine," held last October.

Speaking for the facts

Bernard Muschlein, who brought the videos to the US, and was a
featured speaker at the conference, is an engineer by training, a
health practitioner by profession, and a long-time cancer
researcher by passion. In 1987, he suggested to Olbrich that the
Ergonom 400, until then used for industrial purposes, should be
tried in biological and medical applications as well. Muschlein
became the head of a research team doing just that.

"In the beginning, facts do not speak for themselves," Muschlein

says in one of the videos. "One has to speak for them until they
become the common knowledge of humanity."

The "facts" referred to by Muschlein run "contrary to orthodox

medicine, and completely contrary to orthodox research." But not
contrary to some unorthodox, or at least largely unknown, research
conducted over the past 100 years. In the late 19th century, Antoine
Bechamp, a French biochemist and toxicologist, discovered tiny,
moving bodies in everything from human beings, animals, and
plants, to soil, swamps, air, and water. He called these microscopic
forms ‘microzymas’, and believed they were one of the fundamental
building blocks of life. Bechamp found that when a life-
threathening trauma occurred in an organism, the microzymas
could change form and begin destroying the body of their host.
Similarly, these microbes could ‘devolve’ back into their previous,
benign state.

Bechamp concluded that certain conditions in an organism evoked

the appearance of specific micro-organisms, and that such micro-
organisms were, therefore, a symptom rather than a final cause of
disease. Changes which took place within the body led to disease
states, he said.

Bechamp’s theory of pleomorphism (the occurrence of more than

one distinct form of an organism in a single life cycle) contradicted
the ‘germ’ theory espoused by his more famous contemporary and
rival, Louis Pasteur, who determined that germs from outside the
body caused disease. Pasteur’s theory has held sway in Western
medicine for over a century.

But Bechamp was only the first in a long line of researchers who
have found evidence of pleomorphism. Gunther Enderlein, in the
first third of the 20th century, discovered form-changing micro-
organisms which he called ‘endobionts’. Von Brahmer later called
them ‘Siphonosospora polymorpha’. The contemporary Canadian
biologist, Gaston Naessens, has viewed and studied the life cycle of
such bodies, which he calls ‘somatids’*. Over the years, others,
including the extraordinary microscope inventor and scientist, Royal
Rife**, have also provided evidence of pleomorphism.

Muschlein’s work with the Ergonom 400 follows in this tradition.

"Von Brahmer and others found a special microbe in the human
blood," Muschlein says. "This microbe is present in all human
beings. In its early stages of development, it is symbiotic, living
friendly within the body, in harmony with the immune system. When
a person becomes weakened, by surgery, infection, vaccination,
stress, and so on, the microbe changes its cyclogenia (cycle of
development). It becomes larger, aggressive, pathogenic, parasitic.
These larger forms are found in the blood of people threatened by,
or suffering from, cancer. With the Ergonom 400 one can observe at
what stage this microbe exists."

By examining the stage of development of this micro-organism in

the blood, Muschlein says, one can determine the state of health, or
conversely, the level of pre-cancerous or cancerous conditions in
the body. One substance that tends to change this micro-organism
into larger, more aggressive forms is that old nemesis, sugar. "That
means a cancer patient cannot eat refined sugar," Muschlein says.
Beyond that, anyone who is sick who wants to heal should also not
eat sugar, he contends.

Which foods tend to strengthen the immune system? "Salads," he

says. "But for that observation, you don’t need the Ergonom 400."

The microscope does have potential applications in such areas as

the testing of medical treatments. "For example, if you find 13 or
15 viruses in a blood specimen, and you treat the patient and
repeat the test three months later, and find in the same field only
three viruses, that’s a good control for the effectiveness of your
treatment." This new technology, Muschlein says, could make
animal testing unnecessary, as the reaction of substances on living
cells can now be viewed for long periods under a microscope, rather
than in the bodies of laboratory animals.

The Ergonom 400 can be used as a tool for AIDS diagnosis and in
the testing of substances to combat AIDS as well. The microscope
has been able, for the first time, to discern three distinct stages of
the AIDS virus in living tissue. Long before a person tests positive
on the AIDS antibody test, Muschlein can see the presence of ‘red
crimson particles’ in the blood, denoting an AIDS infection.

Muschlein has found that the AIDS virus can actually ‘transform’ full
spectrum white light into red. Healthy red blood cells, he says,
transform white light into yellow. Such findings confirm the
research that Royal Rife conducted decades ago. Rife discovered
that when he used certain frequencies of light to illuminate a
specimen under his microscope (frequencies which resonated with
the specimen’s own unique chemical structure), the micro-
organism emitted its own light of a characteristic color. He called
this property ‘optical resonance’. Rife also found that micro-
organisms could be destroyed by using specific frequencies. He
used this discovery to kill cancerous tumors in laboratory animals,
and later in human beings. Muschlein says that his preliminary
findings confirming Rife’s optical resonance work "could open a
door into a great field of research."

At present, a total of five Ergonom 400 microscopes are in use by

researchers in Germany, England and Japan. Microscope research
and development thus far has been funded privately by Muschlein
and others. He says over DM2 million have been spent out of
pocket. Meanwhile, inventor Kurt Olbrich is working toward a
breakthrough which would enable an increase in the Ergonom’s
magnification of up to two or three times. But for that, Muschlein
says, and to further his own research, "we need more money."

As my interview with Muschlein ended, I found myself answering

the question I had originally posed to him on the significance of his
work: "The implications of this information could completely change
the world of medicine," I said.

"There’s the rub," he replied.

* For more information on Naessens’ work, and his trials with

medical and legal authorities, see Christopher Bird’s book The
Persecution and Trial of Gaston Naessens, published by H.J.Kramer,
Inc.

** For more information on the work of Royal Rife, read The Cancer
Cure That Worked — Fifty Years of Suppression, by Barry Lynes,
published in Canada by Marcus Books.

From the July 1991 issue of Share International

Reference No. 12

Modern Medicine:
The New
World Religion

The Hidden Influence of Beliefs and Fears

by Olivier Clerc, France
When the Christian missionaries of the last three or four centuries
were evangelizing so-called "primitive people”, they believed that
they had only to destroy or burn the various cult objects of these
people in order to eradicate their religions, superstitions, and
customs.

Centuries after the conquistadors tried to stamp out the Inca

culture, or the Inquisition tried to stamp out the protestant
‘heresies’, or the similar attempts to annihilate the Voodoo, or the
many African and Asian religions, we know that such arrogant high-
handedness does not work. These beliefs still continue today,
sometimes under different guises, long after the objects of worship
associated with them have been destroyed.

This lesson from history is not only valid for primitive people and
their religions. It can equally be applied – if not more so – to
aspects of our own modern society. Indeed, even a superficial study
of contemporary culture will reveal that the supposed secularization
of present day society is just an illusion. Even though most people
do not conform to the outward show of religious custom and
practice – mostly Judeo-Christian in western culture – the beliefs
and superstitions remain deeply embedded in their subconscious,
influencing many aspects of their daily lives without them realizing
it.

And as several sociology studies have shown, the superstitious

beliefs that used to be attached to the formal religions have in
many cases simply been transferred to other objects, persons or
events. The daily evening television news bulletins, watched by
millions worldwide in their respective countries, the stars of show
business and sport, humanitarian associations, cults and all sorts of
other things in modern life, these have now become the new gods
we venerate or fear, or the shrines at which we worship or curse,
and where we still experience those primitive religious urges and
feelings, where we can believe without necessarily having to think
or rationalize.

However, it is in the field of medicine that this unconscious

transposition of the religious experience - and more specifically the
Judeo-Christian ideology, myths, beliefs, expectations and hopes -
seems to have had the greatest impact. The facts show clearly - for
anyone taking the time to study them - that medicine enjoys today
an astonishing degree of undeserved credit that is out of all
proportion to its actual results or promises. Real health keeps
regressing, while the great medical "miracles”, such as vaccines and
antibiotics, are now clearly showing their limitations, which some
had foreseen and warned of right from the start. This undeserved
credit comes mostly from the fact that medicine and science have
replaced religion as the only certain belief in an uncertain world.
And the doctors and scientists are seen as the priests of the new
religion, delivering through the certainties of science what the old
discredited gods were not able to deliver. If we can no longer
believe in the miracles, the cures, and the curses of the old
religions, we can certainly believe in the miracles, the cures and the
destructive powers of the new science.

Almost imperceptibly, medicine has taken on a saving, or messianic

role, the characteristics of which we must examine. Looking back
through history, there is a sense in which medicine can be said to
have displayed characteristics that have at various times
characterised the Roman Catholic Church: autocracy, centralization,
the control and manipulation of people, censorship, propaganda,
total obedience, infallibility, the destruction of heretics, the
stamping out of individuality. All this, of course, has been done in
the name of public health and the general good, just as the church
acted for mankind’s salvation.

Let me make my position clear. I am not a conspiracy theorist. I do

not believe that doctors, scientists and governments are
intentionally and corruptly conspiring together, abusing their
powers in pursuit of wealth, "Big Brother” and "Brave New World”
just a step away. But rather, I do believe we are faced with a
phenomenon that is largely of the unconscious kind.

What I believe is happening is that people, whether within the

medico-pharmaceutical industry or outside it, are being
subconsciously influenced by their deeply rooted myths, fears and
superstitions which are now being projected onto the new screens
of science and medicine. This produces an amazing paradox.

Although medicine sees itself as exclusively scientific and rational,

with no room for spiritual or human dimensions (such as psychic
healers, or shamans, who are dismissed as charlatans), it organizes
itself and functions in a way that can be described as intrinsically
religious. The paradox is that by rejecting any spiritual dimension
medicine in fact becomes the toy of the forces and myths it tries to
ignore and cannot control. Mere denial of something’s existence
has never made it disappear, except perhaps in our consciousness,
but instead, it is banished to our subconscious mind, where,
beyond our control, it can roam free, wreak havoc, and wield even
greater power.

We can see, then, that even though our society considers itself to be
secular, it has remained as Christian as it was a century ago, but
with two major differences. Firstly, our society is not aware of it. It
believes itself to be rational, scientific, and free of superstition. It
fails to recognise that it is still, in effect, observing the old religious
rituals, but under a new guise. Secondly, our society now lives its
religious experiences through secular forms - medical ones, in
particular - and has at the same time transferred its hopes and
aspirations from the spiritual world to the material.

Medicine, then, has become the new world religion. The specific
myths, beliefs and rites of Christianity have been unconsciously
projected over medicine since Pasteur. As I explain in detail in my
book, we can establish a very close parallelism between the catholic
religion and modern medicine, although, for lack of space, I cannot
go into all the details of each comparison in this article. In brief:

- physicians have taken the place of priests;

- vaccination plays the same initiatory role as baptism, and is

accompanied by the same threats and fears;

- the search for health has replaced the quest for salvation;

- the fight against disease has replaced the fight against sin;

- eradication of viruses has taken the place of exorcising demons;

- the hope of physical immortality (cloning, genetic engineering)

has been substituted for the hope of eternal life;

- pills have replaced the sacrament of bread and wine;

- donations to cancer research take precedence over donations to
the church;

- a hypothetical universal vaccine could save humanity from all its

illnesses, as the Saviour has saved the world from all its sins;

- the medical power has become the government’s ally, as was the
Catholic Church in the past;

- "charlatans” are persecuted today as "heretics” were yesterday;

- dogmatism rules out promising alternative medical theories;

- the same absence of individual responsibility is now found in

medicine, as previously in the Christian religion;

- patients are alienated from their bodies, as sinners used to be

from their souls.

People are still being manipulated by their fears and childish hopes.
They are still told that the source of their problems is outside them,
and that the solution can only come from the outside. They are not
allowed to do anything by themselves and they must have the
mediation of priest-physicians, the administration of drug-hosts,
and the protection of vaccine-absolutions.

Just as the magnetic field of a magnet placed under a sheet of

paper controls the way iron filings fall on its surface, revealing the
invisible lines of force between the two poles of the magnet, a
"religious field” likewise imperceptibly structures and organises the
development of modern medicine. Invisible, impalpable, this
"religious field” is made up of all the beliefs, myths and values of
the Christian - and more specifically the Catholic - religion. In other
words, the secularisation of society happened only on the surface.
We took away the "iron filings”, the specific religious forms, but we
did not change the "current of thoughts”, the underlying "religious
field”, which continued to exert the same influence, but through
medicine. That is the reason why behind the different structures of
medicine and the Church of Rome we find the same fundamental
concepts, the same relationships, the same characteristics, the
same fears, the same hopes and expectations.
This substitution of medicine for religion has had many unfortunate
consequences. In medical research, it influences what should be
looked for and what can be discovered. Any discovery or theory that
is at odds with the over-arching orthodoxy is rejected, and its
authors called heretics. Entire areas of research, as well as
promising new lines of approach, are thus disqualified.

Furthermore, the unconscious need to bring the medical world into

"religious” obedience frequently leads to (involuntary) falsifications
of results, as became clear with Pasteur's discoveries. The medical
credo takes precedence over reality, something that scientists
refuse to acknowledge when it does not correspond with their
preconceived ideas.

And lastly, the hidden religious dimension of modern medicine

inhibits the free debating of already fixed beliefs, and preventing
them from being properly re-examined and criticised. Indeed,
dogmatism, irrationality and passions - all characteristic of the
religious experience - take precedence over any calm and carefully
thought out argument, even over the most tenuous facts. The same
vehemence that led Galileo to be condemned by the Church for his
theories, in spite of the scientifically demonstrable facts, is now
being used by medicine to reject any thesis that is contrary to its
own dogmas. Science has learnt its lessons from the Church.

My aims in writing and lecturing on this topic have therefore been

several. Firstly, I wanted to bring to the fore this phenomenon of
projection and transfer of religious content, which takes place in
the medical field. In recognizing this phenomenon, we should then
dissociate from medical practice the spiritual aspirations that quite
logically can only be satisfied in the spiritual dimension. It is
dangerous to mistake eternal life with physical immortality, or to
think we can achieve collective salvation through science and
genetic engineering instead of individual salvation through
transformation and personal achievements.

I also hope that by bringing to the fore the influence of religious

beliefs in medicine, which is but one example of a very widespread
phenomenon today, readers will start thinking about how their
beliefs filter their perceptions, biasing and distorting them. Every
time an object, a person, a social group or an event becomes the
target of religious projections, there is danger. Their real
characteristics fade in the eyes of those who colour them with their
beliefs. These targets then become the objects of religious urges,
impervious to any rationalisation, whether they are expressed
through fear, hatred, "devilisation” and search for scapegoats, or
through deification, idealisation and unconditional devotion. From
Princess Diana to Wacco, and from Mother Teresa to Saddam
Hussein, there are numerous examples of the kind of consequences
brought about by this transfer of religious expression to real
persons or situations.

Beyond this dissociation of medicine and religion, I would like to

encourage an increased awareness of the fears found in the depths
of our consciousness, which remain the hidden determining factors
of most of our actions. As shown in my book, these fundamental
fears - fear of death, mostly, but also fear of evil, fear of suffering,
fear of separation, fear of solitude - have lead humanity, at all
times throughout history, to make up all kinds of beliefs, in an
effort to exorcise these fears. Then, with the development of
science and the rise of intellectualism, mankind has tried to justify
rationally these beliefs, hidden under the cloak of medicine and life
sciences.

In other words, there are three layers superimposed inside us:

1) a core of fears, from which we have learned to protect ourselves

by covering it with

2) a layer of beliefs, which make us feel safe (even though those

fears have not disappeared), this layer being itself dissimulated
under

3) an intellectual varnish, a rational facade, which give us the

illusion of having transcended superstitions and beliefs, and which
shelters us from our fears, keeping us barricaded behind
intellectual knowledge.

But in reality, as soon as any unexpected event scratches this

varnish, our underlying beliefs and fears reveal their presence and
their indirect influence.

As long as they are not acknowledged, accepted and transformed,

these fears will feed on every area of human endeavour. The
intellect cannot think freely and the heart may not love fully, as long
as both of them are hamstrung by the permanent task of appeasing
our deepest anxieties, which keep trying to re-surface in our
consciousness. No technological innovation, no scientific discovery,
no external knowledge will ever enable us to avoid this
confrontation with ourselves, and - more specifically - with our
shadow. It is quite instructive to see to what degree the intellectual
and technical knowledge of this century - often quite remarkable -
remains captive to the fears that haunt society. We only have to
look at the poor state of our planet, at the multiplicity of wars and
at the emergence of new diseases, to see how this way of using our
inner capacities is unproductive.

Finally, through this increasing awareness and consciousness to

which I invite my readers, I hope to encourage greater individual
responsibility, be it on the medical or on the spiritual level. It seems
inexplicable to me that we should give away our power to whatever
external authority (priests, physicians, experts) and then blame
them for abusing us with it. Very few people are capable of being
totally impartial and disinterested, especially when money and
power are at stake. And especially when psychological studies show
that the noblest motivations often go hand in hand with more
dubious unconscious intentions.

Therefore, taking personal responsibility for our own health, our

own inner evolution, and our own life at every level, without
rejecting any available help or advice, remains the safest and most
rewarding attitude. The obscurantism that endures under new
forms will not so much be fought by the lights of science than by
the sparks of our own self-awareness, that each one may awaken in
himself. At least, such is my conviction.

Reference No. 13:

Book Reviews

FROM TRACY:

I came across Dirk's "Confessions of a Kamikaze Cowboy" a little

over a year ago. I happened upon the book by "divine intervention"
(as Dirk says: "there are no accidents…" ), and I KNEW from the first
page that this book was going to teach me something. In fact, it
taught me many things, and also reaffirmed what I had believed to
be true, in spite of others who would have argued with me to the
contrary. Dirk was right about one thing in particular, one thing
above all else he wrote in the book, at least for me. Dirk said that
there comes a time when things will happen in their own time, he
called it "getting out of the way". Dirk's book didn't make me go out
and buy a bag of brown rice....at least not right away. All things
must happen in their own time. But when I felt the time was
right...for me...in came the brown rice, the kukicha tea, the beans
and so on. Out went the dairy, the sugar, and the rest is still
following. Dirk writes about the future generations of this planet
and how society is "brainwashed" into feeding our children what we
are told to feed them. And I, along with many, am guilty of this
horrendous crime. Let me tell you a little story.

During the second week in September in Canada (where I'm from),

all the schools across the country hold a week-long drive for
donations for cancer research, in memory of a man named Terry
Fox, who ran across Canada twenty years ago, on one leg ( the
other leg was lost to this disease ), until the cancer in his body had
overtaken him and he was forced to quit. He died shortly after. So
every year at this time the "Terry Fox Memorial Run" is held all
across this country to "finish what Terry started". So every
elementary aged child in this country runs in their own schools
"Terry run" every September. This year in particular, my 6 year-old
daughter ran for her friend and classmate Johnathan. He has had
cancer since 1998. He has endured two years of chemotherapy and
radiation, and the pain of having a grapefruit sized tumor in his
abdomen that doctors say at this stage is "inoperable" because it is
too large for a little 6 year old boy, who wouldn't be able to survive
the surgery. I look at my very upset 6 year-old daughter who is now
just grasping the truth that her friend may die. I realize that my
daughter is no different from her friend, and that I, her mother, am
slowly killing her. All things in their own time… For me, the time is
now. I don't want my child to end up being another Johnathan and I
don't want anyone's child to follow in this little boys footsteps. As
parents, we make choices for our children. More than a year after
reading Dirk's book, it finally dawned on me. It may be a year too
late...or maybe God has granted me, and my children a second
chance. Maybe it's still not too late for Johnathan!
I have spent the last year of my life putting what Dirk taught me
into use.....but it's no longer about me. If any parent out there reads
this message and understands, then Dirk will have accomplished
something wonderful. Saving not only this generation, but all the
generations that will follow. It is time for us as parents to make the
RIGHT choices for our children while they are still tucked safely in
our nests. What they learn now will stay with them forever.

In closing let me say this....I BELIEVE and I TRUST. I believe every

word Dirk Benedict wrote in this book. I believe this man cured
himself of cancer with Macrobiotics. I believe it can prevent this
horrible disease from taking another child from this already dying
planet. My journey continues...and I plan on taking my children
along for the ride. I am grateful, to say the least, not only as a
human being but as a mother, for having Dirk, the Man, share his
journey. I recommend, no...I strongly suggest you pick up this
book. If you decide to join Dirk and many others who, like me,
finally "understand"...I do not wish you luck... I wish you Life.

FROM SONYA:

Kamikaze Cowboy is not your typical autobiography nor is it a light

read. Dirk's writing is a mix of honesty, candor and, of course, wit.
You may not like or agree with what he says. Maybe you will. One
thing is for certain, he makes you think. Dirk has reaffirmed many
of my beliefs and has challenged others. Discovery I will find when
it is right for me. To those who haven't read Kamikaze Cowboy,
READ IT. You won't be sorry...but you will think.

FROM TEMP_CHICK

I really liked Kamikaze Cowboy! it is very good thanks, Dirk, for

being a great Man.

FROM: MAGGIE

I cannot add to what you said -- you said it perfectly in your review.
I agree with you 100% Those unique qualities that shine through in
KC -- total and stark honesty and frankness --especially in the face
of working in Hollywood, are what I admire most about Dirk. God
grant him, and all others like him, the strength to survive the
negative reactions of The Establishment and the "flock" mentality.
He is a true Jonathan Livingston Seagull. Soar high and free!

FROM YVONNE:

I found this to be very open and honest reading. It opened my eyes

to many things, including the fact that we are creatures who follow
the pack. We let ourselves be brainwashed into following a select
few. We allow ourselves to be told how to think and what to think. I
was allowing myself to believe that the only way to live was the way
my doctors told me I had to live. McDonalds and Wendy’s and the
Texas T-Bone was the best thing on earth! NOT!! I have found a
new way to live which is actually the original way. And it is the best
way for me. Praise God and brown rice!

FROM LINDA:

I really liked Kamikaze Cowboy. I have a friend who has cancer and
goes to a lot of doctors only to be told that she has until perhaps
the holidays or a little after. I had been also diagnosed with it once
and choose to ignore what the doctor's told me, I ate better and
exercised and a year later I was cancer free all before I read this
book.

Dirk said in his book it may disturb you to know that you can't trust
your doctor, you have to take responsibility for your own health.
This is the truth, I have had doctors try to shove this pill and that
pill down me and it is a waste of money and it never helped me.
Cancer runs in my family and I have seen what tests and more tests
and cemo have done for my family and now my friend. Like Dirk
said, doctors don't cure anyone of anything.

Read this book it is definitely worth the money.

FROM LORETTA CALVERT:

Reading both of Dirk's books was like sitting down with an old
friend and playing catch up. What a relief to see in black and white
ink, on paper I could touch, the thoughts and the truths I had
discovered (and continue to discover). The most amazing thing
about Dirk is not his looks or the characters he's played. He is a
special person because he is totally consistent in his belief system
(something rare these days and extinct in politics but I suppose that
was true even when Plato was around).

This is not just a health book. Dirk's books are about the highest
form of love--the love of one's self. What I mean is, you are no
good to anyone unless you get yourself in order first. Only after you
realize that everything you could ever need is within yourself can
you go out into the world and look for what popular movies refer to
as your soul mate. How can you find a perfect match unless you
truly know yourself? How can you be an effective parent who guides
your child if you aren't sure who you are and what you believe in?

I don't want to ramble so I will conclude with one other lesson I

hope people realize from Kamikaze Cowboy and Fishing. Celebrity
status (like money) only means what you think it means. Money is
paper with ink in a certain configuration easily faked lately on good
quality color printers. Celebrity status I don't even know what
definition to give that now that everyone is getting their 15 minutes
of fame parading their dirty laundry on talk shows. However, it is
clear that celebrities are human beings. They get sick, they eat, they
have bad hair days, they get acne, they sit in a bathroom stall like
any other human being so -- wake up and smell the coffee! We are
all human and yet we are each special in our own way. I am just as
important as the flavor of the month and so are you. Perhaps
someday the word will get out and star-chasers will break free of
delusional fantasies to see that "today is a gift, that's why they call
it the present."

FROM KATHY AMUNDSON:

I chose to review these books for two reasons.

The second reason is that one book touched on an interest of mine.

Specifically, "Confessions" dealt with healing oneself through a
proper diet. Dirk Benedict was diagnosed with prostate cancer at
age 26 and cured himself entirely through his own efforts of
following a strict macrobiotic diet. (A standard macrobiotic diet
made of whole grains, vegetables, beans, sea vegetables and soups,
along with guidelines to follow. For more information, go to
www.macrobiotics.org.)

The first reason is that I loved Benedict's character of Starbuck he

played on "Battlestar Galactica," the late 1970s sci fi series. A fangirl
like me would have to own the books.

So why would you want to read either book, particularly if you were
not a fan of Benedict? I think the person who should read
"Confessions" is someone who is fighting a serious illness now, or
wants to avoid one in the future. It is quite the wake-up call about
how we are responsible for our own health, or lack of it.

Having survived cancer through his own efforts, and achieved some
level of celebrity status, Benedict writes as the unwilling prophet of
doom and redemption. He knows that it is only because he is a
celebrity that his book will be published at all, so unpopular are his
ideas. He knows there will be something in this book that will annoy
everyone who dares to read it. He hopes, however, to plant a seed
of change in the reader's mind. If his story can kick someone in the
butt to change his or her ways and LIVE, then he has served his
purpose, however painful and annoying. "Confessions" has a rushed
tone to it. It is an urgent rant on the evils of the modern diet,
processed foods, the American Medical Association and the
American Cancer Society.

The book is quite personal and graphic, describing physical

attributes associated with being profoundly ill. For the person who
loves to read about the activities of the Hollywood stars, the book is
full of Benedict's sexual encounters and he does name names. It
may make some people nostalgic for the naiveté of the seventies,
before the intrusion of AIDS in the equation. The book is full of
extremes and excesses. It is not for the prude or the squeamish,
certainly. I had some illusions shattered, that’s for sure.

Then I pick up the second book, "And Then We Went Fishing," and
was surprised. Like night and day, it seemed to be about, and
written by, a totally different person. This book was sensitive,
almost poetic in its purpose. There is maturity in it. "Who wrote this
book," I thought, "and what have you done with Mr. Benedict?" It
interweaves the traumatic birth of his first child with flashbacks to
the sudden death of his father when Benedict was just 18.
Appropriate quotes from Hamlet are interspersed throughout the
narrative, as Benedict repeatedly encounters the ghost of his father,
who haunts him much like Hamlet was haunted by his own father.

I recommend this second book for the person who is intrigued and
touched by the heroics and heartaches of being a part of a family.
We are witnesses to Benedict's tender support, sweat and coaching
of his wife in her 43 plus hours of home labor. He is amazed at the
miracle of birth and in awe of a woman's power to bring forth life.
Through his eyes, we are also shown his father's untimely and
brutal death. Benedict's trauma, his unfinished relationship and his
constant wondering if there was some way he could have changed
the events that day are recounted and worried like a dog with a
bone.

This is a psychological journey and Benedict is providing the Triple-

A Guidebook. No historical markers are missed. If this book was a
way for him to work through and document feelings of loss, anger,
and frustration; one gets the impression he is only part of the way
through this process. In fact he is writing a third book now.

Go to Benedict's website at www.kamikazecowboy.com, read

excerpts from his third book. If you are engaged by his message
and his style, as I was, I recommend ordering the first two books.

Dirk Benedict is currently directing a screenplay he has written,

called "Cahoots," which he describes on his website as a "a script
that has been thrown against more walls in anger than any other in
the history of Hollywood."

Should be fun.

If you would like to voice your comment on this wonderful book

please email me and I will gladly post your review on this page.
Dirk_Central at Yahoo.com

Reference No. 14:

Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of

peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment
on human health. EHP is published by the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences and its content is free online. Print
issues are available by paid subscription.DISCLAIMER

NIEHS

NIH

DHHS
Current Issue
Cover of Current Issue
Volume 115, Number 4
April 2007

Ambient Particle Inhalation and the Cardiovascular System: Potential

Mechanisms

Ken Donaldson, Vicki Stone, Anthony Seaton, and William MacNee

* Background
* Acute versus Chronic Effects
* Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air
* Oxidative Stress Caused by Particles
* Oxidative Stress and the Cardiovascular System
* The Acute-Phase Response (APR)
* Conclusion

Abstract

Well-documented air pollution episodes throughout recent history

have led to deaths among individuals with cardiovascular and
respiratory disease. Although the components of air pollution that
cause the adverse health effects in these individuals are unknown, a
small proportion by mass but a large proportion by number of the
ambient air particles are ultrafine, i.e., less than 100 nm in
diameter. This ultrafine component of particulate matter with a
mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) may
mediate some of the adverse health effects reported in
epidemiologic studies and for which there is toxicologic evidence to
support this contention. The exact mechanism by which ultrafine
particles have adverse effects is unknown, but these particles have
recently been shown to enhance calcium influx on contact with
macrophages. Oxidative stress is also to be anticipated at the huge
particle surface ; this can be augmented by oxidants generated by
recruited inflammatory leukocytes. Atheromatous plaques form in
the coronary arteries and are major causes of morbidity and death
associated epidemiologically with particulate air pollution. In
populations exposed to air pollution episodes, blood viscosity,
fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were higher. More recently,
increases in heart rate in response to rising air pollution have been
described and are most marked in individuals who have high blood
viscosity. In our study of elderly individuals, there were significant
rises in CRP, an index of inflammation. In this present review, we
consider the likely interactions between the ultrafine particles the
acute phase response and cardiovascular disease. Key words: acute
phase response, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, coagulation,
inflammation, PM10. -- Environ Health Perspect 109(suppl 4) :523-
527 (2001) .

http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/suppl-4/523-
527donaldson/abstract.html

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Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 109, Supplement 4,

August 2001

Ambient Particle Inhalation and the Cardiovascular System: Potential

Mechanisms

Ken Donaldson,1,2 Vicki Stone,1,2 Anthony Seaton,3 and William

MacNee2

1Biomedicine Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier

University, Edinburgh, Scotland; 2Edinburgh Lung and the
Environment
Group Initiative, Colt Research Laboratories, Medical School,
Edinburgh, Scotland; 3Department of Environmental and
Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland

* Background
* Acute versus Chronic Effects
* Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air
* Oxidative Stress Caused by Particles
* Oxidative Stress and the Cardiovascular System
* The Acute-Phase Response (APR)
* Conclusion

Abstract
Well-documented air pollution episodes throughout recent history
have led to deaths among individuals with cardiovascular and
respiratory disease. Although the components of air pollution that
cause the adverse health effects in these individuals are unknown, a
small proportion by mass but a large proportion by number of the
ambient air particles are ultrafine, i.e., less than 100 nm in
diameter. This ultrafine component of particulate matter with a
mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) may
mediate some of the adverse health effects reported in
epidemiologic studies and for which there is toxicologic evidence to
support this contention. The exact mechanism by which ultrafine
particles have adverse effects is unknown, but these particles have
recently been shown to enhance calcium influx on contact with
macrophages. Oxidative stress is also to be anticipated at the huge
particle surface; this can be augmented by oxidants generated by
recruited inflammatory leukocytes. Atheromatous plaques form in
the coronary arteries and are major causes of morbidity and death
associated epidemiologically with particulate air pollution. In
populations exposed to air pollution episodes, blood viscosity,
fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were higher. More recently,
increases in heart rate in response to rising air pollution have been
described and are most marked in individuals who have high blood
viscosity. In our study of elderly individuals, there were significant
rises in CRP, an index of inflammation. In this present review, we
consider the likely interactions between the ultrafine particles the
acute phase response and cardiovascular disease. Key words: acute
phase response, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, coagulation,
inflammation, PM10. -- Environ Health Perspect 109(suppl 4):523-
527 (2001).

http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/suppl-4/523-
527donaldson/abstract.html

This article is based on a presentation at the Workshop on

Inhaled Environmental/Occupational Irritants and Allergens:
Mechanisms of Cardiovascular and Systemic Responses held 31
March to 2 April 2000 in Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.

Address correspondence to K. Donaldson, School of Life

Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Rd., Edinburgh EH10 5DT,
Scotland. Telephone: 0131 455 2262. Fax: 0131 455 2291. E-mail:
k.donaldson@napier.ac.uk

The authors acknowledge the support of the Medical Research

Council, the British Lung Foundation and the Colt Foundation. KD is
the Transco British Lung Foundation Fellow in Air Pollution and
Respiratory Health.

Received 22 December 2000; accepted 3 April 2001.

Background
Historical data (1) reveal well-documented air pollution episodes
that led to deaths, the majority of which occurred among
individuals with known cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
During a 5-day fog in December 1930, 63 people died in the Meuse
Valley in Belgium, with most deaths occurring on days 4 and 5 of
the episode. Older persons with previously known diseases of the
heart or lungs accounted for the majority of fatalities. In Donora,
Pennsylvania, 20 people died and approximately 7,000 experienced
acute illness in October 1948; people 55 years of age and older
were most severely affected. The episode in London in December
1952 resulted in at least 4,000 extra deaths, the greatest increase
being in those 45 years of age and older. Therefore, it has long
been suspected that particulate pollution may precipitate premature
death not only from lung but also from heart disease. In the last
decade it has become apparent this is still true, even at the much
lower particle concentrations prevalent today. Moreover, there is
also evidence that life in a polluted climate may contribute to long-
term risks of death from heart disease. It is not intuitively obvious
how low concentrations of particles in the lung could cause such
effects on another organ. This has led some to question the
causative conclusions drawn from the epidemiologic observations.
In 1995 we proposed a hypothetical mechanism whereby particles
reaching the lung lining cells could influence blood coagulability
and thus lead to heart disease (2). Our hypothesis required
addressing two mysteries. First, why should the pulmonary and
systemic effects be evident at such low airborne mass
concentrations compared to, for example, the U.K. occupational
nuisance dust standard. Second, how could such concentrations
influence the cardiovascular system as well as the lung? In
answering the first, we suggested that the number and possibly the
surface area rather then the mass concentration of particles were
driving the effect. In answering the second, we proposed that lung
inflammation might have effects on blood coagulability, which in
turn could provoke myocardial infarction. In the present article we
review subsequent investigations of these and related hypothetical
mechanisms for the effects of particulate matter with a mass
median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) on the
cardiovascular system. We focus especially on ultrafine particles
because they have been a major part of our research.
Acute versus Chronic Effects
The effects of ambient particles in epidemiologic studies are
conventionally considered to be either acute, seen in time-series
studies or chronic, seen in cohort studies. In this article we describe
both chronic and acute effects together, as the underlying
mechanisms are the unifying factor in this review. Furthermore, the
effects under discussion are largely speculative, at least regarding
mechanism, and it is difficult to define the nature of acute versus
chronic. There is reason, for example, to believe that multiple low-
level acute effects would culminate in a chronic effect. However,
Table 1 classifies the potential cardiovascular effects of particles
fairly arbitrarily as chronic or acute.

Table 1. Postulated effects of particles on the cardiovascular system

classified as to the time scale of the effect.

Effect
APR
Time scale
Acute
Thrombogenesis
Atherogenesis
Acute
Chronic
Cardiac arrhythmia
Atheromatous plaque
Acute

Acute/chronic Heart rate variability

destabilization/rupture
Acute or chronic

Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air

There is ample evidence that a small proportion by mass but a large
proportion by number of the particles in ambient air are ultrafine in
size, i.e., less than 100 nm in diameter (3-5). It has been suggested
(6-8) that the ultrafine component of PM10 may mediate some of
the adverse health effects reported in epidemiologic studies of the
relationship between exposure to environmental particles and
adverse health effects. Considerable toxicologic evidence supports
the idea that ultrafine particles have special toxicity compared to
the same material as larger particles (9). Other components of PM,
such as transition metals and endotoxin, could mediate adverse
effects, but these are not discussed extensively here.

The very small (< 50 nm) nucleation particles generated directly by

combustion and photochemical activity are unstable and persist
only briefly as singlet particles, aggregating to form larger
accumulation particles. These particles range in size from a few
tens of nanometers up to a micrometer or so (10). Ultrafine
particles from all sources aggregate readily if produced at a
sufficient concentration. They may also adhere to the surface of
larger nonultrafine particles to form heterogeneous aggregates.
Some of these accumulation particles would not be ultrafine by the
< 100 nm convention, but each would comprise ultrafine particles.
This leads to the questions, does this aggregation lead to loss of
toxicity, or do the larger particles retain the toxicity of their
component ultrafines? And, if the latter, what is the mechanism?
One obvious possibility is that they disaggregate on deposition in
the lung to release individual particles that then act as if they had
been inhaled as singlets. Aggregates of ultrafine particles of carbon
black instilled into the lungs of rats have been shown to generate
more inflammation than aggregates of nonultrafine carbon black
(11,12). This increase in toxicity may be a consequence either of
disaggregation into singlet particles or of the ability of particles in
aggregates to continue to exert effects via a large surface area.

Because most exposures occur indoors, the contribution of indoor-

derived particles such as environmental tobacco smoke could
potentially produce the effects described in this review.
Oxidative Stress Caused by Particles
Pathogenic Particles in General

There is extensive evidence that particles of various sorts

associated with lung disease, e.g., asbestos, coal mine dust, quartz,
cause oxidative stress in cell-free systems in exposed cells and in
lungs of rats after experimental exposure (13). There is a link
between oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of
oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors such as nuclear
factor kappa B (NF-*B) and activator protein 1, which control
proinflammatory genes via redox changes within the cell (14).

PM10 and PM2.5

There is accumulating evidence that PM10 and PM with a mass

median areodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) also have
intrinsic ability to cause oxidative stress in cell-free systems (15) in
cells exposed in vitro (16,17) and in exposed animals (18,19). The
mechanism of this oxidative stress is considered to be mediated by
transition metals, as shown by a number of studies (15,17,19).

Transition metals, derived from fuel combustion, are present in PM

along with ultrafines. The relative importance of these two potential
pathogenic factors is unclear, i.e., it is not clear whether there can
be generation of oxidative stress and inflammation from ultrafines
by mechanisms other than their ability to release transition metals
and subsequently generate a Fenton reaction in the lung milieu.
Understanding such mechanisms is of more than theoretical
importance; future control of the adverse effects of particulate
pollution will depend on an understanding of the toxic components
in order to set appropriate standards. Such standards, at least in
theory, might be based on particle numbers, numbers below a
certain diameter, surface area, or any component of the particle
such as metal content.

Ultrafine Particles

We have investigated ultrafine particles of carbon black [(ufCB); 14

nm primary particle diameter] that we had previously shown to have
greater inflammogenicity than nonultrafine respirable CB (260 nm
primary diameter) at low lung dose following instillation (11,12,20).
ufCB also causes more oxidative stress than the same mass of fine
CB to cells in culture, as measured by reduced glutathione (GSH)
levels.

We have investigated whether transition metals are responsible for

the additional ability of ufCB to cause inflammation compared to CB
at the same mass dose. Treatment of the ufCB with a transition
metal chelator, a maneuver that decreases the oxidative activity of
PM10 (21), had no effect on the ability of ufCB to cause
inflammation in rat lungs (12). Moreover, the soluble fraction
collected from the ufCB particles, which contains all the oxidative
(21) and inflammogenic (19) potential of some PM samples, did not
itself cause inflammation (12). We deduce from these experiments
that ultrafine particles of some types, including CB, can cause
inflammation via nontransition metal-mediated pathways.

The mechanism of the generation of oxidative stress is unknown,

but studies with the dye dichlorofluorescein, which fluoresces in the
presence of oxidants, have shown that ufCB has much more surface
free radical activity than nonultrafine CB, suggesting a direct
generation of oxidative stress at the particle surface (22).

There are chemical reasons for supposing that very small particles
may have much more reactive surfaces than the same material in
larger form, because of rearrangement of their surface atoms in
order to maintain their structure. Whatever the precise mechanisms,
evidence to date suggests that both a factor associated with the
size of particles and also the transition metals contained in them
may act separately as mediators of lung injury.

Modulation of Intracellular Calcium as a Mode of Action of Ultrafine

Particles
The various adverse health effects induced by exposure to PM are
likely to involve the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators
such as cytokines and chemokines. The intracellular pathways by
which PM, transition metals, and ultrafine particles modulate the
gene expression of proinflammatory mediators are uncertain.

Recent studies reveal that noncytotoxic doses of ufCB and ultrafine

latex particles induce alterations in calcium signaling in both
human monocytic cell lines and in rat bronchoalveolar lavage cells
(> 85% macrophages) (23,24). Intracellular calcium is involved in
the control of inflammatory responses to conditions such as sepsis
(25), as well as in the control of transcription factors such as NF-*B
and nuclear factor of activated T cells (26).

Interestingly, ultrafine particles have only a small, but significant,

effect on the resting cytosolic calcium concentration of
macrophages (24). The full effect of the ultrafine particles on
macrophages was not observed until a second stimulus,
thapsigargin, which releases endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores,
was added. In releasing these intracellular stores, thapsigargin, like
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, initiates an influx of extracellular
calcium via plasma membrane calcium channels. The ultrafine
particles enhanced this "calcium release-activated calcium current"
across the plasma membrane by as much as 2.5-fold (23,24). These
data suggest that in the presence of a second stimulus, for
example, a proinflammatory mediator, ultrafine particles can have a
substantial effect on intracellular calcium-signaling pathways and,
potentially, on expression of proinflammatory genes. Hence,
susceptible individuals, including those with preexisting
inflammation, may be more responsive to PM exposure because
they are already primed for calcium stimulation by cytokines in the
inflammatory milieu. Priming of type II epithelial cell lines by tumor
necrosis factor-* (TNF-*) enhances the interleukin (IL)-8 production
of these cells in response to residual oil fly ash or quartz exposure
(27).

The exact mechanism by which ultrafine particles are able to

enhance calcium influx on stimulation of the macrophages is
unknown; however, addition of antioxidants such as nacystelin or
mannitol partially inhibited the response (23), indicating a role for
reactive oxygen species in this pathway. In view of the central role
that calcium plays in the functions of cells, such findings lead to a
better understanding of the mode of action of ultrafines.
Oxidative Stress and the Cardiovascular System
Oxidative stress in the lungs following particle exposure is to be
anticipated for the reasons mentioned above. It is likely to arise first
at the particle surface and then be augmented by oxidants
generated by any recruited inflammatory leukocytes. It is central to
this review to consider what impact the generation of oxidative
stress in the lungs might have for the cardiovascular system.

Increased Airspace Epithelial Permeability

An important consideration is that oxidative stress, and especially

depletion of reduced GSH, can increase the permeability of the lung
epithelium (28), allowing passage of particles and particle-loaded
macrophages into the interstitium. This could allow particles access
to the endothelial cells, the blood, and potentially even to be
transported to other organs, although presently there is little
evidence to support this. Increased epithelial permeability may also
allow diffusible molecules produced in the lungs in response to
particles to enter the interstitium and possibly gain access to the
circulation. These mediators could include those shown in Table 2
and could have the effects shown.

Table 2. Mediators from lung cells that could have systemic effects.

Mediator Fibrinogen

Lung cell of origin Epithelial cells

Likely systemic effect Procoagulant

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-Alpha Factor VII

Macrophages, epithelial cells Lung macrophages

APR Procoagulant
Oxidized LDL
Atherogenic

Lung lining fluid Atheromatous Plaques

Atheromatous plaques form in arteries, and in the coronary arteries

are the underlying lesions leading to angina and myocardial
infarction, causes of morbidity and death associated
epidemiologically with particulate air pollution. We can differentiate
between chronic effects on atheroma formation and development,
and acute events that lead to plaque rupture. Plaque formation is
accelerated by increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
[and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol],
smoking, increased vasoactive amines, diets low in fruit and
vegetables and high in fat (particularly saturated fat), lack of
physical activity, and genetic predisposition. Many of these risk
factors, such as the intensity of exposure to air pollution, are
associated with socioeconomic deprivation. Increased oxidation of
LDL is a key feature of foam cell and atheroma development, and
transition metals can enhance both direct LDL oxidation (29) and
oxidation of LDL by monocytes (30). It is possible, therefore, that
transition metal-derived oxidants or other oxidative activity
generated by particles could oxidize LDL and this could be
proatherogenic.

Plaques typically contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells,

foam cells, and a lipid-rich core capped by a fibrous layer of
connective tissue and fibroblasts (31). The lipid core of the plaque
is highly thrombogenic, and when the plaque ruptures, thrombosis
in the vessel commonly results, leading to infarction (31,32). The
production and release of acute phase reactants, such as C-reactive
protein (CRP), as a result of increased inflammation have been
proposed as a marker of unstable atheromatous plaques and
underlying atherosclerosis (33). Thrombosis may also arise from
plaque endothelial erosion when there is denudation of the
overlying endothelium exposing the basement membrane (31).
Thrombus forms against this and adheres to the surface of the
plaque. Any effect of particle deposition in the lung that favors
either endothelial erosion, plaque rupture, or production of clotting
factors would increase the likelihood of a thrombus forming.
The Acute-Phase Response (APR)
APR and the Clotting System

In response to our original suggestion that air pollution effects on

the heart were mediated by increases in blood coagulability, Peters
et al. (34) investigated plasma viscosity, which is determined largely
by plasma fibrinogen concentration, in a population in relation to a
severe air pollution episode. They found that viscosity was higher
during the incident, suggesting that the pollution might have been
responsible. More recently, they have shown that increases in heart
rate in response to air pollution are most marked in individuals who
have high blood viscosity, perhaps defining a susceptible group
(34). Prescott et al. (35) also reported that people with high
concentrations of plasma fibrinogen might be more susceptible to
the adverse cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution.
Estimates of interaction of fibrinogen with a binary indicator of
black smoke pollution were 1.15 (confidence interval 0.93-1.44; p
= 0.2), so limitations of power meant that evidence relating this
interaction was not conclusive. In contrast, our own study of elderly
individuals found no significant changes in fibrinogen or factor VII
in relation to exposure to particles over a year, although we did find
rises in CRP, an index of inflammation, and falls in platelets and red
blood cells in relation to rises in PM10 (36). These results
suggested an effect of particles on endothelial function, leading to
sequestration of red cells and platelets, a response that could
theoretically impair circulation and promote thrombosis.

Ghio and co-workers report increased bronchoalveolar lavage

neutrophils and blood fibrinogen after inhalation of concentrated
ambient particles (CAPs) at exposures that ranged from 23.1 to
311.1 µg/m3 (37).

Fibrinogen, CRP, and factor VII are part of the acute-phase

response, which is mediated by cytokines released during
inflammatory reactions. Increases in any proteins of the clotting
cascade present an increased possibility of coagulation. In addition,
raised concentrations of fibrinogen and factor VII are recognized
long-term risk factors for myocardial infarction.

We have found increases in factor VII in rats following a short

exposure to ufCB but no such effect with nonultrafine CB (38).
However, we found no increase in fibrinogen up to 7 days
postexposure to ufCB in these experiments. Factor VII could be
produced in the liver by mediator signals from the lungs or could
be made in the lungs in situ by macrophages (39).

APR and cardiovascular disease. CRP is an acute-phase protein

produced in the liver in response to injury, infection, or other
inflammatory stimuli (40). Studies have shown a positive association
between CRP and coronary artery disease (41,42). In a survey of 388
British men 50-69 years of age, the prevalence of coronary artery
disease increased 1.5-fold for each doubling of CRP level (42). We
have shown an association between increases in PM10 and elevation
of plasma CRP (36). The explanation of the association of coronary
artery disease with CRP is thought to be in the atherogenic effects
of chronic inflammation (42,43), although it is conceivable that the
increase is due to cytokines released by cells in the plaques of
people with extensive atheroma.

CRP in plaques. If raised, CRP is per se a risk factor for

cardiovascular disease. Moreover, it appears to increase in
association with PM10 exposure, and there could be a link between
these two observations. Increased CRP could increase as a
consequence of plaque instability but might also contribute to it.
Certainly, CRP has been found in plaques, and from its disposition it
has been hypothesized that it facilitates the uptake of lipids by
macrophages accumulating in atherosclerotic lesions (44). It has
also been suggested that it might participate both in cytolysis,
enlarging the necrotic area in plaques, and/or in the phagocytic
scavenging of the necrotic tissue. (44). Facilitating uptake of lipid
and enlarging necrotic areas in plaques could be seen as
contributing to their instability. Enzymatic modification of tissue-
deposited LDL confers CRP-binding capacity on the molecule, which
enhances complement activation; this could lead directly to
recruitment of cells and enhanced inflammation in plaques, which
leads to destabilization (45). Such enzymatic modification could
arise from leukocyte proteases released from cells in the plaque.

Although CRP may contribute to plaque instability, it also has well-

documented anti-inflammatory effects. There may be a temporal
relationship in the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of CRP
that depends on the various microenvironments (such as acidity and
proteolytic activity) it experiences during the evolution of an
inflammatory focus (46).
As noted above, we have reported increased CRP in association with
rises in city center PM10 (36). This suggests that particles are able
to stimulate APR. In individuals with pre-existing high CRP and
already at risk, increases in PM10 may increase the likelihood of
plaque destabilization and rupture by further elevating CRP. The
mechanism for CRP increase is likely to be the production of the
APR, with cytokines produced in the lung passing to the liver and
stimulating CRP production. Individuals with unstable plaques and
with increased CRP as a marker of these events may thus have a
further increase by deposition of particles.

Although direct transport of particles or components of PM such as

ultrafine particles or metals to the liver cannot as yet be ruled out,
it seems unlikely that a biologically sufficient concentration would
reach the cells of the target organ after dilution in the circulation.

It is notable that CAPs alone have little effect on blood indices, as

shown by Clarke et al. (47) in dogs, although the concentrator used
in the study does not concentrate ultrafine particles.

Interactions between particles and CRP. In addition to being a

marker of risk, a mechanism for CRP as a pathogenic factor in
particle-exposed individuals comes from the known effects of CRP.
If deposition of particles in the lungs during high PM episodes
causes even mild inflammation, there could be increased
permeability that would allow CRP to enter the lungs more readily
from plasma, although increases in lung lining fluid CRP could also
arise from alveolar macrophage production of CRP (48). The
presence of CRP could modify the response to particles such that it
enhances their ability to cause inflammation. An obvious way this
could arise is via the complement-activating effects of CRP (49).
Any enhanced production of C5a could lead to increased
chemoattraction of cells to the particle-exposed lungs. CRP bound
to particles could also be an important modifier of the interaction of
CRP with the complement system inflammatory response, as CRP
has been reported to change its activity on becoming surface bound
(46).

There could also be direct effects from oxidative activities of

particles or their associated metals. Human CRP has been shown to
acquire the ability to augment platelet reactivity when treated with a
transition metal-ascorbate system that generates reactive oxygen
intermediates (50). CRP modified by such treatment showed no
appreciable activation of platelets in the absence of platelet
activators such as platelet-activating factor, thrombin, or adenosine
diphosphate; but in the presence of the modified CRP, irreversible
activation of platelets occurred with low doses of platelet-activating
factor and other stimulatory agents. Moreover, proteolytic
fragments of CRP are associated with activation of alveolar
macrophage TNF-* and macrophage chemotactic protein-1
production and upregulation of adhesion molecules (51). Such
proteolysis could be mediated by lung macrophages attempting to
phagocytose particles and therefore could be of potential
importance in forming an exaggerated response. More research on
the role of CRP in modifying the lung's response to particles is
warranted.

Evidence of Systemic Oxidative Stress in Susceptible Populations

and After Particles

Evidence indicates that systemic oxidative stress does occur in

groups at risk from the adverse effects of PM. Rahman and MacNee
(52) have shown decreases in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC), a global measure of plasma antioxidant capacity that
assesses all antioxidants including GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E
but does not discriminate between them, in the plasma of patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and those who
smoke. We have also reported that instillation of PM10 (11) and
inhalation of ufCB at 1 mg/m3 for 7 hr, decreased plasma TEAC in
rats (53), demonstrating systemic oxidative stress. The elderly have
been identified as being at risk from PM10, and one study in
asymptomatic elderly nuns has shown that those with increased
CRP, suggesting the presence of an inflammatory reaction, showed
a decreased antioxidant profile in plasma (54 ). Such individuals
could be susceptible to PM, as they already have oxidative stress
that could be augmented by further stress from particles. The
critically ill are also a potential target for the effects of PM10.
Increased oxidative stress has been observed in individuals with, for
example, sepsis, shock, the need for mechanical ventilation, organ
dysfunction, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and disseminated
intravascular coagulation. Similar changes have also been noted in
patients following surgery and in the presence of an acute-phase
response (55).
An animal model of cardiovascular disease (56), the spontaneously
hypertensive rat, had higher basal levels of oxidative stress,
measurable as bronchoalveolar lavage thiobarbituric acid
derivatives, than normal rats. On challenge with residual oil fly ash
there was greater injury in the hypertensive rats; they had an
attenuated antioxidant response which may have contributed to
injury. This supports the contention that cardiovascular disease
patients may have oxidative stress that is a susceptibility factor for
particle effects.
Conclusion
Good toxicologic evidence supports the contention that PM acts in
the lung to cause oxidative stress, and the epidemiologic evidence
provides the toxicologist with clues as to mechanisms for the
adverse actions of PM on the cardiovascular system. In this review
we have sought to bring these findings together, suggesting
pathobiologic processes whereby PM, and especially the ultrafine
component, might have effects on the cardiovascular system (Figure
1). Pathologic end points relevant to plaque rupture, endothelial
erosion, hemostasis, and coagulation should be used in toxicologic
studies. Transition metals could have essentially the same effects as
ultrafine particles in generating oxidative stress and adversely
affecting the cardiovascular system. The relative importance of the
components of PM such as ultrafine particles and transition metals
in causing the various known effects of PM requires considerable
further research effort.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Diagram of the hypothetical events leading from

deposition of particles in the lungs to ischemic events.

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Last Updated: August 16, 2001

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Reference No. 15

Ronald Kahn

ESI Special Topics, March 2004

Citing URL - http://www.esi-topics.com/nhp/2004/march-04-
CRonaldKahn.html

C. Ronald Kahn answers a few questions about this month's new hot
paper in the field of “Multidisciplinary Biology”.

From •>>March 2004

Field: Multidisciplinary
Article Title: "Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin
receptor in adipose tissue"
Authors: Bluher, M;Kahn, BB;Kahn, CR
Journal: SCIENCE
Volume: 299
Page: 572-574
Year: JAN 24 2003
* Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, 1 Joslin Pl, Boston, MA
02215 USA.
* Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
* Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
* Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.

ST: Why do you think your paper is highly cited?

The study sits at the intersection of multiple fields and addresses

a question that has been of interest for a long period of time to
biologists working on organisms from yeast to mammals—namely
what is the relationship between caloric intake, leanness and
longevity?

ST: Does it describe a new discovery or a new methodology that's

useful to others?

The use of tissue-specific knockouts of the insulin receptor

allowed us to separate out the important variables that could not be
easily separated using conventional experimental approaches.

ST: Could you summarize the significance of your paper in

layman's terms?

The most important finding from our studies was that low body
fat content can improve longevity even in animals eating normal or
increased amounts of food. Also, we demonstrated that blocking
insulin action in fat allows a mouse to eat all it wants, stay thin and
live longer.

ST: How did you become involved in this research?

We are interested in understanding insulin action in all tissues,

and in particular, in fat, the relationship between insulin action and
the accumulation of adipose tissue. End

C. Ronald Kahn, M.D.

President and Chairman of the Board, Joslin Clinic
Mary K. Iacocca Professor, Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

This paper was also featured in Fast Breaking Papers - October

2003.

ESI Special Topics, March 2004

Citing URL - http://www.esi-topics.com/nhp/2004/march-04-
CRonaldKahn.html

References: Extended Longevity in Mice

1. Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose ...

"2B) with previously described mathematical models (15)

revealed that extended longevity in FIRKO mice is associated with
both a shift in the age at which ..."
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5606/572

2. Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose ...

"The maximum longevity (average life-span of the 10%

longest lived mice) was significantly increased from 34.7 months in
the controls to 39.5 months in FIRKO ..."
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5606/572/F2

3. Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose ...

"Thus, a reduction of fat mass without caloric restriction can

be associated with increased longevity in mice, possibly through
effects on insulin signaling. ..."

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMe
d&list_uids=12543978

4. Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose ...

"Caloric restriction has been shown to increase longevity in

organisms ranging from yeast to mammals...."
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMe
d&list_uids=12543978&dopt=Abstract

5. Extended longevity in mice...

"Extended longevity in mice... Extended longevity in mice

lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue. Caloric restriction has
been shown to increase ..."
www.worldhealth.net/p/961,1919.html

6. (HGH) Clinical Research Abstracts

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose tissue.Caloric restriction has been shown to increase
longevity in organisms ranging from ..."
www.worldhealth.net/p/clinical-research-abstracts.html

7. Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose ...

"with FIRKO mice are consistent with the. view that leanness,
not food restriction, is a. key contributor to extended longevity. The
..."
stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/sci;299/5606/572.pdf

8. Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose ...

"Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose Tissue. Matthias Blüher, 1 Barbara B. Kahn, 2 C. Ronald
Kahn 1* ..."

stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;299/5606/572?ck=n
ck

9. Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose ...

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose tissue. Matthias BLÜHER, Barbara B KAHN, C Ronald KAHN
..."
 cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14514557

10. CAT.INIST

"Extended longevity of hypopituitary and GH-resistant mice

appears to be due to multiple mechanisms including reduced
insulin levels, enhanced insulin ..."
cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17037389

11. Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose ...

"Title: Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin

Receptor in Adipose Tissue Authors: Blüher, Matthias; Kahn, Barbara
B.; Kahn, C. Ronald Affiliation: ..."
adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...299..572B

12. Faculty of 1000 Biology | Extended longevity in mice lacking

the ...

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose tissue. Blüher M, Kahn BB, Kahn CR Science 2003 Jan 24
299(5606):572-4 ..."
www.f1000biology.com/article/id/1011842

13. Five Regions of The Future - Longevity and Insulin

"Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose Tissue. Science; 01/24/2003,; p. 572.
www.sciencemag.org ..."

www.fiveregionsofthefuture.com/region/entries/LongevityAndInsuli
n

14. Alzforum: Papers of the Week

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose tissue. Science. 2003 Jan 24 ; 299(5606):572-4. PubMed
Abstract ..."
www.alzforum.org/pap/annotation.asp?powID=25991

15. Alzforum: News

 "Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in
adipose tissue. Science. 2003 Jan 24 ; 299(5606):572-4Abstract ..."
www.alzforum.org/new/detail.asp?id=751

16. A Complex Dietary Supplement Extends Longevity of Mice --

Lemon et ...

"Here we report that longevity of both TGM and normal mice

is extended by this supplement. Treated TGM showed a 28%
increase (p <.00008) in mean longevity. ..."
biomed.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/content/full/60/3/275

17. A Forum for Commentaries on Recent Publications. FIRKO

Mouse ...

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose tissue. Science.. 2003;299:572-574.[Abstract/Free Full
Text]; Wolkow CA, Kimura KD, ..."

biomed.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/content/full/58/10/B871

18. Longevity in mice: is stress resistance a common factor?

"extended longevity. It is worthy of mention that GH

administration. to dwarf mice, in vivo and in vitro, downregulates.
the oxidative defense capacity (GPX, ..."
www.springerlink.com/index/T267W83681851241.pdf

19. Introduction

"ity in laboratory stocks of mice. Careful investiga-. tion into

these special cases of extended longevity. can reveal mechanisms
that modulate the rate of ..."
www.springerlink.com/index/17Q8U1078GP1P483.pdf

20. Longevity Consortium: Insulin Signaling Gene Expression in

Long ...

"A website about the Longevity Consortium. ... is to identify

which genes show changes in expression in life-extended mutant
and calorically restricted mice, ..."
 www.longevityconsortium.org/projects/

21. The Genetics of Human Longevity

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin. receptor in

adipose tissue. Science 2003;299:572-4. 47. Kiechl S, Lorenz E,
Reindl M, et al. ..."

www.longevityconsortium.org/resources/publications/The_Genetics
_of_Human_Longevity.pdf

22. Aging research; molecular concepts of aging, related

diseases and ...

"The extended longevity of the lit/lit mice shows that

alteration in the GH/IGF-I axis can be sufficient to lead to lifespan
extension, and add a fifth ..."
www.innovitaresearch.org/news/02112001.html

23. Aging research; molecular concepts of aging, related

diseases and ...

"Extended longevity (about 20%) and small body size also are
seen in transgenic mice that express high brain levels of urokinase-
type plasminogen activator; ..."
www.innovitaresearch.org/news/03082201.html

24. Slow

"Because only a small proportion of wild mice will breed in

captivity, ... We are conducting a study to see if the extended
longevity of the Snell dwarf ..."
www-personal.umich.edu/~millerr/Mutant_mice.htm

25. IngentaConnect Selection for maximum longevity in mice

"Selection for maximum longevity in mice. Authors: Harrison

D.E.1; Roderick T.H. ... When life spans of a species are extended,
all biological systems must ..."

www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/05315565/1997/00000032
/00000001/art00034
 26. IngentaConnect Gene expression profile of long-lived Ames
dwarf ...

"To gain further insight into the molecular basis for the
extended longevity of these mice, we used oligonucleotide
microarrays to measure levels of ..."

www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/ace/2004/00000003/0000
0006/art00011

27. BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life

"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

adipose tissue. Science 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):572-4 Holzenberger
M, Dupont J, Ducos B, Leneuve P, ..."
www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/m_longevityPathway.asp

28. Genetics Lifespan extension and delayed immune and

collagen aging ...

"Delayed Occurrence of Fatal Neoplastic Diseases in Ames

Dwarf Mice: Correlation to Extended Longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci
Med Sci 58: B291-296 [Abstract] ..."

sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/pnas;98/12/6736?&vi
ew=print

29. A Mutant Drosophila Insulin Receptor Homolog That Extends

Life ...

"Extended Longevity in Mice Lacking the Insulin Receptor in

Adipose Tissue. Science 299: 572-574 [Abstract] [Full text];
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30. Insulin Levels Linked to Longevity & Weight Gain Breaking

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m=/&p=no&s=0

31. Insulin Levels Linked to Longevity & Weight Gain

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in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue. Science. 2003
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36. EMF Award: Extension of Longevity in p53 Mutant Mice

"Our hypothesis is that a significant fraction of these partially

mutant p53 mice may avoid early tumors and display extended
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37. EMF Award: Early Hormonal Signaling and Longevity: Role of

Long ...

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38. BIOLOGY, FRUIT FLIES, AND HUMANS: CAN EXTENDED

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primates, ... Genomic plasticity, energy allocations, and the
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"Hippocampal Long-term Potentiation, Memory, and

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108 (4 ...

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"In mice, inactivation of the growth hormone receptor

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52. Multiplex stress resistance in cells from long-lived dwarf

mice

"First, they support the idea that the extended longevity. and
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53. The Grandparents of Tomorrow: Winning the War Against

Aging

"Results are also promising in mammals: Scientists have

extended longevity in mice by 50% through genetic interventions. If
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54. Role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor

system in ...

"Extended longevity of hypopituitary and GH resistant mice

appears to be due to multiple mechanisms including reduced
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"In mice, disruption of INSR in adipose tissue extends

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7 Bluher, M. et al. (2003) Extended longevity in mice lacking the
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59. AGE News February 2005

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is now ... bly be assumed to represent a marker of GH and IGF-1
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f

60. AGE Newsletter

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are long-lived and what ... evidence for extended longevity of these
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61. ScienceDirect - Surgical Neurology : Research news and notes

 "M. Bluher, B.B. Kahn and C.R. Kahn, Extended longevity in
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62. ScienceDirect - The American Journal of Medicine : The

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63. Nutrition & Metabolism | Full text | Canavanine-induced

longevity ...

"Canavanine-induced longevity in mice may require diets

with greater than 15.7% protein ... and extended life span was not
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411 ...

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"Extended longevity in mice lacking the. insulin receptor in

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66. Faculty: C. Ronald Kahn, B.A., M.D., M.S., D.Sc.

"Bluher M, Kahn BB, Kahn CR.(2003) Extended longevity in

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67. Antioxidant Genes, Hormesis, and Demographic Longevity

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68. Book Reviews

"be primarily dependent on increases in their ba-. sal

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69. GENETICS OF LONGEVITY AND AGING - Annual Review of

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70. Gordon Research Conferences - 2001 Program (Aging,

Biology Of)

"Metabolic Pathways for Extended Longevity in Yeast; Dr.

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"Growing Evidence Links Resveratrol to Extended Life Span ...

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"... positive correlation between resistance to stress and

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75. Why Longevity is Extended by Restricting Food Gets New

Look

"Why Longevity is Extended by Restricting Food Gets New

Look ... After that, they hope to study the process in mice, and
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lower thyroid hormone concentrations than shorter living strains,”
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AND THE SEARCH ...

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...

"mice with extended longevity. Immunohistochemical

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"Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in

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80. Longevity Meme Newsletter

"... links calorie restriction with extended longevity in

humans. ... For example, there are "mice that produce growth
hormone but cannot respond to it. ..."

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longevity in ...

"(one gene mutation - more longevity in mice)(Brief Article)

from Newsweek ... the team significantly extended the life span of
mice, providing hope that we ..."

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82. DGAP: Resources

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83. JSTOR: Lifespan Extension and Delayed Immune and Collagen

Aging in ...

"A preliminary )ort (27) of extended longevity in knockout

mice in which the I receptor has been rendered nonfunctional lends
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84. Mitotic Activity in Mice is Suppressed by Energy Restriction ...

"Mitotic Activity in Mice is Suppressed by Energy Restriction-

Induced Torpor1 ... of cancer and greatly extended longevity in
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85. Nutrition and Longevity in the Rat: II. Longevity and Onset of
...

"The extended longevity of the restricted rats was not

associated with immaturity. ... Dietary restriction in mice beginning
at 1 year of age: effect on ..."
jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/3/255

86. Evolution, stress, and longevity

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87. New Hot Paper Comment by C. Ronald Kahn

"Article Title: "Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin

receptor in adipose tissue" Authors: Bluher, M;Kahn, BB;Kahn, CR
Journal: SCIENCE Volume: 299 ..."
www.esi-topics.com/nhp/2004/march-04-
CRonaldKahn.html

88. ScienceCareers.org | The Mouse that Roared: Chen: 29

August 2003

"Andrzej Bartke began studying reproductive hormones in

dwarf mice as a grad ... extended longevity in another line of
midget rodents called Laron mice, ..."

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89. Genetics of aging: implications for drug discovery and

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90. Genetics of aging: implications for drug discovery and

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91. "B" Index of First Author's Last Name - HGJC Past

Presentations
 "Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in
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al. ..."
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92. UTHSCSA Department of Physiology - Faculty Profiles

"The goal of a second area of study in the laboratory is to

determining whether this hypoinsulinemia directly contributes to
extended longevity. Mice ..."
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93. UTHSCSA Department of Physiology - Faculty Profiles

"Extended longevity of wild-derived mice is associated with

peroxidation-resistant membranes. Mech. Aging Dev. 127: 653-
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94. Are mice calorically restricted in nature?

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95. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III

"Dev Cell 3, 25-38 Blüher M, Kahn BB, Kahn CR (2003)

Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose
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96. Longevity Genes: From Primitive Organisms to Humans

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Longevity Genes Identified in Mice ... response to selection in
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97. gene db
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98. Effects of Dietary Restriction on the Expression of Insulin ...

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99. Insulin Signaling in the Central Nervous System

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100. Nutrition and Health Archive & Information

"Bluher, Khan BP, Kahn CR, Extended longevity in mice

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Reference No: 16

mice ascorbic gene deletion GULO - Google Search

1. Spontaneous fractures in the mouse mutant sfx are caused by

...

"Histomorphometric analyses of bones from sfx mice

revealed that bone ... that ascorbic acid deficiency caused by
deletion of the GULO gene (38146-bp region) ..."
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMe
d&list_uids=16059632&dopt=Abstract

2. Aortic wall damage in mice unable to synthesize ascorbic acid

"There therefore can be little doubt that deletion of the

sequences ... The homozygous mice lack Gulo gene expression as
shown in the Northern blot ..."
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=15418

3. Depletion of Ascorbic Acid Restricts Angiogenesis and Retards

...

"... ascorbic acid and do not require dietary vitamin C.

Recently, mice bearing a homozygous deletion of the l-gulono-γ-
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4. Aortic wall damage in mice unable to synthesize ascorbic acid

"systems of humans and mice: humans (and other primates)

lack. the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid because of a loss of.
function in the gene (Gulo) ..."
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5. JSTOR: Aortic Wall Damage in Mice Unable to Synthesize

Ascorbic Acid

"There therefore can Lion be little doubt that deletion of the

sequences containing ... The homozygous mice lack Gulo gene ;lyc-
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6. Intragenic deletion in the gene encoding L-gulonolactone

oxidase ...

"Intragenic deletion in the GULO gene in vitamin C-deficient

pigs. A. Schematic representation of ... acid intake on biosynthesis
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7. A deletion causing spontaneous fracture identified from a ...

"oxidase gene (GULO) which is a candidate for vitamin ...

(2000) Aortic wall damage in mice unable to. synthesize ascorbic
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8. Ascorbic Acid Deficiency, genetics

"We established that ascorbic acid deficiency caused by

deletion of the GULO gene (38146-bp region) contributes to
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lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:24620

9. Chadwick,RB

"MRL/Mpj mice are the only known strain of mouse that can
regenerate cardiac ... that ascorbic acid deficiency caused by
deletion of the GULO gene (38146-bp ..."
lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:Chadwick,RB

10. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THE

SYNTHESIS AND ...

"The L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase gene (GULO) which is

a candidate for ... of exogenous ascorbic acid intake on
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11. Genetic Profiling Defines the Xenobiotic Gene Network

Controlled ...

"We have also "humanized" these mice by introducing

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12. febs_5607 1..22

 "Neuenschwander S (2004) Intragenic deletion in the. gene
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13. Latest papers on Microscopy, Electron, Transmission,

"In the present study, we used Gulo-/- mutant mice, which

are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid, to study the importance of
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buchta.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:2685/pmid

14. lacZ - beta-D-galactosidase

"Germ cell mutagenesis in lacZ transgenic mice treated with

methyl methanesulfonate. ... Cgal delta 3 is an immediate-early
gene 3 (IE 3) deletion mutant of ..."
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15. CYTB - cytochrome b

"The "infectious" cytb gene seems to be under purifying

selection and to be ... Cells containing a mitochondrial DNA
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16. Latest papers on Mice, >> similar papers

"Furthermore, ascorbic acid depletion in mice incapable of

synthesizing ascorbic acid (Gulo(-/-)) dramatically restricts the in
vivo growth of implanted ..."
fensome.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:431/pmid/sim

17. WebLsd

"Beginning at 6 weeks of age, the Gulo(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice w.

... 152 ...restricted deletion of the Cdk5 gene in specific neurons
beginning around embryonic ..."
 wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/cgi-
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ning

18. Goosing the Antithesis: Idiot, Liar, or Lunatic?

"Are you also familiar with the GULO psuedogene that if

taken your ... highly mutated gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone
oxidase, the key enzyme for L-ascorbic ..."
goosetheantithesis.blogspot.com/2005/08/idiot-liar-or-
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19. Functional Genomics and Biotechnological application in

animal ...

"GULO gene expression in the pig. Among all animals

(deficient animals ( ... Enzymatic formation of ascorbic acid in liver
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e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=habil&nr=15∂=text

20. BRENDA: Entry of L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)(EC-

Number ...

"Fatty Liver, Hepatic gene expression changes in mouse

models with liver-specific deletion or global suppression of the
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene. ..."
brenda.bc.uni-koeln.de/php/result_flat.php3?ecno=1.1.2.3

21. Escherichia coli

"The cloned xseA gene can complement an xseA deletion

mutant strain . ... studies in mice with a beta-galactosidase-Sj26
fusion protein from Escherichia coli ..."
www.bionewsonline.com/a/2/e_coli_bacteri_s.htm

22. Escherichia coli

"DNA sequence analysis of three independently selected

mutations revealed, in each case, a deletion of a single base pair in
the cro gene . ..."
www.bionewsonline.com/n/1/e_coli_bacteria_f.htm
 23. SOT 2005 A M 1

"pound knockout mice, Jnk1-/-Mekk1+/- and Jnk2-/-

Mekk1+/-, to test the gene dose. effects of the JNK pathway on
CYP1A1 induction. We found that deletion of ..."
www.toxicology.org/AI/FA/2005_Toxicologist.pdf

24. REFERENCE GUIDE

"In this breakthrough study, the authors inactivated the gene

for L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase,. a key enzyme in ascorbic acid
synthesis, thus generating mice ..."
www.themitochondria.com/book/mito.pdf

25. hippocampus (hippocampal)

"... tangles and cerebral hemorrhage in an aged wolverine

(Gulo gulo). ... visuospatial learning defects in mice with a deletion
of frizzled 9, a gene in the ..."
www.arclab.org/node_pages/154.html

26. This is only an index, please consult the main website to

perform ...

"Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion

polymorphism and carotid ... by mouse oocytes in vitro: FSH,
insulin, glucose and ascorbic acid. ..."
www.diabetesscience.net/articleindex.php?year=2000

27. Abstracts

"mosomal deletion in the Mexican axolotl (Siredon.

mexicanum) involving the nucleolar organizer. and the gene for
dark color. ..."
icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/3/337.pdf

28. NTNU - Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet

"Cell lines in cell culture and in nude mice. In Omega-3 Fatty

Acids; Metab. ... 1964 Jensen, A. Ascorbic acid in Ascophyllum
nodosum, Fucus serratus and ..."
www.biotech.ntnu.no/publistno.html
 29. Dep of Biotech

"Cell lines in cell culture and in nude mice. In Omega-3 Fatty

Acids; Metab. ... Jensen, A. Ascorbic acid in Ascophyllum nodosum,
Fucus serratus and Fucus ..."
www.biotech.ntnu.no/files/publikasjoner_E/

30. fn isi export format vr 1.0 pt j

"Transcription and expression of the mFKN gene in tumor

tissue of mice ... JP TI Volatile compounds from anal glands of the
wolverine, Gulo gulo SO JOURNAL ..."
www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~mh/pp/hu_2005_1-500.txt

31. RGD_ID STRAIN_SYMBOL FULL_NAME ORIGIN SOURCE

STRAIN_TYPE 10000 ACI ...

"This resistance was not abrogated by deletion of host's

leukocytes using ... copy of mouse opsin gene with a proline to
histidine substitution at codon 23. ..."
rgd.mcw.edu/pub/data_release/STRAINS

32. CONTENTS

"L-Gulono- -lactone oxidase gene-inactivated mice (gulo-/-

mice)- ... The insertion/deletion in the "neck" region was analyzed
..."

www.elsevier.com/homepage/sah/spd/2007sample_pdfs/abst/15c
hes.pdf

47. Olericulture - References 2231

"A eeg analysis of drug effects after mild head injury in mice
... A familial contiguous gene deletion syndrome at Xp22.3
characterized by severe learning ..."
olericulture.org/002/230/index.html

48. Olericulture - References 2184

 "6 mercapto purine treatment of pregnant mice effects on
2nd and 3rd generation ... 6-Deoxy-nojirimycin and 6-deoxy-
gulo-Nojirimycin in the racemic and ..."
olericulture.org/002/183/index.html

Reference No. 17:

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

PubMed
1: Genomics. 2004 Mar;83(3):482-92.
Functional rescue of vitamin C synthesis deficiency in human
cells using adenoviral-based expression of murine l-gulono-
gamma-lactone oxidase.

* Ha MN,
* Graham FL,
* D'Souza CK,
* Muller WJ,
* Igdoura SA,
* Schellhorn HE.

Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,

Canada L8S 4K1.

l-Gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase (GULO) is a critical enzyme

present in most mammalian species that is required for the terminal
step in vitamin C biosynthesis. Primates are absolutely dependent
on exogenously supplied dietary vitamin C due to inactivation of the
Gulo gene by mutation over 40 million years ago. In this study, we
report the cloning and expression of the murine l-gulono-gamma-
lactone oxidase cDNA and gene. The cDNA (2.3 kb) encodes an
open reading frame of 440 amino acids that shows high homology
to the rat l-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase (>94%). The Gulo gene
is 22 kb long and contains 12 exons. The 11 introns range in size
from 479 to 5641 bp. Northern blot analysis revealed high
expression of Gulo transcript in the liver. To investigate whether
metabolic loss of vitamin C biosynthesis in human cells can be
corrected by heterologous expression of GULO, we constructed a
first-generation adenoviral vector expressing the murine GULO
cDNA under the transcriptional control of the murine
cytomegalovirus (MCMV) early promoter. Low rescue efficiency of
Gulo-expressing adenoviral constructs and reduced viral growth in
HEK293 cells were observed, suggesting that overexpression of
Gulo may be inhibitory to cell growth. Placement of a removable
stuffer fragment flanked by lox sites between the MCMV promoter
and the Gulo gene resulted in efficient vector rescue and normal
viral replication in parental HEK293 cells and high-level expression
of Gulo in HEK293 cells expressing Cre recombinase. Cells infected
with Gulo-expressing vectors overexpressed an FAD-containing
protein that corresponded in size to that predicted for recombinant
GULO protein and expressed a functional enzyme as measured by
the conversion of l-gulono-gamma-lactone to ascorbic acid in cell-
free extracts. The cloning of the murine Gulo cDNA and the
construction of Gulo-expressing adenoviral vectors are vital steps
toward determining the role of vitamin C in basic metabolism and in
disease.

PMID: 14962674 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related Links

* Guinea pigs possess a highly mutated gene for L-gulono-

gamma-lactone oxidase, the key enzyme for L-ascorbic acid
biosynthesis missing in this species. [J Biol Chem. 1992] PMID:
1400507
* A missense mutation of L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase
causes the inability of scurvy-prone osteogenic disorder rats to
synthesize L-ascorbic acid. [J Biol Chem. 1992] PMID: 1400508
* Molecular basis for the deficiency in humans of
gulonolactone oxidase, a key enzyme for ascorbic acid
biosynthesis. [Am J Clin Nutr. 1991] PMID: 1962571
* Ascorbic acid synthesis due to L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase
expression enhances NO production in endothelial cells. [Biochem
Biophys Res Commun. 2006] PMID: 16737683
* Expression in monkey cells of the missing enzyme in L-
ascorbic acid biosynthesis, L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase.
[Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991] PMID: 2049088
* See all Related Articles...

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Apr 30 2007 04:56:27

* http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/WG/Views/Exhibit/documents/szeged.html

__________________________________________________________________

**The title of this book:

Slow Suicide
-words and music by JamisonParker [interscope]

It’s the nightlife

That gets them off
So desperately they wait for
The excuse of love

We live like vampires

And we, we, we love like killers
We all die like infants
And we trust like mirrors

It’s the smoke and the drinks, and the smiles that it brings
It’s the pain and the sex disguised as innocence

Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do

Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do

It’s the love of guilt that forms the habit

Of being dramatically overdramatic

We live like vampires

And we, we, we love like killers
We all die like infants
And we trust like mirrors

It’s the smoke and the drinks and the smiles that it brings
It’s the pain and the sex disguised as innocence
It’s the smoke and the drinks and the smiles that it brings
(It's a desperate race for desperate people, to find their place before
desperate heroes)
It’s the pain and the sex disguised as innocence
(It's a desperate race for desperate... and they sing)

Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do

Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do
Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do
Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do

The songs they sing are in the key of the illusion of pain and it's
irony
In the midst of lust and dropping names, the drugs, they numb, and
they keep us sane
The songs they sing are in the key of the illusion of pain and it's
irony
In the midst of lust and dropping names, the drugs, they numb, and
they keep us sane

Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do

Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do
Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do
Slow suicide, like it or not it’s what we do

Best regards,
DrP.