Barvana Serva Press

LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
Miss Esther F. Greene

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Anthon's Latin Grammah — P,
-
FIRST LATIN LESSONS,

•-
CONTAININO
THE XOST IMFORTANT PART8 OF THB
GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE,

TOOETHER
WITH APPROPRIATI EXERCISE8 IN TEE TRANB-

LATING AND WRITINO OF
LAT I N,
THE USB OF BEGINNERS.
CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D.,
8AT-PROFESSOR OF THR ORRRK ARD LATIR LANOUAOES IN COLUMBlA COLLIOB,

NEW-YORR, AND RRCTOS OF THE ORAMMAR-SCHOOL.
>
NEW-YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, 82 CLIFF-STREET.
1846.
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455783
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the yew 1838, by
Charles Anthon.
ui the Clerk's Offic* of the Southem District of New-YorM
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TO THE
REV. WILLIAM C. LARRABEE, A.M.,

PRINCIPAL OF THB MAINB WB8LEYAN 8BMINABY,
WHO HAS
RECOMMENDED HIMSELF TO THE FRIENDS OF LITERATURB
BY HI8 TALENT8 AND TIRTUES,
AND ESPECIALLY BY HIS UNTIRING LABOUR8 IN THE
CAUSE OF SOUND EDUCATION,
THIS WORK
18 RESFECTFULLY AND SINCERB Y DEDICATEDw
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PREFACE
TO THE SIXTH EDITION.
The object of the present work is to make the jpong

student practically acquainted, at each step of his prog-
ress, with those portions of the grammar which he may
from time to time commit to memory, and which re-

late principaUy to the declension of nouns and conju-
gation of verbs. The advantages which this system

has over the old method of teaching the Latin gram-
mar are so obvious as hardJy to require any particular
mention. By the old plan the student was required to
plod through his grammar several times before he was
allowed to enter on the process of translation, and, as
a natural consequence, he acquiied a disrelish for the
language on its very threshold, while many things were
continually escaping from his memory which might
have been firmly fixed there had something like the
present plan been adopted.
The work here offered to the public purposes to rem-
edy this evil. As soon as the beginner has mastered
some principle relative to the inflections of the lan-
guage, his attention is directed to exercises in transla-
tingand writing Latin, which call for a practical appli-
cation of the knowledge he may have thus far acquired
and in this way he is led on by easy stages, until he is
made thoroughly acquainted with all the important rules
that regulate the inflections of the Latin tongue.
The work ends with a brief sketch of Latin syntax,
the main object of which is to give the student merely
a general idea of this part of Latin grammar, prepar-
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PKEFACE.
atory to his entering on the Secand Part. This Second

Part forms a separate volume, and is arranged on a plan
closely resembling that of the present work, the object
being to make the student acquainted, by exercises in wri-
ting Latin, with not only the general principles, but also
the nicer points, of the Syntax of that tongue. These two
parts, therefore, willform a Grammar of the Latin Lan-
gvage, possessing this decided advantage over other gram-
mars, in its containing a complete course of exercises, which
have a direct bearing on each step of the studentfs prog-
ress ; while the subject of Prosody, which is crowded into
a corner of the ordinary school-grammars, will be found
discussed in a separate work just published. The author's
Latin Prosody, therefore, may not unaptly be regarded as
forming the third part of his Latin Lessons, and comple-
ting, in fact, his Grammar of the Latin Tongue.
The gramraatical portion of the present volume is
based upon the excellent work of Zumpt, as it appears

in the translation of Kenrick. The exercises have
been taken from some of the best collections prepa-
red by the scholars of Germany, and, wherever they
require any previous acquaintance with the Latin syn-
tax, such aid is always afforded at the outset.
It remains but to add that the vocabulary at the end
of the volume has been made as complete as possible,

and that several words that were omitted in preparing
it are now printed in the form of a supplement.
Columbia CoUege, New-York, i
Sept. 1, 1841. J
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CONTENTS.
Alphabet 1
Vowels and Diphthongs 1-2
Consonants 2
Parts of Speech 2
Noun 3
Declensions of the Noun 2
General rules for declension 3
First Declension 4-7
Exercises on the First Declension 8-11
Second Declension 12-16
Exercises on the Second Declension 17-20
First and Second Declensions of Adjectives . . . 20-23
Exercises on Adjectives 23-26
Third Declension 26-47
Remarks on the cases of the Third Declension . 47-52
Exercises on the Third Declension 52-63
Third Declension of Adjectives 63-68
Exercises on Adjectives of Third Declension . . 69-71
Fourth Declension 71-74
Exercises on the Fourth Declension 74-76
Fifth Declension 76-77
Exercises on the Fifth Declension 77-79
Heteroclites 81-82
Comparison of Adjectives 83-87
Exerciseson Comparison 87-92
Numerals 92-95
Exercises on the CardinaJ Numbers 96-98
Exercises on the Ordinal Numbers 99-101
Exercises on the Distributive Numbers .... 103-105
Pronouns 105-121
Exercises on the Pronouns . . , . . . . . 121-128
Verb 128-135
Conjugation of the Verb 135
Formation of the Tenses . , _ . . ._ . . . 136-141
Auxiliary Verb Sum 141-143
Exercises on Sum and 'Compounds
its 144-147
Firet Conjugation, Active Voice 148-151
CONTENTS.
Exercises on the Active Voicc, First Conjugation . 151-155

First Conjugation, Passive Voice 155-159
Exercises on the Passive Voice, First Conjugation 159-162
Irregular Verbs of the First Conjugation .... 163-164
Exercises on Irregular Verbs, First Conjugation . 161-165
Deponent Verbs of the First Conjugation .... 166
Exercises on Deponents of the First Conjugation 166-167
.
Second Conjugation, Active Voice 168-171

Exercises on the Active Voice, Second Conjugation 171-174
Second Conjugation, Passive Voice 175-178
Exercises on the Passive Voice, Second Conjugation 178-180
Deponents of the Second Conjugation 181
Exercises on Deponents of Second Conjugation . 181-182
Third Conjugation, Active Voice 183-186
Exercises on the Active Voice, Third Conjugation 186-190
Third Conjngation, Passive Voice 190-193
Exercises on the Passive Voice, Third Conjugation 193-195
Exercises on Deponents of the Third Conjugation 196-197
Fourth Conjugation, Active Voice 198-201
Exercises on the Active Voice, Fourth Conjugation 201-203
Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice 203-206
Exercises on the Passive Voice, Fourth Conjugation 207-208
Exercises on Deponents of the Fourth Conjugation 208-209
Remarks on the Conjugations 210-213
Exercises on the Gerunds and Supines .... 213-215
Exercises on the Gerundives . , , ,, , . . 216-218
Irregular Verbs 219-227
Exercises on the Irregular Verbs 227-230
Defective Verbs 237-240
Exercises on the Defective Verbs 240-242
Impersonal Verbs 242-244
Adverbs . 244-245
Exercises on Adverbs 245-247
Prepositions 247-250
Exercises on Prepositions 256-259
Conjunctions 259-261
Exercises on Conjunctions 261-263
Interjections 263-264
Sketch of Latin Syntax 264-277
Dictionary 279-363
LATIN LESSONS
I. ALPHABET.
I. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, exccpt
in itswanting the w, and also the capital y.
II. The w can only be used when modern names are to
be expressed in Latin. The smaller y occurs merely in

words derived immediately from the Greek; as, syllaba,
Cyrus, and corresponds to the Greek upsilon or u.
III. The reason of no capital

y appearing in Latin is
simply this : every Greek word beginning with an upsilon
has that upsilon aspirated, that is, pronounced as if com-
mencing with an h ; hence no word in Latin can begin
with a y, but must always commence with hy.
IV. H is only an aspiration, and therefore, when joined
with a consonant, does not lengthen the preceding vowel.
V. J and v were written by the Latins with the same
ietters as the vowels i and u, namely, I and V, but were
%
distinguisked in pronunciation.
VI. K became a supernuous letter, C having supplied its
place ; but it still continued to be employed in a few words,

when followed by the vowel a, as, for example, in Kalenda.
VTL Z occurs only in words derived from the Greek.
n. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.

I. Six of the letters are vowels, namely, a, e, j, o, u, y
the remainder are consonants.
II. The vowels are combined into eight diphthongs,
namely, ae, oe, ai, ei, oi, ui, au, eu.
III. The diphthongs ei, oi, ui, occur, however, only in a

l
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2 CONSONANTS. PARTS OF SPEECH.
few words, chiefly interj/ctions, as hci, eia, oiei, hui, and

when dein, proin, huic, cui, are contracted into one syllable,
as they commonly are in verse. The diphthong ei was

written for the long t in heic (for hic, "here"), and queis
(for quis, i. e., quibus), and in those accusatives plural of the
third declension which are formed in is ; as, omneis, arteis,
for omnes, artes.

IV. The diphthong yi, occurring, for example, in Har*
pyia (three syllables), is nothing more than the Greek ui (vi)
III. DIVISION OF CONSONANTS.

I. The consonants are divided into semi-vowels and mutcs.
II. The semi-vowels are /, l, m, n, r, s, v ; the remaining
consonants are mutes, and are so called because they can-
not be formed without an interruption of the sound by the
closing of the lips, on which account they always need an
accompanying vowel in order to be fully enunciated.
III. Four of the semi-vowels, namely, l, m, n, r, are
called liquids, from the ease with which, in pronunciation,

they follow other consonants.
IV. X and Z are double consonants, the former bein*
equivalent to cs, ks, or gs, and the latter to ds.
V. The consonants, exclusive of the liquids, are divided,
according to the organ by which they are enunciated, irito
labials, palatals, and dentals.

VI. The labials are formed bythe lips,and are v,b,p,f.
The palatals are formed by the tongue against the roof of
the mouth, and are g, c, k, q. The dentals are formed by
the tongue against the teeth, and are d, t.
IV. PARTS OF SPEECH.

I. There are nine parts of speech in Latin, five of which
admit of inflection, that is, are either declined or conjugated ;
the remaining four admit of no inflection.

II. The parts of speech which admit of inflection are the
Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Vcrb; Participle, of which the
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NOUN 3
noun, adjective, pronoun, and ârticiple are declined, and

the verb is conjugated.
III. The parts of speech which admitof no inflection are
the Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.
V. THE NOUN.
I. The Noun is name of any person, place, or thing.
the
II. Nouns are of two kinds, Proper and Common. Prop-
er nouns are the names of individual men or other objects.
Common nouns aTe those which denote a whole class of
objects, and can only be applied to individuals so far as they
belong to that class.
III. Nouns have three genders, the Masculine, Feminine f
and Neuter.
IV. The cases are six in number, namely, the Nomina-
tive, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.
V? There are two numbers, namely, the Singular and

Plural.
"
' "
VI. DECLENSION OF THE NOUN.
I. Declension is the varying of a noun by cases and
numbers.
II. There are five declensions, distinguished from each
other by the termination of the genitive singular. Thus,
The genitive of the first declension ends in ae
" " second " " t;
« .
" third " " is;
« " fourth " " us;
" " fifth
" . " ei.
IH. The following general rules, regulating the different

declensions, must be carefully remembered.
OENERAL RDLES.
1 . Nouns of the neuter gender have the nominative, ac-
cusative, and vocative alike in both numbers, and these
cases in the plural end always in a.
2. The vocative singular, except in Greek nouns in as
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4 FIRST DECLENSION.
and es of the first, and in some nouns of the second, is
like the nominative; but in the plural the vocative

and nominative are alike in all the declensions.
3. The accusative singular ends, where no exception
arises from neuters, in m. Thus we have in the dif-
ferent declensions,
12 1/771,
3
€171,
4
U77lj
5
6171.
4. The genitive plural ends always in um, and hence we

have in the difTerent declensions,
1 2 3 4 5
drum, drum, um, uum, erurru
5. The dative plural has the same termination as the ab-

lative plural in all the declensions. The ending in the
different declensions are as follows
1 2 3 4 5
r
\s, %sf
VII.
ibus, tbus or ubus,
FIRST DECLENSION.
ebus.
+
I. Nouns of the rlrst declension end in a, e, as, and es.
II. Those nouns of this declension that end in a are of

Latin origin, the remainder are Greek.
III. Nouns in a have the following terminations in the
different cases of the singular and plural.
Singular. Plural
Nom. a, &c. Nom. as.
Gen. Gen. drum.

Dat. m. Dat. is.
Acc. am. Acc. as.

Voc. & Voc. CB.
Abl. d. Abl. ts.
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FIRST DECLENSION. 5
Singular.
N. Mens-a, a table.
G. Mens-se, of a table.
u. iviens-a;, to or for a table.
ACC. iviens-am, a table.
vv • iviens-a, oh table!
AL
AD. Mens-a, with, from, in, or by a table.
Plural.
N Mens-ffi, tables.
G. Mens-arum of tables.
D. Mens-Is, to oifor tables.
Acc. Mens-as, tables.
V. Mens-se, oh tables !
Ab. Mens-Is, with,from, in, or by tables.*
IV. Some feminine nouns have abus in the dative and

ablative plural instead of is
; as, deabus, filidbus, and this
ending in abus serves to distinguish them from their cor-

responding masculines in us of the second declension,
which have the dative and ablative plural ending in is
The following are some of these nouns :
!
Dea, a goddess. 1 S 8 Deu8 > a god.

f
Filia, a daughter. | Filius, a son.
Equa, a mare. * § I Equus, a horse.
Mula, a she-mule. . J Mulus, a mule.
Asina, a ske-ass. U£ Asmus, an ass.
]
Nata, a daughter. Natus, a son.

Anima,
|J
the soul. .5 Animus, the mind.
Famula, a maid-servant. & t Famulus, a man-servant.
1. Theseare, in fact, veiy old forms, since, in the earlier periods of the
Janguage, the termination bus was common to datives and ablatives
in
all the declensions. In good prose writers, however, the form is of dea,
filia, equa, and mula is the more common, especially if an adjective
be
joined with it, as mfiliis duabus, for this removes all the ambiguity.
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6 FIRST DECLENSION
V. The terms ambo, " both," and duo, " two," have like-
wise dbus in the dative and ablative plural ; as, ambdbus,
dudbus.
VI. After nouns in a, we proceed to consider those in
as, es, and e, which we have already said are of Qreek origin.
VII. Nonns in as and es are masculine, those in e femi
nine.
VIII. The declension of nouns in as is as follows
Singular.
N. Tiar-as, a turban.
G. Tiar-ae, of a turban.
D. Tiar-ae, to or for a turban.
Acc. Tiar-am or -an, a turban*
V. Tiar-a, oh turbanl
,Ab. Tiar-a, witk,from, by, or in a turban
Plural.
N. Tiar-ae, turbans.
G. Tiar-arum, ofturbans.
D. Tiar-Is, to ojfor turbans.
Acc. Tiar-as, turbans.
V. Tiar-ae, oh turbans!
Ab. Tiar-Is, with,from, in, or by turbans
IX. Nouns in es are declined as follows :
Singular.
N. Comet-es, a comet.
G. Comet-83, pf a comet.
D. Comet-ae, to or for a comet.
^&CC. Comet-en, a comet.

V. Comet-e, oh cometl
Ab. Comet-e, withjfrom, in, or by a comct
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FIRST DECLENSION. 1
Plural.
ivr
JN. Comet-ae, comets.
VT. v>omei-arum. oj comets.
D. Comet-is, to orfor cotnets.
Acc Comet-as, comets.

V. Comet-ae, ok comets!
Ab. Comet-is, with,from, in, or by comets.
X. In the same way are to be declined such proper

riames as Anchxses, gen. Anehism ; Thersites, gen. Thersi
t<B 9 &c, except that they want the plural.
XI. Nouns in e are declined as follows :
Singular.
N. Epitom-e, an epitome.
G. Epitdm-es, of an epitome.
D. Epitom-e, to or for an epitome.
Acc. Epitom-en, an epitome.
Y. Epitom-e, oh epitome
Ab. Epitom-e, with,from, by, or in an epitome.
Plural.
N. Epitom-ae, epitomes.
6. Epitom-arum, of epitomes.
D. Epit6m-i8, to oxfor epitomes.
Acc. Epitom-as, epitomes.
V. Epitom-ae, oh epitomes !
Ab. Epitom-is, withyfrom, in, or by epitomes.
Xlf. In the same way are to be declined such propei

nouns as Peneldpe, gen. Penelopes, &c.
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EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION.
VIII. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION.

Preliminary Rules. 1
1. Substantives referring to the same thing agree in
case; as, Cicero orator, " Cicero the orator Urbs
Athena, " the city Athens."
2. One substantive governs another in the genitive when
they refer to different things ;
as, Timor Dei, " the
fear ofGod ;" Lex natura, " the law of nature."
3. Any verb may have the same case after it as before
it, when both words refer to the same thing as, Jus- ;
titia est virtus, " Justice is a virtue ;" Cicero vocatur

orator, " Cicero is called the orator."
4. A verb signifying actively governs the accusative;
as, amo Deum, " I love God ;" habemus divitias, " we
have riches."
5. The preposition in governs the ablative when motion
or rest in a place is signified ; non sunt in
as, diviti<B
pecunia sed in sapientid, " riches consist not in money,

but in wisdom."
Vocabulary.
Est He, she, or it is.
sunt They are.
erat He, she, or it was.

erant They were.
fuit He, she, or it has been, or was?
fuerunt They have been, or were.
habet He, she, or it has.
habent They have.

et and.
1. Afew rules are here anticipated, in order to serve as a basis for the
exercises in the different declensions. The same remark applies to the
short vocabulary which follows immediately after.
2. When/uii has the meaning of " has been," it is called the perfeet
when it signifies «» was," it is the aorist. And so of fuerurU.
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BXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSJON. 9
In what number8 and cases are the following words found T

Cura! BeUuae. Semita. Animabus. Tydldes.
Cura. BeUua. Penelopen. Filiam. Priamlden.
Cura. Vitae. Boream. Mida! Tydid».
Curam. Vitis. Borean. Aloes. Alclda.
Curarum. JEneam. Therslte ! Rhetoricen. Pyriten.
Cura) ! Crambes. Thersite. Rhetorlces. Musa
II.
Translate the fbllowing, and mention at the same time

where they are found.
Ala, " a wing," GaUina, " a hen,"
alas, gaUihas,
alis, galllnam,
alam, Efalllnae
alarum, Insula, " an island"

ala, insulae,
ala. insulis,
Aqua, " tvater" insularum.

aquam, Ripa, " a bank,"
aquarum, ripis,
Nii» w •
aqua ripam,
aquis. npa!
Alauda, " a lark," Agricola, " afarmer"
alau<iis, agricolas,
alaudas, agricolarum,
alaudae agricolae,
AnguiUa, " an eel" agricolae

anguiUarum, Occa, " a harrow"
anguiUa! occa!
anguillis. occa.
Scriba, " a seribe" Penna, "afeather or pen "
scriba, pennas,
Bcribis, pennis,
•cribae. penna.
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10 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION.
III.
Convert the following into Latin, and narae the case

and number as in the previous exercise.
(Musca, " a fly"), (Aquila, " an eagle"), (Vita, " life"),
oh flyl by eagles, oh life!
with a fly, with an eagle, of lives,
offlies, to an eagle, in life,
ofafly, to eagles, lives,
toafly, oh eagles! of life,

with flies. eagles. with life.
(Via, " a way"), (Ara, " an altar"),

oh ways ! of altars,
oh way! to an altar,
with ways, altars,
with a way, ofan altar,
ofways, oh altar!
of a way. with an altar.
IV.
Translate the folloWing, and explain the agreement or
*
government in each clause or phrase.
Ripam insulae. —Ripis insularum.—Ripae irisul» !
—GalH-
nis agricolarum. — Alis galllnarum agricolae. —Pennae alae
—Penna
alaudae. — scribae !
Ajas alaudarum. —Pennae ala-
rum! —Pennas alarum alaucfe* et gallinae. — Occis agri-

colarum. — Occae — Anguilla
agricolae ! aquae. — Anguilla
—Anguilla aquarum —
aquae. !
Agricolae et scribae — !
GalllnaB
agricolarum. — Occarum agricolarum. — Galllnae agricola-
rum —Aquila
!
—Musca
insulae. —Viam aquae !
vitae. — Via-
rum vitae.-<-Vita et ara.
Anglia est insulau— Columba est amlca munditiae. —Aqufla

est incola silvae. —Columbae sunt amicae —Aquilae munditiae.
sunt incolae silvarum. —Anglia, Corsica sunt
Sicilia, et in- .
sulae. —Astraea dea

fuit —Alaudae columbae hab-
justitiae. et
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EXERCISES ON THE FIRST BECLENSION. 11
ent caudas. —Januae et portae habent seras.—Vita agrico-

larum est magistra diligentiae et parsimoniae. —In aqua sunt
insulae.—Ranee sunt incplae aquae et terr*.— pa-
India est
tria gemmarum. —Pieria fuit provincia Macedoniae. — Pieria
provincia Macedoniae fuit patria Musarjim. — ha-
Agricolae
bent vaccas, columbas, galllnas et occas. —In fossis silva-
rum est aquaÎn cullnis sunt ollae et patlnae. — Graecia est
patria gloriae et sapientiae. — Graecia, patria gloriae et sapien-
nae, est peninsula. —Persae et Scythae erant incolae Asiae.
Pugnae et victoriae Persarum et Scytharum, incolarum
Asiae. —Columba, amica munditiae, est praeda aquilae, incolae
silvarum. —In silvis Asiae sunt lupae, leaenoe et simiae ; in
aulis agricolarum sunt gallinae, coJumbae et vaccae.
V.
Convert the following examples of ungrammatical Latin

into grammatical, so as io suit the English words opposite
Diana uas tke daughter q/IDiana sum^filia Latona.

Latona.
Asia and Europe are penin- Asia et Europa sum peninsu-
sulas. la.
There are thorns to roses. Rosa sum spina.

There are wings to eagles. Aquila sum ala.
The scribes have pens. Scriba habeo penna.

History and philosophy are Historia et philosophia sum
teachers of unsdom andjug- magistra sapientia et justi-
tice. tia.
In the island is a poetess. In insula sum poetrla.

To the doors are bolts. Janua sum sera.
The owl ts a friend of darh- Noctua sum amica tenSbrae.
ness. (Pl)
Tke money of the maid-servant Pecunia famula sum in latS-
is in a lurking-place in the brae (pL) in silva.
woods.
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12 8EC0ND DECLENSION*
-
IX. SECOND DECLENSION.

I. Nouns of the second declension end in er,jr9 ur9 ust
um 9 os, and on.
II. The terminations os and on belong to Greek nouns.
III. Nouns in um and on are neuter, the rest are masculine.
IV. The terminations of this declension are as follows :
Terminations.
Singular. Plural.
N. er9 tr, ur, us 9 um 9
os 9 on. N. -i, in the neuter
G. -i. G. -drt/ro.
D. -o. D. -w.
Acc. -um, -on. Acc. -6s9 in the neuter -a.
V. or like nominative. V. -i, in the neuter -a

Ab. -d. Ab. -w.
V. Nouns in us form the vocative in e. The rest have it
like the nominatiâ,

VI. Originally, i& of the nouns in er, ir, wr, ended in us9
and, consequently, all Originally made e in the vocative. But
in the course of time many dropped the ending us from the
nominative, and along with it Z from the vocative.
VII. Most nouns in er reject e before r in the oblique
cases ; as, ager 9 gen. agri 9 &c. Others are declined by
adding the terminations of the cases to the nominative ; as,
puer, gen. puer-i, &c.
Examples.
Ager, " afield."
Singular.
N. Ager, a field.
G. Agr-T, of afield.
D. Agr-6, to oxfor afield.
Acc. Agr-um, afield.
V. Ager, oh fieldl
Ab. Agr-o, with, <fec, a field
Digitized by
SECOND DECLENSION. 13
Plural.
N. Agr-I, fields.
6. Agr-orum, offields.
U. Agr-Is, to or for fields.
Agr-os, fields.
V. Agr-I, oh fields!
Ab. Agrts, with, &c.,fields.
Puer, M a boy."
S, rti cnilnr
U.KX/ •
N. Puer. /7
\* hoi/.
VJU u•
6. Puer-i, of a boy.
D. Puer-o, to or for a boy.
Acc. Puer-um, a boy.
V. Puer, oh boyl
Ab. Puer-6, with f
&c, a boy.
Plural.
N. Puer-I, boys.
6. Puer-orum, ofboys.
D. Puer-Is, to or for boys.
Acc. Puer-os, boys.
V. Puer-I, oh boys !
Ab. Puer-Is, xvithy &c, boys
Vir, '* a man."
Singular.
N. Vir, a man.
G. Vfr-I of a man.
D. Vir-o, to orfor a man.
Acc. Vfr-um, a man.

V. Vir, oh man!
Ab. V&-5, with, &c, a man
Digitized by Google
14 SECOND DECLENSION
Plural
TV VTr-T UlXsi*.
G. Vir-orum, of men.
D. Vlr-Is, to oifor men.
Acc. Vlr-6s, men.

V. Vir-I, oh men!
Ab. Vir-Is, with, &c, men.
Gladius, " a sword."
Singular.
Gladi-us, a sword.
G Gladi-I, of a sword.
D Gladi-o, to or for a sword.
Acc. Gladi-um, a sword.

V. Gladi-e, oh sword!
Ab. Gladi-o, with y &c, a sword
Plural.
IM
IN. Gladi-I, swords.
G. Gladi-orum, ofswords.
D. Gladi-Is, to or for swords.
Acc. Gladi-os, swords.
V. Gladi-I, oh swords!
Ab. Gladi-Is, with, &c, swords.
VII. Neuters in um are declined in the same way as

nouns in us, except that they have the termination & in the
nominative, accusative, and vocative plural and the voca-
;
tive singular like the nominative and accusative.
Scamnum, " a bench.
Singular.
N. Scamn-um, a bench.
G. Scamn-I, ofabench.
D. Scamn-o, to or for a bench.
Acc Scamn-um, a bench.
V. Scamn-um, oh bench!
Ab. Scamn-o, with, &c, a bench.
Digitized by
SECOND DZCLEN8ION. 15
Plural.
m m
N. Scamn-a, benches.
G. Scamn-oruin, of benches.
D. Scamn-Is, to or for benches.
Acc. Scamn-a, benckes.

V. Scamn-a, oh benches!
Ab. Scamn-Is, with, &c, benches.
IX. The genitive of words in ius and ium was not

formed in ii in the best age of the Latin language, but in t
alone ; as, TtiUius, gen. Tulli ; mancipium, gen. mancipu

X. Substantives in ius, if they are proper names, as Ftr-
gilius, Terentius, Tuttius, make the vocative in t ; as, Vtr-
w
gili, Terenti, Tulli; so also do filius, " a son, and genius,
"a genius," asfili, geni.
XI. Other substantives in ius, and proper names that con-
tinue adjectives, form the vocative in e ; as,gladie, Delie, &c.
XII. Deus makes the vocative like the nominative ; as,
Oh Deus !
XIII. The genitive plural of some words, especially those
which denote value, measure, and weight, is commonly
formed in um instead of orum; particularly nummum, ses

tertium, modium, &c.
XIV. Deus has in the nominative plural three forms, dei,
dii, and di ; and three forms also in the dative and ablative
plural, deis, diis, and dis.
X. GREEK NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.

I. Greek nouns in os are declined like the Latin nouns
in us, except that they make the accusative end in on in-
stead of um. Thus :
Singular.
N. Del-os, Delos.
G. Del-i, of Delos.
D Del-6, to oxfor Delos.
Acc Del-on, Delos.

V. Del-e, oh Delos
Ab. Del-6, with, &c, Delos.
Digitized by Google
16 SECOND DECLENSION.
Singular.
N. Tened-os, Tenedos.
6. Tened-i, of Tenedos.
D. Tened-o, to or for Tenedos.
Acc. Tened-on, Tenedos.

V. Tened-e, oh Tenedos !
Ab. Tened-o, with 9 &c, Tenedos.
II. Greek nouns in eus (evg) are declined two ways.

Either the eus is pronounced as one syilable, and then the
declension belongs to the third ; or else eus is pronounced
as eus, two syllables, and the manner of declining is like
that of Latin nouns in us. In both modes of inflecting,
however, the vocative ends in eu. Thus :
Singular.
N, Orph-eus, Orpheus.
G. Orph-eos, ;
of Orpheus.
D. Orph-eJ, to orfor Orpheus.
Acc. Orph-ea, Orpheus.

V. Orph-eu, oh Orpheus!
Ab. Orph-eo, with, <fec, Orpheus.
Singular.
N. Orphe-us, Orpheus.
Q. Orphe-I, of Orpheus.
D. Orphe-o, to orfor Orpheus.
Acc. Orphe-um, Orpheus.

V. Orph-eu, oh Orpheus!
Ab. Orphe-6, with, &c, Orpheus.
III. The preferable mode of declining, for prose, is Or-

pM-us, gen. Orphi-i, &c The other mode is poetical.
Digitized by
EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 17
XI. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION.

L
In what numbers and cases axe the following words found ?
Anlmus. Servos. Paron. Denarium. Ilion.

Anime. Servo. Legatum. Deus Persea.
Animos. Serve. Antro. Oppida. Donorum.
Anlmi ! Bella. Idomeneu Duumvlrum
Ammum. Bella! Athon. Arbitri. Negotia.
Animi. Hoxati ! Phalereum. Idomeneos.
Animis. Horati. Phalerea. Generi. Idomenel.
II.
Translate the following, and mention, at the same time

where they are found.
Nidus, " a nest" Corvus, " a raven?

nidum, corve,
nide! corvi
nidos, corvos,
nidis, corvis,
nidi corvo,
nidorum, corvi,
nidi, corvorum,
nido. corvum.
Populus, " a poplar" Liber, " a book?
populo, libro,
populi librorum,
popuJorum, libris.
popiile. Pratum, "a meadow,"

Ovum, " an egg? prata,
ova prata!
ova, pratorum,
ovo. prati.
2*
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18 EXERCISES ON THB SECOND DECLENSION.
>
III.
Convert the following into Latin, and name the case

and number, as in the previous exercise.
(Fluvius, " a rivcr"). (Remus, " an oar"), oh Lucretius!

of a river, of oars, of Septimius.
with rivers, with oars, oh Menoeceust
•
oh rivers! with an oar, of Paros.

with a river, of an oar. to Ilium.
to a river, (Aper, " a boar"), to Ceos.
to rivers. oh boar! in Cos.

(Somnium, " a dream"), of a boar, oh Laertius f
oh dream! of boars, oh son!

N
to dreams, witk a boar. of a genius.
in a dream, (Servus, " a slave"), oh genius !
of dreams, of a slave, of Terentius.

in dreams. oh slaves ! oh Terentius !
IV.
Translate the following, and explain the agreement or
Nidum corvi. —Nidi corvorum. —Nidos
—Nide corvi! et
ova corvorum. —Nidis corvorum. —Nidos merula-
et ovis
rum ova alaudarum. — Corvos

et —Popu-
et aquilas silvarum.
lorum —Prata
in ripis fluviorum. agricolarum. et aratra
Populis pratorum. —Popule —Pratum — pu-

prati !
viri !
Libri
eri.—Libros puerorum.— puerorum
Libris virorum. et
Liber —Equi
pueri. et —Coelum, thrdne
asini ungulae.
Dei — ! rostrum. — Monumenta Teucri, Alexandri,
Aquilae et
Phalereos.
Nilus —Êgyptus
est fluvius. —Can-
est patria pestilentiae.
cer insectum. —Nilus

est Êgypti. — Cancri sunt
est fluvius
insecta.—In jEgypti, sunt

Nilo, fluvio hippo- crocodili et
potami. — Cancro sunt apro chelae, —Terra habet sunt setae.
figuram —Mercurius,
globi. nuntius deo-
filius Maiae, fuit
nun. — Rivi sunt domicilia cancrorum,
et fluvii apro- silvae
Digitized by Google
EXBRCISBS ON THE SECOND DECLEN3ION. 19
o
mm. — Mercurio, nuntio deorum, caduceus.—Rhenus fuit et
Danubius sunt Europae. —Rhene,
fluvii Germaniae fluvie !
Lucreti, poeta Romae ! —Fabri habent scalpra et malleos.

In officinis fabrorum sunt mallei et scalpra ; in bibliothecis
doctorum sunt libri. —In campo sunt herbae et plantae, in
horto sunt mali, piri et cerasi ; in silva sunt fagi, fraxini, et
—Orpheu, poeta
tiliae. Graeciae !
—Vir est praesidium patriae.
— habent equos,
Agricolae asinos, porcos, agnos, vaccas,
columbas.—
gallinas, et Virgfli, poeta Mantuae ! —Socer est
amlcus generi, et gener soceri. —In Co insula sunt campi,
prata, fluvii, herbae et plantae. —Terenti, Properti, et Tibulle,
poetae Romanorum—Mercuri, !
nuntie deorum fili Maiae, !
Tergum, collum, brachium, sunt membra. —

et Vitia, Ido-
meneu sunt morbi animi. — Uvae

! vinum aucturani sunt et
dona —Mala,
Liberi. sunt gaudium puero-
pTra, et cerasa,
rum. — Trevlri sunt Germani. — Memoria beneficium est dei,
domini —Malo sunt mala, sunt
cceli et terrae. ce- plro pira,
raso sunt — sunt domicilia cervorum, luporum,
cerasa. Silvae
ursorum, luparum, merularum, aquilarum. —Domine et cceli
et terrae—Thebae sunt
!
Pindari. patria
V.
Convert the following examples of ungrammatical Latin
into grammatical, so as to suit the English woTds opposite.
Drusus was the son of Tibe- Drusus sum filius Tiberius.

rius.
Oh Tiberius, tyrant and mon- Tiberius, tyrannus et mon

ster strum.
Bacchus was god of wine. Bacchus sum deus vinum.
the
To Corinth, a town of Greece, Corinthus, oppidum Graecia,

there was a theatre. sum theatrum.
Ploughs are the instruments Aratrum sum instrumentum
offarmers. agricola.
Stars are the ornaments of Astrum sum ornaraentum ca>

heaven. lum.
Digitized by Google
20 ADJECTIVES.
Javelins were the weapans of Pilum sum telum Romanus.

the Ilomans.
Wars are evils and causes of Bellum sum malum et causa
tears. laeryma.
Haofs are the arms of the Ungula sum arma equus.
•
horse.
The apple of discord was the Pomum discordia sum causa
cause of the ruin of Troy. excidium Troja.
The eyelids are the coverings Palpebra sum tegumentum
of the eyes. oculus.
Brooks and rivers are the ali- Rivus et fluvius sum aliment-
ment of meadows and gar- um pratum et hortus.
dens.
XII. ADJECTIVE.
I. The adjective denotes quality, and is either joined
with a substantive or pronoun in the sentence, or refers to
some one understood.
II. Some adjectives have different terminations for all
three genders. Some have one for the masculine and fem-
inine, and another for the neuter. Some again have only
one (in most of their cases) for all the genders.
III. Adjectives have two declensions, namely, thefirst and
second, forming one combined declension, and the third.
IV. Adjectives of the jirst and second declension follow

the terminations of the first and second declensions of nouns.
V. Adjectives of the third declension follow the termina-

tions of the third declension of nouns.
XIII. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION OF ADJEC-

TIVES.
I. Adjectives of this declension are of three terminations,
namely, *us or -er for the nominative singular masculine,
a for the feminine, and -um for the neuter ;
as,
M. F. N.
Nom. Magn-us, Magn-a, Magn-um, "great."
Ten-er, Tener-a, Tenir-um 9 "tender."
Digitized by Google
ADJECTIVES 21
II. The termination in -er was, ih early Latin, -erus, as

tenerus ; so that, at one period of the language, the ending
in -us marked the nominative singular masculine of all the
adjectives of this declension.
III. Hence it becomes plain why tenerus, afterward
changed to tener, makes tener-a in the feminine and tener-
um in the neuter. And so of the other adjectives in r.
1
IV. The following adjectives in er reject e before r in

declinine : namelv.
Mger, atgr-a, <Bgr-um, " sick."

Ater, atr-a, atr-um, " coal-black."
Creber, crebr-a, crebr-um, " frequent."
Macer, macr-a, macr-um, " lean."
Niger, nigr-a, nigr-um, " black."
Pulcher, pulchr-a, pulchr-um, " fair."
Ruber, rubr-a, rubr-um, " red."
Sacer, sacr-a, sacr-um, " sacred."
Scaber, scabr-a, scabr-um, " rough."

Tatter, tatr-a, t<Btr-um, " foul"
Vafer, vafr-a, vafr-um, "cunning."

Sinister, sinistr-a, sinistr-um, " left."
V. Miser, " wretched," and the other adjectives in er
exclusive of those mentioned in the previous paragraph,

retain the e before r. Dexter, " right," sometimes retains
the e and sometimes rejects it. Sinister, " left," always
rejects it.
1. The same remark will apply to nouns in ert tr, and ur of th«
second declension. These all ended originally in us, as Alexander-u$
(compare the Greek *MKeâvdp-oc) y vir-us, &c., and hence the termina
tion in t of the genitive singular, like other nouns in us. In forming
the genitive in t some of these nouns in r retained the preceding e, but
the greater number dropped it. The case is just the reverse with the
adjective, the greater number retaining the e. Many of the so-called
nouns in r, however, of the second declension are, in fact, only adiec-
tives, with a noun understood.
Digitized by
22 ADJECTIVE8.
EXAMPLES.
M. F. N.
Magn-us, Magn-a, Magn-um, *'
Great"
Singular.
Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. Magn-us, Magn-a, Magn-um, great.
G. Magn-I, Magn-ae, Magn-I, ef great.
D. Magn-6, Magn-ae, Magn-5, to orfor great.
Ac. Magn-um, Magn-am, Magn-um, great.

V. Magn-e, Magn-fi, Magn-um t
oh greatl
Ab. Magn-6, Magn-a, Magn-6, with, &c.,great
Plural.
Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. Magn-T, Magn-ae, Magn-a,
great.
G. Magn-orum, Magn-arum, Magn-orum, of great.
D. Magn-Is, Magn-Is, Magn-Is, to orfor great.
Ac. Magn-ds, Magn-as, Magn-a, great.
V. Magn-I, Magn-ae, Magn-a, oh great!
Ab. Magn-Is, Magn-Is, Magn-Is, with, &c.,great.
Miser, MXser-a, Mtser-um, " Wretched."
Singular.
Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. MTser, Mlser-a, Mlser-um, wretched.
G. Miser-I, Miser-ae, MTser-i, of wretched.
D. MTser-6, Miser-ae, Mlser-6, to or for wretched
Ac. Miser-um, Mlser-am, Mlser-um, wretched.
V. Mlser, Miser-a, Mlser-um, oh wretched!
Ab MTser-6, Mlser-a, Mlser-o, with, &c, wretched
Plural.
Masc. Fem. Neut.
N. MTser-I, MTser-ae, Mlser-a, . wretched.
G. Miser-orum, Mlser-arum, Mlser-orum, of wretched.,
D. Mlser-Ts, Ml8P r-Ts, MIser-Ts, to orfor wretched
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES 23
Ac. MTser-os, Miser-as, Miser-a, wretched.

V. Miser-T, MTser-ae, MTser-a, oh wretehed!
Ab. Mlser-Is, Miser-Is, Miser-Is, with, &ic.,wretched.
Pulcher 9 Pulchr-8, Pulchr-um, " Fair "
Singular.
Masc. Fem* Neut.

N. Pulcher, Pulchr-a, Pulchr-um, faiu
G. Pulchr-T, Pulchr-ae, Pulchr-i, offair.
D. Pulchr-o, Pulchr-ae, Pulchr-6, to oxforfair.
Ac. Pulchr-um, Pulchr-am, Pulchr-um, fair.
V. Pulcher, Pulchr-fi, Pulchr-um, oh fair!
Ab. Pulchr-o, Pulchr-a, Pulchr-o, with 9 &c. 9 fair
Plural.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

N. Pulchr-i, Pulchr-ae, Pulchr-a, fair.
G. Pulchr-orum, Pulchr-arum, Pulchr-orum, offair.
D. Pulchr-is, Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-Is, to or forfair.
Ac. Pulchr-os, Pulchr-as, Pulchr-a, fair.

V. Pulchr-I, Pulchr-ac, Pulchr-a, oh fair!
Ab. Pulchr-l8, Pulchr-Is, Pulchr-Is, vrith, &c, fair.
XIV. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLEN-

SIONS OF ADJECTIVES.
L
Translate the following, and show the case and number.
Globus rotundus. silvae magax.
terra rotunda. equorum magnorum.
malum rotundum. prata magna
terra rotunda populus procera.
globi rotundi. scriba sedule
malo rotundo. hortus pulcher.
equus magnus. convlvae saturi.
silva magna. convivae saturi
pratum magnum. collum longum.
Digitized by
24 EXERCISES ON XDJECTIVES.
» nantn.
1J.CV LilfJb iiftrTtn
L/VlllUi snecula
UvvtUU vitrea
f lltvC* .
l*XXV/<Jkl*X X Dulchri
theatri L/ LXX VvXXX X« vuIpiis credulum.
tlieatra Dulchra eruttss rotundas.

libro lacero. aerni
o teneri.
cervis timidis violarum
** V AvIA K^M tenerarum
V^ H
M\M\ A M>* ÂAA^
•»
lupe carnivore foliis teneris.
aauila carnivora. v folia tenera.

noetarum rlarorum taure cornnrer
fnrmTp
1U1 n
11111/0.111m«sprlnlam
OCUUldlil. tauri corniperi
tuull vvlUlgvll '
.
(ôrintlip nnnlpnta,^ tanri rorniiTftri
nivitiiS inpprtis x vaecae

. v>\s\»fjA» vvlUicvl w
eornippra; .
Persa bellicosus. / cerasus alta.
PersaB bellicosi. cerasum maturum.

Persa bellicose ! virorum liberorum.
pirus annosa. librorum multorum.
nire annosa profundo fluvio.
pirum oblonpnm diuturnsB pluviaB.

Dira oblonp/a patula miilus.
vannus lignea. pulchro theatro.
pharmacopdlam doctum. densarum
VAV^»&»-/W& silvarum,
M
vl M Mi mi M. w M. ^M.M.M\M,m
* belli exitiosi. maturum fragum

puer attente odoriferaB rosee
pueros attentos. nigram talpam.
cultri acuti nigro corvo.
aprorum setosorum. discipulos pigros.
Nidus magnus. — Oculi magnorum elephanto*

ciconiee est
rum —Numerus incolarum
sunt parvi. magnus. terraB est
Scyth86 magne popule

bellico8i, —Germania habet Asias !
multos profundos
latos et — Ro-
fluvios. Belli gloria populi
mani magna.—RubraB
erat sunt ornamenta
et odoriferaB ros8B
pulchrorum hortorum.— Folia rosarum sunt pulchra odor- et
—Coma Germanorum priscorum
ifera. —Apri sunt erat flava.
magnarum
setosi et incolas densarum —Poetae
et silvarum.
sunt amici lusciniarum canorarum et fluviorum rapidorum.
Corvi habent plumas atras. — Silvss sunt domicilium meru-
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON THE 8EC0ND DECLEN8ION. 25
larum nigrarum et aquilarum carnivorarum. — Nidi corvo-

rum et picarum sunt in ramis populi procerae tuti. — In mag-
—Liberi Lacedaemoniorum
nis silvis sunt multae fagi patulae.
non erant delicati.-Agni sunt magnnm gaudinm
lanigeri
puerorum. — Stelligerum cGelum thronus —Lupus
est dei.
satur ndh damnosus agno
est —Pretium poculi aurei
tenero.
est magnum. — Clara Corinthus oppidum opulentum.
erat
Malum aureum Discordiae
deae causa Trojani
fuit belli et
multarum lacrymarum.—In humo sicca sunt herbee macrae.

—Cyprus opima provincia imperii Romani. —Graecis
fuit et
Romanis specula ignota

vitrea —Teneri pampini
fuerunt.
sunt ornamentum ministrorum —Vlrus multarum
Liberi. vi-
perarum et plantarum est mortiferum.
II.
Convert the following ungTammatical Latin into gram-

matical, so as to suit the English wqrds opposite.
The eagjfi has a thick and Aquila habeo crassus et car-

fieshy tongue. nosus lingua.
The nests of larks arc small, Nidus alauda sum parvus, et
and the nests of storks are nidus ciconia sum magnus.
large*
The reindeer is peculiar to Tarandus sum frigidus Lap-

cold Lapland. ponia proprius.
The temples of the ancient Templum priscus Graecus
Greeks were magnificenU sum magnificus.
Oh Olympus ! lofty abode of Olympus! altus domicilium
the Grecian gods ! deus Graecus

Frequent rains are oftenpleas- Creber pluvia sum agricola
xng to the hushandman. saspe gratus.
Cooked crabs are red. Cancer coctus sum ruber.
With blackfeathers of ravens. Pluma ater corvus.
Abodes bffieecy lambs. Domicilium laniger agnus.

The garments of various com- Vestimentum varius populus
munities are various. sum varius.
3 1
Digitized by
THIRD DECLENSION.
Golden cups are rare 9

but Poculum aureus sum rarus,
wooden writing-desks are sed scrinium ligneus sum
many. multus.
Oh deep and broad Rhine et profundus Rhenus.
! Latus
True friends are agreatgood. Verus amicus sum magnus
bonum.
Bears are black, doves are Ursus sum niger, columba
white. sum albus.
THIRD DECLENSION.
I. The number of final letters in this declension is
twelve, of which five are vowels, a, e, t, o, and y, and the

remaining seven are consonants, c, Z, n, r, s, t f and oc.
II. The following is a general scheme of the terminations.

Singular. Plural.
N. a, e, i, o, y, c, Z, n, r, s , t, x. N. es, Neut. d or i&.
G. ts. G. um, ium.

D. t. D. Xbus.
Ac. cm, im. Neut. like Nom. Ac. es Neut. like
9
Nom.
V. like Nom. V. like Nom.
Ab. 8, t. Ab. fbus.
EXAMPLES.
I. Nouns in a.
Noruns in a are of Greek origin and the neuter gender,

and make dtis in the genitive ; as, poema, gen. poem&lis
Thus,
Singular.
N. Poem-a, a poem.
G. Poemat-is, of a poem.
D. Poemat-I, to orfor a poem.
Acc. Poem-a, a poem.
V. Poem-a, oh poem!
Ab. Poemat-e, with, &c, a poem.
Digitized by Google
THIRD DECLENSION, 21
Plural.
N. Poemat-S, poems.
G. Poemat-um, ofpoems.
D. Poemat-ibus, to orfor poems. >
Acc. Poemat-a, poems.

V. Poemat-a, oh poems!
Ab. Poemat-ibus, with, &c, poems.
II. Nouns in e.
Nouns
in e change e into is in fonning the genitive, and
are of the neuter gender. Thus,
Singular.
N. Mar-e, a sea.
G. Mar-is, of a sea.
D. Mar-i, to or for a sea.
Acc. Mar-e, a sea.
V. Mar-e, oh sea!
Ab. Mar-I, with, &c, a sea.
Plural.
N. Mar-ia, seas.
G. Mar-ium, of seas.
D. Mar-ibus, to or for seas.
Acc. Mar-ia, seas.
V. Mar-ia, oh seas !
Ab. Mar-ibus, with, &c, seas.

4 *
III. Nouns in i and y.

I. Nouns in t and y are of Greek origin. They are
partly, as neuters, indeclinable ; as, gummi, " gum ;" and
partly have, as feminines, is 9 yis, or yos in the genitive
as, sinapi, " mustard," gen. sindpis ; misy, " a mushroom,"
gen. misyis or misyos.
II. Compounds in meli, however, have melttis or melX-
tos, in imitation of the Greek ;
as, hydromtli, " mead," gen.
hydromelttis or hydromelitos.
Digitized by Google
28 THIRD DECLENSION.
IV. Nouns in o.
I. Nouns in o (where the o is common, that is, either
long or short) add nis to form the genitive, sometimes only

lengthening the o (that is, keeping it long) and sometimes
changing it to ?.
II. The following are some of the nouns which make o

long before nis, and, consequently, have it long also in the
other oblique cases, namely,
carbo, a coal, gen. carbonis.

((
latro, a robber, latronis.
ti
leo, a lion, leonis.
Kgo, a spade, u ligonis.
pavo, a peacock, u pavonis.
praedo, a robber, II
praedonis.
8ermo, a discourse, ((
sermonis.
((
aquilo, the northeast wind, aquilonis.
((
bufo, a toad, bufonis.
III. All words in io have the long o in the genitive ;

as,
ratio, "reason," gen. ratidnis; pugio, "a dagger," gen.pu-
gionis, &c,
EXAMPLES.
Leo, " a lion.
Singular. Plural.
N. Leo, N. Leon-es,
G. Leon-is, G. Leon-um.
D. Leon-T, D. Leon-ibus,
Acc. Leon-em, Acc. Leon-es,
V. Leo, V. Leon-es,
Ab. Leon-e. Ab. Leon-ibus.
1. The English designation of the cases will be henceforth dropped,

and the stndent must be able to supply them for himself.
Digitized by
THIRD DECLENSION. 29
7 CltoC/t.
Singular. J^ll/Tfll
N RatTo
J.VCLI.I.U, N T? itTnn-pfl
JLVtLl>iUll-C9,
VT. T?af Tr»Tk_Ta

J.VaLlUIl-J Sj vjt.
T? o tTon _n m
JlVa 11 U 11 - LU 11
,
D. Ration-I, D. Ration-ibus,
Acc. Ration-eirj, Acc. Ratlon-es,
V. Ratio, V. Ration-es,
Ab. Ration-e. Ab. Ration-ibus.
IV. Of nouns that,in forming the genitive, change o into

t are, 1. All names of qualities in do; as, consuetudo,
"habit," gen. consuetudtnis. 2. Most words in go; as,
im&go, "an image," gen. imaginis. 3. Some others that

cannot be reduced to any particular class ; as,
cardo, a hinge, gen. cardinis.

hirundo, a swallow, " hirundinis.
turbo, a whirlwind, " turblnis.
homo, a man, " homlnis.
nemo, nobody, " neminis.
V. Caro, " flesh," makes carnis, but the earlier form was
carfnis, of which carnis is merely a contraction. And so
likewise of the other cases, such as, carni (for carini), car-
nem (for carinem), &c.
VI. Most names of nations have a short o ; as, Saxones,
Sendnes, Maceddnes, &c. But the following are exceptions,

namely, Lacdnes, Iones, Nasamones, Suessones, Vettones.
EXAMPLES.
il
Consuetudo, a habit."
Singular. Plural.
N. ConsuetQdo, N. Consuetudln-es,
G. Consuetudin-is, G. Consuerudin-um,
D. Consuetudih-I, D. Consuetudm-ibus,
Acc. ConsuetudTn-era, Acc. Consuetudln-es,
V. Consuetudo, V. Consuetudin-es,
Ab. Consuetudln-e. Ab. Coneuetudln-ibus.
3»
Digitized by Google
Imago, " an image,

Singular. Plural.
N. Imago, N. Imagm-es,
G. Imagln-is, G. Imagln-um,
D. ImagTn-I, D. Imagin-ibus,
Acc. Imagm-em, Acc, Imagm-es,
V. Imago, V. Imagm-es,
Ab. Imagm-e. Ab. Imagin-ibus.
^ .
Homo, 4 1
a man."
Singular. Plural.
N. Homo, N. Homln-es,
G. Homin-is, G. Homm-um,
D. Homln-I, D. Homln-ibus,
Acc. HomTn-em, Acc. HomTn-es,
V. Homo, V. Homin-es,
Ab. HomTn-e. |
Homln-Tbus.
V. Nouns in c.
Only two nouns end in c, namely, halec, "pickle,"

gen. halecis, and lac, " milk, gen. &zc£&.
,,
VI. Nouns in l.
Nouns in l add is to the nominative ;

as, anXmal, " an
animal," gen. animalis; sol, "the sun," gen. sdlis, &c.
But me/, "honey," makes mellis, plural mella. So also
fel, " gall," makes fellis, but has no plural.
EXAMPLE.
AnTmal, " an animal"
Plural.
N. Anlmal, N. Animal-ia,
G. Animal-Is, G. Anlmal-ium,
D. AnTmal-I, D. Ammal-ibus,
Acc. Animal, Acc. Animal-Ift,
V. Anlmal, V. Anlmal-Ia,
Ab. Anlmal-I. Ab. Animal-ibus.
Digitized by
THIRD DECLENSION 31
VII. Nouns in en.
I. Nouns in en make enis in the genitive ; as, lien, " the

spleen," gen. tiim> ; attagen, " a species of bird," gen. o/-
faêni*.
II. Nouns in en make fnts; as, carmen, " a song," gen.
carmtnis ; nomen, " a name," gen. nomims.

III. Greek words in an 9 en, in, yn, and dn make the
vowel long or short in the genitive, according- as it is in
Greek. Tliose which insert t in the Greek do the same
in the Latin. Thus, agdn, gen. agonis ; canon, gen. ca-
nonis ; Xendphon, gen. Xentiphdntis, &c.
EXAMPLES.
Lichen, "a tetter" or "ringworm."
Singular. Plural
N. Lichen, N. Lichen-es,
G. Lichen-is, G. Lichen-um,
D. Lichen-I, D. Lichen-ibus,
Acc. Lichen-em, Acc. Lichen-es,
V. Lichen, V. Lichen-es,
Ab. Lichen-e. Ab. Lichen-ibus.
Carmen, " a song."

Singular. Plural.
N. Carmen, N. Carmin-a,
G. Carmin-Is, G. Carmin-um,
D. Carmm-I, D. Carmm-ibus,
Acc. Carmen, Acc. Carmm-a,
V. Carmen, V. Carmm-a,
Ab. Carmin-e. Ab. Carmin-ibus
VIII. Nouns in r.
Nouns in r are to be distinguished according to the

vowel which precedes.
I. Those in ar have generally dris in the genitive as, ;
calcar, " a spur," gen. calcaris. But some have dris ; as,
Digitized by Google
32 THIRD DECLENSION
Casar, gen. Casdris ; jubar, " a beam of the sun," gen.

jubdris ; lar, " a household god," gen. Idris. So also the
adjective par, " equal," and compounds its ;
as, par, gen.
pdris ; impar, " unequal," gen. impdris, &c.

IL Far, " a species of grain," has farris. Hepar, "the
liver ," has hepdtis.
EXAMPLES.
Calcar, " a spur."
Singular. Plural.
N. Calcar, N. Calcar-ia,
6. Calcar-is, G. Calcar-Ium,
D. Calcar-I, D. Calcar-ibus,
Acc. Calcar, Acc. Calcar-ii,
V. Calcar, V. Calcar-ia,
Ab. Calcar-I. Ab. Calcax-ibus.
Lar, " a hausehold god."

Singular. PluraL
N. Lar, N. Lar-es,
G. Lar-is, G. Lar-ium,
D. Lar-I, D. Lar-ibus,
Acc. Lar-em, Acc. Lar-es,
V. Lar, V. Lar-es,
Ab. Lar-e. Ab. Lar-ibus.
III. Nouns in er have eris ; as, mulier, " a female," gen

mulieris ; carcer, " a prison," gen. carceris.
IV. Some nounsin er, however, throw out the e ; as,
"
pater, a father," gen.patris, and, along wiihpater, all nouns
in ter except later, " a brick," gen. lateris. The following
al80 namely, imber, " a shower," gen. imbris^
throw out e,
and the names of some of the months as, September, Oc- ;
tober, November, December, gen. Septembris, Octobris, &c.

. V. Iter, " a journey," makes itineris in the genitive, the
old nominative, besides iter, having been also itiner ; while
iter itself made, in carly Latin, the genitive iteris.
Digitized by
VI. Ver makes viris, being derived from the Greek,

where the penult of the genitive is contracted, and, conse-
quently, long.
VII. Greek words follow the Greek declension; as,
character, gen. characteris

; aer,
" air," gen. airis.
VIII. Jupiter makes Jdvis. But in early Latin Jupiter
made Jupit&ris, and Jovis is, in fact, the genitive of an old
nominative Jovis, just as we shall presently see nouns in is
making is also in the genitive.
EXAMPLES.
Mulier, " afemaleJ
>
Singular. . Jrlural.
N Mulier, N. TVTti iTpr-pc
VT. Mulier-is, G. ]\Tn

A»l irpr-iirn
uiici- UIU,
U. Mulier-i, D. iviuiier-iDus,
ACC Mulier-em, Acc. iviuiier-es,

v Mulier, V. iviuner-es,
AD. Mulier-e. Ab. lviuiier-iDus
Pater, " a father."

Singular. Plural
N. Pater, N. Patr-es,
G. Patr-is, G. Patr-um,
D. Patr-i, D. Patr-ibus,
Acc. Patr-em, Acc. Patr-es,
V. Pater, V. Patr-es,
Ab. !
Ab. Patr-ibus.
Iter, " ajourney"

Singular. Plural.
N. Iter, N. Itiner-a,
G. Itiner-is, G. Itiner-um,
D. Itiner-i, D. Itiner-ibus,
Acc. Iter, . Acc. Itmer-a,

V. Iter, Itiner-a,
Ab. Itiner-e. l Ab. Itiner-ibus.
Digitized by Google
IX. Nouns in yr are Greek, and form their cases after
the Greek ; as, martyr, " a martyr," gen. martyris.
X. Nouns in or have oris; as, amor, "love," gen.

amdris ; soror^ " a sister," gen. sordris ; but ar&or, " a tree,"
aaV, " a species of wheat," and the neuters aquor and mar-
wior, have dm.
EXAMPLES.
Soror, " a sister"
Singular. Plural.
N. Soror, N. Soror-es,
G. Soror-is, G. Soror-um,
D. Soror-I, D. Soror-ibus,
Acc. Soror-em, Acc. Soror-es,
V. Soror, V. Soror-es,
Ab. Soror-e. Ab. Soror-ibus.
Arbor, " a tree."

Singular. Plural.
N. Arbor, N. Arbor-es,
G. Arbor-is, G. Arbor-um,
D. Arbor-i, D. Arbor-ibus,
Acc. Arbor-em, Acc. Arbor-es,
V. Arbor, V. Arbor-es,
Ab. Arbor-e. Ab. Arb5r-ibus.
iEquor, " tke sea.

Singular. Plural
N. -£2quor, N. iEquor-a, .
G. iEquor-is, G. iEquor-um,
D. iEquor-I, D. jEqu5r-Ibus, "!
Acc. JSquor, Acc. uEqu5r-a,

V. iEquor, V. iEquor-a,
Ab. iEquor-e. Ab. iEqu5r-ibus.
XI. Nouns in ur have uris ; as, murmur, gen. murmuris ;

sulphur, gen. sulphuris. Except fur, "a thief," which
makes furis.
Digitized by
XII. The four neuters, ebur ," ivory ," femur, "the thigh,"
jecur, " the liver," and robur, " strength," have drti ; and
êcttr, moreover, has jecindris, jocinoris, and jocineris
EXAMPLES.
Murmur, " a murmur. n
Singular. Plural.
N. Murmur, N. Murmur-a,
G. Murmur-is, G. Murmur-um,
D. Murmur-I, D. Munnur-ibus,
Acc. Murmur, Acc. Murmur-a,
V. Murmur. V. Murmur-a,
Ab Murmur-e. Ab. Murmur-ibus.
Robur, " strength."
Singular. Plural.
N. Robur, N. Robor-a,
G. Robor-is, G. Robor-um,
D. Robor-T, D. Robor-ibus,
Acc. Robur, Acc. Robor-a,
V. Robur, V. Robor-a,
Ab. Robor-e. Ab. Robor-ibus.
IX. Nouns in s.
Nouns which end in s have either a, e, i, o, u, y, au, or

a consonant before s.
I. Those in as have in the genitive dtis ; as, " an

age," gen. atatis ; except. anas, "a duck," which makes
andtis.
II. Mas, "a male," makes mdris. Vas, "a surety,"
makes vddis ; but vas, " a vessel," vojfj. The noun as,
" a pound," makes assis.
III. Greek words form their genitives according to their
gender, the masculines in antis, the feminines in ddis, and

the neuters in dtis ; as, addmas, " a diamond," gen. ada-
mantis; lampas, "a torch," gen. lampddis ; artocrias, "a
meat-pie," gen. artocredtis.
Digitized by Google
3(3 THIRD DECLENSION.
IV. The words Arcas, " an Arcadian," and nomas, " one
that pastures flocks," which are of the common gender,
make the genitive in ddis.
V. Greek nouns, which form the genitive in adis or
antis, terminate the accusative either in a or m, the former
according to the Greek, the latter according to the Roman
1
form.
EXAMPLES.
iEtas, « an age"
Singular. Plural.
N. Êtas, N. iEtat-es,
G. jEtat-is, G. iEtat-um,
D. jEtat-i, D. Êtat-ibus,
Acc. iEtat-em, Acc. iEtat-es,
V. iEtas, V. jEtat-es,
Ab. iEtat-e. Ab. jEtat-Ibus.
Mas, " a male."

Singular. Plural.
N. Mas, N. Mar-es,
G. Mar-Is, G. Mar-ium,
D. Mar-I, D. Mar-ibus,
Acc. Mar-em, Acc. Mar-es,
V. Mas, V. Mar-es,
Ab. Mar-e. Ab. Mar-ibus.
Vas, " a surety.

m
Singular. Plural.
N. Vas, N. Vad-es,
G. Vad-is, G. Vad-ium,
D. Vad-I, D. Vad-ibus,
Acc. Vad-em, Acc. Vad-es,
V. Vas, V. Vad-es,
Ab. Vad-e. Ab. Vad-ibus.
1. Consult remarks on Greek nouns of page 51.

this declension,
2. Vas % vasisy is neuter, and the plural, making
is also irregular in
vasa, vasorum, vasis y &c, according to the second declension of neuters
Digitized by Google
Adamas, "a diamond."

Singular. Plural.
N. Adamas, N. Adamant-es,
G. Adamant-is, G. Adamant-um,
u. Adamant-I, D. Adamant-ibus,
ACC. Adamant-a & -em, Acc. Adamant-as, 1
V. Adamas, V.
AD. Adamant-e. Ab. Adamant-ibus.
Lampas, " a torch."

Singular. Plural.
N. Lampas,
1
N ' Lampad-es,
G. Lampad-is, G. Lampad-um,
D. Lampad-i, '
D. Lampad-ibus,
Acc. Lampad-a & -em, Acc. Lampad-as,
V. Lampas, V. Lampad-es,
Ab. Lampad-e. Ab. Lampad-ibus.
VI. Nouns in es form their genitive in several ways

Thus,
•
1. Some change es into is; as, ades, gen. <edis.

2. Some change es into ttis ; as, comes, gen. comttis.
3. Some change es into e*w ; as, seges, gen. segitis.
4. Some change es into e«w ; as, lebes, gen. lebetis.
5. Some change es into tdis ; as, obses, gen. obstdis.
6. Some change es into edw ; as, jDes, gen. pedis.
7. Some change es into erf*>; as, &ere^, gen. haredis.
VII. But pr<ss mskes prcedis ; ces makes <m> ; Sesmakes

£essw ; and Ceres makes Cereris.
1. Greek accusative plural, not adamant-es like nouns of Latinorigin,

ihough adamant-em occurs in the singular. The same remark applies
to Lampad-as. The termination as of the Greek accusative plural is
short, of the reffular Latin form long. The accusative plural in as is
admissible in all words which have the termination in Grsek, but is
rarely used in prose.
Digitized by Google
THIRD DECLENSION.
E3AMPLES.
Nubes, " a cloud."
Sinerular. Plural.
N. Nub-es, N. Nub-es,
G. Nub-is, G. Nub-ium,
D. Nub-I, D. Nub-ibus,
Acc, Nub-em, Acc. Nub-es,
V. Nub-es, V. Nub-es,
Ab. Nub-e. Ab. Nub-tbus.
Comes, " a companion

Singular. Plurcd.
N. Comes, N. Comit-es,
G. Comit-is, G. Comit-um,
D. Comit-i, D. ComTt-ibus,
A oc Comit-em, Acc. Comlt-es,
v. Comes, V. Comit-es,
Ab. Comit-e. Ab. Comlt-Tbus.
Obses, " a hostage."

Singular.
N. Obses, N. Obsid-es,
6. Obsid-Ts, G. Obsid-um,
D. Obsid-I, D. Obsld-ibus,
Acc. Obsid-em, Acc. Obsid-es,
V. Obses, V. ObsTd-es,
Ab. Obsid-e. Ab. Obsid-Ibus.
VIII. Nouns in is have generally is in the genitive,

without increase ; as, avis, " a bird," gen. avis ; piscis, " a
fish," gen. piscis.
IX. Some receive an additional syllable, and make idis,
itis, or eris; as, cassis, "a helmet," gen. casstdis ; lis9
" strife," gen. litis ; pulvis, " dust," gen. pulveris.
X. Glis, " a dormouse," makes gliris ; sanguis, " blood,"
sangutnis, though the adjectives derived from it do not in-
crease , as, exsanguis, " bloodless," gen. exsanguis The
Digitized by
THIRD DECLENSION.
word semis, " the half of an as," as being compounded with

as, makes semissis.
XI. Greek words in is and ys will be noticed hereafte*
EXAMPLES.
Avis, " a bird»

StnffiilfiT »1*1 l*V«
N.
xv» Av-Is
XX V AO, N A v-ps
XX T UO)
G Av-is G A v-Tnm
A V-T I) XX V "lUUOj
A fp XXV Ulll, \ Koo

XX V V/, XXV -COj
V. Av-is, V. Av-es,
Ab. Av-e. |
Ab. Av-ibus.
Cassis, a helmet."
Singular. Plural.
N. Ctissis, N. Cassld-es,
G. Cassid-Is. G. Cassld-um,
D. Cassld-I, D. Cassld-ibus,
Acc. Cassld-em, Acc. Cassld-es,
vv • Cassis, V. Cassld-es,
Ab. Cassld-e. Ab. Cassid-ibus.
Quiris, " a Raman citizen"

Singular. Plural.
N. Qums, N. Quirit-es,
G. Quirit-is, G. Quirlt-um,
D. Quirlt-I, D. Quirlt-ibus,
Acc. Quirlt-em, Acc. Quirlt-es,
V. Quiris, V. Quirlt-es,
Ab. Quirit-e. Ab. Quirit-ibus.
Pulvis ' dust."

Singular. Plural.
N. Pulvls, N. P*ulver-es,
Q. Pulver-is, G. Pulver-um,
D. Pulver-I D. Pulver-ibus,
Digitized by Google
THIRD DECLENSION.
Acc. Pulver-em, Acc. Pulver-es,

V. PuMs, V. Pulver-es,
Ab. Pulver-e. Ab. Pulver-ibus.
XII. Nouns in os make otis; as, cos, "a whetstone,

gen. cotis ; dos, " a dower," gen. dotis.
XIII. Or else they take oris ; as, os, " the mouth," gen
dris ; ros, " dew," gen. roris.
XIV. But os, " a bone," makes ossis ; custos, " a keeper,"
custodis ; and bos, " an ox," bovis.
XV. Some Greek words, as heros, "a hero," Minos,
Tros, &c, make ois in the genitive ; as, kerois, Mindis,
Trots.
EXAMPLES.
Nepos, " a grandson.
Singular. Plural.
N. Nepos, N. Nepot-es,
G. Nepot-is, G. Nepot-um,
D. Nepot-T, D. Nep5t-ibus,
Acc. Nepot-em, Acc. Nep5t-es,
V. Nep5s, V. Nep5t-es,
Ab. Nep5t-e. Ab. Nep5t-ibus.
«
Flos, " aflower."

Singular. Plural.
N. F15s, N. F15r-es,
G. Flor-Is, G. Flor-um,
D. Flor-T, D. F15r-Tbus,
Acc. Flor-em, Acc. Flor-es,
•
V. F15s, V. Flor-es,
Ab. F15r-e. Ab. Fl5r-ibus.
XVI. Of nouns in us, the feniinines in us make utis; as,

virtus, "virtue," gen. virtutis. But tellus, "the earth,"
makes telluris, and Venus, " Venus," Veneris.
XVII. Neuters in us have either eris ; as, fosdus, "a
Digitized by Google
THIRD DECLENSION. 4i
league," gen. faderis ; or oris ; as, decus, "honour," gen.

decdris.
XVIII. All words in us of one syllable, which have u
long, form the genitive in uris ; as, crus, " a leg," gen. cru
ris; as 3\sojus,pus, rus, thus, and mus.
XIX. Incus, " an anvil," palus, " a marsh," and -subscus,
make «dt>. Grws, " a crane," and m, " a

" a dovetail,"
"
hog" or sow," make gruis and tt/w.
XX. Greek proper names in us make untis; as, ^./â-
iAiiff, gen. Amathuntis ; Trapezus, gen. Trapezuntis.
XXI. The compounds of 7rovc make 6dis ; as, tnpus, "a
tripod," gen. tripodis.
EXAMPLES.
Virtus, "virtue."
oinûtar. Plural.
vr Vi-fno
N. v lrtus, XN. Virtut-es,
G. virtut-is, VXm Virtut-um,
D. Virtut-I, D. Virtut-ibus,
Acc. Virtut-em, Acc. Virtut-es,
V. Virtus, V. Virtut-es,
Ab. Virtut-e. Ab. Virtut-ibus.
r
Fcedus, " a league."
Singular. Plural. v
N. Foedus, N. Foeder-a,
G. Fceder-is, G. Fceder-um,
D. Fceder-i, D. FoBder-Ibus,
Acc. Fcedus, Acc. Fceder-a,
V. Fcedus, V. Fceder-a,
Ab. Ab. Foeder-ibus.
Decus, " honour. n

Singular, Plural.
N. Decus, N. Decor-a,
6. Decor-is, G. Decor-um,
D. Decor-I, D. Decor-lbus,
4*
Digitized by Google
Acc. Decus, Acc. Decor-a,

-«T
V. Decus, V. Decor-a,
Ab. Decor-e. Ab. Decor-ibusw
Mus, " a mouseP

Singular. Plural.
N. Mus, N. Mur-es,
G. Mur-Ts, G. Mur-um,
D. Mur-i, D. Mur-ibus,
Acc. Mur-era, A.cc. Mur-es,
V. Mus, V. Mur-es,
Ab. Mur-e. Ab. Mur-ibus.
JUS, " Q right."

i
Singular. Plural.
N. Jus, N. Jur-a,
G. Jur-is, G. Jur-um,
D. Jur-T, D. Jur-Tbus,
Acc. Jus, Acc. Jur-S,
V. Jus, V. Jur-a,
Ab. Jur-e. Ab. Jur-ibus.
Amathus. Trapezus.
Singular. Singular.
N. Amathus, N. Tranezus,
G. Amathunt-is, G. Trapezunt-Ts.
D. Amathunt-T, D. Trapezunt-T,
Acc. Amathunt-em & -a, Acc. Trapezunt-em & -a,
V. Amathus, V. Trapezus,
Ab. Amathunt-e. Ab. Trapezunt-e.
XXII. Only two nouns of this declension end in aus,

namely, laus y "praise," gen. laudis; and fraus. u fraud, w
gen. fraudis.
XXIII. Of those which have a consonant before s, the
nouns in Is, ns 9
rs, change s into tis ; as, puls, fons, mons,
ars, pars, which make in the genitive pultis.fontis, montis.
Digitized by
THIRD DECIENSION. 43
w
artis, partis, But frons, ** a leaf, makes frondis
&c.
"
whereas frons, a forehead," follows the general rule, and
makes frontis.
XXIV. Nouns in bs make the genitive in bis ; nouns in
tns in mis, &c. ; as, trabs, " a beam," gen. frafos ; htems,
" winter," gen. hiemis.
XXV. Codebs makes cadlbis. Compounds in (from
cajn'0, "to take"), as municeps, make f/n>; as, municipis
EXAMPLES.
Ars, " an arUn
Singular. Plural.
N. Ars, N. Art-es,
G. Art-is, G. Art-ium,
D. Art-I, D. Art-ibus,
Acc Art-em, Acc. Art-es,
V. Ars, V. Art-es,
Ab. Art-e. Ab. Art-ibus.
Trabs, " a beam. n

Singular. Plural.
N. Trabs, N. Trab-es,
G. Trab-is, G. Trab-ium,
D. Trab-I, D. Trab-Tbus,
Acc. Acc. Trab-es,
V. Trabs, V. Trab-es,
Ab. Trab-e. Ab. Trab-ibus.
Parltceps, "<* partaker"
Singular. Plural
N. Particeps, N. PartTcip-es,
G. Particip-is, G. Particip-um,
D. Particip-I, D. Partlcip-Tbus,
Acc. Partlcip-em, Acc. PartTcIp-es,
V. Particeps, V. Particip-es,
Ab: PartlcTp-e. 1 Ab. Particip-ibus.
Digitized by Google
X. Nouns in t.
The termination t is only found in caput, " the head,"

gen. capitis, and its compounds occiput, sinctput, which
make occipitis and sincipttis.
XI. Nouns in x.
I. Of those that end in a: the declension varies, according

as the x has been derived from cs or which must be de-
termined by the root. The former is more common.
II. The following rules may serve, however, in some de-
gree, as a guide.
1 . Words of one syllable, with a consonant preceding x,
have cis in the termination of the genitive ; as, falx,
gen. falcis ; lanx, gen. lancis ; arx, gen. arcis.

2. Nouns in ax make dcis ; as, pax, gen. pacis. But fax,
and some Greek words, such as corax, climax, make
Gcis. Proper names in nax, from the Greek ava%
(anax), make, however, actis ; as, Demonax, gen. De-
monactis.
3. Nouns in ex make icis ; as, judex, gen. judlcis. But
vibex makes vibicis, and lex and rex make legis and
regis. And again, ^reo? makes grigis ; nex makes
necis ; remex makes remigis ; senex, senis ; and su-
pellex, supellectilis.
4. Nouns in ix make their genitives in icis or icis.

Among the latter are cervix, " the neck," gen. cervicis
cicatrix, " a scar," gen. cicatrtcis ; phcenix, " a fabulous
bird," gen. phanicis ; radix, " a root," gen. radicis ; and
all female appellations ; as, inventrix, " an inventress,"

gen. inventricis ; nutrix, " a nurse," gen. nutricis, &c.
5. Nix, " snow," makes nftns ; and strix, " a screech-
owl," strigis.
6. Worda in ox make octs ; as, vox, " the voice," gen.
vocis. But Capp&dox, " a Cappadocian," makes Cappa-
docis ; Alldbrox, " an Allobrogian," makes Allobrogis
and ncw, " night," makes noctis.
Digitized by
TfllRD DECLENSION. 45
7. Words in ux make ucxs ; as, crux, "a cross," gen.
crucw ; duxy « a leader," gen. But Zwa?, " lighfi,*
makes lucis ; Pottux, a proper name, makes Pollucis ;
conjuxy " a wife," makes conjugis. Frugis is the gen-
itive of the obsolete frux ; and fauces the plural of the
obsolete faux.
8. Words in yx are Greek, and formed variously; as
Eryx, gen. Erycis ; bombyx, gen. bombycis, <fcc
««
Arx, a citadel."
Singular. Plural.
N. Arx, N. Arc-es,
G. Arc-is, G. Arc-ium,
D. Arc-i, D. Arc-ibus,
Acc. Arc-em, Acc. Arc-es,
V. Arx, V. Arc-es,
Ab. Arc-e. Ab. Arc-ibus.
Judex, "ajudge. 1
Singular. Pl-sraL
N Judex, N. Judic-es,
<3. Judic-is, ii. JudTc-um,
D. Judlc-i, D. Judic-ibus,
Acc. Judlc-em, Acc. Judlc-es,
V. Judex, V. Judic-es,
Ab. Judic-e. Ab. Judic-ibus.
Lex, " a law."

Singular. PluraL
N. Lex, N. Leg-es,
G. Leg-is, G. Leg-um,
D. Leg-I, D. Leg-ibus,
Acc. Leg-em, Acc. Leg-es,
V. Lex, V. Leg-es,
Ab. Ab. Leg-ibus
Digitized by Google
Appendix, " an addition."

Stin cniJnr Plural
N. ADDendix. N. Appendlc-es ;
G. Appendlc-Ts, G. Appendic-um,
D. Appendlc-I, D. AppendTc-lbus,
Acc Appendlc-em, Acc. Appendlc-es,
V. Appendix, V. Appendlc-es,
Ab. Appendlc-e. Ab. Appendlc-ibus.
Radix, " a root."

Singular. Plural.
N Radix, N. Radlc-es.
G. Radlc-Is, G. Radic-um,
D. Radlc-I, D. Radlc-Tbus,
Acc. RadTc-em, Acc. Radlc-es,
-W T*
V. Radlx, V. Radlc-es,
Ab. Radic-e. Ab. Radic-Tbus.
>
Vox, " a voice."
Singular. Phirnl
JL LUl UL.
N. Vox, N. Voc-es
G. Voc-Is, G. Voc-um,
D. Voc-I, D. Voc-Ibus,
Acc. Voc-em, Acc. Voc-es,
V. Vox, V. Voc-es,
Ab. Voc-e. Ab. Voc-Tbus.
Dux, " a leader."
Singular. Plural
N. Dux, N. Duc-es,
G. Duc-Ts, G. Duc-um,
D. Duc-I, D. Duc-Ibus,
Acc. Duc-em, Acc. Duc-es,
V. Dux, V. Duc-es,
Ab. Duc-e. Ab. Duc-Tbus.
Digitized by Google
Conjux, " a spouse."

Smgular. Plural.
N. Conjux, N. Conjug-es,
G. Conjug-Ts, G. Conjug-um,
D. Conjug-i, D. Conjug-ibus,
Acc. Conjug-em, Acc. Conjug-es,
V. Conjux, V. Conjug-es,
Ab. Conjug-e. 1 Ab. Conjug-Ibus.
Bombyx, " a silk-worm."

Singular. Plural.
N. Bombyx, N. Bombyc-es,
G. Bombyc-is, G. Bombyc-um,
D. Bombyc-T, D. Bombyc-ibus,
Acc. Bombyc-em, Acc. Bombyc-es,
V. Bombyx, V. Bombyc-es,
Ab. Bombyc-e. Ab. Bombyc-ibus.
REMARKS ON THE CASES.

1. Genitive Singular.
I. The apparent variety in the formation of the gemtive case becomcs
greatly simplified and limited in extent if we suppose, what is no doubt
actually the case, thafthe genitive singular is formed from the root of
the noun by merely adding t>, and that the final letter of the root is ei-
ther a t or some other consonant more or less concealed in the nomina-
tive.
II. The following table will serve to illustrate this remark more clearly.
NOMINATIVB. Root. 1 Genitive.

Poema, Poemat, Poemat-is.
Mare, Mar, Mar-is.
Carbo, Carbdn, Carbon-is.
Imago, Imagln, Imagin-is.
Sol, Sol, S6l-is.
Lichen, Lichen, Lichen-is.

Caxmen, Carmin, Carmin-is.
Calcar, Calcar, Calcar-is.
Carcer, CarcSr, Carcer-is.
1. Stem ot theme wonld be a raore correct name, as roota, etrlctly Bpeaking, ar«
all inonosylUDlc. Wt
hare followed, however, th« ordinary phraseology.
Digitized by
48 THIRD DECLENSION
Soror, Sordr, Sord> *j.
JStas, Êtat, ./Etat-ia.
Cedes, C«3d, Cajd-ia.

Comes, Comlt, ComU is.
Haeres, Hsred, Haered ia,
Avis, Av, Av-is,

Nepos, Nepot, Nepot is.
Tellus, Teilur, Tellur-is.
Opus, Oper, Oper-is,
Fraus, Fraud, Fraud-ia.
Mons, Mont, Mont-ip.
Caput, CapTt, Capit-is.
Arz, Arc, Arc-is.
Lex, Leg, Leg-is.
Nix, Ntv, Niv-is.
Conjux, Conjug, Conjug-is.
2. Accusaiive Singular.
1. The regular ending of the accusative , in this declension,
js em, with the exception, of course, of neuter nouns, the accusative o

which is always like the nominative.
Many words m is, however, which do not increase in
2. t\t2 genjtire*
have tm instead o em, of which the following are a few.
amussis, a masoris rule, accus. amussim.

sitis, thirst, M sitim.
II
tussis, a cough, tussim.
II
vis, force, vim.
II
ravis, hoarseness, ravim.
buris, a plough-taji, u burim.
«i
cannabis, hernp. cannabim.
mephitis, foul atr,
u mephitim.
3. The following have im, and sometimes also em.
febris, a fever, accus. febrim (or -em).

puppis, a stern, ii
puppim u
turris, a tower, u turrim <<
restis, a ropc t u restim u

aecuris, an axe, u securim
•
aqualis, a water-pot, u aqualim
4. But the following have em, and very rarely tm.
navis, a ship, accus. navem.

avis, a bird, " avem.
Digitized by Google
THIRD DECLKNSION. 49
clavis, a kev. accus. clavem

pelvis, a basin. u pelvem.
««
messis, a harvest, messem.
ovis, a sheep, M ovem.
ratis, a raft,
u ratem.
sentis, a briar, u sentem.
5. Greek words will be considered presently by themselves. Many

pioper names of cities and rivers, however, not Greek, form their accu-
eatives in im, after the analogy of the Greek ; as,
Albis, the Elbe, accus. Albim.

tt
Athesis, the Adige, Athesim.
it
Bs3tis, Ihe Guadalquiver, Baetim.
tt
Bilbilis, Calatajud, BilbHim.
8.
Hispalis, Seville, Hispalim.
tl
Tiberis, the Tibery Tiberlm.
3. Ablative Singular.
1. The regular ending of the ablative singular is in e; but all words

which have im in the accusative, except those Greek words wbich have
idis in the genitive, make the ablative in i instead of e.
2. The ablative of restim f however, is reste; while, on the other

hand, navi is more common than nave.
3. Neuters in «, a/, and ar have also i in the ablative ; as, mari y
vec-
tigdlij calcari. But far, baccar, jubar, htpar, and nectar keep e ; and
sal, even when used as a neuter, has only sale.
4. Rus has both rure and ruri, but with this dirTerence of meaning,
namely, rure, " from the country," and ruri, " in the country."
5. Names of months in is and er have % in the ablative ; as, Aprili,
Septembri ; and also those substantives in is which were originally ad-
jectives ;
as, aidtiis, affinis, anndlis, familidris, gentilis, sodalis, 6cc.
But when such adjectives become proper names, they always make the
ablative in e ; as, Juvendlc, Martidle, &c.
4. Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural.
1. In th* nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, the neuters in
c, al, and ar make ia ; as, rnaria, vectigalia, calcaria.
2. But far makes farra ; while jubar, hepar, and nectar have no plu-
,,
ral. Sal has no neuter plural, but makes sales, " witticisms.
5. Genitive Plural.
The regular ending of the genitive plural is in um ; but the following

make inm instead of it.
6
Digitized by
1. Neuters in e, al, and r, which make ia in the nominative plural
as, marium, animalium, calcarium.

2. Nouns which do not increase in the genitive singular ;
as, nubts,
nubium ; civis, civium, &c. ; except vates, strues, canis, panis
juvenis, which form the genitive plural in um ; while, on the other
hand, Quirites and Samniies, which do increase in the genitive sin-
gular, have Quiritium and Samnitium. The words apis and vol-
ucris have sometimes ium, but more commonly um.
3. The following in er ; as, imber, linter t venter, uter ; but pater,
mater, fratcr, and accijnter form the genitive in um.
4. Of monosyllabic substantives, those in s and x preceded by a con-
sonant make ium ; as, montium, arcium, dentium. Lynx alone
makes lyncum, and the obsolete ops (from which we have the plu-
ral opcs) opum.
5. Of monosyllabic words ending in s preceded by a vowel, the
greater part make the genitive in um; as, crus, crurum; crux,
crucum ; dos dotum ; flos, florum, &c.
f
; but glis, lis, mas, vis y
and os (ossis) make twm.
6. Of monosyllabic words ending in x preceded by a vowel, oiily
four have ium, namely, faux (obsolete in the singular), nix, strix,
and nox ; all the rest have um.
7. Substantives of two or more syllables in ns and rs have the ter-
mination ium along with that in um, which is less common as, ;
cliens, clientium (less frequently clientum) ; cohors, cohortium (less

frequently cohortum), &c. Also those which are properly particip-
les ;
as, adolescens, infans, parens, serpens, sapiens, which, from
being used as substantives, admit also the termination um ; as, pa-
rentum ; but ium is more common.
8. The names of festivals in alia, which are in use only in the plural
as, Bacchanalia, Saturnalia, form the genitive in ium and orum;
as, Bacchanalium and Bacchanaliorum.
XXVIII. IRREGULAR DECLENSION.

I. Two nouns are here to be considered, the declension
of which presents an anomalous or irregular appearance,
namely, Jupiter and bos.
II. The proper name Jupiter made originally Jupiteris
in the genitive, Jupiteri in the dative, Jupiterem in the ac-
cusative, and Jupitcre in the ablative, the vocative being
like the nominative.
Digitized by Google
III. In process of time, however, the nominative and

vocative of this foim of declension were alone retained,
and the other cases were borrowed from another nomina-
tive Jovis, which made Jovis also in the genitive. Hence
\ve have the following mode of declining the proper name
Jupiter.
N. Jupiter, Acc. Jovem,

G. Jovis, V. Jupiter,
D. Jovi, Ab. Jove.
IV. The declension of bos is as follows ; the v in the

oblique caaes coming from the Greek digamma.
Bos, " an ox" or 4<

cow."
Singular. Plural.
N. B5s, N. B6v-es,
G. Bov-Ts, G. B6-um (old form bov-urri),
D. Bov-I, D. Bu-bus (less frequently bd-bus),
Ac. Bov-em, Ac. Bov-es,

V. Bos, V. Bov-es,
Ab. B6v-e. Ab. BG-bus (less frequently bo-bus).
XXIX. GREEK WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

I. In the genitive singular the poets often use the Greek terraination
os for is, especially of words in is, gen. idis ; as, Daphnis, gen. Daph-
nldos ; Phasis, gen. Phastdos, &c, and of nouns in as and ys ; as, Pal-
PaUados
las, gen. ;
Tethys, gcn. Tethyos. In prose the Greek form is
nncommon.
II . Feminines in o ; as, Dido, Sappko, echo, have usually the Greek
genitive in us ; as, Didus, Sapphus, echOs. The Latin genitive in onis
also occurs for the proper names, but is less usual ;
as, Diddnis, Sapphb-
nis. The dative and accusative end either in o, according to the Greek,
or in oni and onem, according to the Latin.
III. The Greek accusativeof the third declension in a is seldom used
by the best prose writers, with the exception of aera, cethtra, Pana, which
are the common forms. Wbrds in is and ys make their accusatives,
even in prose, in in and yn, as well as im and ym ; as, for example,
Nabin y Halyn. But, in general, the Latin form is preferable.
IV. All Greek words which in that language form their accusative in
Digitized by
52 EXERCISES ON THB THIRD DECLENSION.
iv (in) have in Latin their accusative in im ; as, basim, poesim, &c #

Greek nouns, on the other hand, which have in that language an acute
accent on their final syllable in the nominative, form in Latin their accu-
sative in idem, never in im ; as, pyrdmis, accus. pyramtdem ; Chalcis,
accus. Chalcidem.
V. Proper names in es, genitive is, which in Greek are of the first
declension, have in Latin, along with the accusative in em, the lermina-
tion en; as, Achillen, JEschtnen; especially barbarous names ; as, Xer-
xen, Euphrdten.
VI. Words which in Greek are doubly declined in ov (ou) and nrot
(etos) have in Latin also both forms is and etis, and in the accusative
make also en ; as, Chremcs, genitive Chremis and Chremetis ; accuaa-
tive Chrcmem, Chremetem, and Chremen.
VII. The vocative singular is commonly in Greek the same with the
nominative, as in Latin. But words in is, ys> and as (antis), which in
Greek reject * in the vocative, do it also in poetry in Latin ;
as, Daph-
nis, voc. Daphni; Tethys, voc. Tethy ; Calchas, voc. Calcha (nevei
Calchan).
VIII. In the nominative plural neuters in oc (os) have the Greek ter-
mination e ; as, cete, mele, Tempe.
IX. Of Chaos, besides the nominative and accusative, only the abla-
tive Chao occurs.
X. In the genitive plural only a few words have the Greek termina-
tion bn (w), and that only as titles of books ;
as, metamorphoseon, epi-
grammatbn.
XI. The accusative plural in as is admissible in all wbrds which have
the termination in Greek, but is rarely used in prose ;
as, harpagonds.
The form Macedonas, however, occurs frequently in Livy.
XXX. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION.

Translate the following, and show the agreement or
1 . Nouns in a, e, o.
Aroma est condimentum cibi.—India est patria aromatis.

—Baptisma est institutum Dei. — Ceremoniee baptismatis
Christianis notae sunt. —Mare est domicilium balaenarum
alveare apum (apium), ovile ovium. — Maris aqua est salsa.
—Apes sunt incolae alvearis, oves ovflis. —Picus alveaxi
damnosus est. —In mari sunt pisces, in alveari apes, m
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 53
ovili oves. —In terra sunt maria, — Cancri

rivi et fluvii.
marium sunt magiii. —Fila retium plerumque sunt crassa.

Imago animi est sermo. — Carbones sunt reliquiae ligni
combusti. —Ligo est instrumentum ferreum. —Manubrium

ligonis est longum. —Praedones habent pugiones.—Lingua
leonis- habet formam —Legiones Romanorum
limae. erant
multae. —Legionibus Romanis —Verbum erant signiferi. est
signura cogitationis. —
Poemata Virgilii sunt imitationes
poetarum Graecorum.— Pretium unionum est magnum.
Scorpioni est aculeus venenatus. —Papilionibus sunt alae
pulchrae.—Pulchritudo bonum caducum.—Judicia mul-

est
titudinissunt varia.— Homo dominus Hominis

est terree.—
—
figura est erecta. hominibus sunt
Bestiae —Rana subjectae.
bufoni non exosa est.— Pennae sunt struthionis pulchrae et

—Rostrum
pretiosae. rectum.^Hirundinibus
hirundinis est
sunt rostra recta.—Caudae pavonum —Ne- sunt pulchrae.
mlni —
futura sunt nota. sunt Luf>i agnorum avidi carnis
tenerorum. — Lupi damnosi — Apollmis
fameiici carni eunt.'
causa multorum morborum.

sagittae priscis Grascis fuerunt
Apollinicorvus — invisus erat. sunt Platonis praecepta egre-

gia.
2. Nouns irU c f Z, ii, &r.
Lac est primum alimentum tenerorum liberorum. —Mus-

cae lacti noxiae sunt. —Sal et aromata sunt condimenta cibo-
rum. — Leones, lupi, elephanti et equi sunt animalia. — Ter-
ra est domicilium hominum— Venenumet animaliura. est
hominibus et —Decimae
animalibus mortiferum. et porto-
rium sunt —In

vectigalia. sunt —In
lectis cervicalia. alveari
est mel. —Ursi melli alvearium damnosi —In sunt. felle
est orlgo multorum morborum. — Iracundia periculosa felli
est.— Graecis Romanis erant

et —Janus, deus Ro- pugfles.
manorum, symbolum
fuit — Prudentia Cicero-
solis et anni.
nis consulis magna. — Brutus

fuit Collatinus fuerunt con- et
sules Romanorum. —Attagen — Ionia est avis. est patria at-
tagenis.— Attagenes erant Romanis deliciae.— Rhenus est
Digitized by Google
54 EXERCISES ON THE TIIIRD DECLENSION.
flumen. —Ripae Rheni fluminis sunt fecundae et amoenae.—

In Rheno flumine sunt multae insulae. —Danubius et Albia
sunt flumina. — Stramen, cardui, et folia sunt pabulum asi-
norum. — Nidi gallinarum sunt in stramine horreorum.

Carmina Horatii, poetae Romani, sunt imitationes poetarum
Graecorum. — Sol est —
lumen mundi. Gloria nominis Aes-
chyli, poetae tragici, estmagna. —Luscinia est oscen. — Lus-
—Rostra oscinum sunt
ciniae sunt oscines. recta et acuta.
Calcaris rotunda
rota est —Rotae calcarium
et dentata. sunt
— Formlcae apes sunt exemplaria
•
rotundae etdentatae. et in-

— Cochlearia sunt instrumenta neces-
dustriae et concordiae.
—Munificentia
saria. —Pompeius
Caesaris est nota. fuit Cae-
sari aflmis.— Hannibal Hamilcaris. —Aqufla

fuit filius est
amlca —Dii
jubaris solis. amlci
Graeci erant nectaris.
Lares erant dii Romanorum.—
ficti larum Aitare fuit in atrio.
—In hepate —In magno

est officlna fellis. acervo farris saepe
est magna copia curculionum.

»
3. Nouns in er, />r, ur.
Poena carceris viro ingenuo ignorniniosa est. —Ferrum

vomeris est durum. —Passer et anser sunt aves. — Passeres
et anseres sunt ave^.—Agrfcolae habent anseres, aratra, e;
vomeres. —Muri Babylonis fuerunt e — Zingiber lateribus. et
piper sunt aromata. — India patria est piperis zingiberis,
et pavonis. — Virus papaveris somniierum. — Cadavera
est
sunt nonnullis gratus
bestiis —Hasdrubal
cibus. fuit frater
Hannibalis Hamilcaris. —Accipitres

et filius falcones et
sunt hostes columbarum et gallinarum. —Exhalationes ter-
rae, maris et fluminum, sunt causa imbris. —Mala, pira et
uvae maturae sunt dona Octobris. —Hirundines sunt prae-
—Initium
4untiae veris. Martii.—Finis veris
veris est finis
—Vita nostra
est initium Julii. —In est
fidus iter. itinere
amicus necessarius — Aves sunt

est. — In aere incolae aeris.
sunt mari sunt

aves, in apes, in
pisces, in alveari ovili
oves.— Neptunus fuerunt
Jupiter, Pluto, et —Satur fratres.
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION 55
nus fuit —Delus insula Apollini Dianae sacra

pater Jovis. et
fuit. —Jovi aquila sacra — Diana, soror

fuit. Apollinis, fuit
dea venationis. — Ignis causa —Galba suc-
est caloris. fuit
cessor imperatoris Neronis. — Puer carusattentus praeceptori

est. —Aqua pura neque saporem habet, neque odorem, neque
colorem. — Incolae desertorum sunt pastores, venatores, la-
trones, et mercatores. — Divitiae mercatorum sunt incertae.
Pallor labiorum est indicium terroris, aut morbi. —Gramen,
oryza et folia arborum sunt pabulum elephantorum. — Figura
cordis est oblonga. —Gracis priscis fuit sedes animi in fcar-
de. —Achilles fuit interfector Hectoris. — Poetae sunt amici
raurmuris rivorum. — Jupiter fuit deus fulguris. —Fulgura
habent odorem sulphuris. —Vultur et turtur sunt aves.
Avari vulturibus similes sunt. —Turtures sunt syrabdlum
amoris et amicitiae. —Tenebrae furi gratae sunt. — Neptunus
erat deus raaris ;
Mercurius, nuntius deorum, et deus elo-
quentiae, mercatorum et furum. —India est patria eboris.
Sunt multae statuae ex ebore. — In jecore est officina fellis.
Leo est symbolum roboris et animi magnitudinis.
4. Nouns in as, es.
Libertas est magnum bonum. —Initium aestatis est Julius.
— Finis aestatis est September. —Multi ludi sanitati pericu-

losi sunt. —
Apes et formicae sunt exemplaria sedulitatis.
—
Rostrum anatis est navum. Caro anatum et anserum est
cibus sapidus. — —
Jugulum maris attagenis est nigrum. Pal-
las fuit dea sapientiae. —Herculi populus sacra
—Astutia fuit.
vulpisest — Socrates praeceptor Xenophontis.

nota. fuit
Socratis
-ffischlnes, Atheniensis. — Numerus
discipulus, fuit
orationum Demosthenis magnus. — Aquilarum
oratoris est et
falconum plerumque sunt

nidi — Orestes in rupibus. fuit pri-
mus matriclda. — Feles sunt hostes avium. — In marium ripis
et fluminum plerumque sunt rupes. —iEschylus, Sophocles,

et EuripTdes fuerunt — Apollo inventor
poetae tragici. fuit
medicinae et antistes Musarum.—-Diana, dea venationis, fuit
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56 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Musarum. — Canes
soror Apollinis, antistltis sunt saepe in
—Pulcher equus
itinere comites viatorum. carus equiti est.
— sunt defensores
Milites — Vita militum
patriae. est honor-
—Pedites
ifica. sunt defensores
et equites — Luna patriae.
coraes
est —Lunae, comiti
et satelles terrae. et satelliti terra?,
—In mari fluminibus sunt

saepe est halo. et — gurgites. In
silvis sunt stipites, in campis tramites, in agris mergites.
Limites saepe sunt causae magnarum rixarum.—Raroi abie-
tum sunt sedes avium. Lana arietis — est alba aut nigra.
Parietes plerumque sunt e lateribus. —Interpres et satelles
Jovis fuit aquila. — Ministerium aquilae, interpretis et satel-
litis —Sine segete non messis.

Jovis, fuit honorificum. est
In cullnis sunt ollae, —Tapetes, imagines
patinae et lebetes.
et specula pulchra sunt ornamenta parietum. —Thales fuit
philosophus. — Miletus Thaletis

erat patria philosophi.
Natura magnetis mira. — Vita obsidum
est pericu- saepe est
losa.— —Praeceptores sunt
Jupiter erat praeses hospitalitatis.
praesidesscholarum. —Vermibus non sunt pedes. — Leones,
vulpes
lupi, feles, oves sunt quadrupedes. — Sunt
et multae
statuaeex —Ceres dea
aere. fuit —Proserpina
agriculturae.
fuit filia Cereris.
5. Nouns in is, os.

•
Cibi condimentum est fames, potionis sitis. —Mensis De-

cember est finis anni. — Accipitres et feles sunt hostes
avium. — Structura — Pisces sunt in-
auris est artificiosa.
colae marium, fluminum rivorum aves et — Nidi ; aeris. ci-
coniarum sunt — Apes habent
in altis tectis et in turribus.
reglnam. — Equites habent cassides. — Parietes multorum
aedificiorum sunt e —Pyramldes uEgyptiorum sunt
lapidibus.
magna —Thetis uxor
aedificia. fuit Pelei, patris Achillis.
Achilles Thetldis
fuit filius — Malum aureum et Pelei. fuit
donum —In pyxide Pandorae fuerunt
Erldis. multae molestiae.
—Paris Hectoris. — Limites
fuit frater sunt causae saepe
—Samnites
litis. populuserant —Romani fuerunt
bellicosus.
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EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION. 57
victores Samnltium. —Carbones cineris saepe sunt causa

magnorum incendiorum.-Cucun.eres sunt cibus sapidus.-
Cauda gliris est longa. — Caudae glirium sunt longae. — Coi
est —Sacerdotes
receptaculum sangumis. sunt antistites
populi. —Elephantus —Romulus
est hostis rhinocerotis. et
Remus nepotes Numitoris. — Saepe

erant cibus ori gratus,
at stomacho noxius —Flores arborum
est. indicium sunt
—
veris. morum
Similitudo firmum vinculum
est amicitir;.
Vapores sunt causa

terrae — roris.magna. Duritia ossis est
Numerus ossium hominis magnus. — est cub- Salii fuerunt
todes ancilium. — Pastores custodes ovium. — Cauda
sunt
bovis est longa —Gramen
et pilosa. gratum pabu est bovi
—Gramen bubus bonum.
lura. est
6. Nouns in us.
Honos est praemium virtutis. — Virtuti nulla via invia est.

—Pietas et modestia sunt virtutes. —Modestia est orna-
mentum juventiitis, sapientia senectutis. —Vitia juventuti
perniciosa sunt. —In tellure sunt multa metaila. —Titanes
fuerunt filii Telluris. —Jupiter fuit praeses hospitalitatis et
foederum.— Vita, valetudo, et divitiae sunt munera benigni

dei.— Corpora inhumata sunt praeda vulturum. Leones —
sunt e genere felium. —
Dolores lateris sunt magnae moles-
—Lactuca
tiae. asparagi sunt
et — olera. Sol, stellae et terra
sunt opera dei. — Scelera fuerunt rulna

Catilinae civitatis.
Sol est oculus mundi dominus siderum.— Jecur,

et splen, et
renes, sunt — Vulnera militum sunt signum

viscera. fortitu-
dinis. — Venus uxor Vulcani. — Cupldo

fuit Veneris, fuit filius
dess gratiarum — Ulcera

et venustatis.sunt morbi corporis.
Mare habet — Gramen pabulum
litora. est—Candor pecoris.
et levitas sunt decora — Leporis
eboris. sunt pili rutili.
Silvae campi sunt domicilium leporum. —Asia

et est patria
turis. — vulneribus
^ln ulceribuset pus. — Ulpianus est fuit
conditor —Mures sunt

juris. elephantorum. —Feles
terror
sunt hostes murium.—Incudes et folles sunt instrumenta

necessaria fabrorum ferrariorum. — Ferrum incudis est du-

rum. —Aqua
paludum sanitati hominum noxia est. Si£ —
—
lutum gratum est. Semina cucumerum sunt pabulum suum.
—
-Nidus gruis est magnus. Grues habent colla pennata.
7. Nouns imbs, ls> ms, ns, ps, rs, and U
Corinthus fuit —Mummius devastator

urbs Graeciae. fuit
Corinthi, urbis —Berolmum, Vindobona, Londi-

Graeciac.
num, Novum Eboracum sunt
Parisii, et —Cives urbes. et
sunt defensores urbium. — Pontus

milites est patria chalybis.
—Arabia Arabum. — Nidi passerum plerumque sunt
est terra
in trabibus aedificiorum.— Puls fuit alimentum priscorum
Romanorum.— Liberi sunt amlci pultis. — Hiemsest tempus
quietis. —Hiemis initium est finis Novembris. — Infantis
cranium est tenerum. —Infantibus non est sermo. —Dentes
elephanti sunt ebur.—Aves habent cornea rostra sine denti-
bus.—Serpentibus non sunt pedes. — fons mul- Avaritia est
torum malorum. — Hellcon mons —In montibus
est Boeotiae.
est orlgo fontium. — Frondes sunt decus arborum. — Glandes

erant cibus priscorurn hominum. — Iuglandes sunt pueris et
puellis cibus —Polyphemus
gratus. Cyclops. —iEtna, erat
mons Siciliae, domicilium
erat Cyclopum. —Pelops erat
filiusTantali.— Peloponnesus, lingua Graeca, esJt^nsula
in
Pelopis. — Henrlcus, auceps, imperator Germanorwjp.
erat
Otto primus Henrici aucupis. — In principum
erat filius aiilis
olim sanniones — Principibus magna copia

fuerunt. est
tum —Artes sunt
et satellitum. imitationes naturae.-*-
est pars planta
assis • pars —Verba sunt parte^,
est pedis.
sermonis. —Romulus Remus, et Martis, erant conditore&
filii :
urbis Romae. — Mors miseriarum. — Divlteap;

est finis vitae et
et pauperes morti obnoxii —In sunt.
Palladis erat aeglde
caput Medusae.— Cranium, aures,
sunt partes et frons,
—Frontes sunt
capitis. frondes
in capitibus,
^ in arboribur.
v
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EXERCISES ON <THE THIRD DECLENSION. 59
8. Nouns in Zx, nx, ax, ex.
Calces sunt partes pedum. —Falces sunt instrumenta

messorum. —Pretium pellis lyncis est magnum.—Arces
plerumque sunt in montibus et in rupibus. —Anseres Ju-
nonis fuerunt servatores arcis Romanae. — Milites sunt de-
fensores arcium et urbium. — Sarissac crant arma phalangis.
— Sphingi erat caput feminae. —Obsides sunt pigndra pacis.
— pace
In est salus populorum, non —
in bello. In conclavi-
bus sunt fornaces, specula, —
scrinia, et sellae. habent
Milites
enses, hastas, et thoraces. —Gnomon est indcx horarum.
Gnomones sunt indices horarum, flores veris. — Sub vertTce
capltis est cerebrum. — Viblces sunt signa verberum. —Deus
est rex regum ct —Reges principes
dominus dominorum. ct
sunt patres gentium. — Leges sunt fundamentum libertatis
et aequitatis. — Canes sunt custodes gregum a?dihciorum. et
—Anna Achillis fuerunt causa necis Ajacis. — Arietes, ver-

vcces, lepores, mures, glires, canes, leones, et tigres Bunt
quadrupedes. — Caro vcrvecum est cibus divitum et paupe-
rum. — RemTges Romanorum erant ser\'i. — Eloquenlia est
juveni nccessaria, seni jucunda. — Capilli senum plerumque
sunt cani. — Magnificentia supellectflis regum cst magna.
9. Nouns in ix, ox, ux.
Homines ct animalia habent cervices. —Vulnera et cica-
trlces militum sunt signa fortitudinis. — Aquilae, corvi, vul-
tures, pavones, anseres, anates, cormces, perdlces, passeres,

grues, hirundines et strntliiones sunt aves. — Jn lodicibus
sunt pluina? aut lana. — Semen et radix colchlci sunt vene-
num. — Nidi coturnlcum sunt in segetibus. — Phoenlces erant
nautae — Tyrus erat urbs Phcenlcum. — RadTces arbo-
perlti.
rum sunt in terra. — Graecia fuit inventrix, Roma conserva-

trix artium. — Ceres fuit inventrix agriculturae. —ProserpTna
Cereris, inventrlcis agriculturac.
fuit filia Tnfellci est inno- —
centia felicitas.— Poma, herbae, et cortex arborum sunt pa-
bulum hystncis. — In cervicibus hystricum sunt innumerae
setae. —In frondibus lancis saepe sunt nidi avium. —Insecta

et herbae sunt pabulum natricis. — Multa insecta hominibus
sunt molesta, ut pulices, cimices, et muscae. —Nix grando et
suntaqua congelata. — Nubes sunt causa pluviae, nivis,gran-t
dinis et fulguris. — Oculi strigis sunt magni. —Lepores,

mures, aves, et insecta sunt pabulum —Sonus
strigium.
vocis strigis auribus hominum ingratus est. —Nox est tem-
pus —
quietis. Tenebrae noctis strigibus gratae sunt. — Cap-
padoces fuerunt populus —Geneva oppidum Al
Asiae. fuit
lobrogum. — Nucleus nucis esculentus. —Nuces oryza

est et
sunt exoptatus cibus — Hannibal

simiis. Hasdrubal erant et
duces Carthaginiensium. — Lux imago, nox est vitae mortis.

—Noctuae sunt —Leda
inimicae luci. conjux Tyndari, erat
regis Lacedaemonis. —Castor Pollux fuerunt et Ledae, filii
conjugis Tyndari, Lacedaemonis.

regis — Helena Cly- et
taemnestra fuerunt sorores Castoris —Far, hor- et Pollucis.
deum,, sunt
et triticum —Fauces leonum sunt se-
fruges.
pulcrum multarum bestiarum. — Faex adusti cerevisiae et vini
est pabulum suum et boum.
II.
Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram-

matical, so as to suit the English words opposite.
The poems of Homer are Poema Homerus sum pul-

beautiful. cher. #
The islands of the sea are Insula mare sum multus.
many*
There are large sheepfolds in Sum magnus ovile rus.
the country.
Many seas were unknown to Romanus sum multus mare
the Romans. ignotus.
The daggers of robbers are Pugio praedo sum parvus sed
small but sharp. acutus.
The stings of scorpions are Aculeus kcorpio &um tenena-
poisonous. tu».
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EXERCISES 0N THE THIRD DECxîlJiON. 61
He has the hatred of a multi- Odium habeo multitudo ho

tude of tnen. mo.
Toads are often found in Bufo saepe sum inventus in
rocks. rupes.
Swallows are a sign of spring. Hirundo sum signum ver.
He has plenty of milk in the Copia lac habeo in vas.
vessel.
There is plenty of salt and Copia sal et aroma est in

spices in the food. cibus.
The shores of the sea are of- Litus mare sum saepe pericu-
ten dangerous. lo8us.
The banks of the river Rhine Ripa flumen Rhenus sum
are often clad with vines. ssepe vitis vestitus.
The Thames and Seine are Tamesis et Sequana sum flu-
rivers of great name. vius raagnus nomen.

The temple has altars, and a Templum habeo altare, et sta-
statue of Ccesar, the Roman tua Caesar, iroperator Ro
commander. manus.
The door of the prison is open Carcer janua est Hannibal
to Hannibal. apertus.
The sepulchre of the brothers Sepulchrum frater et soror
and sisters of Hamilcar Hamilcar fulmen percus-
was struck by lightning. sus sum.
The memory of Cicero,prinee Memoria Cicero, princeps
of orators, is still dear to orator, sum carus adhuc
young men and old. juvenis et senex.
The friendship of a surety is Amicitia vas sum verus ami-
true friendship. citia.
The eloquence of Demosthe- Demosthenes, orator Graecus,

neSj the Greek orator y is eloquentia sum verus ge-
of the true kind. nus.

The tongue is the interpreter Lingua sum cor interpres.
of the heart.
The stones of the wall are Lapis paries sum niger.
hlack.
6
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.62 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD DECLENSION
The bottom of the box has Fundum pyxis habeo multus

many holes. foramen.
Plenty offish, and cucumbers, Copia piscis, et cucumis, et
and apples. malum.

The nature of fishes and ser- Natura piscis et serpens sum
pents is knoum to the rower notus remex et comes.
and his companions.
The odour of the fiowers of Odor flos ver sum naris gra
spring is grateful to the tus.
nostrils.
The tops of the pyramids are Culmen pyramis sum latus et

broad andflat, not pointcd. planus, non acutus.
In Egypt, the Arabs are the In iEgyptus, Arabs sum dux
guides of travellers. viator.
The helmets of the horsemen Cassis eques sum ferreus.

are iron.
Pains of the sides are often Dolor latus sum saepe causa
a cause of death to women mors mulier et homo.
and men.
He has ulcers of the lungs. Habeo ulcus pulmo.
The Cyclopes were in the bow- Cyclops sum in viscus mons,
elsof the mountain, but the at sonitus incus sum audi-
sound of the anvils was tus comes Ulysses in na
heard by the companions of vis.
Ulysses in the ships.

The fields have plenty of ma- Ager habeo copia stercus.
nure.
Pietyis thegreatest of virtues. Pietas sum maximus virtus.
The Scipios were the lights of Scipio sum lumen civitas
the state.
Bad citizens are the ruin of Malus civis sum ruina urbs.
cities.
Scythia was the native coun- Scythia sum patria hiemp.

try of winter, and snow, et nix, et tempestas. $
ond tempests.
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THIRD DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 63
The water offountains isgood
Aqua fons bonus sum pecus
for and for man.
cattle et homo.
Mtnerva was in the head of Minerva sum in caput Jupi-
Jupiter. f ter.
ichilles has a wound in his Achilles habeo vulnus in
heeh calx.
The soldiers of the Macedo- Miles phalanx Macedonicus
nian phalanx have long habeo longus hasta.
spears.
There are often crosses on the 1 In ecclesia turris saepe
towers of churches. \ crux.
XXXI. THIRD DECLENSION OF ABJECTIVES.

L
Adjectives of the third declension follow, as has al-
ready been said, the third declension of nouns.
II. These adjectives are divided into two classes, the
first having two terminations, one for the masculine and
feminine, and another for the neuter ; and the second class
having but one termination throughout for all the genders.
1. Adjectives of two terminations.

I. These consist of adjectives ending in is, is, e, and of
comparatives in or, or, us, that is, having one and the same
termination (is in the case of the fonner, or in that of the
tatter) for the masculjnjpand feminine, and another (e in
the case of the former, us in that of the latter) for the neu-
ter gender.
II. Their respective declensions are as follows
Masc. " Fem. Neut.

Brevis, Breve, "short."
Singular. Plural.
N. Brev-is, -is, -e, N. Brev-es, -es, -ia,
G. Brev-is, -is, -is, G. Brev-ium, -ium, -ium,

D. Brev-i, -i, D. Brev-ibus, -ibus, -ibus,
Ac. Brev-em, -em, -e, Ac. Brev-es, -es, -ia,
V. Brev-is, -is, -e, V. Brev-es, -es, -ia,
Ab Brev-i, -i. -i. Ab. Brev-ibus, -ibus, -ibus.
Digitized by Google
64 ADJECTIVES.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Brevior, Brevior, Brevius, " shorter"
Singular.
N. Brev-ior, -ior, -iua
. — •
G. Brev-idris, -ioris,
D. Brev-iori, -iori, -iori,
Acc. Brev-iorem, -iorem, -ius.
V. Brev-ior, -ior, -ius.
Ab. Brev-iore or -idri, -iore or iori, -iore or
Plural.
N. Brev-iores, -iores, -iora,
G. Brev-iorum, -iorum, -iorun\,
D. Brev-ioribus, -ioribu8, -ioribus,

Acc. Brev-iores, -iores, -iora,
V. Brev-iores, -iores, -iora,
Ab. Brev-ioribus, -ioribu8, -ioribus.
III. Several adjectives in is 9 is, e,have also, in the nom

inative and vocative singular masculine, a specific ending
in er besides the termination in is. In other respects they
are declined like brevis. Thus,
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Acer or Acris, Acris, Acre, "keen"
Singular. Plural.
N. Ac-er or -ris, -ris, -re, N. Acr-es, -es, -ia,
G. Acr-is, -is, -is, G. Acr-ium, -ium, -ium,

•
D. Acr-i, -i, D. Acr-ibus, -ibus, -ibus f
Acc. Acr-em, -em, -e, Acc. Acr-es, -es, -ia,
V. Ac-er or -ris, -ris, -re, V. Acr-es, -es, -ia,
Ab. Acr-i, -i, -i. Ab. Acr-ibus, -ibus, -ibus
IV. The nominative masculine in is is raiely used in

prose for the adjectives in the preceding paragraph.
V. The following are some of the others declined like
acer.
Digitized by
ADJECTIVES
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Aiacer or Alacris, AlScris, Alacre.
Celeber n Celebris, Celebris, Celebre.
Celer, u Celeris, Celeris, Celere.
tt
Campester Campestris, Campestris. Campestre.
tt
Equester
S>
Equestris, Equestris, Equestre.
tt
Pedester Pedestris, Pedestris, Pedestre.
tt
Paluster Palustris, Palustris, Palustre.
cc
Saluber Salubris, Salubris, Salubre.
tt
Volucer Volucris, Volucris, Volucre.
VI. All other adjectives besides those thus far mentioned

have only one ending in the nominative singular for all
genders ;
as, feltx, prudens, solers, and the participles in
ns ; as, amans, monens, &c.
VII. In some of the other cases, however, they have, as
will be perceived, two terminations, namely, one for the
masculine and feminine, and another for the neuter. Thus,
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Felix, Felix, Felix, « happy."
Singular.
N. Fel-ix," -ix,
G. Fel-Tcis, -Icis, -Icis,
D. Fel-Ici, -Ici, -Ici,

•
Acc. Fel-Icem, -Tcem, -ix,
V. Fel-ix, -ix, -ix,
Ab. Fel-ice or -ici, -Ice or -Ici, -Ice or -Ici

*
Plural.
N. Fel-Ices, -Ices, -Icia,
G. Fel-Icium, -Icium, -Icium,

D. Fel-Icibus, -Icibus, -Icibus,
I . The more accurate division, so as to show both the root and ter
mination, would be as follows : Nom Felie-s ; Gen. Felic-is ; Dat,
Fclic-i, 6lc.
6*
Digitized by
66 ADJECTIVES.
— *
-
Acc. Fel-ices, -Ices, -lcia,
V; Fel-Ices, -Ices, -1C1B,

*
* •
Ab. Fel-Icibus, -Tcibus r -Icibns.
Masc. Fem, Neut.

Audax, Audax, Audax, " bold*
Singular.
N. Aud-ax/ -ax, -ax,
G. Aud-acis, -acis, -acis,
D. Aud-aci, -aci, -aci,
Acc. AuJ-acem, -acem, -ax,

V. Aud-ax, -ax, -ax,
Ab. Aud-ace or -aci, -ace or -aci, -ace or a<
Plural.
N. Aud-aces, -aces, -acia,
G. Aud-acium, -acium, -acium,
D. Aud-acibus, -acibus, -acibus,
Acc. Aud-aces, -aces, -dcia,
V. Aud-aces, -aces, -acia,
Ab. Aud-acibus, -acibus, -acibus.
Masc. Fem. Neut. <
Prudens, Prudens, Prudens, " prudent."
Singular. m •
N Prud-ens, 2
-ens, -ens,
G. Prud-entis, -entis, -entis,
* *
D. Prud-enti, -enti, + -enti,

Acc. Prud-entem, -entem, -ens,
V. Prud-ens,
*
-ens, -ens,
Ab. Prud-ente or -enti, -ente or -enti, -ente or -
1. More accurate division, Nom. Audac-s : Gen. Audac-is ; Dat

Audac-i, &c.
2. More accurate division, Nom. Pruden(t)-s, where the / of the root
is droppeA before * lbr euphony ; Gen. PrudentAs ; Dat. Prudent-i, &c.
Digitized by Google
ADJECTIVES. 67
Plural.
N. Prud-entes, -entes, -entia,
G. Prud-entium, -entium, -entium,

D. Prud-entibus, -entibus, -eutibus,
Acc. Prud-entes, -entes, -entia,
V. Prud-entes, -entes, -entia,
Ab. Prud-entibus, -entibus, -entibus.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Amans, Amans, Amans, " loving."
Singular.
N. Am-ans, 1 -ans, -ans,
G. Am-antis, -antis, -antis,
D. Am-anti, -anti, -anti,
Acc. Am-antem, -antem, -ans,

V. Am-ans, -ans, -ans,
Ab. Am-ante or -anti, -ante or -anti, -ante or -anti
Plural.
N. Am-antes, -antes, -antia,
G. Am-antium, -antium, -antium,

D. Am-antibus, -antibus, -antibus,
Acc. Am-antes, -antes, -antia,
V. Am-antes, -antes, -antia,
Ab^ Am-antibus, -antibus, -antibus.
VIII. Tlie adjective Plus, " more," is only neuter in the

singular, while in the plural it is of all three genders. The
dative and ablativeîngular, however, are seldom, if ever,
found.
Singular.
N. Plus, Acc. Plus,
G. Plur-is, V. Plus,
D. Plur-i, Ab. Plur-e ?r -i.
1. More accurate division, Nora. Aman{tys ; Gen. Amant-is, &c.,as

In ^rudens.
Digitized by Google
68 adJectives.
Plural.
1
N. Plur-es, -es, -a,7
G. PKir-ium, -ium, -ium,

D. Plur-ibus, -ibus, -ibus,
Acc. Plur-es, -es, -a,
V. Plur-es, -es, -a,
Ab. Plur-ibus, -ibus, -ibus.
IX. The ablative singular pf adjectives in is, is, e, and

er or is, is, e, ends in i ; as, brevi, acri.
X. The ablative singular of comparatives, and of adjec-

tives with one termination, ends in e or i ; as, majore or
2
majort ; breviore or breviori ; felice or felici ; prudente or
prudcnti.
XI. Participles,when used as adjectives, make the abla-
tive in e or i ; when used as participles.
but only in e
XII. All adjectives and participles which make their
ablative singular in t only, or in e and i, make the neuter
plural in ia, except comparatives ; os,felicia, amantia; but
majora, doctiora?
XIII. In the genitive plural all words make ium which
have ia in the nominative ; as, felicium, amantium. To
which add plurium and complurium. The rest have um, as
veterum, doctiorum.*
1. We find plura in writers of the best age. The compound complu-

res, on the other hand, has both complura and compluria.
2. In comparatives the termination e is preferable, as agreeing with
the usage of the best prose writers.
3. Vetus makes vetera. The adjective plus has already been referred
to in note 1. Dives makes in the plural ditia, contracted from divilia.
Such forms as victrix, &c, though properly feminine substantives, aro
used as neuter in the plural ; as, victricia bella.
4. Calebs, princeps and particeps, celer, degener, divcs, inops, memor
and immemor, pubes and impubes (plur. pubercs), quadruplex, supplex,
vetus, uber, and the compounds of color and of facio (cnding in fex),
have um. The adjectives in ccps, gen. -cipitis (from caput), anceps,
prmceps, biceps, triceps, make ium, sometimes syncopated into um. jvi-
guam and frugi are indeclinable. The latter is properly the dative of
the obsolete frux.
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EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES 69
XXXII. EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD

DECLENSION.
L
Translate the following, and show the number, gender,
and case.
Somnus morti — Oculi sunt

simllis est. mobHes. rotundi et
— — Vanitas pavonum
Tigris habet incredibilem velocitatem.
versicolorum —Campania habet vina
est ridicula. nobilia.
Cos sunt
et silex —Pax omnibus bonis op-
lapides vulgares.
— Nonnulla aromata sunt
tabilis est. —Adolescenti- salubria.
bus praecepta senum — Saccharum

utilia sunt. cst dulce. *
Platina esldurum, plumbum molle metallum. — Leones sunt

audaces, rapaces,
robusti, magnanimi. — et divitum In culinis
et pauperum sunt vasa — Murium rlctilia. hostes naturaJes
sunt —Reglna apum
feles. — Lignea
ceteris dissimilis est.
alvearia sunt domicilium apum, opificum dulcis mellis.
Spatiosa et alta conclavia sunt salubria.
Felices homines diis similes sunt. —Judicia multitudinis
credulae sunt mutabilia. —Motio corpori necessaria et salu-
taris est.— Pueri alacres sunt — sunt ce-
laudati. Stelliones
leres.— Avium rapacium sunt adunca. — Diligentes
rostra
pueri sunt gaudium parentum. — Panis recens non est salu-
ber.— Veteribus Gallis erant torques — Leones sunt aurei.
robusta ferocia animalia. — In multis

et sunt mollia lectis
cervicalia.— Gramen molle. — Lumen

viride est coeleste est
fons omnis — Nomina multorum poctaruin

vitae. suntillustria.
— Causa ongo nubium sunt vapores surgentes. — Odor

et
faeni recentis noxius. — Ador

est — Cor mortale,
est utile.
animus immortalis est.
Arbores sunt indices

florentes —Ros matutlnus
veris.
herbis salutaris —Cotes sunt

est. — Ossa
durae et utiles.
infantium sunt tenera — Senes plerumque sunt

et mollia.
raorosi, juvenes —Sal5mo rex sapiens. — Prover-

leves. erat
bia Salomonis, regis —Cives .regum sapientium

sapientis.
Digitiz^d by
70 EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES.
—Nuces dulces
sunt felices. —Acinaces
sciuris gratae sunt.
i
eratbrevis curvatus et —Nectar dulcegladius. erat diis
deabusque gratum. — Passeres edaces maturo damnosi farri
sun — jEtas
t. habet magnum robur
virilis corporis et et ani-
m — Omne corpus
i. mutabile. — Crocodilus
est animal est
—Supplices preces deo sunt acceptae.— Frutices

terribile.
humiies a fulmine tutae sunt.— Plumse nonnullarum avium

suntver8icolores. — jEstas frugifera est aetativirili similis.—
Inhumanitas est omni aetati molesta. —Vidla habet suavem
odorem. '
II.
»

Africa is the native country Africa sum patria rapax leo.
of ravenous lions.
Sparrows are active, vora- Passer sum celer, edax, et
cious, and thievisk. furax.
> Not all geese are tame ; there Non omnis anser sum cicur
are wild geese. sum anser ferus.
The tomb of Semiramis, a Sepulchrum Semiramis, po-

powerful and illustrious tens et illustris regina.
queen.
The foot forces were brave Pedestris copia sum fortis et
and swift. celer.
The spring is healthful for Ver sum homo salubris.

?nen.
Pepper ispungent, ripe grapes Piper sum acer, uva maturus

are sweet. sum dulcis.
The onset of brave and rapid Impetus.fortis et celer eque*.

horsemen.
The ancient Laconians were Vetus Laco sum fortis miles.
9
brave soldiers.
A green sod is the sign of Cespes viridis sum index ver
approaching spring. appropinquans.
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FOURTH DECLENSION. 71
Tjife is a short joumey Vita sum brevis iter.
In marshy regions there are In regio palustris sum multus

many wooden bridges. pous ligneus.
The beginnings of doubtful Initium fortuna anceps.
fortune.
The eyebrows are moveable. Supercilium sum mobilis
Peacocks have uglyfeet. Pavo habeo pes turpis.
History is the narrative of Historia sum narratio factum
memorable transactions. memorabilis.
Soft heaps of fresh straw. lAcervus mollis recens stra-
men.
Tigers are swift, cruel, and Tigris sum pernix, crudeli*,
ravenous. et rapax.
The death of the rich Crcesus, Mors dives Croesus, rex in-
an unhappy king. telix.
Old wines are superior. Vetus vinum sum praestans.

The bodies of worms are soft. Vermis corpus sum mollis.
The crocodile has dull eyes in Crocodilus habeo hebes ocu«
the water. lus in aqua.
Strokes of lightning are rapid Fulmen sum celer et terribi-
and terrible. lis.
XXXIII. FOURTH DECLENSION.

I. Nouns of the fourth declension end in us or u.
II. Nouns in us are generally masculine, sometimes fem-
inine. Nouns in u are neuter, and are indeclinable in the

singular.
III. The folE&ring are the terminations of nouns in us
Singular Plurql.
N. iis N. us,
G. vs, G. xtum,
D. Ul, D. tbus,
Acc. ArCC. us,
v. tts, V. us,
Ab. u. Ab. ibus.
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72 FOURTH DECLENSION.
IV. The tennination us of the genitive singular is con-

tracted from an old ending uis ; and, in like mannor, the
ending of the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural is
contracted from ues.

V. These old endings in uis and ues show clearly that
the fourth declension was originally only a branch of the
third.
VI. The declension of nouns in us is as follows :
Fructus, "fruitr
Singular. Plural.
N. Fruct-us, N. Fruct-us,
G. Fruct-iis, G. Fruct-uum,
D. Fruct-ui, D. Fruct-ibus,
Acc. Fruct-um, Acc. Fruct-us,
V. Fruct-us, V. Fnict-us,
Ab Fruct-u. Ab. Fruct-ibus.
Currus, " a chariot."

Singular. Plural.
N. Curr-us, '
N. Curr-us,
G. Curr-us, G. Curr-Gum,
D. Curr-ui, D. Curr-ibus,
Acc. Curr-um, Acc. Curr-us,
V. Curr-us, V. Curr-us,
Ab. Curr-u. Ab. Curr-ibus.
VII. The declension of neuters in u is as follow
Comu, « a horn."
Singular. Plural.
N. Corn-u, N. Corn-ua,
G. Corn-u, G. Corn-uum,
D. Corn-u, D. Cora-ibus,
Acc. Corn-u, Acc. Corn-ua,
V. Corn-u, V. Corn-ua,
Ab. Corn-u. Ab. Corn-ibus.
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FOURTH DECLENSION. 73
VIII. The foUowingwords,belonging to this declension,

have ubus instead of ibus in the dative and ablative plural.
Acus, a needle. Partus, a birth.
Arcus, a bow. Pecu, cattle.
Artus, ajoint. Portus, a harbour.

Ficus, 1 a fig- Specus, 2 a den.
Genu, a knee. Tribus, a tribe.
Lacus, a lake. Veru, a spit.
IX^ Trie followinor worrl i(3 111 JJLo dl t> 1 t/IIlllllIJty*
Acus, a needle.
Anus, an old wornan.
Domus, a house.
Manus, a hand.
Nurus, a daughter-in-law.
Socrus, a mother-in-law.
Porticus, aportico.
Tribus, a tribe.
Quercus, an oak.
Ficus, a fig-
Idus, the ides of the month.
Quinquatrus, a festival of Minerva.
X. A genitive in i was formed from some nouns in us,

according to the second declension, and this form found is
in good prose writers ;

as, for example, senati and tumulti
in Sallust.
XI. A dative in u instead of ui is very often employed,

especially in Caesar.
XII. The noun Domus is both of the fourth and second
declensions; thus:
1. Instead of ficubusvre find ficis (from ficus, gen. -i) commonly used.
Porlus and tonttru, " thunder," have both ubus and ibus, but portubus
and tonitribus are bcst.
2. Specus is masculine, but in the poets and in the nominative it is
found as a neuter. Penus is of three forms, namely, penus, gen. -us t
of the fourth declension, masculine ; penum, gen. -i, of the second, neu-
ter; and penus, gen. -dri*, of the third, neuter.
7
Digitized by
74 EXEUCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION.
Domus, a housc"
Singular» Plural
N. Domus, N. Dom-us,
G. Dora-us or I, G. Dom-orum or uum.
D. Dom-ui or 6, D. Dom-ibus,
Acc. Dom-um, Acc Dom-us,
V. Dom-us, V. Dom-us,
Ab. Dom-o. Ab. Dom-ibus.
XIII. The genilive domi is only used in the sense of
" at home." On all other occasions domus is employed.
XXXIV. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION.

I.
Translate the following, and show the agrecment or gov

ernment in each clause or phrase.
Risus est signum gaudii. —Cordis situs est in sinistro lat-
ere pectoris. — Glandes illcis sunt victus hominum. — Sensus
hominum sunt, visus, audltus, olfactus, gustus, et tactus.
Canis est custos domus. —Canes sunt custodes domuum et
greguni —Legiones Romanae

— Oculi sunt instrumenta visus.
erant —Pueri sunt amici
partes exercitus. —Rubor lusus.
vultus plerumque
,
signum est — Currui sunt pudoris. rotae,
domui mari
januae, urbi portae, — Hippopotamus habet
portus.
jubam hinmtum
et — Omne animal habet sensum
equi. visus,
—Est
olfactus, gustus, et tactus. Taciti de mor libellus situ,
ibus, etpopulis Germaniae. — Labor venatu, fames, in sudor,

et erant condimenta
sitis Laconum. — Magistratus
coenae
sunt —
praesldes populi. campi, montes specus,
Silvae et et
sunt domicilia multorum animalium.
lacus, rivi et flumina,
Motus artuum opus animi, non
est —Magna est corporis.
fructuum —Fructus quercuum pabulum suum.
varietas. est
'
Cerebrum sedes sensuum. — Voluptas sensibus grataest.
est
— Domibus sunt curribus urbibu3
januae, mari- rotae, portag,
bus —Fluctus maris

portus. sunt sepulcmmâiultorum
saepe
navigatorum. — In maris sunt
fluctibus —In por- multi pisces.
f
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EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 75
tubus et lacubus sunt pisces et naves, in specubus montium

ferae. —Vis tonitru non — Cornua,
est parva. ungues, dentes,
sunt arma animalium. — Genu pars humani.
est corporis
Stapiarum usus veteribus ignotus —Cantus fuit. lusciniae
auribus jucundus —Versus poematum Homeri sunt

est. pul-
chri.—Arcui sunt
coelesti —Ficus sunt
varii'coldres. fructus
dulces. — exercituum Romanorum erant

Milites fortes.
Morsus aspidis est mortifer.
n.
Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into gram
Bows and arrows were former- Arcus et sagitta sum olim

ly the arms of soldiers and arma railes et venator.
hunters.
The issues of all wars are Exitus omnis bellum sum in
uncertain. certus.
The cook has a spit in his Coquushabeo veru inmanus.
hand.
Spits are the implements of Veru sum instrumentum co-
cooks. quus.
Trembling of the knees is a Tremor genu sum indicium
sign of fear. metus.
Ripe fruits are sweet and Fructus maturus sum dulcis
*
juicy. etsuccdsus.
The stag has a keen scent, CerVus habeo olfactus subti-
acute hearing, and sharp lls, audltus acutus, et visus
sight. acer.
Thc stone bridge has many Pons lapideus habeo multus

arches. arcus.
The use of knives at supper Usus culter in coena erat ig-
was unknown to the Greeks notus Graecus et Romanus
and Romans.
In good narbours ships are In bonus portus navis a pro
safe from storms. colla tutus sum.
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76 FIFTH DECLENSION
A large heap ofjigs andfruits Magnus acervus ficus et fruc-

in the two harbours. tus in duo portus.
The solBiers of the two armies Miles duo exercitus sum cus-
were guardians of the har- tos portus.
bours.
The hands are necessary for Manus
>
sum homo necessa-
man. rius.
Avaricious men have long Avarus habeo longus manus.

hands.
The laurel was sacred to Laurus sum sacer Apollo.
Apollo.
Jron needles are useful in- Acus ferreus sum instrumen-
struments. tum utilis.
The porticoes of the public Portlcus domus/ publicus
buildings of the Greeks Grascus et Romanus sum
and Romans were splendid. magnificus.
In the tall oak nests are safe. In altus quercus nidus sum
tutus.
The mother-in-law is dear to Socrus carus sum nurus.
the daughter-in-law.
The cold of winter is often Gelu hiems ssepe sum acu-
sharp. tus.
XXXV. FIFTH DECLENSION.

1. AU the words of the fifth declension end in es ; and
the scheme of terminations is as follows :
Singular. Plural.
N. e^, N. es,
G. et, G. crum.
D. et, D. ebuSj
Acc. em, Acc. esj
V. es, V. es,
Ab. e. Ab. ebus.
II. The form of declension, in accordance with these

terminations, is as follows :
Digitized by
EXERCISES ON THE FIFTII DEC3LEJVSION. 77
Dies. "
toingûiar. flural.
N il. lii-es,
Tli oi
vjr. jji-ei, Ijr. Di-erum,
D. Di-ei, D. Di-ebus,
Acc. Di-em,* Acc. Di-es,
V. Di-es, V. Di-es,
Ab. Di-e. Ab. Di-ebus.
III. Only three words, dies, res, and species, have the
plural complete ; and Cicero condemns even specierum and
speciebus.
IV. When a consonant precedes ei in declining, the e is
short ;
as, jidei, rei. When a vowel precedes ei, the e is
long ;
as, diei, maciei.
V. An old form of the genitive singular is e for ei, which

is used occasionally by some of the best writers ;
as, pcr-
nicie for perniciei, acie for aciei.
VI. Words of the fifth declension are feminine, with thc

exception of dies, which is masculine and feminine in the
singular, but masculine only in the plural. Meridies, " mid-
day," is masculine only, and does not occur in the plural 1
XXXVI. EXERCISES ON THE FIFTR' DECLENSION.

I.
Translate the following, and show the agreement or

Facies est pars capitis. —Oculi et nasus sunt partes

faciei. —Fides est justitiae fundamentum. —Fundamenta fidei
Christianae sunt stabilia. —Dies est pars hebdomadis, heb-
l. Dies is most commonly masculine

in prose. Cicero uses it as
a femioine equivalent to length of time, when it means a day
when it is
fixcd and appointed, especially in judicial proceedings, &c. The com-

mon rule, that dies is masculine when it is spoken of a specified day,
and feminine when used to indicate duration of time, is not, therefore,
sufficiently exact.
7*
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78 EXERCISES ON TIIE FIFTH DECLENSION.
domas pars mensis, mensis pars anni, annus est pars aeter-
nitatis. — Sol matutinus est index —Crystallo

diei. est gla-
ciei forma. — Meridies est media pars — diei. Hilaritas
faciei est argumentum innocentiae. —Vitra ocularia aciei
oculorum noxia sunt. — Baculus integer in aqua fracti spe-
ciem habet. — In superficie sunt montes, valles, maria,
terrae
lacus, ilumina et — Jucunda est rerum vicissitudo.

rivi.
Fratribus interdum mira est similitudo facierum. — Primus

hebdomadis dies est dies solis. — Dies festi sunt mobiles
aut immobiles. —Res humanae sunt fragiles et caducae.
Facies humanae sunt diversae. —Ciceronis consilia reipub-
licae Romana3 salutaria fuerunt. — In promontorio bonae spei
cst mite coelum. — Historia est narratio rerum memorabil-
ium. — Superficies maris est vasta.
n.
The length of days and nights Longitudo dies et nox sum
is diffcrenU diversus.
The year has days, the day Annus habeo dies, dies habeo
has hours. hora.
Hcns and doves have craws. Gallina et columba habeo in-
gluvies.
Thcre are many aspects of In terra sum multus facies
guilt on earth. scelus.
There are diffcrent spccies of Sum ditrersus species piscis.
fishes.
Farmers have cars and many Agricola habeo currus, et
other useful things. multus alius res utilis.
Thcre are many things in the Multus res sum in conclave

apartments of dwellings. domus.
The beginning of many thtngs Initium multus res est diffi-
is difficult. cilis.
Boys always have good hopes. Puer semper habeo bonus

spes.
Digitized by
DIFPERENT MEANINGS IN THE TWO NUMBERS. 79
He has a handsome face, but Facies formosus habeo, sed

a bad heart. malus cor.
Vices are a cause of ruin to a Vitium sum causa peraicies
state. civitas.
The Romans have their line Romanus habeo acies in-
of battle draum up. structus.

Sorrow is often the cause of Moeror sum scpe causa ma-
leanness. cies.
XXXVII. NOUNS HAVING PARTIALLY DIFFERENT

MEANINGS IN THE TWO NUMBERS.
I. In the following nouns the plural has a different mean-
ing from the singular, but nearly allied to it, namely.
Singular.
JSdes, a temple.
Aqua, water.
Auxilium, help.
Bonura, something good.

Carcer, a prison.
Castrum, afort.
Comitium, a part of tlie Roman forum.
Copia, ahundance.
Cupedia, daintiness.
Facultas, power to do something.
Fortuna, fortune.
Hortus, a garden.
Litera, a letter of the alphabet.
Natalis (dies), birthday.

1
(Ops, obsol.) Opis, help.
Opera, labour.
Pars, a part.
Rostrum, a beak of a ship.
Sal, salt.
1. The nominative Ops is out of use or obsolete. Of the ob.ique

cases in the singular, the genitivc, accusative, and ablative, namoiy,
opis, opcm, opc, are employed. Tbe plural is all in uso, namely, opes,
opum, opibu3 % &c.
Digitized by Google
80 DIFFERENCE OF MEANING IN NUMBER.
Plural
jEdes, a house.
Aquae, medicinal springs,
Auxilia, auxiliary troops.
Bona, property.
Carceres, barriers of a race-course.
Castra, a camp.
Comitia, assembly for election.
Copiae, troops.
Cupediae, 1
dainties.
Facultates, property.
Fortunae, goods offortune.
Horti, pleasure-grounds.
Literae, an epistle.
Natales, birth, high or low.
Opes, power^ wealth.
Operae, workmen.
Partes, (commonly) a party.
C the raised place from which
Rostra,
\ the orators spoke.
Sales, witticisms.
XXXVIII. NOUNS HAVING TOTALLY DIFFERENT MEAN-

INGS ACCORDING TO NUMBER OR GENDER.
Singular.
Lustrum, a space offve years.
2
Fastus (us), pride.
Forum, a market-place.
Tempus, time.
Plural.
Lustra, dens of wild beasts.
Fasti (orum), a calendar.
Fori, passages.
Tempora, the temples of the head.
1 . And also cupedia, in the neuter plural.
2. Of the fourth declension in the singular, aud of the second iu the
plural.
Digitized
HETEROCLITES. 8i
XXXIX. HETEROCLITES.
I. Heteroclites are words whicli vary in their declension,
having two different forms either throughout or in some o\
their cases. If the gender also varies they are called Het-
erogenea.
II. Forms of the two different declensions ar© found 1*
the following
Jugerum, " an acre?

SlW P^lllflTm Plurai
N. Jugerum, l N Juprera
G. Jugeri and Jugeris,

1
G. Jugerorum ap*l J ugcrum
D. Jugero, D. Juseris and Xufrctibus,
Acc. Jugerum, Acc. Jugera,

V. Jugerum, V. Jugera,
Ab. Jugero and Jugere. Ab. Jugeris and Jugv riVus.
Laurus, " a laureV

y
Singular. Plural.
N. Laurus (2d &4thDec), N. Lauri and Laurus,
G. Lauri and Lauriis, G. Laurorum and Lauruuc!\

I>. Lauro, D. Lauri8,
Acc. Laurum, Acc. Lauros and Laurus,

V. Laure, V. Lauri,
Ab. Lauro atid Lauru. Ab. Lauris.
III. Pinus, "a pine-tree," is declined in the same way

as laurus. The declension of vas, " a vase" or " vessel,"
is as follows
Vas, " a vose.'*
Singular.
N. Vas* Acc. Vas,
G. Vas-is, V. Vas,
D. Vas-i, Ab. Vas-e.
1Jugeris, jugere, &c, come from the obsolete

jugus or juger.
Of the third declension in the singular and the second
2.
m
the plu-
not to confound lt with vas, vadis, a
ral. The student will be careful
surety," of the third declension, masculine.
Digitized by Google
82 HETCROCLITES.
Plural.
N. Vas-a, Acc. Vas-a,
G Vas-orum, V. Vas-a,
D Vas-is, Ab. Vas-is.
IV. Some substantives have a different gender and dif-
ferent forms in the plural from the singular, or else have

both togethei. Thus,
Masculines.
Jocus, a joke, Plural, joci and joca.

Locus, a place, loci and loca}
(i
Sibilus, a hissing, sibili and sibila.
cc
Tartarus, Tartarus, Tartara, neuter.
Ismarus, Mount Ismarus, u Ismara, neuter.
Maenalus, " Mcenalus, ii
Manala, neuter.
Dindymus, " Dindymus, « Dindyma, neuter.*
Feminines.
Carbasus, canvass, Plural, carbasa, neuter.
((
Ostrea, an oyster, ostrea and ostrem, fem.
((
Margarlta, a pearl, margarita and margarit<B
Neuters.
Coelum, heaven, Plural, cxli, masculine.
((
Clathrum, a bar, clathri, masculine.
Porrum, an onion, ((
porri, masculine.
<(
Siser, a siseres, masculine.
Neuters.
Delicium, delight, Plural, delicim, feminine.
Epulum, a sacred banquet, " epula (a feast generally), fem.
Exuvium, anything put off, " exuvice (spoils), feminine.
Induvium, anything put on, " induvia, feminine.
Balneum, o bath, " balnea, feminine. 8
1. Loci, in the plural raasculine, means "passages in a book" or

" topics of a discourse."
2. Other names of mountains in us undergo the same change.
3. The following are both masculine and neuter frenum, " a curb "
:
Digitized by Google
COMFARISON. b3
XL COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
I. The degrees of comparison arc three in number, name-
ly, the Positive, Comparative, and Superlative.
II. The unchanged form of the adjective is called the
Positive degree.
III. The Comparative degree denotes that the quality ex-
pressed by belongs to one of two objects in a greater de-
it
gree than to the other.

IV. The Superlative degree denotes that the quality ex-
pressed by it belongs to one of several objects in a greater
degree than to any of the rest.
1. Formation of ihe Degrees.
I. The Comparative is formed by adding or for the mas-

culine and feminine, and us for the neuter, to a case of the
positive ending in t ; as,
durus, duri, comparative, durlor.

brevis, brevi, " brevior.
audax, audaci, " audacior.

1
II. The Superlative is formed by adding ssXmus to

the
same case of the positive from which the comparative was

formed; as,
oZurus, duri, superlative, durisslmus.
brevis, brevi, " brevissimus.
audax, audaci, " audacissimus.
III. Hence the comparison of these three adjectives is as

follows
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

Durissxmus, " hardcst.'
.„.„:.- ^ ^
Durior, " harder."

:s-\ - „ , ; i 7 « t i : l .. ... .
i *~. . t
Durus, "hard."
Brcvis, " short." Brevior, " shorter." Brevissxmus, " shortest."
Audax, " bold." Audacxor, "bolder." Audacissxmus, "boldest."
does not occur.

pluralfrena, and in the accusative frenos ; but frcnx
Rastrum, " a harrow," plural rastri and rastra.
1. Sinisterior is irregular, the genitive being
sxnxstrx. It comes,
. . .
m
of the genitive, sxnxstcrx, the old nom-
fact,however, from the old form
inative having been sinisterus, whence auerward
sintster.
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64 C0MPARI80N.
2. Eaxeptions.
I. AU the adjectives in er form the snperlative by adding

rimus to the nominative singular masculine ;
as,
Pulcher (pulchri), pulchrior, pulcherrtmus

Acer (acri), acrior, acerrtmus.
Pauper (pauperi), pauperiw, pauperrimus.
II. But vetus and nuperus make veterrimus and nuperri*

mus. Of maturus both maturissimus and maturrimus are
in use, especially in the adverb.
III. Some adjectives in ilis form the superlative in t/ft-
mus ; as,
facilis, " easy," facilior^ facilltmus.

diffictlis, " difficult," dtfficilior, difficilltmus.
simtlis, " like," similior, similltmus.
*
dissimllisi " unlike," dissimilior, dissimilltmus.

gractlis, " slender," gzacilior, gracillimus.
humtlis, " lowly," humilior, humillimus.
IV. The superlative of agilis and docilis does not occur in

the classics. The verbals in bilis have no superlative.
V. Adjectives compounded with -dtcus, -ftcus, or -volus,
from dico,facio, or vo/o, form their comparatives in entior
1
and their superlatives in entissimus ; as,
maledtcus, " slanderous," maledicentior, maledicentissimus.

munificus, " munificent," munificentior, munificentissimus.
henevolus, " benevolent," benevolentior, benevolentissimus
9
3. Comparison by Adverbs.
I. Those adjectives in which a vowel precedes do
not form their comparative in or and their superlative in
issimus, but employ instead of these terminations the ad-
1. The compounds of loqui, as, grandiloquus, vanildquus, are also
said to form their comparison from loquens, but no examples can be
nroduced.
Digitized by
C0MPARIS0N.
or "very,"
verbs magts, "more," and maxime, "most"
which they place before the positive. Thus,'
arduus, "lofty," magis arduus, matfme arduus.

idoneus, " fit," magis idoneus, maxime tdoneus.
precedes us,
II. But when qu, which was pronounced h,
"unjust" (pro-
the comparison is regular; as, iniquus,
iniquior, iniquissimvs (pronounced inikior,
nounced inikus),
inikissimus).
III. adverbs valde, sane, imprimis, oppido, apprime,
The
admodum, and the preposition pcr prefixed, as in perdiffictlts
(" very answer the purpose of increasing the
difficult"),
sense. Per is sometimes strengthened by the addition of

quam ; as, locus perquam difficilis, " a place exceedingly dif-
ficult."
IV. Some adjectives have their meaning enhanced by the

as, prsaltus, " very high
;" pr*dives, " very
participle pr<e ;
rich."
denoted by
V. A high degree of the excess or defect
is expressed by the ad-
the comparative and superlative
Thus, longe doctior, » far more
verbs longe and multo.
leamed ;" multo inferior, " much lower."*
Irregular and Defective

Comparison.
4.
their comparison from obsolete
make
I Some adjectives
otherwordsof similar significauon.
forms,or borrowit from
Thus,
"good," meUor, optimus.
bonus,
"bad," pejor, pessimus.
malus,
maxxmus.
magnus, " great," major,
-T^Tectives which «cgjr* Jj

form their companson m or
,
and issimus, are occasiv

%*^j~S& j r
M P0 " 8 * 16
-
c po,nble ™, ?««« *«»»«*• *"

o
Digitized by Google
86 COMPARISON.
L Sm.neui.plus,
multuSy "many," < ^plurimus* 1
{ Plural, plures, plura,
parvus, "little," minor, minimus.
nequam, "worthless," nequior, nequissimus
II. Divcs, " rich," has commonly for its comparative

ditior, and superlative ditissimus. Of dexter, dexterior, the
superlative is dextimus, in the sense of " farthest on the
right," but not in that of " most lucky."2
III. The following adjectives have a double irregular su-
perlative, namely, exter," without ;" inferus, " below su-
perus, " above ;" and posterus, " after." Thus,
Exter, exterior, extremus and extlmus.
Inferus, inferior, inflmus " imus.
Superus, superior, supremus " summus.
Posterus, posterior, postremus " postumus.
IV. There are also some comparative and superlative

forms which have no adjective-positive, but an adverb de-
rived from the adjective. Thus,
(citra, " on this side"), citerior, citimus
(ultra, "beyond"), ulterior, ulttmus.
(intra, " within"), interior, inttmus.
(prope, " near"), propior, proxlmus.
V. Of the following there is neither adjective nor ad-

verbial positive.
deterior* " worse," deterrtmus.

ocior, " swifter," ocissimus.
potior, " superior," potissimus, " best," " chiefest."
prior, " former," primus, " first."
1. Plurimi means either " very many" or

u the most." PUrique has
the latter sigiiification only, and wants the genitive plural.
2. Dexterrimus, which is given by grammarians as the superlative of
dcxter, is nowhere found, any more than sinistimus from sinister.
3. Deteriar must not be confounded with pejor. Pejor is worse than
8omething which is itself bad ; deterior worse than something which is
good. It is, therefore, a descending, as melior is an ascending compar-
ative, df bonus.
Digitized by
EXERCISES ON COMPARISON b7
VI. Of many adjectives no superlative is found, though

the comparative is in use ; as the verbals in bilis, and most
adjectives in alis and ilu.
VII. Adolescens, juvenis (comparative junior), and senex
(comparative senior) also want the superlative.
VIII. Of many adjectives and participles used as adjec-
tives there is neither comparative nor superlative, since the
sense precludes comparison ; as, crastlnus, " of to-morrow ;"
infinitus, " infinite innumerus, " countless ;" sccundus,
" second ;" tertius, " third ;" ater, " coal-black," &c.
XLI. EXERCISES ON THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Preliminary Rules.
1. The comparative degree requires the ablative; as,
dulcior melle, " sweeter than honey ;" ocior vento,

" swifter than the wind."
2. Frequently, instead of the ablative, the nominative,
preceded by quam, " than," is placed after the com-
parative ; as aer est levior
(
quam aqua, " air is lighter
than water."
I.
Translate the following, and mention the degree of com-

parison, together with the agreement or government in each
clause or phrase.
Columba est timida, lepus timidior, cervus timidissimus.
—Rhenus est profundus, Danubius profundior, mare pro-

fundissimum. —Malus est celsa, fagus celsior, cedrus cel-
sissima. — Columbae sunt timidiores quam gallinae. —Cervus

est animal timidiusquam lepus. — Cervus et lepus sunt
animalia timidiora quam canis et lupus. —Mare profundius
est quam fluvii. —Flumina sunt profundiora quam rivi.
Cedri sunt celsiores quam abietes. — mons

-flStna est Siciliae
celsissimus. — Graeci erant doctiores quam Romani. Hip- —

pocrates et Galenus erant —
medlci peritissimi. Gemmae
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88 BXERCISES ON COMPARISON.
Indicae sunt pretiosiores quam Europeae. —Nigrae vulpea

sunt rarissimae. —Lycurgus, Lacedaemonius, severissima-
rum justissimarumque legum auctor fuit. —Sol meridianus
calidior est quam matutmus et vespertlnus. Paucis carior —
est fides quam pecunia.— Bellum civile est perniciosissi-
mum. — regionum frigidissimarum
Incolis plana. est facies
— Chalybs durissimum genus —Sonus luce

ferri est. tardior
—Dentes ossibus duriores
est. sunt.
Nihil —Nihil senectute otiosa

virtute praeclarius est. est
jucundius. — Adamas lapidum durissimus. —Ventorum
est
frigidissimus est aquflo. — Homerus poetarum clarissirous
est. — Quo 1
altiores montes sunt, eo profundiores sunt valles.
— Uva matura est dulcis, saccharum dulcius, mel dulcissi-
—
mum. Ferrum est grave, plumbum gravius, aurum $ra-
—
vissimum. Vapores aquae sunt leviores quam aer.< Aqua —
marina gravior est quam fluvialis (aqua). Oleum levitts est —
—
quam aqua. Aurum et argentum sunt metalla nobiliora.—
—
Camelus utilissimus est. Themistoclis nomen, quam So-
lonis, illu8trius est. —
Utilissima membra hominis sunt ma-
nus, nobilissima oculi. —Nihil sale utilius est. —Nihil est
suavius quam multarum rerum scientia. —Nemo Nerone
crudelior erat. —Lusciniarum cantus suavior est quam re-
liquorum oscinum. —Nulla urbs Siciliae est illustrior quam
Syracusae, Graecorum colonia.
Gemma pulchra est, stella pulchrior, sol pulcherrimus.
Tulipa est flos fHilcherrimus. —Pavones sunt aves pulcher-
rimae. —Nullum vitium avaritia tetrius est. —Morborum te-
terrimus est pestis. —Fluvius est celer, ventus celerior, lux
celerrima. — Cerevisia est salubris, lac salubrius,
aqua sa-
luberrima.—Cibus simplex saluberrimus.— Lupi habent
est
visum, audltum, et odoratum acerrimum. Crocodilus habet —

oculos extra
2
aquam acerrimos. — Quo amarior potio esfr, eo
1. Quo, "by howmuch;" eo, "by so mucb." They are generaily
translated, however, by the definite article " the as, quo tardior, t+
certior, " the slower, the surer."
% Extra, " out of.»'
Digitized by
EXERCISBS ON COMPARISON. 89
salubrior.— In pauperrimis regionibus saepe sunt homines

— Qu% maturiores
diligentis8imi. eo dulciores sunt.— ficus,
Uvae maturissimae sunt — Veterrimi amici sunt

dulcissimae.
—Amor inimicorum
sincerissimi. deo difficilimus est, at
—Latro
gratissimus. quam homini. — Lupus
ferae similior est
cani simillimus — Ovis lupo dissimillima — Nihil

est. est.
aqua —Pedes aranearum*

aquae, nihil lacte lacti similius est.
sunt gracillimL
Irregular and Defcctive Comparison.
Doctrina est bona, valetudo est inelior, virtus est optima.

—Nihil mente et ratione melius est. —Melior tutiorque est
certa pax, quam — Quo meliores
sperata victoria. homines,
eo feliciores sunt. —Veterrimi amici plerumque optirai sunt.
—Malus est error, defensio erroris est pejor, mendacium est

pessimum. — Assentatores sunt pessimi homines. — Quo pe-
jores homines, eo — Equus magnus,
infeliciores sunt. est
camelus major, elephas maximus. —Piscium feminae ma-
jores sunt quam —America omnium fluriorum max-
raares.
imos habet —Voluptatibus maximis fastidium finitimum est.
—Ganges major —Crocodilus habet plures den-

est Indo.
1
tiumordines. — Roma urbserat omnium pessima. — Plurimae

insulaemaris Êgaei — Plurima
fcrtiles et opulentae sunt. et
maxima sunt mari animalia. — Sciurus

in parvus, est talpa
minor, mus minimus. — Europa quidem minima, at frequent-
issima, cultissima, et potentissima pars tejrae est. — Mus

est quadrupedum minimu3, mellisuga avium minima.
Extremus anni mensis olira erat Februarius, ntinc,est
December. — Digiti manuum et pedum sunt extima cdrporis

—
membra. Aer inferior est atmosphaera, superior aether.
Inter brachium ^ferius et superius est cubitus. Suprema —
pars corporis humani est caput, infima sunt plantae. In ima2 —
tellure sunt multa genera metallorum. — Justitia est summa
44 M more than one.
1. Plures, several, i. e.,
2.In ima tellure, " in the bosora of the earth," or " deep in the earth
'itcrally, " in the lowest earth."
8*
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90 EXERCISE8 ON COMPARISON.
virtutum. —Orationis summa virtus est perspicuitas. — Sum-

ma cacumina altorum montium jleiwmque nuda surft.
Etiam infimi sunt utiles reipublicae. —Gradus honorum sum-

rais et infimis —Anterior pars
pares sunt. jugulum, colli est
posterior cervix. — Posteriores leporum pedes longiores sunt

quam anteriores. —Hispania, imperii Romani provincia, erat
citerior et ulterior. —Mercurius citimus —Numitorsoli est.
ultimus rex Albae —Mors ultima linea

erat. —In vitae est.
plurimis regionibus interioris Africae fontes et putei sunt
rarissimi. —Genera simiarum hominis figurae proxima sunt.
Strengthened Comparison, fyc.

Chalybs est ferrum admodum durum.—Jurum scientia
multis hominibus imprimis necessaria est. —Celsissiraorum
montium vertices etiam in regionibus calidioribus valde
—Numidia, regio
frigidi sunt. magis opu-
Africae, culta et
lentior est Mauritania. — Aqua
quam res utilissima est et
pcrnecessaria. — Hystrlcis aculei sunt praelongi duri et acuti.
—Cornu praevalidum. —Vis

rljinocerotis est per- naturae
magna —est. praesentia
Praeterita, futura admodum et divefc-
sa —Nero etiam crudelior quam Tiberius. —Vel

sunt.
1
fuit
2
doctissimis multae res

viris —Helvetiorum longe
ignotae sunt.
rfobilissimus etditissimus Orgetorix. — Suevorum gens
fuit
fuit longe maxima et bellicosissima omnium Germanorum.

— Lux est omnium rerum celerrima, et multo velociorquam
sonus.—Nigri sciiiri rari sunt, sed multo rariores nivei.
Leopardus est pardo major et multo pulchrior. Attagen est —

paulo major quam columba. —
Caprea est multo minor quam
cervus, et paulo major quam capra. —
Hephaestion longe om-
nium amicorum carissimus fuit Alexandro, regi Macedonum.
.
—
Res futura maxime dubiae sunt. Incolae Europae magis —
industrii sunt quam incolae Asiae et Africae. —Maxime pii
homines sunt longe felicissimi et deo gratissimi. — Homeru.*

antiquior poeta est quam Hesiodus. —Necessitatis "
inventa
1. Etiam, "still."
2. Ve\ " even."
Digitized by Googl
EXERCISES ON COMPARISON. 91
antiquiora sunt quam voluptatis. —Musica MHI»

arti
antiquissima est.
II.
Convert tbe following ungrammatical Latin into gram-

The lion is fierce, the bear Leo sum ferox, ursus ferox,
fiercer 9 ihe tiger fiercest. tigris ferox.
Lions are more robust and Leo robustus et ferox sum

Jierce than lionesses. quam leaena.
Tke dolphin is the swiftest of Delphlnus sum animal velox.
animals.
Nothing is more rapid than Nihil sum animus velox.
the mind.
The tiger is a veryjfor.ce and Tigris sum ferox et audax

daring animal. animal.
Nothing is more excellent than Nihil Deua pra?stans sum. A
God.
^he soul is more noble than Animus corpus nobilis.
y
the body. , -
Virtue is more excellent than Virtus sum praestans opjes.

riches.
Virtue is a most excellent Virtus sum praestans bonum.

good.
An ape is very like a human Simia homo similis sum.
being.
TJiepoor are often more be~ Pauper saepe sum benevolus
nevolent and munificent et munificus quam dives.
than the rich.

No one is more slanderous Nemo sum maledicus quam
than the envious man. invidus.
The presents of Pompey were Munus Pompeius sum mag-

very splendid. nificus.
Titus was the most benevolent Titus sum imperator Roma-

emperor of the Romans. nus benevolus.
Digitized by Google
92 NLMEUALS
The dwellings of kings are Domus rex sum magnificus

more magnificent than those quam civis.
of citizens.
The Roman consuls had less Consul Romanus habebaui
power than the dictators. parvus potestas quam dic
tator.
Ducks are smaller than geese. Anas sum parvus anser.

Thieves and robbers are most Fur et latro sum homo ne
worthless men. quam.
Crasus was richer than Cras- Croesus sum dives Crassus.
sus,
Very poor men are often hap- Pauper homo saepe felix sum
pier than very rich men. quam dives.
The nearer the air is to the Quo prope aer sum terrae, eo
earth, the denser it is. crassus sum.
The older wine is, the better Quo vetustus vinum eo bonus
is it.
Nothing is more lovely than Nihil virtus amabilis sum.

virtue.
Features are very changeable. Facies sum valde mutabilis.
XLII. NUMERALS.
I. The numerals are partly adjectives and partly adverbs.
II. The adjective-numerals are divided into five classes,
namely, Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive, Multiplicative, and
Proportional.
III. The Cardinal numbers answer to thc question " how
many ?" as, unus, "
one two tres, " three."
duo, "
IV. The Ordinal numbers express the place or numbers
in succession as, primus,
;
" first ;" secundus, " second."
V. The Distributive numbers denote how many to each
as, bini, " two each," or "two by two ;" terni, "three
each," &c.
VI. The Multiplicatives denote how many fold ;
as, du
plex, "twofold" or "double;" triplex, " threefold," &c.
Digitized by
NUMERALS. 93
VII. The Proportionals denote how many times more

as, triplus, " triple ;" quadruplus, " quadruple," &c.
The Adverbial numerals answer to the question
VIII.
" how many times ?" as, bis, " twice ;" ter, " thrice," &c.
1. Cardinal Numbers.
r
I. The first three cardinal numbers are declined. rhe
rest as far as ten, and the decimals as far as a hundred,
are indeclinable. The hundreds, as far as a thousand, are
again declinable.
II. Mille, " a thousand," is indeclinable, but has a plural
to be used in the series that will presently be given.
III. Above a thousand, the Latins express numbers by
combination, as, decies centena millia, " ten times a hun-
dred thousand," that is, " a million ;" vicies centena millia,
" twenty times a hundred thousand," or " two miilions," &c.
IV. The declension of the first three cardinal numbers
is as follows
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Unus, Una, Unum, "one."
Singular. PluraV
N. Un-us, -a, -um, N. Un-I, -ae, -a,
G. Un-Ius, -ius, -Tus, G. Un-6rum, -arum, -orum^

D. Un-I, -I, * D. Un-Is, -Is, -18,
Acc. Un-um, -am, -um, Acc. Un-6s,

i
-as, -a,
V. Un-e, -a, -um, V. Un-I, -ae, -a,
Un-6, -a, -0. Ab. Un-Is, -Is, -18.

Ab.
" three," have, of course, no
V. Duo, " two," and tres,
singular.
either have no
1 plural of unu* is employed with nouns which
The
sense from that
rinffular or which are used in the singular in a different
of the plural ; as, una castra,
« one camp una vdes " one house.
distnbutives are
When, however, higher numbers are required, then the
without any distnbutive meaning
to be employed with such nouns, but
as,
"
bina cattra, « two camps e ach ;
two camps," not
terna des j
and
" ihree houses," &c. Duo cattra would mean « two forts ;
tres
(tdesy « three temples."
Digitized by Google
04 CARDINAL NUMBER3.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Duo, Duae, Duo, " two"
N. Du-o, -ae, -o,
G. Du-orum, -arum, -orum,

D. Du-obus, -abus, -obus,
Acc. Du-os and -o, -as, -6,
V. Du-o, -86, -o,
Ab. Du-obus, -abus, -obus
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Tres, Tres, Tria, " three."
N. Tr-es, -es, -la,
G. Trl-um, -um, -ium,

D. Tri-bus, -bus, -bus,
Acc. Tr-es, -es, -la,
V. Tr-es, -es, -la,

'
Ab. Trl-bug, -bus, -bus.
VL Ambo, " both," is declined like duo, with the double

accusative in os and o. For duorum, duarum, the contract-
ed form du&m is used, especially in connexion with millium.
VII. The following is a list of most of the cardinal num-
bers.
1. I. Unus. 16. XVI. Sedecim, or >
2. II. Duo. Decem et sex. J

8. III. Tres. 17. XVII. Septendecim, or )
4. IV. Quatuor. Decem et septem. >
6. V. Quinque. 18. XVIII. Octodecim, or
6. VI. S*r. Decem et octo, or
7. VII. Septem. Duodeviginti, }
8. VIII. Octo. 19. XIX. Novendecim, or
9. IX. Ndvem. Decem et novem
10. X. Decem. or Undeviginti>. )
11. XI. Undicim. 20. XX. Viginti.
12. XII. Duodecim. 21. XXI. Unus et viginti,
13. XIII. Tredecim, or De- ) or Viginti unus }

22. XXII. Duo et viginti,
14. XIV. Quatuordecim. or Viginti duo.

15. XV. Quindecim. !
Digitized by
CARDINAL NUMBERS. 95
23. XXIII. Tres et vi- 109. CIX. Centumet novem,
ginti t or or Centum novem. s
ginti ires. 200. CC. Ducent-i -<z, -a. t
28 XXVIII. Duodelngin- 300. CCC. Trecent-i, -a t -a.

ta, or Octo et 400. CCCC. Quadringent-it )
viginti. -a>, -a. >
XXIX. Undetrigin- 600. D. Quingent-i, -a, -a.
ta t oi Novcm 600. DC. Sexcent-i, -at -a.
et viginti. 700. DCC. Septingent-it -a t -a.

80. XXX. Triginta. 800. DCCC. Octingent-it -a t -a
40. XL. Quadrdginta. 900. DCCCC. Nongent-it -a t -a.
50. L. Quinquaginta. 1000. M., or CIO. Mfo.
LX. Sexdginta. 2000. CIO CIO., or MM. Duo mil- ,
70.. LXX. Septudginta. Zia, or Bis mille. \
80. LXXX. Octdginta. 5000. IOO. Quinque millia.
90. XC. Nbndginta. 10,000. CCIOO. Deccm millia.
100. C. Centum. 100,000. CCCIOOO. Centum miUia.
VIII. The thousands are expressed either by prefixing

the numeral adverbs bis, ter, quater, to mille (a construction
chiefly used by the poets), in which case mille is indecli-
nable ; or we may say, duo, tria, unum et viginti, centum
millia. In the latter case, the things numbered are in the
genitive as, Mardonium in Gracia reliquit cum trecentis
;
millibus armatorum. " He left Mardonius in Greece with

three htindred thousand armed men ;" unless a declined nu-
meral comes between as, habuit tria millia trecentos mili»

;
tes, " ho
had three thousand three hundred soldiers."
IX. From 20 to 100, either the smaller number with et
precedes, or the larger without et ; as, sexaginta quatuor,
or quatuor et sexaginta. _
X. In duodeviginti, duodetriginta,^^ duo is indeclina-
ble.
XI. Above 100, the larger number piecedes with or with

out et ; as, centum et unus, or centum unus ; txccenti sex-
aginta sex, or trecenti et sexaginta sex.
Digitized by Google
36 EXERCISES ON THB CARDINAL NUMBERS.
XLIII. EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.

L
Tianslate the following, and show tlie gender, case, &c
Adamus erat unus, et Eva erat una, ergo genushumanum
sst unum. — Mundus est opus unlus dei. — Unus homo habet
nnum os, unam linguam, unum palatum ; duos oculos, duas
aures, duo brachia, duos pedes, duas manus, duo latera.
Silvius Procas pater duorum filiorum, Numitoris et Amulii,
fuit. — Tres sunt Parcae; Clotho, Lachesis et Atropos.

—Quatuor sunt anni tempora
Tria sunt regna naturae. ;
ver,
aestas,auctumnus, hiems. — Quinque sunt

et zonae in terra ;
una
duae zonae temperatae, duae frigidae, —Hebdomas torrida.
habet sex — habet septem

dies profestos. Iris cubus colores,
octo angulos. — Orpheus unius novem Musarum.
fuit filius
—Decem anni sunt Decennium. —Undecim planetae sys-

tematis — Duae hebdomades habent
planetarii nostri sunt.
quatuordecim —Tres hebdomades habent
dies. dies viginti
ct unum ;
undeviginti hebdomades habent centum triginta
tres dies. — Mensis est spatium dierum triginta, aut triginta
et unius.—Tres pentades sunt quindecim. —Novum Testa-

mentum (Fcedus) habet epistolas viginti et unam. — Spina
dorsi habet viginti quatuor vertebras. — Februarius habet
duodetriginta dies, et in annis intercalaribus undetriginta.
Olympias fuit spatium L. mensium. — Quot ossa sunt in
corpore humano ? — In capite sunt sexaginta tria, in trunco
LIII., in artubus superioribus LXVIIL, in artubus inferiori-
bus LXIV. — A Christo nato ad excidium Hierosolymorum
1
fuerunt LXX. anni. — Octo decades sunt LXXX. anni

XIV. decades CXL. anni. — Octoginta annoruin rara vita
est. —Angulus rectus habet nonaginta gradus. —Novem de-
cades sunt XC. anni. — Saeculum est tempus C. annorum.
Duo saecula sunt ducenti anni, tria saecula trecenti, quatnor
saecula quadringenti anni. —D. Decades sunt quinque millia
1. Literally, " from Christ born," i. e., "from ihe birth of Chriat."
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON THE CARDINAL NUMBERS. 97
annorum. —Quot anni fuerunt a Christo nato ad Carolum

magnum? Octingenti. —Ab Abraharao ad Christum sunt
duo millia annorum, a Mose ad Christum mille et quingenti,
a Salomone mille anni.
II.

A thief is a man of three let- Fur sum homo tres litera.

1
ters.
February is shorter by two or Februarius brevis sum duo

tkree days than the other aut tres dies quam ceteri
monihs. mensis.
One thousand brave men are M . fortis vir bonus sum quam
better than many thousand multus M. ignavus.
cowards.
New-York has more than two Novum Eboracum habeo plus
hundred thousand inhabi- quam ducenti mille incola
tants,
The history of the seven Ro- Historia VII. rex Romanus,

man kings andthe thirty et XXX. tyrannus Atheni-
Athenian tyrants is known ensis sum multus notus
to many.
Urania was one of the nine Urania sum unus IX. Musa,
Muses, Lachesis one of the Lachesis unus tres Parcae.
three Fates.
Nine hundred years are ninety DCCCC. annus sum XC
decades. decas.
Paris has 894,000 inhabi- Parisii2 habeo octingenti non-
tants. aginta quatuor M. incola.
One thousand weeks are 7000 M. hebdomas sum septem
days, or 168,000 hours. mille dies, vel centum sex-
aginta octo mille hora.
1. The Romans branded thieves with the three letters F. U. R , i.
Jur, "thief."
2. Another Latin form is LuUtia
9
Digitized by Google
98 ORDINAL NUMBERS.
Eighteen years are 939 weeks XVIII iinus sum DCCCC-

and one day, or 157776 XX T
J X. hebdomas et unus
hours. dies. ve\ centum quinqua-
ginta scptem mille, septin
genti septuaginta sex hora.
2. Ordinal Numbers.
I. The principal ordinal numbers are as follows

lst. Primus. 30th. Tricesimus, or trt- >
2d. Secundus, or Alter. gesimus. ]

3d. Tertius. 40th. Quadragesimus.
4th. Quartu8. 50th. Quinquageslmus.
6th. Quintus. 60 th. Sexagesimus.
6th. Scjûj. 70th. Septuagesimus.
7th. Sepdmus. 80th. Octogesimus.
8th. Octdvus. 90th. Nonagesimus.
9th. Nonus. lOOth. Centesimus.
lOth. Dedmus. 200th. Duccntesimus.
1 1 th. Undecimus 300th. Trecentesimus.
12th. Duodecimus. 400th. Quadringentesimus.
13th. Tertius decimus. 500 th. Quingentesimus.
14th, Quartus decimus. 600th. Sexcentesimus.
15th. Quintus decimus. 700tU Septingentesimus.
16th. Sextus decimus. 800th. Octingentesimus.
17th. Septimus decimus. 900th. Nongtntesimus.
I8th. Octavus decimusy or % lOOOth. Millesimus.
Duodevicesimus. 5 2000th. Bi* millesimus.
19th. iVoTiw* decimus, or l/n- * 3000th. Tcr millesimus.
devicesimus. $ 10,000th. Dcctcs mUlesimus.
20th. Vtcmmw*, or Vigesimus. 100,000th. Centies millesimus.
21st. £7nus' vicesimus, or * l,000,000th. DecJc* ccnftc* mi/- %
Vicesimus primus. ) lesimus. s
22d. itftcr c* vitesimus, or % 2,000,000th. Ftctc* ccn/tes mt7- »
Vicesimus secundus. ] /e«tmiz*. j
II. From 13 to 19, the smaller number usually precedes,

sometimes the larger, with or without etf ; as, ter/tws <fc-
timusy decimus et tertius, or decimus tertius, not tertius et

decimus.
III. r/nu* vtcesimus is more common than vicesxmus
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS. 99
prtmus. The feminine una et vicesima is sometimes con-

tracted to unetvicesima. Duo et vicesimus is also used, in
which duo is not changed.
IV. In the other compound numbers, the larger precedes
without et y or the smaller with et ; as, vicesimus quartus, or
quarlus et vicesimus. For 28th, 38th, and 29th, 39th, duo-

detricesimus, duodequadragesimus, and undetricesimus, un-
dequadragesimuSy are used.
V. Primanus, secundanus, &c, denote a person of such
a rank or order, that of the legion being generally under
stood in the Latin writers.
XLIV. EXERCISES ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.

L
Translate the following, and show the gender, case, &c.
Primus hebdomadis dies est dies solis ; secundus, dies

lunae ;
tertius, dies Martis ;
quartus, dies Mercurii ;
quintus,
dies Jovis ; sextus, dies Veneris ;
septimus, dies Saturni.
Tria sunt genera bonorum ;
prima animi, secunda corporis,
tertia externa. —Quota est hora, amice? Octava. — Sep-
tember est nonus anni mensis, October decimus, November
undecimus, December duodecimus. —Quintus decimus an-
nus est initium aetatis juvenllis ; tricesimus annus virllis, et
septuagesimus senllis.— Codrus fuit septimus decimus regum

Atheniensium. —Veris, aestatis, auctumni, et hiemis, initium
est vicesimus unus (primus) dies Martii, Junii, Septembris
et —
Decembris. Hora est vicesima quarta pars diei, et octies
millesima septingentesima sexagesima pars anni.
Secundus annus vicesimae quartae Olympiadis est annus
1
sexcentesimus octogesimus septimus ante Christum natum.
— 2
Migratio gentium fuit anno quadringentesimo septuagesi-
J. The Latin idiom differs from the English in the use of the ordi-
nals. In the English, for example, we say the seven hundred and twenty
first, hut the Latin, more correctly, the seven hundredth twentieth and
fir«t. And so in other cases.

2. Time " when" requires the tblative.
Digitized by
100 EXERCISES ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.
mo sexto post Chri8tum. —Quoto anno Alexander rex Ma-

cedonum fuit ? anno trecentesimo tricesimo tertio. —A primo
vitae anno, usque ad annum quintum decimum, homines sunt
pueri ; a quinto decimo usque ad tricesimum juvenes ; a tri-
cesimo usque ad septuagesimum viri ; a septuagesimo us-

que ad vitae finem senes.— Friderlcus Magnus, rex Borus-
sios, erat rex ab anno millesimo septingentesimo quadra-
gesimo usque ad annum millesimum septingentesimum oc-
—
togesimum sextum. Henrlcus Quartus, optimus rex Fran-
co-Gallorum, erat rex ab anno millesimo quingentesimo un-
denonagesimo usque ad annum millesimum, sexcentesi-
mum decimum. — Georgius Washingtonius, omnium viro-
rum longe celeberrimus, erat praeses civitatum foederatarum,
in America Septentrionali, ab anno millesimo septingen-
tesimo octogesimo nono, usque ad annum millesimum sep-
tingentesimum nonagesimum septimum. Primus annus do- —
minatus Victoriae, Brittanorum reginao, erat annus mille-
simus, octingentesimus duodequadragesimus.
II.

A year is the tehth part of a Annus sum pars decimus de-

decennium, and the hun- cennium, et centesimus sae-
dredth ef a saculum. culum.
In what year was Charles Quotus annus sum Carolus
XII. king of Sweden ? XII. rex Suecia ?
What tfclock is it 1 Nine. Quotus hora sum ? Nonus.
The 21st of June is the lon- XXI. Junius sum longus, et
gest, and the 21st of De- XXI. December brevis di-
cember the shortest day of es totus annus.
the whole year.
The third year of the 29th Annus III. Olympias XXI&.
Olympiad is the 666th be- sum DCLXVI. annus ante
fore Christ. I Christus.
Digitized by
DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS. 101
The ides were the 13th or Idus sum XIII.
aut XV. dies \
loth day of the month. mensis.

The 24th book of the Iliad XXIV. liber
Ilias habeo
has 804 verses. DCCCIV. versus.
In ordinary years the 365th Annus communis CCCLXV.
day is the last, in leap years dies sum ultimus ; annus
the 366th. intercalaris dies CCCLX-
VI.
A week is the 52d part of a Hebdomas sum pars LII. an-
year. nus.
Charles XII, was king of Carolus XII. sum rex Suecia
Sweden from 1697 to 1718. ab annus MDCXCVII. us-
que ad annus MDCC-
XVIIL
Louis XIV. was king of Ludovlcus XIV. sum rex
Francefrom 1643 1715. Franco-Gallia ab annus
MDCXLIII. usque ad an-
num MDCCXV.
3. Distributive Numbers.
I. Distributive numerals answer, as has already been
8aid, to the question " how many apiece ?" or " how many
sach time ?" as, Scipio
et Hannibal cum singulis interpre-
tibus. " Scipio and Hannibal with an interpreter each "
Pueri senum annorum. " Boys, each of six years."
II. The distributives are also used with numeral adverbs
;
as, bis bina, " twice two

and with words which have no
;"
singular, or whose singular has a different signification from

the plural
;
as, binm copia, " two bodies of troops ;" bina
Utere, « two epistles." Binus is also used of things which
exist in pairs ; as bini scyphi, " a pair of cups."
III. The following is a list of some of the distributives.
1. Singuli. 4. Quatemi.
2. Bini. 6. Quinu
3. Terni or trini. 6. Seni.
9*
Digitized by Google
102 PROPORTIONAL NUMBERS.
7. Septini. 19. Noveni deni.

8. Octdni. 20. Viceni.
9. Noveni. 21 . Vicenx singuli.
10. Deni. 22. Ficcm' &im.
11. l/mtem. 30. Triceni.
12. Diwxtem. 40. Quadragenu
13. Terni 50. Quinquageni.
14. Quatemi deni. 60. Sexageni.
15. Quim tfeni. 70. Scptuageni.
16. Sem dcni. 80. Octogeni.
17. Sepleni deni. 90. Nonageni.
18. Oc/om dem. 100. Centeni.
IV. Frora 13 to 19 the order may be inverted, cfent yua-

ferni, or quaterni deni, or e£ may be introduced, as quaternt
et deni. For 18, 19, duodeviceni, undeviceni, are also used.
V. The hundreds have two forms ; a longer, trecenteni,
quadringenteni, sexcenteni; and a shorter, which is more
common, as duceni, &c. A thousand each is singula millia ;
bina millia, " two thousand each," &c.
4. Multiplicative Numbers.
Simplex, " single." Quintuplex, " fivefold."
Duplex, " double."
,
Septemplex, " sevenfold."
" triple." Decemplex, "tenfold."
Quadruplex, " quadruple." Ccntuplex, " a hundred fold."
5. Proportional Numbers.
I. These express how many times more one thing is

than another, and answer to the question quotuplus ? They
are,
Simplus, " one only." Quintuplus, " five times as much."

Duplus, " twice as much." " six times as much."
Sextuplus,
Triplus, " thrice as much." Septuplus, "seven times as much.'
Quadruplus, " four times as much." Octuplus, " eight times as much . '
II. They are chiefly used in the neuter, duplum or duplo.

No higher numbers than those here given occur in the clas-
sics.
Digitized by
NUMERAL ADVERBS.
6. Numeral Adverbs.
I. The numeral adverbs answer to the question 41
how
many tinies V 9
as, semel, 44
once ;" bis,
44
twice ;" terf
" thrice ;" quater, 44
four times," &c.
II. The principal numeral adverbs are as follows :
1. Semel. 21. ScmcJ e* Vtî.

2. Bis. 22. ifc* cf wctw.
3. Ter. 30. Tricies.
4. Quoter. 40. Quadrdgies.
5. Quinquies. 50. Quinqudeies.
6. Sexies. 60. Scxdgies.
7. Septfe*. 70. Septudgies.
8. Octtes. 80. Octogtes.
9. Novies. 90. Nondgies.
10. Decies. 100. Centtes.
11. TJndecies. 200. Ducenfres.
12. Duodecxes. 300. Trecentus.
13. Tredecies. 400. QuadringenUes.
14. Quatuordecies. 500. Quingrcnftc*, «fc-
15. Quindecies. 800. OctingenHes, <frc.
16. Sedectes. 1000. Millieg.

17. Decies et Septies. 2000. 5w mitftc*, *cr mitficc
18. Duodevides. *e.
19. Undevictes. 100,000. Ccn/w* mitfics, <fc
20. Ficfr*.
II. A second class of numeral adverbs denote that an

action is performed for the second, third, or other time.
They are derived from the ordinals, and end in w/n or o ;
as, primum or jpriVwo ; decimum ; tertium decimum ; dt*<>
devicestmum, &c.
XLV. EXERCISES ON THE DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS, &c.
I.
Translate the following, and mention the gender, case,
Quoteni Praetores Romani quotannis erant ? Primo, sin-

guli ; tum bini. —Homines habent singula capita. —Currus
Digitized by Google
104 EXERCISES ON THE DISTRIBUTIVB NUMBERS.
habent quateraas rotas, et singulos temones. —Hominis dig-

iti — Homines, quad-
habent articulos ternos, pollex binos.
rupedes, aves pisces habent binos
et oculos. — Singuli equi
septenorum hominum habent. —Papiliones habent qua-
vires
ternas alashabent octonos pedes. — Cancris octoni
; erucae
sunt pedes — Binae omnibus avibus
et binae chelae. alae sunt.
— Cameli Bactrianae habent dorso bina Arabiae

in tubera,
singula. — Amphibiorum alia quaternos pedes habent, ut
crocodili, testudines ; aliis non sunt pedes, ut serpentibus.
—Insecta pleraque senos, alia octonos, alia centenos ac
plures pedes habent.
Duodevicies viceni sunt trecenti sexaginta. — Quater
quinquageni sunt ducenti. — Centies vicies duceni quadra-
geni sunt viginti octo millia et octingenti. — Septuagies cen-
teni quadrageni sunt novem millia et octingenti. —Semel et
vicies quinquageni singuli sunt mille septuaginta unus. — Bis
et tricies sexageni bini sunt mille nongenti octoginta quatuor.
— Aer octingenties levior est quam aqua. — Marius septies
consul —Terra
fuit. quinquagies major est quam luna.
Pluramembra corporis sunt duplicia. — Triplicia erant arma
Romanorum. —Africa triplo major est quam Europa, Asia
et America quadruplo.
II.

Weeks have seven days each. Hebdomas habeo VII. dies.
Men have one tongue, one Homo habeo I. lingua, I. 08,
mouth, two hands 9 and two II. manus, et II. pes.
feet apiece.
The hands have Jive fingers Manus habeo V. digitus
each.
Lions have four fest, geese Leo habeo IV. pes, anser II.
two wings, each. ala.
Four times six are twcnty- Quater VI. sum XXIV

four.
Digitized by
PR0N0UN. 105
Men havc each 24 ribs. Homo habeo XXIV. costa.

Forty-one times fifty-one are 41X51 sumMMXCI. 1
2091.
Twenty-two times six hun- 22X600 sum CCIOO CIO
dred are 13,200. CIO CIO CC.
Adults have thirty-two teeth, Adultus homo habeo dena
youths twenty-eight each. XXXII., adolescens XX-
VIII.
To the Roman legions there Romanus legio sum plerum-
were, for the most part, que IOOCC pedes, eques
5200 foot-soldiers, 300 CCC.
horse.
XLVI. PRONOUN.
I. The Pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun,
to avoid the repetition of the latter.
II. Pronouns are divided into Substantive and Adjective.
I. Substantive Pronouns.
I. The substantire pronouns are Ego, of the firat person

Tu, of the second ; and Sui, of the third.
II. Their declension is as follows :
Ego, " J."

Singular.
N. 1,
G. Mel, ofme,
D. Mihi, to orfor me,
Acc. Me, me,
V. Ego,* ohll
Ab. Me, with, &c, me.
1. In this and the two following examples, instead of giving the Latin
adverbs, we have, as a matter of convenience, employed the Arabic na-

merals with the algebraic sign of multiplication. Thus 41 51 means X
41 multiplied into 51, or 41 times 51, which the student, on his part,
roust express in Latin. •
2. Ego is commonly said to want the vocative in both nurabew. TThis

is wrong. We say 6 ego infelix ! " Oh unhappy I !" O »«. felices .
" Oh happy ye !"
Digitized by Google
PR0N0UN8.
Plural
N. N6s, we,
G. Nostrum or nostri, of us,
D. Nobis, to or/or us,
Acc. N6s, us,

V. N6s, oh we
Ab. Nobis, with, &c us.
Tu, " tkou."
Singular.
N. Tu, thou,
G. Tul, of thee,
D. Tlbi, tooxfor thee,
Acc. Te, thee,
V. Tu, oh thou !
Ab. TS, with, &c, thee.
Plural.
N. Vo8, ye or you,
G. Ve8trum or vestri, of you,
D. Vobis, to orfor you,
Acc. V6s, you,

V. Vos, oh you
Ab. Vobis, with, &c, you.
Sui, " of himself, of herself, of itself"

Singular.
N. Wanting, ,
6. Sui, ofhimself, &c,

D. Sibi, to orfor himself, &C f
Acc Se, himself, &c,

V. IFan&ng-, ,
Ab. Se, trtfA, &c, himself, &c.
N. Wanting, ,
6. SuT, qf themselves,
D. Sibi, or/or themselves,
Digitized
PRONOUNS. 107
Acc. Se, themselves,

V. Wanting, ,
Ab. Se, with, &c, themselves.

•
III. To the cases of these three pronouns met may be

added, to express the English self; as, egomet, " I myself ;"
mihimet, " unto me myself sibimet, semet, &c. The gen-
itives plural, however, and the nominative tu do not admit
this suffix ; for tumetwe say tute. But met is added to the
other cases of tu ; as, tuimet, tibimet, &c.
IV. The
accusative and ablative singular admit a redu-
plication in the same sense ; as, meme, tete, sese. But sese
only is in common use for singular or plural.
V. Cum, " with," is affixed to the ablatives me, te, se,
making mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum. This is
also usual with quo, qua, quibus ; but cum quo, &c, may
likewise be said.
II. Adjective Pronouns.
Adjective Pronouns are divided into seven classes, viz.,
I. Demonstrative. IV. Interrogative.

II. Intensive. V. Indefinite.
III Relative. IV. Possessive.
VII. Patrial.
1. Demonstrative Pronouns.
I. Demonstrative pronouns are such as distinctly point

out the object of which we are discoursing, with the ac-
cessory idea of place.
II. The Latin demonstrative pronouns are ille, iste, hic,
and is, with their compounds.
III. By composition with ecce or en ("lo," "behold")
wose the pronominal forms, used only in ftmiliar discourse,

*ccum, eccam, ellum, ellam, ellos, &c, " there he is," "there
»he is," &c.
IV. The declension of the demonstrative is as follows
Digitized by Google
108 PRONOUNS.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Ille, IUa, Illud, " he she,
9
tt, or tha
Singular.
N. Ill-e, IU-a, Ill-ud,
1
G. Ill-Ius, Ill-Ius, Ill-Tus,
D. IU-T, Ill-T, IU-T,
Acc. Ill-um, Ill-am, ni-ud,

V. Ill-e, Ill-a, IU-ud,
Ab. 111-6* IU-a, 111-5.
Plural
N. IIl-T, Ill-a3, lU-a,
G. Ill-6rum, Ill-aram, m-orum

D. Ill-Ts, Ill-Ts, IU-Is,
Acc. 111-08, Ill-as, Ill-a,
V. Ili-T, Ill-ae, IU-a,

Ab. I11-T8, IU-Ts, IU-is.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Iste, Ista, Istud, « ihat.
Singular.
N. Ist-e, Ist-a, Ist-ud,
G. Ist-Tus,
1
Ist-Tus, Ist-Tus,
D. Ist-T, Ist-T, Ist-T,
Acc. Ist-um, Ist-am, Ist-ud,
V. Ist-e, Ist-a, Ist-ud,
Ab. Ist-6, Ist-a, Ist-6.
Plural.
N. Ist-T, Ist-ae, Ist-a,
G. l8t-6rum, Ist-arum, Ist-orum,

D. Ist-Ts, Ist-Ts, Ist-Ts,
Acc. Isl-os, Ist-as, Ist-a,
V. Ist-i, Ist-83, Ist-a,
Ab. Ist-Ts, Ist-Ts, Ist-Is.
1. Genitives in iua are long in prose, but common (that is, either long
•hoit) in poetry. The ezceptions will be mentioned pretently.
Digitized by
PRONOUNS. 109
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Hic, Haec, Hoc, "rtis."
Singular. Plural
N. Hic, Haec, Hoc, N. Hi, Hae, Haec,
G. Huju , Hujus, Hujus, G. Horum, Harum, Horum,
D. Huic, 1 Huic, Huic, D. His,. ffis, HIs,
Ac. Hunc, Hanc, Hoc, Ac. Hos, Has, Haec,
V. Hic, Haec, Hoc, V. Hf, Hae, Haec,
Ab. Hoc, Hac, Hoc. Ab. Hls, Hls,
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Is, £a, Id, " he, she, it, or that."
Singular.
N. Ea, H,
6. Ejus, Ejus, Ejus,
D. EI, EI, EI,
Acc. Eum, Eam, H,
V.
Ab. E6, Ea, E6.
Plural.
N. II or ei, Eae, Ea,
G. Eorum, Earam, Eorum,
D. Iis or els, Ils or els, Ils or els,
Acc. Eos, Eas, Ea,
V.
Ab. Hs or eis, Iis or eis, Ils or els.
V. The distinction between hic, iste, and ille is as fol-
lows : hic refers to that which is near, or belongs to, the

person speaking ; iste to the person addressed ; ille to some
remoter person or object. Thus, hic liber, " this book near
or belonging to me
" that book belonging to you,
iste liber,
or near you ;"" the book near or belonging to

illius liber,
some third person, either at some distance from the person

away from the conversation."
speaking, or else entirely
— ——
1. Pronounced as if written hike.
10
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110 PRONOUNS.
VI. The force of hic is sometimes strengthened by the

affixes ce and clne ; as, hicce, hacce, hocce ; hicctne, haccine,
hocctne.
VII. Of similar formation are istic and illic (from the old
isticce, illice), declined as follows :
Istic, Istaec, Istoc or Istuc.

Illic, Illaec, Illoc or Hluc.
Only the nominative, accusative, and ablative singular, and

the neuter plural are, however, in use ; that is, only those
cases which end in c.
VIII. The syllable dem is annexed to is 9 forming idem

(o\i form isdem), " the same," which is thus declined :
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Idera, eadera, Idem, " the same "
Singular.
N. idem, eadem, Idem,
G. ejusdem, ejusdem, ejusdem,
D. eldem, eldem, eldem,
Acc. eundem, eandem, idem,
V.
Ab. eodem, eadem, eodem.
Plural.
N. ildem, eaedem, eadem,
G. eorundem, earundem, eorundem,
iisdem or > iisdem or ) iisdem or >
D.
eisdem, 5 eisdem, $ eisdem, S
Acc. eosdem, easdem, eadem,
V.
iisdem or ) iisdem or ) iisdem or
Ab.
eisdem eisdem, > eisdem.
2. Intensive Pronouns.
I. Intensive pronouns are such as serve to convey an em-
phatic meaning.
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PRONOUNS. 111
II. To this class belong egomet, tute, &c, and istic and
illic already mentioned ; but particularly the pronoun ipse,
which is thus declined :
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum, " ke kimself she herself itself"
Singular.
N. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsum,
6. Ipslus, Ipslus, Ipslus,
D. Ipsi, Ipsl, Ipsl,
Acc. Ipsum, Ipsam, Ipsum,
4
V.
Ab. Ipso, Ipsa, Ipso.
Plural.
N. Ipsi, Ipsae, Ipsa,
G. Ipsorum, Ipsarum, Ipsorum,
D. Ipsis, Ipsls, Ipsls,
Acc. Ipsos, Ipsas, Ipsa,
V.
Ab. Ipsis, Ipsls, Ipsis.
IU. Ipse is commonly subjoined to nouns and pronouns

, Cicero ipse, " Cicero himself;" ego ipse, «*I myself;"
tu ipse, " thou thyself."
3. Relative Pronouns.
I.Relative pronouns are those which refer to an object
already mentioned, and which is called the antecedent.
II. The Latin relatives are qui, "who," and the cora-
tlllMMl" pronouns quicunque and quisquis, " whoever."
III. The declension of the relative qui is as follows :
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Qui, Quae, Quod, " wko, wkick."
Singular.
N. Qui, Quae, Quod,
6. Cujus, Cujus, Cujus
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112 PRONOUNS.
u. l/Ul, lyUl,
Acc. Quem, Quam, Quod,

V. —
Ab. Quo, Qua, Quo.
Plural
N. Qui, Quae, Quae,
6. Quorum, Quarum, Qudrum,
D. Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus,
Acc. Quos, Quas, Quae,
Ab. Queis or quibus, Queis or qulbus, Queis or qujbus.
IV. Qui is sometimes used for the ablative singular in
all genders. In place of queis the more contracted form

quis occasionally is employed.
V. Quicunque is declihed in every respect like qui ; as,
N. Quicunque, Quaecunque, Quodcunqu6,

6 Cujuscunque, Cujuscunque, Cujuscunque,
D. Cuicunque, Cuicunque, Cuicunque, &c
VI. The declension of quisquis is as follows :
Singular.
2
N. Quisquis, Quaequae, Quid juid or quicquid,
Acc. Queraquem, ,
Qaidquid or quicquid,
Ab. Quoquo, Quaqua, Quoquo.
Plural
N. Qulqul, — , ,
D. Quibusqulbus, <fcc.
4. Interrogative Pronouns.
I. The common interrogative pronoun is Quis or Qui9

" who ?" from which comes, by the addition of nam, the
form quisnam, which is more strongly interrogative than
1. Pronounced &t.
2. Quisquis is sometimes used.for the feniinine ;
as, for example, in
Plautut.
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PR0N0UNS. 113
quis. Other interrogative pronouns are ecquis, numquis,

" is there any one ? who," from which come, in like man-
ner, ecquisnam, numquisnam.
II. The declension of the interrogative quis is as follows
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Quis or Qui, Quae, Quid or Quod, " who, which, wJicU ?"
Singular.
N. Quis or qul, Quae, Quid or quod,
G. Ciijus, Cujus, Cujus,
D. Cui, Cui, Cui,
Acc. Quem, Quam, Quid or quod,
V. ,
>
Ab. Quo, Qua, Quo.

Plural.
Qui, Quae, QU8B,
G. Quorum, Quarum, Quorum,
D. Queis or qulbus, Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus
Acc. Quos, Quas, Quae,
V. . . .
Ab. Queis or quibus, Queis or quibus, Quei- ; \vJ '
III. Quis, it will be perceived, has two form «o.* u.->
masculine and neuter, quis and qui, quid and quod.

IV. The best writers use quod as an adjective agreeing
with a substantive, and quid as a substantive governing the
genitive. Thus, quod benejicium est in hoc ? " what kind-
ness is there in this ?" But, quid beneficii est in hoc ?
V. Quis is sometimes used indefinitely for aliquis, " some
one."
VI. Ecquis and numquis are declined and used like quis,
excepting that ecqua is sometimes, found in the nominative
singular feminine, and that the neuter plural of numquis is
numqua.
VII. Ecquisnam, which is declined like ecquis, is found
only in the singular number, namely, in the nominative,
10*
Digitized by
X 14 PK0N0UN8.
where it is the same for all genders, and in the ablative

masculine.
VIII. Another interrogative prononn is cujus, cuja, cujum,
" whose," which is also defective. Its declension, as far
as it extends, is as follows
Singular. Plural.
N. Cujus, Cuja, Cujum, N. Cujl, ,
Ac. Cujum, Cujam, Cujum, Ac. , Cujas,

Ab. Cujo, Cuja, Cujo.
ris must not be confounded with cujas, cujdtis, "of

what country," which belongs to the patrial pronouns.
5. Indefinite Pronouns.
I. Indefinite pronouns are those which denote an object

in a general manner, without specifying any one person or
thing particularly.
II. The principal indefinite pronouns are the following
Altquis, " some one." Quisquam, " any one."

Siquis,. " if any one." Quispiam, " some one."
Nequis, "lest any one ;" "no Unusquisque, " each one."
, one." Quidam, " a certain one."
Qutsquc, "each one;" "every Quitibet, > " any one you
one." Qutvis x » please."
III. The declension of aliquis is as follows
Masc. Fem. NeuL

Aliquis, Aliqua, Aliquid or Aliquod.
Singular.
N. Aliquis, Aliqua, Aliquid or Aliquod,

G. Alicujus, Ailcujus, Alicujus,
D. Alicui, Alicui, Alicui,
Acc. Aliquem, Aliquam, Aliquid or Aliquod,
V. i » f
Ab. Aliquo, Aliqua, Aliqud
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PR0N0UNS. 115
Plural.
N. Aliqul, Attquae, Allqua,
G. Aliquorum, Aliquarum, Aliqudrum,
D. Aliquibus, Aliquibus, Aliquibus,
Acc. Aliquos, Aliquas, Aliqua,
V.
Ab Aliquibus, Aliquibus, Aliquibus.
IV. The distinction already mentioned as existing be-
tween quod and quid prevails also between aliquod and ali-
quid9 as well as other compounds pf quis.
Thus we say,
aliquod vihum, " some wine but aliquid vini.
V. Siquis and nequis are declined in the same way
as
dliquis. Thus,
N. Siquis, Siqua or siquae, Siquid or siquod,

G. Sicujus, Sicujus, Sicujus,
D. Sicui, Sicui, Sicui, &c.
N. Numquis, Numqua or numquae, Numquid or numquod,
G. Numcujus, Numcujus, Nqmcujus,
D. Numcui, Numcui, Numcui, &c.
VI. Quisque, quisquam, and quispiam are declined
like
quis. Thus, •
N. Quisque, Quaeque, Quidque or quodque,

G. Cujusque, Cujusque, Cujusque,
D. Cuique, Cuique, Cuique, <fcc.
N. Quisquam, Quaequam, Quidquam or quodquam,

G. Cujusquam, Cujusquam, Cujusquam,
D. Cuiquam, Cuiquam, Cuiquam, &c.
N Quispiam, Quaepiam, Quidpiam or quodpiam,
G. Cujuspiam, Cujuspiam, Cujuspiam,
D. Cuipiam, Cuipiam, Cuipiam, &c.
VII. Unusquisque is
compounded of unus and quisque,
and both words arq declined. Thus,
Digitized by
116 PRONOUNS.
Singular.
N. Unusquisque, Unaquaeque, Unumquidque or
unumquodque
G. Uniuscujusque, Uniuscujusque, Uniuscujusque,
D. Unicuique, Unicuique, Unicuique,
Acc. Unumquemque, Unamquamque, Unumquidque or )
unumquodque, $
V
* • • • «
Ab. Unoquoque, Unaquaque, Unoquoque.
The plural is wanting.

VIII. Quidam, quillbet, and quivis are declined like qu% f
except that they have quod or quid in the neuter. Thus,
N. Quidam, Quaedam, Quoddam or quiddam,

G. Cujusdam, Cujusdam, Cujusdam,
D. Cuidam, Cuidam, Cuidam, &c.
N. Quilibet, Quaelibet, Quodlibet or quidlibet,

G. Cujuslibet, Cujuslibet, Cujuslibet,
D. Cuilibet, Cuilibet, Cuilibet, &c.
N. Quivis, Quaevis, Quodvis or Quidvis,

G. Cujusvis, Cujusvis, Cujusvis,
D. Cuivis, Cuivis, Cuivis, &c.
IX. In the accusafive singul.tr masculine and feminine,

and the genitive plural, quidam has usually an n before d
as, quendam, quandam, quorundam, quarundam
X. In all these compounds the distinction between quod
and quid prevails as, quoddam malum, " a certain evil ; w
;
but quiddam mali. So also quodlibet malum, but quidlibet

maltf &c.
6. Possessive Pronouns.
I. Possessive pronouns are formed from the personal,

and indicate the property of an individual.
II. The Latin possessives are the following
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PR0N0UNS. 117
Meus, Mea, Meum, " minc. n

Tuus, Tua, Tuum, " thine."
Suus, Sua, Suum, " his, her, its."
Noster, Nostra, Nostrum, "<wr."

Vester, Vestra, Vestrura, " your."
III. These are all declined like adjectives of tliree ter-

minations, except that meus makes mi in the vocative sin-
1
gular masculine, and very rarely meus.
IV. Tuus, vester, and suus have no vocative.
V. Cujus, cujd, cujum, " whose 1" which is in some re-
spects a possessive, has already been noticed under the in-
terrogatives.
VI. The declension of meus and noster are as follows •
Singular.
N. Meus, Mea, Meum,
G. Mel, Meae, Mei,
D. Meo, Meae, Meo,
Acc. Meum, Meam, Meum,
V. Ml or Meus, Mea, Meum,
Ab. Meo, Mea, Meo.
Plural.
N. Mel, Meae, Mea,
G. Meorum, Mearum, Meorum,
D. Mels, Mels, Mels,
Acc. Me5s, Meas, Mea,
V. Mel, Meae, Mea,
Ab. Mels, Meis, Mefs.
Singular.
N. Nos-ter, -tra, -trum,
G. Nos-trl, -trae, -tri,
D. Nos-tro, -trae, -tro,
t. To the ablative of the possessive pronouns, in the

singular mim-
ber, especially suo and sua, the syllable pte is affixed to denote
own
as, suapte manu, " with his own hand suopte pondere, " by lts own
weight."
Digitized by
1 1 8 PRONOUNS.
Acc. Nos-trum, -tram, -trum,
V. Nos-ter, -tra, -trum,

Ab. Nos-tro, -tra, -tro.
Plural
N. Nos-tri, -tne, -tra,
6. Nos-trorum, -trarum, -trorum,
D. Nos-tris, -tris, -tris,
Acc. Nos-tros, -tras, -tra,
V. Nos-tri, -tr», -tra,
Ab. Nos-tris, -tris, -tris.
*
7. Patrial Pronouns.
I. Patrial prououns have reference to a person's country

or the nation to which he belongs.
II. The patrial pronouns are nostras, vestras, and cujas,
and are declined like adjectives in as, genitive -atis, many
of which have also a patrial reference as, Arpinas, gen- ;
itive Arpinatis, " of or belonging to Arpinum."

III. The declension of nostras is as follows :
Nostras, " of our country?
Singular.
N. Nostr-as, -as, -as,
G. Nostr-ati8, -atis, -atis,
D. Nostr-ati, -ati, -ati,
Acc. Nostr-atem, -atem, -as,
V. Nostr-as, -as, -as,
Ab. Nostr-ate, -ate, -ate.
Plural.
N. Nostr-ates, -ates, -atia,
Q. Nostr-atium, -atium, -atium,

D. Nostr-atibus, -atibus, -atibus,
Acc. Nostr-ates, -ates, -atia,
V. Nostr-ates, -ates, -atia,
Ab. Nostr-atibus, -atibus, -atibus-
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PRONOUNS. 119
IV. Vestras, genitive vestrdtis, " of your country," and
cttjas, genitive cujatis, " of what country," are declined ex-
actly like nostras.
I. To the adjective pronouns are commonly added the

following words ;
though, strictly speaking, most of them
are simple adjectives.
ARuSy "another." Vter, " which of two."
Ullus, " any one." Alter, " the other ;" " another."*
NulluS, "nOOne." Neuter, "neither."
Solus, " alone." Totus, " the whole."
II. The declension of alius is as follows

Masc. Fem. Neut.
Alius, Alia, Aliud, " another."
Singular.
N. Alius, Alia, Aliud,
G. Allus,* Allus, Alius,
D. Alu, AUi, Aln,
Acc. Alium, Aliam, Aliud,
V. > >
Ab. Alio, Alia, Alio.
Plural.
N. Alil, Aliae, Alia,
G. Aliorum, Aliarum, Alioru
D. Alils, Alils, Alils,
Acc. Alios, Alias, Alia,
V. 9
Ab. Alils, Alils, Alils.
1. Alter
means one of two, alius one of many. Hence the strict
meamng 0 f alius is " another ;" and that of alter. " the other." Fre-
Hueutly, however, we are compelled to translate alter, " another," but
never, at the
same time, to lose sight of its reference to merely one of
wo persons or things. Thus, in the expression nullum animal est pars
uteriu* animalis,
the reference is clearly to only one of two animals,
anu yet we
must transkte alterius here " another."
•
7*ê genitive of alius always has the long i both in prose and poetry,
81nce lt *
formed by contraction from ii.
l
Thus, altus for ali-ius.
Digitized by
120 PRONOUNS.
III. In the 8ame manner are ullus, nullus, solus, and

totus declined, except that they make the nominative and
accusative singular neuter end in m instead of d; as, ullum
nullum, solum, totum.
IV. The declension of uter is as follows
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Uter, Utra, Utrum, " wkich of two"
M
JLi.
TTf ai*
uier, TTtrS
uird, u fviiwi
1
iruin,
1
rj
VI. uinus, uirius, u irius,
D. Utrl, Utri, Utri,
Acc. Utrura, Utram, Utrum,

V. Uter, Utra, Utrum,
Ab Utro, Utra, Utrd.
Plural
N. Utri, Utrae, Utra,
G. Utrorum, Utrarum, Utrorum,
D. Utris, Utrls, Utris,
Acc. Utros, Utras, Utra,
V. Utri, Utrae, Utra,
Ab. Utrls, Utris, Utrls.
V. The declension of alter is as follows :
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Alter, Altera, Alterum, " the other, another"
Singular.
N. Alt-er, -era, -erum,
2
G. Alt-erius, -erius, -erius,
D. Alt-erl, -eri, -Sri,
Acc. Alt-erum, -eram, -erum,

V. Alt-er, -era, -erum,
Ab. Alt-ero, -era, -ero.
1. Penult of the genitive singular long in prose, common in poetry.

2. Alter has the penultof the genitive singular always short. Alteri,
dcc, in the plural, is used when two bodies or classes of men are opposed
(q each other.
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EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 121
Plural.
N. Alt-eri, -erse, -era,
6. Alt-erorum, -eranim, -erorum,

D. Alt-erls, -erls, -ens,
Acc. Alt-eros, -eras, -era,
V. Att-erl, -erae, -era,
Ab. Alt-erls, -erls, -erls.
VI. Neuter is declined like uter, namely, neuter, neutr&9

neutrum ; Genitive, neutrius ; Dative, neutri, <fec.
VII. The compounds of uter are utervis and uterlibet,

" which of the two you please and alteruter, " the one or
other," " one or the other of two." Genitive, alteriusutrl-
us; Dative, alteriutri, &c.
XLVI. EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS.

Vocabulary. 1
Sum, I am.
Es, thou art.
Est, he, she, or it is.
Sumus, we are.
Estis, you are.
Sunt, they are.

Erat, he, she, or it was.
Erant, they were.
Fuit, he, she, or it has been or was.
Fuerunt, they have been or were.
L
Translate the following, and mention the kind of pronoun
'-nployed in the different clauses, together with the case,
Qumber, &c.
I Personal Pronouns, and the Possessives formed from them.
Ego sum tu, tu es ego, unanimi sumus. —Pars pejor mei,

1. We have here anticipated a small portion of the substantivo verb,
M*d recapitulated a few words from the vocabuiary given on page 8.
11
Digitized by
122 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS.
corpus meum, —Pars melior animus tuus

mortalis est. tui,
immortalis est.— Desiderium mei'permagnum — Grata est.
mihi memoria tua mei. —Vita mea mihi tam cara

est
2
est,
quam —Proximus sum egomet mihi,

tibi tua. tute tibi.
Nemo me 3
nemoteinfelicior, — Parentes felicior est. tui,
puer optime, semper habent secum. — Genius homo, te tuus,

semper tecum —Nos omnes sumus homines mortales.
est.
Vos omnes —Corpora omnium

estis immortalitatis hseredes.
nostrum sunt — Nemo nostrum

mortalia. regis nos- proditor
—Nostri melior pars animus — Me-
traeque patriae fuit. est.
moria vestro semper

vestri, discipuli diligentes, praeceptori
jucunda — est. parentum nostrorum nobis pergrata

Felicitas
est.— Pater amlcus summus nobis —Rex noster vobis est.
tam carus quam mihi. —Conscientia

est, judex nobis. est in
—Ebrius non compos —Homo invidus sibimet
sui est. in-
imicissimus est.
2. Demonstrative and Intensive Pronouns.

Hic universus mundus est opus omnipotentis dei, creatoris
omnium nostrum. —Haec vita est tempus segetis, vita futura

messis. —Hoc conclave est amplum. — Haec conclavia sunt
ampla. —Finis hujus vitae initium est illius futurae. —In hac
terra nihil perfectum est. —Tabulae hujus conclavis sunt
nigrae.— Non omnes discipuli sunt pares : hi sunt diligentes,
illi pigri ; hic est attentus, ille non attentus. —Hannibal et .
Caesar fuerunt summi imperatores huic4 idus mortiferae ;
fuerunt, illi venenum. —

Romulus et Numa Pompilius erant
primi reges Romani hic erat pius, ille bellicosus illius
;
;
res gestae illustriores sunt quam hujus. Hoc scamnum —

longius est quam illa janua. Haec scamna longiora sunt —
—
quam illae januae. Illud templum altius est quam haec
1. Desiderium meum would denote the regret that I myself feel.
2. Memoria mei, " the remembrance of me ;" but memoria mea y
*' my memory, or faculty of remembrance."

3. The ablative with the comparative. So also le in the next clauso.
4. Huky " to the latter," i. e., to this nne ;
?//?*, " to the former," 1. 1\.
to that one.
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EXERCISES ON THE PR0N0UNS. 123
dw/uus. — Illa templa altiora sunt quam hae domus. — Illis
teperis arboribus gelu hujus hiemis noxium erat. —Homo ipse

est faber fortunse suae. —Saepe homini inimicius nihil est,
quam sibi ipse. — Saepe hominibus inimicius quam

nihil est,
sibi ipsi. —Virtus sibimet ipsa pulcherrima merces est.

Servitus omnibus hominibus dura est ; liberis autem ho-
minibu8 ea intolerabilis est. —Luscinia est parva, vox autem
ejus est suavissima.—Robur ossibus leonis est in ejus et
dentibus.—Tonitrua sunt sed eorum terribilia, utilitas est

maxima. —Megarenses Atheniensibus sed finitimi erant, iis
dispares. — Nonne animus hominis melior quam corpus

1
est
— Deus semper Tdem.—Non semper Idem
ejus. est floribus
est color.— Vera non eSdem —Nemo nostrum

et falsa sunt.
idem est in senectute,

qui —Eadem fuit
2
in juventute. laus
non omnibus. — Eandem habet laudem ac
est
3
ego.
3. Relative Pronouns.
Justitia, quae est mater omnium virtutum, Deo accepta est.
—Id est Deo proximum, quod est optimum. — Sol, cujus

magnitudo ingens est, globus est igneus. — Qui est justus,
is est laudabilis. —Semiramis cujus nomen illustrissimum
est, regina potens et bellicosa fuit. —Ferrum, cujus utilitas
permagna durum metallum. Honestum4 ei vile est,

est, est —
cui —
corpus nimis carum est. Omne animal, cui sanguis
est, —
habet etiam cor. Ei avi, cui pulcherrima cauda est,
turpissimi pedes sunt. —In superiore capitis parte est cere-
brum, in quo sensuum instrumenta sunt. In ea parte —

EuTopae, in qua est humus fecundissima et coelum serenis-
simum, homines infelicissimi sunt,— Oratorum illustrissimi
fuerunt ii, qui erant Athenis. —Lepores habent binas aures,
5
quae capite longiores sunt. — In rebus magna

praestantibus
•
1. Nonne tst. "Is notl" The termination ne ishere interrogative.

2. Qui fuit. " That he was." The more elegant phraseology is
3. Ac. " As."

4. Honestum. "What is becoming." AU moral excellence.
5. Atkenis. "AtAthens." Erant, " werc," i. p.,Uvedor nourishci].
Digitized by
124 EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS.
«unt ea, quae sunt optimis proxima. —In silvis sunt multae
ferae,quarum pelles sunt hominibus utilissimae. — Ii paren-

tes quorum filii pigri et mali sunt, infeliciores sunt quam
ii, quorum filii caeci et claudi sunt. —Ea animalia quorum
dentes acuti sunt, carnivora sunt. —In quibus fluminibus
plurimae rupes sunt, in iis navigatio periculosissima est.
Quibus avibus longa crura, iis etiam longa colla sunt. — Ea
animalia fortiora sunt, quibus sanguis crassior est. — Sunt
1
gentes ferae, quae non habent rempublicam.
4. Interrogative Pronouns.
Quis fuit clarior in Graecia, quam Themistocles ? —Quis
pulchrior est mortuus quam vivus ? cancer coctus. —Quis
est auctor illius cceli, illius solis illorumque siderum, quae
supra nos sunt ? Idem, qui est auctor hominum, animalium,
omniumque rerum, quaecunque sunt. — Quid est nequius aut
turpius quam vir effeminatus ? — Quid est melius aut quid
bonitate et beneficentia praestantius ? —Quae sunt optima
scripta —Qui rex
veterum ? est sapientior et justior quam
noster pater —Quae
ccelestis ? figura, quae species pulchrior
cst quam humana?— Cujus hominis mores maxime lau-

dabiles sunt? — Cui homini deus benevolentior est, quam
pio et probo? —Quod consilium est optimum? consilium
hominum prudentissimorum. — Cui animali turpissima est
vox —In quo mari sunt
? — Quae femina
plurimae insulae ? fuit
quam Semiramis —In qua

bellicosior, Europae sunt ? parte
plurimae paludes — Quae mulieres fuerunt
? bellicosiores et
fortioresquam Amazones — Quid homo — Quid ? est ? est
honos
5. Compounds of Qui and Quis.

Tempus est pars quaedam aeternitatis. — Exhalationes car-
bonum et quorundam florum hominibus noxiae sunt. —Caro
ciconiae nigrae quibusdam animalibus venenum est. — Sibi
quisque proximus est. — Quilibet est faber fortunae suae.
1. Rempublicam, "a form of government."
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EXERCISES ON THE PRONOTJNS. 125
Suuni cuique canim —Unusquisque miles drfensor

est. est
— Unicuique nostrum animus immortalis.—Quod-
patriae. est
vi8 animal habet animum corpus. — Cujusvis hominis
et vita
habet quasdam molestias. — Quidquid homines habent est
munus divinum.—Quidquid honestum, Idem est utile.
Quaecunque rara ea sunt —

sunt, unicuique pretiosa. Pigritia
maxime autem juveni.— Quaenam
turpis est, est patria simi-
arum — Ecquod humanum
? artificium
quara
1
praestantius est
mundus — Animus non habet formam aliquam, nec figuram,
?
nec magnitudinem, ejusque sedes nec in corde nec in cer-

ebro est. — Siquis vestrum, discipuli, mendax est, pessimus
est. — Siquis homo in hac vita felix est, est probus et sapiens
6. Possessive and other Pronouns.
Corpus nostrum mortale est, at animus noster immortalis.

—Cujus est hic liber ? hic liber est meus. —Cuja haec est
penna ? haec penna 2

est fratris mei. — Cujum hoc pecus est ?
—Cujum est hoc pallium ? hoc pallium meum. — Cujas

est
erat Horatius — Cujates ? Sophocles Euripldes

erant et ?
Nostrates philosophi sunt —Arma frivoli et inanes. nostratia

sunt semper —Vestrates
victricia. sunt atque milites timldi
—Consuetudo
ignavi. —Nullum animal
est altera
3
natura.
estpars — 4
homines sunt non soium
alterius animalis. Otiosi
sed etiam cuique
sibi ipsis, —Paucis veterumalteri
6
molesti.
6
Germanorum erant vix uni lorlcae, alterive cassis erat.
Nullius hominis —Antonlnus

divitiae certae sunt. nulli acer-
bus,cunctis benignus —Amicitia plurimorum hominum

erat.
quam comitas. —Anseres

nihil aliud est alii
T
feri, alii ciciires
sunt.—Alia vera — rapaces pauciores

sunt, alia falsa. Belluae
habent quam
pullos — Totius doctissimus
aliae. Graeciae fuit
1. Artificium. " Workmanship" or "piece of workmanship."

2. Est. " Is that of," i. e., belongs to. Supply penna.
3. Aliera. " Another," i. e., a second. Consult note 1, pa£c 119.
4. Consult note 2, page 120.
5. Quisque alter. " Each other."
6. Unus alterve. " One or two."
7. Alii — alii. " Some — others."
11*
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<
126 EXERCISBS ON THE PRONOUNS.
Plato, Socratis discipulus. — Bellum Picentium aliarumque

gentium cum Romanis admodum perniciosum fuit. —Quam
luctuosa fuit Samiis, quam acerba toti Asiae expugnatio
1
ffcfcii
Junonis Samiae. — Facies homini soli est, ceteris animalibus

sunt ora et rostra. — Solis candcr illustrior est quam ullius
— Deus solus qui neminem habet

ignis. est, sibi parera.
Sapientes severi sunt tam quemque alium, quam in

in se
— Uter
ipsos. surdus an claudus — Utra major
infelicior est,
3
?
est,America an Europa? —Utrum gravius aurum an est,
plumbum — Uter ? caecus an surdus — Utrum

est infelicior, ?
est pretiosius, aurum an adamas ?
II.

Ye are all the children of one Tu omnis sum liberi unus
father. pater.
No one of us is always happy. Nemo ego sum semper felix.
Many things are yet unknown Multus sum adhuc ignotus tu
to all of you. omnis.
In our own selves is the source In egomet fons sum noster
of ovr oum happiness. felicitas.
In your own selves, oh men, In vosmet, homo, fons sum

is the source of all your omnis vester miseria.
miseries.
The knowledge of themselves Cognitio sui sum omnis homo
most useful to all men.
is utilis.
Our life is a short, diversified, Noster vita sum brevis, vari-

and dangerous journey. us, atque periculosus iter.
The beginning of thisjourney Initium hic iter sum noster

is our birthday, the end of natalis, finis is noster mors.
it our death.
1 . Expugvalio. " The pillaging."

2. An, " or." In double questions, aut, " or," must never be used
to distinguish the things opposed to each other, whether the question be
direct or indirect, but an, or ne enclitic, that is, ne added to the end of a
word.
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EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 127
The lazy pupil is injurious to Discipulus piger sum sui, su-

himself and to his friends. usque amicus noxius.
This is not my fault, but that Hic non sum meus culpa, sed
of the times. tempus.
Demosthenes and Ciccro were Demosthenes et Cicero sum
celebrated orators ; the na- illustris orator ;
patria hic
tive country of the latter sum Italia, ille Graecia.
was Italy, of the former

Greece.
Athens is more famous than Athenae sum illustris quam
Carthage ; the former was Carthago ; iUe sum sedes
the seat of all the liberal omnis liberalis ars, hic
arts, the latter of commerce. mercatura.

On that tower is an iron cross. In ille turris sum crux ferreus.
The glass of that window is Vitrum ille sum frac-
fenestra
broken, the walls of this tus, paries hic domus sum

house are firm. firmus.
This seat is of wood, that Hic sedile sum ligneus, ille
furnace is of stone ; these sum lapideus hic

fornax ;
ships are British, those sol- navis sum Britannicus, ille

diers are Prussian. miles sum Borussicus.
The statue of Jupiter, which Statua Jupiter, qui sum in
was in the Elian temple, templum Eliacus, sum
was the work of Phidias. opus Phidias.
The animals which you have Animal qui habeo sum hys-
are hedgehogs. trix.
The woman whom they have Mulier qui habeo sum capti-
is a captive. vus.
They dlone are happy who are Ille solus felix sum, qui sum
good. bonus.
no
The fox, whose cunning is Vulpis, qui astutia omnis
known to allj is the most tus sum, furax sum animal.
thievish of animals.
What is more beautiful than Quis pulcher
sum quam vir-
virtue ? tus?
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128 TIIE VERB.
To whom is virtue most pleas- I Quis virtus sum jucundus ?
ing ?
What metdl is most precious. Quis metallum sum pretiosus ?
What is so common as air to Quis sum tam communis,
the living, earth to the quam aer vivus, terra mor-
dead ? tuus ?
To each one of us there are Unusquisque ego sum denus

ten finsrers. digitus.
Is thcre any woman here whose Ecquis mulier hic sum qui 1
hopes are disappointed ? spes sum frustratus ?
The boys of our country are Nostras puer sum diligens,

diligent, the men of your vestras vir sum fortis.
couniry are most brave.
XLVII. THE VERB.

I. The Verb is that part of speech by which it is declared
concerning anything that it either does or suffers somewhat.
II. From this general distinction are derived the two
principal forms of the verb, namely, active and passive.
III. Active verbs are divided into two kinds, namely,
transitive and intransitive, which latter are also called neuter.
IV. An intransitive* verb expresses an action or a state

which is not communicated from the agent to any other ob-
ject ; as, ambulo, " I walk ;" sto, " I stand ;" dormio, " I sleep."
V. A transitive verb expresses an action exerted upon
3
some object (which isput in the accusative case) ; as, amo
te, " I love thee ;" scribo epistolam, " I am writing a letter."
1. Hic, "here," the adverb.

in, " not," and transire,
From to pass over" or " across," the
44
2.
action not passing ovcr from the agent to any object. Transitive, from
transirc, " to pass over," where the action passes from the agent and is
exened upon some object.
3. It is not meant that every verb transitive must have an accusative
of thc object, but only that it may. When no object is expressed, the
transitive verb may often become intransitive in effect as, edit, " he is ;
eating ;" amat, " he is in love ;" whcre no object is expressed, though one
is necessarily implied. A
diiferent form is sometimes assigned to the
verb in the transitive and intransitive sense ; as, jacere, " to throw," ja-
ccre % " to lie ;" pcndcre, " to suspend," pendere, " to hang suspended,"
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THE VERB. 1£9
VI. Transitive verbs have a passive voice that which ;
was the object and in the accusative case becoming the sub-
;"
ject and nominative case ;
«as, tu amaris, " thou art loved
epistola scribitur, " the letter is getting written."
VII. Intransitive verbs are only used impersonally in the

passive, that is, the verb appears in the third person singu-
lar without any definite subject; as, favetur tibi, "favour
is shown to you," equivalent to favent homines tibi, " men fa-

vour you ;" via excessum est, " it has been gone out of tho
way," &c.
VIII. There are also in Latin what are called Dcponent
verbs and Neuter-passives.
IX. Deponent verbs are such as have a passive form, but
an active meaning. Some of them are transitive, othersare
intransitive ; and they are called deponents, becausc they

lay asidc] as it were, their passive signification.
X. A Common verb has a passive terraination, with an
active and passive signification ; as, criminor, " I blame"
or "am blamed." It is generally considered as a deponent,

excepting in the perfect participle, which in these verbs
has either an active or passive signification. Thus we
may say either adeptus victoriam, " having obtained a vic-
tory," oxvictoria adeptd, " a victory being obtained." Adi-
piscor is therefore a common verb.
XI. Neuter-passives are active intransitive vcrbs, which
have a passive form with an active meaning in the perfect,
"
but follow the active form in the other tenses ; as, audeo, I
dare," perfect, ausus sum ; gaudeo, " I rejoice," perfect, ga-
vxsus sum, &c.
2
XII. The following verbs are called Neutral-passivcs,
namely, " I become" or " am made ;" vapulo, " I am
fio,
&c. is found with an accusative case, which some-

When a neuter verb
tiines happens, because it has obtained a tiansitive sensc and
it is either
considered as annexed
a regular passive voice, or the accusative is to be
adverbially to it, without being strictly its object.
1. From devono, " I lay aside."
2. Neutralia-passiva. The neuter-passives are called Neutro-passiva,
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130 THE VERB
beaten ;" veneo, " I am sold ;" which, under an active form,
have a passive meaning, and serve as passives to facio,
verbero, and vendo. •
XIII. Some active intransitive or neuter verbs have par-

ticiples, which are passive in form but active in signifi-
cation ;
as, coznatus, " one who has supped ;" pransus,
" one who has dined ;" juratus, " one who has sworn."
1 . Voices.
I. A voice is that accident of a verb which denotes

whether an action or energy is confined to tho agent or
nominative ;
as, cado, " I fall ;" or is exerted by the nom-
inative upon an external object ; as, amo virum, " I love tlie
man ;" or is exerted by an external object upon the nom-
inative ; as, vir amatur, " the man is loved."
II. As only active transitive verbs exert an energy on
external objects, so these only admit a passive voice.
III. Hence the voices are two in number, Active and
Passive, the one ending in o; as, amo ; and the other in
or ; as, amor.
2. Moods.
f . A mood expresses the manner in which the action or1
. state denoted by the verb exists.

II. There are in Latin four moods, the Indicative, Sub-
junctive, Imperative, and Infinitive.
III. The Indicative declares the action or state to exist
simply as a fact.
IV. The Subjunctive declares it to exist as something

conceived by the mind. It is generally, however, called
the Potential mood when it denotes that the action or state
might, could, would, or should exist ; and the Subjunctive
when it is subjoined to certain words and particles to be
named hereafter.
V. The Imperative commands an action to be done or
1. The term mood is derived from the Latin mcdus, «« a manner "
Digitized by
THE VERB. 131
a state to exist ; as, scribe, " write tliou docetor, " let him
be taught."
VI. The Infinitive does not define the person or the time,
but only whether the action or state be terminated or not
terminated. In the former case it is called the Perfect, in
the latter the Present of the innnitive.
VII. By means of the participle in rus and the verb esse,
" to be," an infinitive is formed, denoting an act about to be
performed. By means of the participle in dus and the same

verb, another infinitive is formed, denoting a state that
should be produced. Thus, scio eum scripturum esse, " I
know that he is about to write." Intelligo hoc faciendum

esse, " I am aware that this should be done."
3. Tenses.
1
I.
'
Tenses are the times in which the action or state ol
the verb exists.
II. There are in Latin seven tenses, naraely, the Present,
Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Plupcrfect, First Future, and
Second Future.
III. The Present designates an action or state going on
at the present time ;
as, scribo, " I am writing."
IV. The Imperfect expresses an action or state that was
going on at some past time, but was imperfect or in-
still
complete ;
as, scribebam, " I was writing ;" currtbas, " thou
wast running."
V. The Aorist has the same form with the perfect, but
a"marked difference in meaning. It denotes an action or

state completely past, without any reference to another ac-
tion at the same or a different time as, scripsi, " I wrote ;" ;
feci, " I did."
VI. The Perfect, on the other hand, denotes an action or

state which has taken place, indeed, at a previous time, but
which is connected, either in it3elf, or its consequences, or
11
1. Tempus, the Latin for a tense," means rtme."
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THB VERB.
its aceompanying circumstances, with the present; as

scripst, "l have written ;" feci, " I have done ;" where thc
inference naturally is, that the writing still exists, and that
the action has just been performed.
VII. The Pluperfect denotes an action or state that was
completed before some other action or state took place,
which also is past as, cedificaverat, " he had built." Prt-
;
usquam auxilia venerunt, hostes superavtrat, " he had con-

quered the enemy before succours arrived."
VIII. The First Future, 1 which might more correctly
be termed the Incomplete Future, dcnotes that an ection or
state will be going on some time hence, but not finished
as, coznabo, " I shall be supping ;" domus cedifcabitur, " the
house will be building."
IX. The Second Future, which might, in like manner,
bc more correctly called the Complete Future, denotes that
an action or state will be completed before another action
or state, which is also future, shall have taken place ; as,
c&navero, " I shall have supped." Cum fecero proficiscar,
" when I shali have done it, I will go."
4. Numbers and Persons.

I. A personal verb admits a person or thing as its subject
or nominative.
II. As one or more persons mdy speak, be spoken to, or
spoken of, there are two numbers ; namely, the singular,
which speaks of one, and the plural, which speaks of more
than one and ;
III. There are also three persons in each number. Ego,

tu, ille or illa, are the first, second, and third persons sin-
gular ; and nos, vos, illi or M<b, the first, second, and third
persons plural ; and to each of these the verb has appro-
1. In the ordinary grammars, the first future is given as the future

of the indicative, and the second future as the future of the subjunctive
This, however, is erroneous. Both tenses belong to the indicative. The
gubjunctive has no future
Digitized by
THE YERB. 133
priate variations in its ending: thus, ego amo, tu am-as,

&c.
IV. Two or more persons may become the subject but, ;
as the first person is preferred to the second, and the second

to the third, ego joined to tu or ille is equivalent to nos
tu joined to ille or illi, to vos.
V. All nouns in thc singular belong to the third person
singular ; those that are plural, to the third person plural.
VI. Pronouns, participles, or adjectives, having nouns
understood to them, belong to the third person.
VII. Qui takes the person of the antecedent. Ipse may
be joined, according to the sense, to any person.
VIII. To verbs also belong Participles, Gerunds, and Su
pines.
1. Participles.
I. A Participle is a part of speech derived from a verb
and partaking of the nature of a verb and an adjective.

II. It resembles an adjective in being declined by cases
and in agreeing with a noun ; and partakes of the nature

of the verb in being distinguished into different times, and
in governing the same case as the verb.
III. There are four participles ; one ending in ans or ens,
and another in rus, both generally active one ending in ;
dus, always passive ;* and another ending in tus, sus, or
I . Thc participle in dus is. comraonly called a future one of the pass-
ive voice, and we have retained the appellation for convenience' sake.
There are, however, many instances in which the participle in dus seems
to have tho import of the present. Perizonius is of opinion, therefore,
that it was originally a participle of the present tense passive, and ,ays
some being uniformly derived from the present participle
strcss on its
active, following even its irregularity in the only one which is irregular ;
thus, iens, euntis, eundus. Crombie advocates the same opinion, and
maintains, moreover, that this participle does not, by its own power, even
express futurity, or fche obligation either of necessity or duty. He does
not, however, deny that the participle in dus, when joined to the verh
sum, uniformly denote3 moral or physical obligation but he contends ;
that in such phraseologies there is no word expressive of futurity or od-

ligation, although the combination of the two words has, by usage, ac-
quired this signification, in the same manner as in English such expres
12
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134 THE VERB. «
xus, generally passive, but sometimes active or common,

according to the nature of the verb.
IV. Active verbs have two participles ; a present parti-
ciple ending in ns ; as, amans, " loving;" and a future one
in rus ; as, amaturus, " about to love."
V. Passive verbs have, in like manner, two participles
one ending in tus, sus, or xus, called the perfect participle ;
as, amatus, " loved ;" visus, " seen ;" and another ending
in dus, called the future participle ; as, amandus, " to be
loved," or " deserving" or " requiring to be loved."

VI. Active intransitive verbs have sometimes two parti-
ciples ; as, sedens, " sitting ;" sessurus, " about to sit ;" fre-
quently three ;
as, carens, " wanting ;" cariturus, " about to
want ;" carendus, " to be wanted and occasionally four
;"
;
as, jurans, " swearing ;" juraturus, " about to swear ;" ju-
ratus, " having sworn ;" jurandus, " to be sworn."
VII. Neuter-passive verbs have generally three as, gau ;
dens, gavisus, and gavisurus, from gaudeo, " to rejoice." 1
VIII. Deponent verbs of an active signification have gen-

erally four participles ;
as, sequens, secuturus, secutus, se-
quendus, from sequor, ." to follow." Those of a neuter sig-
nification have generally but three ;
as, labcns, lapsus, lap-
surus, from labor, " to slip" or " glide."

IX. Common verbs have generally four participles ; as,
dignans, dignaturus, dignatus, dignandus, from dignor, " to
think worthy." Their perfect participle sometimes signi-
fies actively and sometimes passively as, adeptus victori-;
am, " having obtained a victory ;" or victoria adepta, " a vic-
tory being obtained."
X. All participles are adjectives ; those ending in ns are
of the third declension, the rest of the first and second.
sions as, " Is a man
to be punished for what he could not prevent 1" in
which there is no word expressive of duty, obligation, or futurity, aro
reckoned equivalent to " Ougkt a man to be punished ?"
1. But fido has only fidens and fisus ; and soleo only solens and solitus.
Digitized by Google
THE VERB.
2. Gcrunds and Supines.

I. Qerunds are participial nouns, of the neuter gender
and singular number, declinable like substantives, having
no vocative, being construed like substantives, and govern-
ing the case of their verb.
II. They are called gerunds because they signify the
thing, as it were, in gerendo (anciently written gerundo), that
is, as being carried on at the time. and along with the action
they convey an idea of the agent.
III. A Supine is a verbal substantive, of the singular
number and fourth declension, having the same signification
as the verb.
There are two supines one in um, called the first
IV. ;
supine, which governs the case of the verb, and is supposed

to be an accusative ; and another in u, called the second,
or latter supine, supposed to be an ablative, governing no
case, and generally having a passive signification.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.

I. There are in Latin four conjugations, or modes of form-
ing the tenses of the verb, distinguished by the infinitive
mood.
II. The First Conjugation ends in dre, and has a long
before re of the infinitive ;
as, amdre, " to love ;" credre, " to
create."
III. The Second Conjugation ends in ere, and has e
long before re of the infinitive ;
as, monere9 " to warn ;" do-
cere, " to teach."
IV. The Third Conjugation ends in ire. and has * *

e short
before re of the infinitive ; as, regere, " to rule ;" currere,

«* to run."
V. The Fourth Conjugation ends in ire, and has i long
before re of the infinitive ; as, audxre, " to hear ;" punire,
" to punish."
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136 THE VEBB.
FORMATION OF THE TENSES.

I. There are four principal parts of the verb, from which
all the others are formed, namely
The Present Indicative,
The Present Infinitive,
The Perfect Indicative,
THE FlR8T SUPINE.
II. To Conjugate a verb is to give these several parts in

the order in which they have just been named. Thus,
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Ist Supine

Ist Conj. Amo, Amare, Amavi, Amatum.
2d « Moneo, Monere, Monui, Monitum.
3d " Rego, Regere, Rexi, Rectum.
4th " AudTo, Audlre, Audivi, Auditum.
III. These principal parts, it will be perceived, from the

verbs just given, end, in the different conjugations, as fol-
l
lowi3 :
1. The true view of the case is undoubtedly the following, as given

by Struve (Grammatische Untersuchung, p. 134, scq.). The third con-
jugation was the oldest, and the parent source of the other three, which
are to be regarded, strictly speaking, as mere derivatives from it, and
have every appearance, in some of their parts, of being contracted verbs.
Thus,
Amao, contracted Amo. Amaimus, contracted Amamus.
Amais, M Amas. Amaitis, u Amatis.
Amait, U Amat. Amaunt, M Amant.
Moneo. 1 Moneimus, tt
Monemus.
Mondis, u Mones. 1 Moneitis, tt
Monetis.
Moneit, «(
Monet. j Moneunt, u Monent.
Audlo. Audilmus, u Audimus.
Audiis,
tt
Audis. Audiitis, u Auditis.
tt
Audiit, Audit. Audiunt.
The final and audit, where we would expect

syllables in amat, morict,
to see a long vowel resulting from the contraction, are shortened by the
mfluence of the t at the end of the words, and which controls, as it were,
the contraction, in order to preêrve the analogy of the language
Digitized by
THE VERB. 137
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Ist Supine.
Ist Conj. o, are, avi, atum.

2d " . eo, ere, Ul, Itum.
3d " o, ere, tum.
4th « 10, rre, Ivi, Itum.
IV. As, in order to form the other tenses, it is necessary

to know not merely the present of the indicative and in-
finitive, but also the perfect and supine, the following rules
must be carefully attended to.
1. Thefirst, second, an&fourth conjugations, with some

exceptions in the first, form the perfect and supine as
follows
lst Conj. in avi and atum ; as, amdvi, amdtum.

2d " in ui and Itura ;
" monui, monltum.
4th " in Ivi and Itum ;
" audivi, audxtum.
2. In the third conjugation the following laws hold good,

namely,
If a vowel precede ere in the infinitive, the perfect is
formed by adding i to the root, and the supine by

adding tum. But in the case of the supine the vowel
of the root becomes long ;
as,
acu-o, acu-i, acu-tum.

tribu-o, tribu-i, tribu-tum.
But if a consonant precede ere, the regular termination

of the perfect is in si ; as, carpo, carpsi ; demo, demsi%
&c.
The s, however, of this si undergoes various changes
(a) When the letters c, g, h, or qu precede, it unites
with them and forms x ; as, duco, duxi ; fingo, finxi
traho, traxi ; coquo, coxi.
(b) When the letter b precedes, it is changed into p;
as, scribo, scripsi.
(c) When d precedes, sometimes s, sometimes d is
dropped ;
as, defendo, defendi ; claudo. clausi.
12*
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THE VEKB
(d) The leuer s is also dropped in many verbs whose

deviations in this respect are best learned from the
dictionary<5 as, lego, legi ; emo, emi, &ic<
The supine, when a consonant precedes ere, adds tum

to the root ; as, carp-o, carp-tum ; dic-o, dic-tum.
Some change of the preceding consonant, however,

occasionally takes place ;
as, for example,
(a) The letter b changes to a p; as, in scrib-o, scrip-
tum ; nubo, nuptum.

(b) The letters g, h, and qu change into c ; as, reg-o,
rec-tum; trah-o, trac-tum; coqu-o y coc-tum.

(c) Verbs in do make sum in place of dtum ; as, de-
fend-o, defen-sum.
(d) In some verbs the supine has x; as, fg-o,fix-um
in others, n of the root is thrown out ;

as, vinc-o,
vic-tum.
3 Two irregularities are especially common in the for-

mation of the perfect of the third conjugation ;
lst, the
reduplication of the first consonant with the vowel that
follows it, or with e; as, tundo, tutudi; cano, cecXni;
curro, cucurri ; parco, peperci ; and, 2d, many of them
are formed like the second conjugation, especially
those in lo and mo ; as, alo, aliii, alitum (or altum)
molo, moliii, moVltum ; gemo, gemiii, gemXtum.
V. The present, infinitive, perfect, and supine being now
known, the other tenses are formed from them as follows •
I. From the Present Indicative Active are formed.

1. The Present Subjunctive Active.
2. The Imperfect Indicative Active.
3. The First Future Active.
1. The Present Subjunctive Active is formed by chang-
ing o into em in the first conjugation ;
as, am-o, am-em ;
and o into am in the remaining conjugations ; mon-
as,
eo, mon-eam ; reg-o, reg-am ; aud-io, aud-iam.
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THE VERB. 139
And from this present subjunctive active comes, in its
turn, the present subjunctive passive, by changing m
into r in all the conjugations ; as, am-er, mon-ear,
reg-ar, aud-iar.
2. The Imperfect Indicative Active is formed by changin^

o in the first conjugation into abam ; and, in the re-
maining conjugations, into ebam; as, am-dbam, mon-
ebam, reg-ebam, audi-ebam.
And from this is formed the same tense in the passive
by changing m into r; as, am-abar,mon-ebar, reg-ebar,
audi-ebar.
3 The First Future Active is formed by changing o in
the first conjugation into dbo, in the second into Ibo,
and in the third and fourth into am ; as, laud-dbo, mon-
ebo, reg-am, audi-am.
And from this is formed the first future passive by

adding r in the first and second conjugations, and by
changing m into r in the third and fourth ; as, am-abor,
mon-ebor, reg-ar, audi-ar.
II. From the Present Infinitive Active are formed,
1. Tke Imperative Active.

2. The Imperfect Subjunctive Active.
3. The Present Infnitive Passive.
1. The Imperative Active is formed by dropping re ; as,
amdre, ama ; monere, mone ; regere, rege ; audire, audi.
2. The Imperfect Subjunctive Active is formed by adding
m; as, amdre, amdrem ; monere, monerem; regere, re-
gerem ; audire, audirem.
And from this same tense is formed the imperfect sub-
junctive passive by changing m into r ; as, amdrer9
monerer, regerer, audirer.
3. The Present Infinitive Passive is formed by changing
e into i in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, and
ere into t in the third ; as, amdre, amdri ; monere, mo-
neri; audire, audiri; legere, legi.
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140 TIIE V£RB.
III. From the Perfect Indicative Active are formed,
1. The Perfect Infinitive Active.

2. The Pluperfect Indicative.
3. The Perfect Subjunctive.
4. The Pluperfect Subjunctive.
5. The Second Future.
1 The Perfect Infinitive Active is formed by adding sse ;
as, amavi, amavisse ; monui, monuisse ; rexi, rexisse

audivi, audivisse,
2. The Pluperfect Indicative is formed by changing t
into eram ; as, amavi, amaveram ; monueram, rexeram,

audiveram.
3. The Perfect Subjunctive is formed by changing t into
ertm; as, amavi, amaverim; monui, monuerim ; rexi,
rexerim ; audivi, audiverim,

4. The Pluperfect Subjunctive is formed by adding ssem
as, amavi, amavissem ; monui, monuissem ; rexi, rexis-
sem ; audivi, audivissem.
5. The Second Future is formed by changing t into ero ;
as, amavi, amavero ; monui, monuero ; rexi, rexgro

audivi, audivero,
IV. From the Supine are formed,
1. The Future Participle Active.

2. The Perfect Participle Passive,
1. The Future Participle Active is formed by changing
um into ftrus ; as, amdtum, amaturus ; monitum, moni-
tvrus ; rectum, recturus ; audUum, auditurus.
2, The Perfect Participle Passive is formed by changing
um into us, a, um; as, amdtum, amdtus, -a, -um; moni-
tus, -a, -um ; rect-us, -a, -um ; audit-us, -a, -um.
VI. The Present Participle Active ends, as has already

been remarked, in the first conjugation in ans ; in the second
and third in ens ; in the fourth in iens ; as, amans, monens,
regens, audiens. Hence is derived the participle passive in
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THE VERB SUM. 141
dus, by clianging ns into dus ; as, amans, amandus ; monens,

monendus ; regens, regendus ; audiens, audiendus.
Hence also is derived the Gerund ;
as, amandum, aman-
di, amando, &c.
XLVIII. THE VERB SUM.

I. Sum is called an Auxiliary verb, because its aid is
necessary to the complete conjugation of the passive voice.
II. It is also called a Substantive verb, because it is the
most general expression of existence.

III. Its conjugation is very irregular, and this irregularity
is owing to the circumstance of its being derived partly
from the Greek elfit (eimi), and partly from $1x0 (fuo).
IV. It is thus conjugated :
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind.

Sum, esse, fui, to be.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, anu
Singular. PluraU
1. Sum, / am, Sumus, we are,
2. Es, tkou art, Estis, ye are,
3. Est, he is, Sunt, tkey are.
Imperfect, was (state of being going on).

1. Eram, Iwas, Eramus, we were,
2. Eras, thou wast, Eratis, ye were,
3. Erat, he was, Erant, they were.
Aorist, was (past time indeflnite).

1. Fui, JT was, Fuimus, we were,
2. Fuisti, tkou wast, Fuistis, ye were,
3. Fuit, he was, Fuerunt or fuf re, tkey were.
Perfect, kave been.

1. Fui, / kave been, FuTmus, we kave been,
2. Fuisti, thou kast been, Fuistis, ye kave been,
3. Fuit, he has been, Fuerunt or fuere, tkey have
»
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142 THE -VERB 3UM.
Pluperfect, had been.
1. Fueram, I had been, Fueramus, we had been,
2. Fueras, thou hadst been 9 Fueratis, ye had been,

3. Fuerat, he had been ; Fuerant, they had been.
First Future, shall or will be.
1. Ero, I shall or will be, Erimus, we shall or wiU be 9

2. Eris, thou shalt, &c, be, Erltis, ye shall, &c., be,
3. Erit, he shall, &c, be ; Erunt, they shall, &c, be.
Second Future, shall or will have been.
1. Fuero, I shall, &c, Aat>£ Fuerimus, we shall, &c, Aaue
2. Fueris, *Aom sAafr, &c, Fuerltis, ye shall, &c, have

have been, been,
3. Fuerit, he shall, &c, Aave Fuerint, they shall, &c, Aat»«
been ; been.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, may be.
1. Sim, I may be, Slmus, we may be,

2. Sis, thou mayest be, Sltis, ye may be,
3. Sit, he may be ; Sint, they may be.
Imperfect, might, eould, would, or should be.
1. Essem, J m*§-A*, &c, fo, Essemus, we might, &c, ta,

2. Esses, *Aou mightest, &c, Essetis, ye might, &c Je, ,
3. Esset, Ae might, &c, ; Essent, *Aey might, &c, 6e
Perfect, may have been.
1. Fuerim, / may Aare fceew, Fuerimus, m?cmay Aave taen,

2. Fueris, thou mayest have Fuentis, ye may have been,
been,
3. Fuerit, he may have been ; Fuerint, they may have been
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THE VER3 SUM 143
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should haps been.

1. Fuissem, I might, &c, Fuissemus, we might, &c,
have been, have been,
2. Fuisses, thou mightest, Fuissetis, ye might, &c, have
&c, have been, been,
3. Fuisset, he might, &c, Fuissent, they might, &c,

have been ; have been.
IMPERATlVE MOOD.
2. Es or esto, be thou, Este or estote, $6 ye,
3. Esto, let him be ; Sunto, let them he.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imperfect, Esse, to be.
Perfect and Pluperfect, Fuisse, to have been.
First Future, Esse futurus, to be about to be. 1
Second Future, Fuisse futurus, to have been

about to be.
Participle. Future, Futurus, a, um, about to be.
V. The compounds of sum, namely, adsum, absum, desum,

insum, intersum, obsum, prasum, subsum, supersum, are de-
clined like the simple verb, except that insum and subsum
want the perfect and the tenses formed from it.
VI. In prosum, another compound, a d is interposed when
a vowel follows pro ; as, prodes, proderam, prodesse, <fcc,
while possum, from potis and sum, is very irregular. Both

these verbs will be considered under the head of irregular
verbs, to which, in strictness, however, possum alone be-
longs.
VII. Instead of essem, the form forem (contracted from
fuerem) is also in use.
VIII. Ens, the participle present of sum, is used only as
a substantive in philosophical language, and in the two
. 'uipounds absens and prcBsens. »
: This sarae participle, when joined with *im, supplies the place, m
">:. >»respect, of a future of the 8ubjunctive ;
as, futurus «m, 8X9, &c.,
.rury be abont to be," &c.
"
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144 EXERCISES ON THE VBRB STJM
XLIX. EXERCISES ON SUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS.

L
Translate the following, and name the number and per-
son, &c.
Ego sum homo.—Nunquam solus Deus semper tecum es,
est. — Si — Tu, pater

contenti sumus, fellces erimus. tuus,
ct omnes homines, mortales. — Omnes homines, reges,
estis
1
principes, divites et pauperes sunt vitae futurae haeredes.

Olim adolescens eram, nunc vir sum, mox senex ero. Olim —
Adolescentes eramus, nunc viri sumus, mox senes erimus.
0 puer, multi laboris et curae causa matri tuae eras. — Saepe
in domo exigua vir magnus est. — Pueri, qui hic estis, olim
— Antiquissimis hominibus specus pro domi
eratis infantes. 2
bus —Si contentus nunquam pauper. —Igna*

erant. es, eris
vus semper ignarus. — Nunc pueri
erit aliquando estis, eritia
viri,denique senes. — Boni homines sunt erunt et felices,
mali —Ego idem sum qui
vnfelices. semper ero qui 8
fui, et 4
—Darie, ultimus regum Persarum

fui. —Marce fuisti !
Tulli,
quanta fuit tua eloquentia, gloria et doctrina! — Sumus, fui-
mus, eamus semper in potestate Dei. Nero et Caligula,
et —
Cacsarum Romanorum crudelissimi fuistis Fuerunt plures ! —
Hercules ; seleberrimus eorum furt Hercules Graecus. —Ego
non sum Idem qui fui et fueram ; tu non es Idem, qui fuisti
et fueras.— Imperium imperatoris Titi, qui semper clemens

et benev51us fuerat, brevissimum fuit. — Nos omnes senes 5
non sumus iidem, qui pueri fuimus — Nonne

et fueramus.
omnes pueri fueratis, antequam viri eratis— Multae urbes
?
Graeciae, quae olim potentes fuerant, Christi aetate erant ex-
iguae. — Es industrius, puer ; nam vita humana est brevissi-
1. Aswe have already remarked, thc first pcrson is preferred to the

eecond, the second to the third. Hence we have estis here, as tu in the
second person controls pater and homines in the third.
2. Pro, " instead of," " in lieu of."
3. Qui, " that."
4. Qui, " thc one that."
6 Senes, " as old men pueri, " when ho^rs."
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EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM. 145
ma. — Este diligentes ; nam labor parens est omnium virtu

vim. — Justus esto, judex! — Qui miser est, semper mihi
proximus esto. —In schola, discipuli, diligentes et jttenti
estote. —Aliorum exempla nobis veluti specula sunto.
Quis sim mihi notum est, quis futurus sim' mihi ignotum
est. — Sit 2
mens sana in corpore sano. —Benigni simus non
solum adversus amicos, sed etiam adversus inimicos.—Ne
sitis* hominum censores rigidi. — Utinam 4
virtutum
ingenii et
patriarum haeredes semper sint liberi —Essem malus homo,
!
si adversus parentes, praeceptores et alios homines benefi-

cos ingratus essem. — Tu esses ditior si magis prodlgus fu-
issem. — Quis pauper, omnes homines
esset si benefici et
liberales essent.—Essetis doctiores, discipuli, si diligentio-
res — Qualis puer fuerim mihi ignotum — Qui
fuissetis. est.
vitae exitusEuripldi ignotum —Qui Home-

fuerit, doctis est.
rus Hesiodus
et multis ignotum
fuerint—Multi est. feliciores
essent, semper providi
si — Omnibus ignotum fuissent. est,
quid futurum —Quae sit. deo nota —

futura sint, soli sunt. In-
certum quam longa
est nostrum cujusque vita futura sit.
Usus frequens
cerevisiae ubi vinum —Mensisest, deest.
mundltia.— Mag-
5
rotundis desunt anguli.— ne Epistolae desit
no Persarum
exercitui dux peritus.— Bonis nunquam
defuit
deerunt amici. — consilium, animus,
Aliis
6
occasio aliis aliis
deest.—Eae sunt
civitates quibus optimi
felicissimae praesunt
magistratus. — Septem sapientes omnes, Tha-

Graeciae praeter
letem Milesium, —
civitatibus suis
Reipublicae praefuerunt.
Consult note 1, page 143.

1.
Sit, " let there be."
2. So, in the next sentence, simus, " let us be."
3. With the imperative not must be rendered by nt. Instead, how-
ever, of the imperative, used as an ezhortation, the present or perfect
subjunctive may be used, where it is intended to express the command
in a milder form : as in English, you should is used for the imperative.
Hence nt sitis may be rendered 44 do not be."
4. Utinam libtri sint " Oh that children may be," implying that they
t
may or may not be. But utinam libtri tsstnt, " Oh that children were !'
implying that they are not.
5. Dtsum, prasum, and some other compouuds of sum, take the da-
tive.
6 & liis -altis, " to some"—" to others."
13
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146 EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM
Romanee praeerant consules, Atheniensibus Archontes.— Ex-

ercitui fortissimo si praesit imperator timidus, haud certa est
victorâ. — In aqua marinavs^l — inest.
1
Semina2 scintillarum
—Demosthenes multis
insunt etiam in ligno. reis
8
adfuit.
Adestote animis, qui 4

—Aristldes
adestis corporibus. interfuit
pugnae navali apud Salamina. — Divites pauperibus adsunto.

— Infelicibusquam multis morienti magnum
adfuisse, sola-
tium —
erit. principium
Inter interltum et Ro- reipublicae
manae mille ducenti et viginti anhi interfuerunt.
ii.
Convert the following ungrammatical Latm into gram-

Thou that art poor, but Tu qui sum pauper sed vali-
healthy, art happier ihan dus, sum felix quam dives
the richest man who is of a qui sum corpus infirmus.
sickly frame.
Are you not all children of one Nonne tu omnis sum liberi
father unus pater ?

Ye doves, howpure, ye eagles, Tu columba quam purus, tu
how cruel ye are ! aquila quam crudelis sum
Hannibal, thou wert the great- Hannibal, tu sum magnus dux
est leader of the Carthagin- Carthaginiensis
ians.
My son, be a good boy, and Meus filius, sum puer bonus,
thou wilt be pleasing to et Deus homoque acceptus

God and man. sum.
Who will be happy in death ? Quis sum felix in mors?
He who shall have been IUe qui in hic vita pius
pious in this life. sum.
1. It is looked upon, generally, as an elegance, to have a preposition

in composition, and the same preposition, with a case governed by it, in
one and the same clause.
2. Semina> " the germes." The reference is to latent heat.
3. Reis. The adjective, from reus.
4. Animis, " with your minds
"
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EXERCISES ON THE VERB SUM. 147
Thou keaven, and ye stars, be I Ta coelun), et tu stella, sum

of the wisdom
ever witnesses semper testis sapientia et
and goodness*of God. beneficentia Deus.

You Phoznicians were tke «*- Tu Phcenlce8 sum inventor
ventors of very many arts. plurimus ars.
I wish I were very learned. Utinam sum doctus.
Oh that we may be free and Utinam sum liber et felix.
kappy.
Do not be a defender of all Ne sum omnis perditus sce-
abandoned and most wicked leratusque homo defensor
men.
He is most happy who shall Qui pius sum ille felix sum
have been most pious.
The war is about to be most Bellum sum atrox.
. cruel.
What may be about to be is Quis sum notus sum ego om-

known to us all wko are kere. nis qui hic sum.
Magistrates preside over the Magistratus civitas praesum,
state, laws over magistrates. magistratus lex.
Let the safety of the people be Salus populus supremus lex
the supreme law. sum.
To certain animals feet are Quidam animal desum pes.
wanting.
Regulus commanded thc Ro- Regulus exercitus Romanus
man army. prse8um.
Let clamour and quarrels be Absum clamor et rixa.
away.
He to wkom sigkt is wanting Qui visus desum, caecus sum
is blind ; to whom hearing, qui auditus, surdus ;
qui
deaf ; to whom speeck, «ermo, mutus.
dumb.
In wine tkere is trutk. In vinum insum veritas.
Be presenty ok my God, to the Adsum, meus Deus, prece»
prayers of all who are faitk- omnis qui fidelis sum, et
ful and witk pure kearts. cor puni8.
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»
148 FIRST CONJUGATION.
L. FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Sugine
Amo, Amare, Amavi, Ama To
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, love.
Sing. 1. Am-o, Ilove,

2. Am-as, Thou lovest,
3. Am-at, He loves ;
Plur. 1. Am-amus, We love,
2. Am-atis, Ye love,
3. Am-ant, They love.
Imperfect, was loving.
Sing. 1. Am-abam, / was loving,

2. Am-abas, Thou wast loving,
3. Am-abat, He was loving ;
Plur. 1. Am-abamus, We were loving,
2. Am-abatis, Ye were loving,
3. Am-abant, They were loving.
Aorist, loved.
Sing. 1. Am-avi, I loved,
2. Am-avisti, Thou didst love,
3. Am-avit, He loved
Plur. 1. Am-avimus, We loved,
2. Am-avistis, Ye loved,
3. Am-averuntor They loved.
-avere.
Perfect, have loved.
Sing. 1 . Am-avi, / have loved,

2. Am-avisti, Thou hast loved,
3. Am-avit, He has loved ;
Plur. 1. Am-avimus, We have loved,
2. Am-avistis, Ye have loved,
3. Am-averunt or They have loved.

-avere
FIRST CONJUGATION. 149
Pluperfect, kad loved.
Sing. 1. Am-averam, I had loved,
2. Am-averas, Thou kadst loved,
3. Am-averat, He kad loved;

Plur. 1. Am-averamus, We had loved,
2. Am-averatis, Ye kad loved,

3. Am-averant, Tkey kad loved.
First Ftjture, skall or vrill love.
Sing. 1. Am-abo, I skall, &c, love,

2. Am-abis, Tkou skalt, &c, love,
3. Am-abit, He skall, &c, love
Plur. 1. Am-abimus, We skall,&c, love,

2. Am-abitis, Ye skall, &c, love,
3. Am-abunt, Tkey skall, &c, love.
Second Future, skall or will kave loved.
Sing. I. Am-avero, I skall, &c, kave loved,

2. Am-averis, Tkou &c, kave loved,
skalt,
3. Am-averit, He skall, &c, kave loved;

Plur. 1. Am-averimus, We skall, &c, kave loved,
2. Am-averitis, Ye skall, &c, kave loved,
3. Am-averint, They shall, &c, kave loved
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may love.
Sing. 1. Am-em, I may love,
2. Am-es, Thou mayest lovet
3. Am-et, He may love;

Plur. 1 . Am-emus, We may love,
2. Am-etis, Ye may love,
3. Am-ent, Tkey may love.
Imperfect, migkt, eould, would, or skould love.
Sing. 1. Am-arem, I migkt, &c, love,
2. Am-ares, Tkou migktest, &c, love,
3. Am-aret, He migkt, &c, love ;
13*
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150 FIRST CONJUGATION.
Plur. 1. Am-aremus, We might, &c, love,

2. Am-aretis, Ye might,&c, love,
3. Am-arent, T^cy fwtg-Af, &c, love.
Perfect, may have loved.
Sing. 1. Am-averim, I may have loved,

2. Am-averis, TAou mayest have loved,
3. Am-averit, Ue may Aav* loved;

P/ur. 1. Am-averlmus, We may Kave loved,
2. Am-aventis, Ye may have loved,
3. Am-averint, They may have loved.
Pluperfect, might, could, vnuld, or should have loved.
Sing. 1. Am-avissem, I might, &c, have loved,

2. Am-avi8ses, Thou mightest, &c, have loved,
3. Am-avisset, Hemight, &c, haveloved;
Plur. 1. Am-avissemus, We might, tiic, have loved,
2. Am-avissetis, Yie might,&c, Aaue loved,
3. Am-avissent, Tfoy mtÂf, &c, Aave iwerf.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Siw^. 2. Am-a :>r -ato, Zove Mou,
3. Am-ato, Z»e* Atm Zovc ;
PZe/r. 2. Am-ate or -atote, Lotx? ye,

3. Am-anto, Let them love.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Am-are, To love,
Perf. and Plup., Am-avisse, To have loved,
First Fut., Esse am- To be about to love,
aturus,
Second Fut., Fuisse am- To have been about to love.
aturus,
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. and Imp., Am-ans, Loving,
Futurb, Am-aturus, a, um, About to love.
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EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 151
GERUNDS.
Nom. Am-andum, Loving,
Gen. Am-andi, Of loving,
Dat. Am-ando, To loving,
Acc. Am-andum, Lovingj
Abl. Am-ando, By, &c, loving.
SUPINES.
First, Am-atum, To love,
Sccond, Am-atu, To be loved.
LI EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE

VOICE.
I.
Translate the following, and mention the tense, number,

person, &c.
Tu me amas, ego te amo. —Animus non

peccat, corpus.
—Aslnus onera portat gravissima. —Rogamus Deum, ut no-
bis propitius sit ; nam tum demum felices sumus, quum
Deus nobis propitius est.— Si correctorem amatis, pueri,
salutem vesrram amatis ; si reprehensorem repudiatis, stulti
estis. —Innumerae stellae ornant coelum nocturnum. —Te de-

lectant tua negotia, 1
2
me mea, quemque sua. —Ego et omnes
praeceptores laudamus diligentes discipulos, et vituperamus
pigros. —Tu, omnes homines amamus et adoramus
ego, et
Deum, universimundi creatorem. —
Omnes homines et vos,
qui hic adestis, amatis et adoratis Deum, benignissimum
patrem nostrum —
omnium. Olim habitabam in agro, nunc
habito in urbe. — Horati, vehementer vituperabas pravos
mo-
res degenerum Romanorum — Pythagoras omnibus ! horaini-
bus frugalitatem commendabat. —Nos iEgyptii antiquissimis
temporibus easdem fere regiones habitabamus, quas nunc
1. Negotia, " affairs."

2. The student will remember that, grammatically speakinc, the first
person is superior to the second, and the second to the third. Hence
we have laudamus here, and soon after amatis and adoratis.
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152 EXERCISES ON THB FIRST CONJUGATION
habitamus. —Romani quotannis binos consules creabanU

Parentes, patriam, et omnia, quae bona sunt, semper amabo,
honorabo, laudabo. — Si
et multos numerabis ami-
sis felix,
cos. —Deus aliquando omnes mortuos — AHbi ha- suscitabit.
bitabimus post mortem. — Senes semper laudabunt tempora

praeterita.
Optima semper laudavi, pessima vituperavi. — Quam po-

tens et sapiens es, mi Deus, qui universum mundum crea-
visti !
—Calchas
divinavit annos belli Trojani. Nos Chris- —
tianisemper veritatem amavimus. O injusti Athenienses, —
qui Socratem damnavistis —
Ciceronem Quintus Catulus
!
multique alii patrem patriae nominaverunt. —Puer, 1

semper
optaveram ut dives essem, nunc autem opto ut justus et sa-
piens sim.— Croese, magnae quas comparaveras,

divitiae, tibi
tenon servaverunt — Fratres.Josephi dilaceraverunt vestem

!
versicolorem, quam pater donaverat. — Rex ipsi nobis noster,

donavit pacem, quam diu frustra expectaveramus. —Spec-
tavistis, pueri, quod optaveratis. —Romulus Remus, quoset
pastores educaverant, fuerunt conditores Romae. —Non re-

pudiabo amicos, quos mihi comparavero. — Poma gustabis,
si arbores plantaveris. — Ule, qui, in hac vita, Deum adorave-
rit, homines amaverit, et laudabilia laudaverit, in altera be-
atissimus —Si bonam famam nobis servaverimus,
erit. satis
—Quum
divites erimus. quot
viginti duplicaveritis, discipuli,
numerabitis — Si quid ignoras interroga

? —Milites sapientes.
supplices. — Homo semper
2
victores ne inermes
trucldate et
sibi bonam famam —Celebratote dies
seryato. —Ju- festos.
niores seniores honoranto. — Magistratus quotannis bini
sunto, eosque omnes honoranto, salutanto, et consules vo-
canto.
Religio Christiana postulat, ut* non solum parentes et
propinquos amem, sed etiam alios homines ut4 me ipsum.
1. Puer, " when aboy."
2. Ne
trucidate. Consult note 3, page 146.
3. Ut, " that." The conjunction, and construed with the subjunctiye.
4. 1% *' as," the adverb.
Digitized by
— Quis
In rebus adversis ne desperes. quin in dubitet,
1
vir-
—Laudemus optima, vituperemus pessima

tute divitiae sint ?
—Necem Caesaris probarem, percussores ejus rempubli-

si
cam Romanam servavissent —Deus terram !

nos creavit, ut
homines eam habitaremus. — Dubito an amicos, quos mihi
comparavero, unquam repudiaturus sim. —Nemo quin dubitat,
Deus mundum, quem creavit, gubernaturus et conservaturus
sit. — Quo
grues auctumno migraturae sint, cuinam notum
est ? —
Quid hodie laboraverim et cogitaverim tibi narrabo.
— Quid cogitemus, quid cogitaverimus, quid cogitaturi simus,
8oli Deo notum est. —
Historia narrat quantopere veteres Ro-
mani bellum et artes bellicas amaverint.2 Si semper de —
morte cogitavissem,8 minus saepe peccavissem. — Minus
saepe peccavissetis, homines, si cogitavissetis, quam justus
sit
4
—Errare humanum —In
Deus. perseverare
est. errore
turpe —Multo se ipsum, quam hostem, superare opero-
est.
6
—
sius est. Sibi6 divitias
comparare jucundum —Deum est.
adoravisse,atque homines amavisse, morienti magnum so *
latium —Ipsa voluntas peccandi peccatum.—Anto-

erit. est
nius deditissimus potando. — Camelus non solum ad
erat
portandum, sed etiam ad equitandura, idoneus. — Summa est
^
icilium
— Fumans camlnus
aceti vis est in refrigerando.
humanum.—Erranti monstremus
gum somnianti.— Cantantes in aerem
1
2.
—Nihil
dom-
Quin, " but that." Construed with the subjunctive.

.
iter.
alaudae evolant.
Amaverinty " loved." All sentences, clauses, or simple words

which contain an indirect question, that is, which do not put a question,
but state the subject of one, dependant upon some other verb or prepo-
indicat
est lon-
sition, are, in Latin, in the subjunctive mood. AU the words which are
used for direct questions, with the indicative mood, may in this way
have a subjunctive, such as, quis, quot, qualis, quantus, &c, and among
the nuraber quantopere. It must be observed, moreover, that frequently,
in translating this subjunctive into English, we have to use the indica-
tive, as in the present instance.
3. Cogitavissem, " had reflected." The mood is the subjunctive,
but we have to employ our indicative in translating Compare previous
note, towards its close.
4. Sit, «* is." Consult note 2.
5. Se ipsum y " one's own self."
6. Sibi, " one^s self."
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154 EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION
n.
matical, so as to suit the English words opppsite.
Virtue conciliates and pre- Virtus concilio et servo ami-

servcs friends. cus.
Cicero surpassed all the Ro- Cicero supero omnis Roma-

mans in eloquence. nus in eloquentia.
Cato used to call Sicily the Cato voco Sicilia aerarium
treasury of tke Roman peo- •xmn Jus Romanus.
ple.
We Christians worship none Ego Christianus adoronullus

other than the true God. alius quam verus Deus.
Vulcan and the Cyclopes in- Vulcanus et Cyclops habito
habited jEtna, a mountain iEtna, mons Sicilia.
of Sicily.
I have praised a country life, Laudo vita rusticus, at nunc

but now I will praise a city vita urbanus laudo.
life.
You Romans are going to call Tu Romanus voco fortis mi-

out the bravest soldiers. les.
The time offighting is now at Tempus pugno nunc adsum.

hand.
Be ye all faithful, and fight Sum omnis fidelis, et pugno
and conquer, and celebrate et supero, et quum ad urbs
victory when ye shall have advento victoria celebro
drawn near to the city.
Therc are even flying fishes. Sum etiam piscis volo.
The instances of changingfor- Exemplum vario fortuna sum
tune are innumerable. innumerus.
Let us all praise the man who Omnis laudo homo qui sui
preserves himself from the servo ab insidiae vitium, et
snares of vice, and curbs cupiditas malus freno
his evil desires.
Let your books delight ycu. Tuus liber delecto tu.
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FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSiVE VOICE. 155
You would regulate ydur life Melius colloco vita vestra

better, my friends, if you amicus, si prudens sum.
were more prudent.
Most beloved sister, you are Dilectus soror supero ego
going to surpass me in doctrina.
leaming.
You would taste fruits if you Pomum gusto si arbor planto.
had planted trees.
Many men would sin less, if Multus homo minus pecco, 81

they would rejlect how just cogito quam justus sum
God is. Deus.
We put to flight sorrow by Moeror canto fugo.
singing.
This war is going to desolate Hic bellum urbs noster de-
our city. vasto.
LII. FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf Perf Part.
Amor, Amari, Amatus, To be loved.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, am loved.
Sing. 1. Am-or, / am loved,

2. Am-aris or -are, Thou art loved,
3. Am-atur, He is loved
Plur. 1. Am-amur, We are loved,

2. Am-amini, Ye are loved>
3. Am-antur, They are loved.
Imperfect, was loved.
Sing. 1. Am-abar, / was loved,

2. Am-abaris or -abare, Thou wast loved,
3. Am-abatur, He was loved
Plur. 1 Am-abamur, We were loved,
2. Am-abamlni, Ye were loved,
3. Am-abantur, They were loved.
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156 FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE.
Aorist, was loved.

Sinst.
o 1. Am-atus sum or fui, / was lovcd,
2. Am-atus es or fuisti. Thou wast loved.
3. Am-atus est ar fuit. jffc tc as loved

Plur. 1. Am-ati sumus or fui- were lovedy
mus,
2. Am-ati estis or fu- Ye were loved,
istis, •
Q
o. Am-ati sunt or fue- They were loved.
runt or fuere,
Perfect, have been loved.
Sin?. 1. Am-atus sum or fui, I have been loved,

2 Am-atus es or fuisti, Thou hast been loved %
3. Am-atus est or fuit, He has been loved ;
Plur. 1. Am-ati sumus or fui- We have been loved,

mus,
2. Am-ati estis or fu- Ye have been loved,
istis,
a Am-ati sunt or fue- They have been loved.
runt or fuere,
Pluperfect, had been loved.
Am-atus eram or fue- I had bcen loved,

ram,
2 Am-atus eras or fue- Thou hadst been loved,
ras,
3. Am-atus erat or fue- He had been loved
rat,
Plur. 1. Am-ati eramus or We had been loved,

fueramus,
2. Am-ati eratis or fue- Ye had been loved,
ratis,
3. Am-ati erant or fue- They had been loved.
rant,
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FIRST CONJTJGATION, PA8SIVE VOICE. 157
First Future, shall or will be loved
Sing. 1. Am-abor, I shall, &c, be loved,

2. Am-aberis or abere, Thou shalt, &c, he loved,
3. Am-abitur, He shall, &c, be loved;

Plur. 1. Am-abimur, FPe shall, &c, 6e /oued,
2. Am-abimini, Ye shall, &c, 6e /ouerf,
3. Am-abuntur, TAey sAa//, &c, be loved.
Second Future, sAa// or t<*7/ Aave ieen /ovea*.
&ing. 1. Am-atus fuero, I shall, &c, Aave been loved,

2. Am-atus fueris, Thou shalt, &c, Aave 6een
loved,
3. Am-atus fuerit, J9e shall,&c, Aat>e &een /croeJ;

P/ur. 1. Am-ati fuenmus, TFe &c, Aave £een loved,
sAa//,
2. Am-ati fueritis, Ye shall, &c, Aot?e êe^n /ovea',

3. Am-ati fuerint, TAey sAa//, &c, Aat>e been
loved.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may be loved.
Sing. 1. Am-er, Imaybeloved,

2. Am-eris or -ere, TAau mayest be loved,
3. Am-etur, J/emay be loved

Plur. 1. Am-emur, We may be loved,
2. Am-emmi, Ye may be loved,
3. Am-entur, They may be loved.
Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be loved.
Sing. 1 . Am-arer, / might, &c, be loved,

2. Am-areris or -arere, Thou mightest, &c, be loved,
3. Am-aretur, He might, &c.,be loved;
Plur. 1. Am-aremur, We &c, be loved,
might,
2. Am-aremini, Ye &c, be loved,
might,
3. Am-arontur, TAey might, &c, be loved.
14
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158 FIR8T CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE
Perfect, may have been laved.
Sing. 1. Am-atus sim ar fu- I may have been loved,

erim,
2. Am-atus sis or fueris, Thou mayest have been loved%
3. Am-atus sitor fuerit, He may have been loved;
Plur. L Am-ati slmus or fu- We may have been loved,
enmus,
2. Am-ati sltis or fue- Fe may A<it>e been loved,
ritis,
3. Am-ati sint or fue- TAey moy have been loved.

rint,
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or $A<wZ<f have been loved.
Sing. 1. Am-atus essem or I might, &c, have been loved,

fuissem,
2. Am-atus esses or TAou mightest, &c, Aat>e fcen
fuisses, loved,
3. Am-atus esset or He might, &c, Aaue ie^n
fuisset, hved
Plur. 1. Am-ati essemus or We might, &c, have been
fuissemus, loved,
2. Ara-ati essetis or Ye might, &c, have been
fuissetis, loved,
3. Am-ati essent or They might, &c, have been
fuissent, loved.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing. 2. Am-are or -ator, Be thou loved,
3. Am-ator, Let him be loved;
Plur. 2. Am-amlni, Be ye loved,
3. Am-antor, Let them be loved.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Am-ari, Tobeloved.
Perf. and Plcp., Esse or fuisse To have been loved.
am-atus,
Future, Am-atum iri, To be about to be laved
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PARTICIPLES.
Pjsrfect, Am-atus, a, um, Loved.
Future, Am-andus, um,
a, To be loved. 1
UIL EXERCISES ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION, PASS-

>
IVE VOICE.
Preliminary Rule.
The principal agent, when following a verb of passive
signification, is governed in the ablative by the prepositions
a, ab, or abs ;* as, Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab illis ; " he is
praised by these, is blamed by those."
I.

person, &c.
Honoro omnes probos, et honoror ab omnibus probis. —
Deus, nunquam satis laudaris et celebraris. Sol a quibus- —
dam gentibus tanquam Deus adoratur. Tempora mutantur, —
et nos mutamur in illis. —
Si non honoratis eos, qui honore
3
digni sunt, ipsi quoque non honoramini. Pastores migran —
tes nomades vocantur. —
Saepe non resalutabar ab illis, quos
salutaveram. — Socrates, summe philosophorum, a multis
vituperabaris, et a multis honorabaris !
—Olim Gallia ab Aqui-
tanis, Celtis et Belgis habitabatur. — Benignissime Deus,
quoties donabamur a te, quem nunquam donabamus!
Quoties, Romani, ab Hannibale superabamini Vites, !
—
4 6
apud priscos, propter magnitudinem, inter arbores numera-
bantur. —Si senes honorabo, ab iis laudabor. —Amaberis ab
omnibus bonis hominibus, si virtutem amabis. — Bonus di&-
1. Consult remarks on this participle, page 183.

2. The preposition a is used before words commencing with a con-
sonant ab before those which begin with a vowel, or with either of the
;
letters h, j (/ not uniformly), r, and *. With regard to abs, the rule is

to employ it only before t and qu ; but even here a is often used for it.
3. Honore digni, " worthy of honour.
,,
Dignus governs the ablative.
4. Apud, *' among.
M Preposition governing the accuaative.
5. Frvpter
4t
%
—
on account of. ,, Inter, " omong." Both prepositioM,
governing the accusative.
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160 '
BXBRCISE3 ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
cipulus a pneceptore laudabitur, piger vituperabitur et cas-

tigabitur. —Si sublevabimus inopes, et ipsi sublevabimur.
—Laudabimini, si —Nunquara honorabun-
laudabiles eritis.
tur qui neminem hondrant.

ii, — Homo a Deo, auctore om-
nium rerum, creatus — Quando Constantinopolis
est. a Tur-
cis expugnata —Prima est mundi
? vocata aurea.aetas est
Csesar a Bruto necatus

aliisque —A Tar-
conjuratis est.
quinio Superbo, ultimo Romanorum rege, templum Jovis

Capitollni —A Pbcenicibus
aedificatum est. ex- variae artes
—Tu,
cogitatae sunt. a Deo
pater, et fratres tui creati estis.
—Cyrus, Romulus Remus pastores educati

et inter sunt.
A Graecis et Romanis diis deabusque multa templa sacrata

sunt.
Romulus, qui a Faustulo pastore educatus erat, cum
multis gentibus bellavit. —A fratribus Josephi dilacerata
est vestis .versicolor, quae a patre ipsi donata erat. —Man-
lius, a quo Capitolium servatum erat, a Romanis postea
damnatus est. —Optimae 1
arbores pomiferae e Graecia, Asia
et Afhca in Italiam deportatae sunt, et ex Italia ad nos
migraverunt. — Iis hominibus, a quibus vita bene collocata
fuerit, aliquando mors jucunda — Homo, a quo Deus
erit. in
hac vita adoratus fuerit, in altera beatissimus erit. —Quum
octo duplicata fuerint, quot numerabuntur —Poma gustabun-
?
tur, si arbores plantatae fuerint. —Lex Solonis erat : oratio,

qua2 laudantur ii, qui in proeliis necati sunt, quotannis,
eodem die recitator. —Nullus hominum, ne bestia quidem,
cruciator. —Seniores, a junioribus honoramini.—Pharaonis,
crudelissimi regis, lex erat : Omnes Hebraeorum pueruli a
matribus ipsis necantor.
Non dubito, quin a discipulis meis amer et honorer.
Ut 3
lauderis, laudabilis esto. —Nemo castigetur, quia pec-
cavit, sed ne4 iterum peccet. —Amabiles simus, ut amemui
1. In hcdxam, " into Italy."
2. Qua, " in which."
3. Ut, " in order that."
4. Ne, " lest," or, in order that he may not, &c.
Digitized by Google
—Ut —Diligentes
honoremini, estote honore digni.
1
dis-
cipuli optant, uta amentur

praeceptoribus et laudentur.
Virtutem semper amavi, a probis commendarer. —Te

ut
ignave puer,
castigavi, emendareris. —
ut longa Satis plu-
rimorum hominum bene
vita esset, si tota collocaretur.
Laudaremur, essemus.— Honoraremini,
si laudibiles hon- si
oredigni —Fulvia Ciceroni conjurationem

essetis. Catilinae"
cives Roniani
indicavit, ut —Non quin
servarentur. dubito,
semper a parentibus amatus —Quantopere a Romanis
sim.
bellum amatum sit,
8
nobis omnibus notum est. — Dubito,
pueri, quin bene educati sitis.—Quis dubitat, quin Carthago
a Caesa*e reparata —Quis unquam
sit ? quin dubiiabit, cerasi
a Lucullo e Ponto in ItaUam deportatoe sint —Multi hom- ?
ines ignorant, a quonam —Erravissem semper,

creati sint.
nisi
4
ab amico rectam viam essem
in —Praemia revocatus.
vobis donata —Multi hom-
essent, si diligentiores fuissetis.
ines de multis rebus rectius judicarent, si melius educati
essent. — Cicero non obtruncatus esset, si audacior fuisset.
—Ab aliis laudari satius
5
est, quam a se ipso. —Turpius est
vituperare quam vituperari. —Ager bis vel ter aratus sem-
inatur. —Tigris satiata quoque trucldat. —Leones satiati in-
noxii 8uat. — Vigilatae noctes attenuant corpora juvenum.
JL
Thou, oh lion, art cdlled iylTu, leo, voco ab omnis rex

all the king of quadrupeds. quadrupes.
Hom often were we, when hoys, Quam saepe, puer, a senex
blamed andpunished by our culpo et castigo.
elders.

2. Catilina, " of Catiline."
4. iVwi, &c., " had I not," &c.
Satius, " bette^.
,,
5.
14*
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162 EXERC1SE8 ON THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
Oh Titus, thou wert loved, Titus, tu amo, laudo et aes-

praised, and valued by all timo ab omnis
The dead were burned by the A Romanus cremo mortuus.
Ramans.
Ye will be hanoured by all if Honoro ab omnis si vester
your actions be worthy of factum sum honor dignus.
honour.
A temple has been consecrated Jupiter, deus magnus, tem-
to Jupiter, the greatest of plum sacro.
the gods.
Let the good be praised, the Laudo bonus, culpo et casti-
bad censurcd*and punished. go malus.
Be thou loved, and honoured, Amo, et honoro, et invdco,
and invoked, oh my God, meus Deus, ab ego omnis
by us all
When fifty may have been Quum L. duplico, quot nu-

doubled, how many will ye mero?
count
Love ye all men, in order that Amo omnis homo, ut ab om-
ye may be loved by all. nis amo.
The things that are wished Seepe noxius sum qui ab ego
for by us are often hurtful opto.
All these things were disclosed Omnis hic Cicero indlco.
to Cicero.
We wouU be happier ifgreater Felix sum, si magnus pra-

rewards had been given to mium ego dono.
us.
It is most honourable to be Laudo a laudatus sum ho-
pratsed by one who has norificus.
(himself) been praised.
A certain peace is better than Certus pax bonus sum quam
a hoped-for victory. speratus victoria*
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IRREGULAR VERBS OF FIR8T CONJUOATION. 163
LIV. IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

I. The irregularity of these verbs consists chiefly in their
taking ui instead of avi in the perfect, and itum instead of
dtum in the supine.
II. This peculiarity of ui and Uum makes them resemble
1
verbs of the second conjugation.
II f. The following are examples :
Crepo, crepare, crepui, crepitum, " to make a noise."

Cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum, " to lie down."
•
Domo, domare, domui, domltum, "totame," "tosubdue"

oono, sonare, sonui, sonitum, "toresound."
Tono, tonare, tonui, tonitum, " to thunder."
Veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, "toforbid."
IV. Sometimes, however, the t is thrown out from the

supine ; as in-the following :
Eneco, enecare, enecui, enectum, " to kiU."
Frico, fricare, fricui, frictum, " to rub."

Seco, secare, sccui, sectum, «« to cut."
V. The following display a difTerent irregularity, which

assimilates them in the perfect to the third conjugation :
Do, dare, dedi, datum, '* to give."
Sto, stare, st^ti, statum, "tostand."
VI. Circumdo, " to surround pessundo, " to niin ;"
satisdo, " to give security and venundo, " to sell," are
formed like do ; as, circumdare, circumdedi, circumd&tum

pessundiire, satisddre, venund&re. The other compounds
of do belong to the third conjugation ;
as, abdo, abdere, ab-
dtdi, abdltum ; addere, condire, reddere, &c.

I. In fact, however, both these verbs in ut, ttum, and all verbs of
the second, are merely so many branches of the third conjugation. They
appear to have had two stems, the primitive one of the third conjugation,
and a derivative one of the first er second. The irregularity consists in
the tenses formed from these two stcms becoming intermingled. Thus
we have in Ennius, sonunl and sonere ; in Livius Andronicus, nexebant
and even in Virgil, effcrvcre, &c. If we examine the subject in another
point of view, we will find a very close resemblance between cubui and
such a form as cubavi, which is only, in fact, cubaui and a lengthening
of cubui; and so of other instances.
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164 IRREGULAR VERBS OF FIR8T CONJUGATION.
VII. In general, the compounds of sto have iti in the per-

fect and dtum in the supine, whence the participle future
is in dturus. In the verb prcesto the form prastitum is also
found, though less commonly.
VIII. T?he verb lavo, " to wash," blends the first and third
conjugations ;
as, l&vo, lavare, and lavere, Idvi, lautum, Zd-
tum, and lavdtum.

IX. Neco, " to kill," is regular ; but from it are formed
enico, enecdre, enecdvi, enecatum ; and enecui, enectum. The
participle is usually enectus.
X. The verb expllco^ when it signifies " to explain," has
explicdvi and explicdtum ; but, in the sense of " to unfold,"
it makes explicui, explicitum.
XI. Poto, "io drink," makes the supine potdtum and pd-
tum, whence potus, which is both active and passive
" having been drunk," and " having drunk."
LV. EXERCISES ON IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FIRST

CONJUGATION.
I.
Translate the following, and mark the deviations, if any,

from the regular forms of the first conjugation.
Graeci et Romani ccenantes cubuerunt. —Quum cubirums

sis, Deum semper roga ut sit defensor tuus. — Nemo hucus-
que lupum domuit.—Alexander, postquam Darlum domuerat
sese non domuit. — Navius,
Attius cotem novacula augur,
—
secuit. Graecorum
Athletae Romanorum, et ante initium
certaminum, corpora —Fortuna homines
oleo fricabant. saepe
magis quam
juvat —Apud Romanos,
ratio. ante praelium,
cornua semper —Quum
sonuerunt. signum tonuerit, est ple-
rumque appropinquantis —Apud nimbi.
lex Gallos, vetuit
duos exuna magistratus
familia —Multi nimio gaudio
creari.
—Auctumnum saturum non semper dat
saepe enecti sunt.
Deus.— Cui be8tiarum imperium Deus homini. 1
dedit ?
1. Bestiarum imperium, u dorainion over beasts."
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IRREGULAR VERBS OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 165
Brachia ad laborandum nobis data snnt. —Theophrastus,-

moriens, accusavit naturam, quod cervis et comicibus vi-
tam diuturnam, hominibus tam exiguam dedisset. Cicero —
omnes Romanos eloquentia praestitit, Demosthenes omnes
Graecos. —Multi lavantur sine pelvi.
n.
He lay down in that aparU In ]
is conclave cubo qui au
ment which was called the reus voco.
golden one.
When about to conquer your Tu ipse domo, Deus oro, ut
own self, entreat God to af- auxilium praesto.
ford aid.
I forbade him to be with me, Veto is ego cum sum, qui ar-
who had divulged the secreU canus vulgo.
Thou, oh Camillus, didst sub- Tu, Camillus, domo Gallus,
due the Gauls, who had qui patria tuus domo !
subdued thy country !
The ancient Romans often Priscus Romanus saepe lavo

bathed and rubbed their et frico corpus.
bodies.
Speech has been given to very Sermo do permultus, sapien-

many, wisdom to few. tia pauci.
God has given to Deus homo do nihil divinus

man nothing
more divine than the mind. quam mens.
Hast thou washed thy hands Lavo ne manus tuus purus
1
withpure water, and rubbed aqua et frico brachiuin

thy arms ? tuum?
Having drunk, hegave the cup Poto, poculum ego do.
to me.
He unfolded to Casar the Res totus Caesar explico.

whole affair.
1. Ne is appended here to the verb as an intercogative, not negative,

particle.
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166 DEPONENTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION.
•LVI. DEPONENT VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

I. Deponent verbs, as has already been reraarked, are
passive in form, but active in meaning.
II. They are called " Deponents" because they lay aside
(deponunt) their passive signification, although having a

passive form.
III. Each of the four conjugations has deponents belong-
ing to it.
LVII. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE FIRST CON-

JUGATION.
L
Translate the following, indicate the deponents, and ex-
plain the agreement or government in each clause or phrase.
Bonos malos
imitor, — detestor. AccipTter insidiatur
co-
lumbis. 1
—Minus ea miramur, semper spectamus. —Ul-
quae
ulae et feles muribus,
insidiantur vespertilionibus, gliribus
et —
talpis. Procellariae nidulantur saxosorum
in scopulis
litorum. —Quomodo miserrime, quum
te consoler, religionis
solatium verissimum asperneris ? —Ne verseris cum im-
probis hominibus.— Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchri-
tudinemque virtutis? —Contemplemur solem, lunam, noc-
turnaque sidera, et admiremur veneremurque auctorem eo-
rum. —Augures Romani vaticinabantur e cantu et volatu
avium. —Parentes me semper adhortati sunt, ut fraudem et
malorum hominum consortium —Homo improbus
detestarer.
aliquando cum dolore suorumflagitiorum — recordabitur.
2
Epistolae imitantur sermonem communis. — Num vitae facta

quoque eorum quorum
imitatus es, orationem. imitaberis
Numantinis 3
non
vires corporis —Quosnam
auxiliatae sunt.
ignavi —Non erant

imitati estis, ? sed quas
formlcae, cicadae,
tu,levissime —Saepe
juvenis, imitatus eras. utile est praeter-
itorum malorum —Successus

recordari. improborum faustos
1. Columbis, " for doves."

2. Recordor govems the genitive ; sometimes also the accusative
3. Numantinis, " to the Numantines."
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DEPONENTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 167
ne admirare. —Venerare Deum, venerare parentes, et quos

parentum loco tibi natura dedit. —Contemplamini coelum
nocturnnm et astra fulgentia. —Miseri et infelices Deum
precantor, ut eos opituletur ; et eos opitulabitur.
II.

/ wondered at many things M ultus in pueritia miror, qui
during boyhood at which I non amplius miror.
will no longer wonder.
I do not doubt but that you Non dubito quin tu duo cum
two are holding converse improbus versor.
with the wicked.
When the hour of death shall Cum mors hora adsum, non
be present, we will no long- amplius jocor.
erjest.
Hope alone consoles us in In res adversus spes solus
misfortunes. ego consolor.
Let the lazy boys not retard Ignavus puer ne moror dili-
the diligent and studious . gens et studiosus.
ones.
The eagle hunts not only after Aquila venor non tantum avis
birds, but also hares. sed etiam lepus.
Foxes lie in wait for hens, Vulpis insidior gallina, lupus
wolves for sheep. ovis.
We Christians worship one Ego Christianus unus ven-

God. eror Deus.
Thou, oh sun, and thou, oh Tu, sol, et tu, luna, semper
moon, always testify the Creator potentia testor.
power of the Creator.
The Romans borrowed certain Romanus quidam lex a Grae-
lawsfrom the Greeks. cus mutuor.
Certain birds imitate the hu~ Quidam avis vox humana im-
man voice. itor.
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168 SECOND CONJUGATION.
LVII. SECOND CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine.
Mdneo, Mdnere, Monui, Monltum, To advise.1
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, advise.
Sing. 1 . Mon-eo, / advise,

2. Mon-es, Thou advisest,
3. Mon-et, He advises ;
Plur. 1. Mon-emus, We advise,
2. Mon-etis, Ye adviseim
3. Mon-ent, Tkey advise.
Imperfect, was advising.

Sing. 1. Mon-ebam, I was advising,
2. Mon-ebas, Thou wast advising,
3. Mon-ebat, He was advising
Plur. 1. Mon-ebamus, We were advising,
2. Mon-ebatis, Ye were advising,
3. Mon-ebant, They were advising.
Aorist, advised.
Sing. L M6n-ui, / advised,
2. Mon-uisti, Tkou didst advise,
3. Mon-uit, He advised
Phr. 1. Mon-ulmus,
-
We advised,
2. Mon-uistis, Ye advised,
3. Mon-uerunt or -uere, They advised.
Perfect, have advised.

Sing. 1. Mon-ui, / have advised,
2. Mon-uisti, Thou hast advised,
3. Mon-uit, He has advised
1. The verb commonly given in the grammars as an example, namely,

doceo, " to teach/' makes the supine doctum by throwing out the t, and
ia,therefore, not well calculated for the intended purpose. Moneo forms
the supine regularly in ttum.
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SECOND CONJUGATION. 169
Plur. h Mon-ulmus, We have advised,

2. Mon-uistis, Ye have advised,
3. Mon-ueruntor-uere, They have advised.
Pluperfect, had advised.

Smg. 1. Mon-ueram, I had advised,
2. Mon-ueras, Thou hadst advised,
3. Mon-uerat, He had advised ;
Plur. 1. Mon-ueramus, We had advised9
2. Mon-ueratis, Ye had advised,
3. Mon-uerant, They kad advised.
First Future, shall or will advise.
Sing. 1. Mon-ebo, / shall or will advise,

2. Mon-ebis, Thou shah, &c, advise t
3. Mon-ebit, He shall, &c, advise ;
Plur. 1. Mon-ebimus, We shall, &c., advise,
2. Mon-ebitis, Ye shall, &c, advise,
3. Mon-ebunt, They shall, &c,
Second Future, shall or will have advised.
Sing. \. Mon-uero, / shall or will have advised,

2. Mon-ueris, Thou shalt, &c, have advised,
3. Mon-uerit, He shall, <fec, have advised
Plur. 1. Mon-uenmus, We shall, <fcc, have advised,
2. Mon-ueritis, Ye*shall,&c, have advised,
3. Mon-uerint, They shall, &c, have advised.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may advise.
Sing. I. Mon-eam, / may advise,

2. Mon-eas, Thou mayest advise,
3. Mon-eat, He may advise ;
Plur. 1. Mon-eamus, We may advise,

2. Mon-eatis, Ye may advise,
3. Mon-eant, They may advise.
1«
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170 SECOND CONJUGATION.
Imperfect, might, could, would, or should advxse.

Sing. 1. Mon-erem, / might, &c, advise,
2. Mon-eres, Thou mightest, &c, advise,
3. Mon-eret, He might,&c, advise ;
Plur. 1. Mon-eremus, We might, &c, advise,
2. Mon-eretis, Ye might, &c, advise 9
3. Mon-erent, They mighti &c, advise.
Perfect, may have advised.
Sing. 1. Mon-uerim, / may have advised,

2. Mon-ueris, Thou mayest have adviscd,
3. Mon-uerit, He may have advised
Plur. 1. Mon-uerimus, We may have advised,
2. Mon-ueritis, Ye may have advised,
3. Mon-uerint, They may have advised.
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have advised.
Sing. 1. Mon-uissem, / might, &c, have advised,

2. Mon-uisses, Thou mightest, &c, have ad-
vised,
3. Mon-uisset, He might, &c, have advised ,

Plur. I. Mon-uissemus, We might, &c, have advised,
2. Mon-uissetis, Ye &c, have advised,
might,
3. Mon-uissent, They might, &c, have advised
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing. 2. Mon-e or -eto, Advise thou,
3. Mon-eto, Let him advise ;
Plur. 2. Mon-ete or -etote, Advise ye,

3. Mon-ento, Let them advise.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Mon-ere, To advise.
Perf. and Pltjp., Mon-uisse, To have advised.
First Fut., Esse mon- To be about to advise.
iturus,
Second Fut., Fuisse mon- To have been dbout to advis*.

Iturus
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EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATLON. 17 1
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. and Imp., Mon-ens, Advising.
Future, Mon-iturus, a, um, About to advise.
GERUNDS.
Nom. Mon-endum, Advising.
Gen. Mon-endi, Of advising.
Dat. Mon-endo, To advising.
Acc. Mon-endum, Advising.
Abl. Mon-endo, With, &c, advising.
SUPINES.
First, Mon-itum, To advise.
Secondj Mon-Itu, To be advised.
LTIII. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION, AO

TIVE VOICE.i
L
person, &c.
Si vales, bene est, ego valeo. —Conatui audaci non sem-

per arridet2 fortuna. —Frontem videmus frondemin capite,
in arbore. — Judices, qui ex lege8 judicatis, legibus obtem-
perare debetis. — Apud priscos Germanos plus boni mores
valebant, quam alibi bonae leges. — Quum parvulus eram,
multa non videbam, quae nunc video. —Cyrus omnium in
exercitu suo militum nomina tenebat. —Romanis 4
cuncta
maria terraeque patebant. —Num cras et perendie habebo,
1. The irregular verbs in this and the remaining conjugations are

best learned from the dictionary. No separate exercises are therefore
given for them, as in the case of irregular verbs of the first, but they
are introduced at once, along with the regular verbs, in the examples
that follow.
2. Arrideo, " to smile upon," " to favour" (i. e., " to smile for," " to
be favourable govems the dative.
3.Ex l€ge y "according to law." More literally, 41 from," i. e., out
of, or in strict accordance with the internal spirit and meaning of, the
4. Romanis, " unto the Romans." Hence the dative with pateo.
Digitized by Google
172 EXEilCISES ON THE 8ECOND CONJCGATION.
quae —
nunc habeo 1 Quid virtus a te postulet, tu videbis.—
Non valebitis, si non modum habebitis in omni re, praeser-
tim in cibo et potu. —Minus habeo quam speravi j at for-
tasse plus speravi, quam debui. —Cnei Pompei, 1

quam mis-
erabilem vitae exitum habuisti !
— Catilina omnibus bonis dis-
plicuit. —Anacharsis, interrogatus quid esset in homine pes-
simum et quid optimum, respondit, " Lingua." —Si paruistis*
parentibus, pueri, quod8 poenam timuistis, laudem nequa-
quam meruistis. —Hodie
vidi, quae nunquam antea videram.
—Quid lumen boreale. Athenienses te, Socrates,

vidisti ? —
qui nemini nocueras, 4 damnaverunt
Epaminondas, qui Thebanorum potentiam incredibiliter
8
auxerat,5 nullam aliam habebat supellectilem, praeter ahe-
num et veru. —Non amplius nos monebunt, quibus non pa-
rueramus. —Lacedaemonii, fortes et robusti eratis, quod cor-
poris vires semper exercueratis !
—Alexander Thebas, quae
diu floruerant, delevit. — Quem seepe frustra monuero, non
amplius monebo. —Si hac Deo
in vita parueris, in altera
beatissimus eris. —Probis hominibus qui placuerit,7 deo quo-
que placebit. —Aliquando imperabitis, pueri, si in juventute
libidines vestras coercueritis. — Arbores, quae vere floruerint,
auctumno nobis poma praebebunt. —Pacem

habe cum ho-
minibus, et bellum cum vitiis.— Pueri, animi facultates ex-
ercete ! —Legibus paretote cives !
— Homo quotidie recorda-
tor, quam multa deo et hominibus debeat.
1.Cnei and Pompei are vocatives from Cnetus Pompeius, where the
e t do not form a diphthong, but each word ends in ius, and, of
and
course, has i in the vocative. The ordinary pronunciation of Cneius and
Pompeius, therefore, as if the vowels in question formed a diphthong, is
thus shown to be erroneous, for the vocatives would then be Cneie and
Pompeie.
2. Pareo, " to obey," i. e., " to yield obedience fo," governs the da-
tive.
3. Quody "because."
4. NoceOy " to injure," i. e., " to do harm to" governs the dative.
5. From augeo.
6. Nominative supellex, " an article of furniture."
7. Placeo, "to please," i. e., " to afford pleasnre to>" governs the da-
tive.
Digitized
EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 173
Frequento scholam, non ut doceam, sed ut praeceptor

doceat. —Amico nihil reticeas.
1
—Homo in omnibus rebus
modum adhibeat. —Moneamus
2
alter alterum. —A nulla re,
3
parentes, magis arceatis liberos, quam a malorum consor
tio.^Deus ita hominum naturam comparavit, ut aliena vitia
melius videant, —
quam sua. Si omnibus mercatura placeret
quis opificia exerceret ? —Si in nos ipsos severiores esse
mus, aliena vitia minus videremus, quam nostra. —Num ovea
tonderetis, agricolae, nisi lanam vobis praeberent —? Incer-
4
tum est, an crastino die habiturus sim, quae nunc habeo.
Non dubito quin puer diligens, et obediens, parentibus et
praeceptoribus suis placiturus sit. —Nautae trans mare mi-
grantes saepe dubitant an parentes denuo visuri sint.
Quantopere memoriam exercuerim mihi soli notum est.
Vobisne notum est quando Mummius deleverit Corinth-

um ? —Quid heri videritis, pueri, mihi narrato. — Historia
narrat, quantum bellum Brutus et Cassius post Caesaris ne-
cem moverint. —Sol oriens hodie nobis magnificentissimum
spectaculum praebuisset, si nubes eum non obscuravissent.
—Bonis placuisse et malis displicuisse morienti solatium
—Avaritia
erit. cupldo plus habendi. — Nos
est insatiabilis
omnes valemus ad nocendum.—Filii solatium patri dolenti
—Nihil habenti
praebento. —Luscinia nihil deest. cantat se-
dens, alauda —Nebulae
volitans. pendentes seren-in vallibus
itatem —Prudentiam omnes, qui cuique
significant. artificio
praesunt, habere debent.
n.
Nothing will terrify the fear- Impavidus nihil terreo.

less man.
1. The
subjunctive is here employed as a softened imperative.
2. Adhibcat, " let," &c. So moneamus, immediately after.
3. Arceatis. Subjunctive for softened imperative.
4. Crastino dic, " to-morôw.
,,
Time " when" is put in the ablative
15*
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174 EXERCISES OS THE 8EC0ND CONJUGATION.
As long as thou wert vpright, Quamdiu bonus sum, Adam-

oh Adam, thou didst please us, placeo Deus.
God.
After death we shall see many Post mors multus video qui
things which we do not now nunc non video.
see.
Many who have been Jirst in Multu8, qui in hic vita pri-
this life, shall hold the last mus sum, in alter ultimus
place in the next. locus obtineo.

That which we ourselves see 9 Is, qui ego ipse video, verus
we hold true. habeo.
Do ye harm to no one. Nemo noceo.
Let the pupil keep silence Discipulus taceo, dum prae-
while the preceptor is i/i- ceptor doceo.

structing.
Let the sick employ an expe- Aegrotus medicus peritus ad-
rienced physician. hibeo.
Thou wouldst be silent if thou Taceo si sapiens sum.
wert wise.
Wicked man, thou dost not Improbus, non cogito quis
consider what termination finis habeo improbitas tuus.
thy wickedness may be go-
ing to have.
How long we may be going to Quamdiu in hic terra maneo
remain on this earth is un- ego incognitus sum.
known to us.
I wish I could have seen to- Utinam hodie video sol ori-
day the rising sun ! ens!
It is disgraceful not to have Turpis sum amicus non ha-
afriend. beo.
The commencement of sinning Initium pecco sum finis fe-
is the end offelicity. licitas.
Blooming trees delight us all. Floreo arbor delecto ego om-

nis.
The pilot sits holding the til- Gubernator sedeo clavus to-
ler. neo.
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SECOND COXJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 175
LIX. SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part.
Moneor, Mdneri, Monitus, To be advised.
INDICATIVE MQOD.
Present Tense am , advised.
-
Sing. 1. Mon-eor, I am advised,

2. Mon-eris or -ere, Thou art advised,
3. Mon-etur, He is advised ;
trlur. 1. Mon-emur, We are advised,

o Mon-emini, Ye are advised,
3. Mon-entur, They are advised.
Imperfect, was advised.
tSing. 1. Mdn-ebar, I was advised,
2. Mon-ebaris or -ebare, Thou wast advised,
o
o. Mon-ebatur, He was advised
PZur. 1. Mon-ebamur, We were advised.
2. Mon-ebamini, Ye were advised,
3. Mon-ebantur, They were advised.
Aorist, was advised.

Sin^. 1. Mon-itus sum or fui, I was advised,
2. Mon-itus es or fuisti, Thou wast advised,
3. Mon-itus est or fuit, He was advised
P/«r. 1. Mon-iti sumus or ful- We were advised,
mus,
2. Mon-Jti estis or fu- Ye were advised,
istis,
3. Mon-iti sunt or fue- They were advised.

runt or fuere,
Perfect, have been advised.

Sing. I. Mon-itus sum or fui, I have been advised,
2. Mon-Itus es or fuisti, Thou hast been advised
3. Mon-itus est or fuit, He has been advised
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176 SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIYE VOICE.
Plur. 1 . Mon-iti sumus or fui- We have been advised,

raus,
2. Mon-iti estis or fu- Ye have been advised,
istis,
3. Mon-iti sunt or fue- They have been advtsed.

runt or fuere,
Pluperfect, had been advised.

Sing. 1. Mon-itus eramor fue- I had been advised 9
2. Mon-itus eras or fue- Thou hadst been advised,

ras,
3. Mon-itus erat or fue- He had been advised,

rat,
Plur. 1. Mon-iti eramus or We had been advised,

fueramus,
2. Mon-iti eratis or fue- Ye had been advised,
ratis,
3 Mon-Iti erant or fue- They had been advised.

rant,
First Future, shall or uritt be advised.
Smg. 1. Mon-ebor, I &c,

shall, advised,
2. Mon-eberis or -ebere, TAou &c, advised9
shalt,
3. Mon-ebltur, i/e sAaM, &c, advised

Plur. 1. Mon-ebimur, We shall, &c, advised,
2. Mon-ebimini, Fc sAa/Z, &c, be advised,
3. Mon-ebuntur, Tfoy shall, &c, advised.
Second Future, shall or u»7/ Aave been advised.
Sing. 1. Mon-itus fuero, J sAaZZ, &c, Aaue oeen ad-
2. Mon-Ttus fueris, Thou shalt, &c, Aat>* been

r* advised,
3. Mon-itus fuerit, jffe sAaZJ, &c, Aave been ad-
vised
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SECOND CONJUGATION, PASSIVB VOICE. 177
Plur. 1. Mon-iti fuertmus, We shall, &c, have been ad

vised,
2. Mon-iti fueritis, Ye shall, &c, have been ad-

vised,
3. Mon-iti fuerint, They shall, &c, have been ad-
vised.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may be advised.
Sing. 1. Mon-ear, I may be advised,

2. Mon-earis or -eare, Thou mayest be advised,
3. Mon-eatur, He may be advised;
Plur. 1. Mon-eamur, We may be advised,
2. Mon-eamlni, Ye may be advised,
3. Mon-eantur, They may be advised.
Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be advised.

Sing. 1 Mon-erer, I might, &c, be advised,
2. Mon-ereris or -erere, Thou mightest, &c, be advised,
3. Mon-eretur, He &c, be advised
might,
Plur. 1. Mon-eremur, We might, &c, be advised,
2. Mon-eremlni, Ye might, &c, be advised,
3. Mon-erentur, They might, &c, be advised.
Perfect, may have been advised.
Sing. 1. Mon-itus sim or fu- I may have been advised,
erim,
2. Mon-itus sis or fue- Thou mayest have been ad-
ris, -
vised,
3. Mon-itus sit or fue- He may have been advised;

rit,
Plur. 1. Mon-Tti slmus or fu- We may have been advised,

erimus,
2. Mon-iti sltis or fue- Ye may have been advised,
rltis,
3. Mon-iti sint or fue- They may have been advised

rint,
Digitized by Google
; ;
178 SBC0ND CONJUGATION, PASSIVB VOICE.
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been advised.

Sing. 1. Mon-itus essem or I might, &c, have been ad-
fuissem, vised,
2. Mon-itus esses or Thou mightest, &c, have been

fuisses, advised,
3. Mon-itus esset or He might, &c, have been

fuisset, advised
Plur. 1. Mon-iti essemusor We might, &c, have been
fuissemus, advised,
2. Mon-iti essetis or Ye might, &c, have been
fuissetis, advised,
3. Mon-iti essent or They might, &c, have been
fuissent, advised.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing. 2. Mon-ere or -etor, Be thou advised,
3. Mon-etor, Let him be advised
Plur. 2. Mon-emini, Be ye advised,
3. Mon-entor, Let them be advised.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Mon-eri, To be advised.
Perf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been advised.
mon-itus,
Future, Mon-itum iri, To be about to be advised.
PARTICIPLES.
Perfect, Mon-itus, a, um, Advised.
Future, Mon-endus, a, um, To be advised.
LX. EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION, PAS-

SIVE VOICE.
i.
Translate the following, and mention the tense, numbor,

person, &c
Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago atque Numantia, ab
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EXERCISES ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 179
eodem Scipione deletae sunt. —Quod tibi suasum fuerit

1
ab
expertis, id tene et serva. —Magistri, a quibus docti estis,
semper honorantor a vobis. — Agricultura olim ab ipsis re-
gibus exercebatur, et ab iis qui civitatibus praeerant.
2
—Dis-
cipuli diligentes, quum fuerint irrlsi ab ignavis, silebunt, et
ignavorum sortem dolebunt. —A pueris animi ex- facultates
ercentor. —Aer commotus — Amari major
est ventus. laus est
quam — Saepe peccavissemus, a peccando pro-
timeri. nisi
hibiti essemus. — Non commovereris miserorum precibus,
3
nisi ipse fuisses miser. — Quoties monitus sim mihi notum

est, at quoties paruerim monentibus amicis mihi ignotum
est. —Nero adeo crudelis erat ut ab omnibus Romanis tim-
— Semper parui quoties monebar. —Si
eretur. stulti erimus,
deridebimur. — Quum docemini, pueri, attenti et obedientes
estote.
A nulla re magis arceantur liberi quam a malorum con-

sortio. —A quonam agricola tonderentur oves, nisi lanam
praeberent —Si moniti fuerimus, obtemperemus monentibus.
?
—In hac probi improbi miscentur,

vita et non mis- in altera
cebuntur. — Minus de rerum causis a sapien-
terrebimini, si
—Monere, piger
tibus docti fueritis. 4
monemini, discipule ;
ne vosmet
pigri discipuli, auctores ipsi sitis miseriae vestrae.
—Ab amicis, a quibus
iis moniti sumus, haud
saepe frustra
amplius monebimur. — Ab Epaminonda Peloplda The- et
banorum potentia incredibiliter aucta est. — Si quid ignoras,

interroga sapientes, et tibi melius respondebitur,5 quam ab
imperitis. — Per totam vitam doceberis, homo, non in schola
sed —Pueri parentes, a quibus
in vita. praecep- educati, et
tores, a quibus docti amanto venerantor. —Moneatur
sunt, et
alter ab altoro. —Tibine notum est, quo anno Veii a Camil-

lo deleti sint?
1. From suadco. Suasum fuerit, taken impersonally, " shall nave

been advised," i. e., shall have been given thee as advice.
2. Praesse isone of the compounds of sum that take the dative.
3. Precibus, " by the prayers."
4. Monere, present imperative. ^
5. Respondcbitur, used impersonally, 44

it will be answered."
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l80 BXERCISES ON THE 8ECOND CONJUGATION.
II.

matical, 80 as to suit the English words opposite.
Nero, the most cruel of the Nero, crudelis imperator Ro-

Roman emperors, was fear- manus, ab omnis timeo.
ed by all,
I frequent school, not tkat I Frequento schola, non ut do-

may teach, but that I may ceo, sed ut doceo.
be taugkt.
I will obey as soon as I shall Pareo statim qw eo et
have beenadvised andfully edoceo.
instructed.
Many would be ignorant of Multus multus ignoro, nisi
many things unless they edoceo.
were well instructed.
Children who, having been ad- Liberi, qui, a parens moneo,
monished by their parents, non pareo, poena mereo.
do not obey, deserve pun-
ishment.
Be ye docile, in order that ye Ut doceo, docilis sum.
may be taught.
Athens, which was destroyed Athenae, qui a Persa deleo,
by the Persians, was after- postea reparo.
ward rebuilt.
He who is feared by many, Is qui a multus timeo, multus

fears many. timeo.
Let us be wise, in order that Ne a stultus derideo, sapiens
we may not be derided by sum.
thefoolish.
Sufferings are increased by Dolor augeo impatientia

want of patient endurance.
We are often terrified by the Saepe levis res terreo.
most trifiing things.

The dove is alarmed by the Columba terreo parvus 8trep-
least noise.
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DEPONENTS OF THE 8ECOND CONJDGATION. 181
LXI. DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION.

I. The deponents of the second conjugation are com-
paratively few in number.
II. Of these, msdeor, "*to heal," has no participle of its
own, but borrows medicatus. Mereor, "to merit" or " de-

serve," has more commonly merui in the perfect than mer-
itus sum. And, moreover, reor, " to think," has no imper-
fect 8ubjunctive.
LXII. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE SECOND

CONJUGATION.
I.

person, &c.
Reverere Deum et parentes. —Imbecillitatem valetudinis
tuae tuere.
1
— Pueri tuentor Suos
pudorem et candorem. —
quisque debet tueri. — eorum
Deus tuetur
probis favet, res
3
et moderatui, ut pater. —
Specula parantur, ut homines se
ipsos intueantur. —
Nemo cunctam intuens terram de divina
providentia dubitabit. —
Intuemini, homines, coelum noctur-
num, et admiramini majestatem Dei. Quod pollicitus es —
<j a . — Milites patriae fines tueantur.— Cives melius tuebun-
tur patriam, quam milites mercenarii.— Quod pollicitus fuero
semper praestabo.—Carthaginienses Hannibalem revocave-

runt, ut patriam contra Scipionem
tueretur. Mitiorem poe- —
nam merentur, qui scelera fatentur, quam qui diffitentur,—
XJtinam nihil pollicitus esses !— Dubito an latro callidus
3
fassurus sit scelera siia. —Qui in hac terra

4
hominum pau-
perum atque inopum miseritus fuerit, in coelo beatissimus
er it Semper erimus amici ejus viri, qui nos in periculis
tuitus est. — Heraclitus miserebatur omnium qui laeti erant .
1 . From tueor. The present imperative.

Moderatur, " directs" or « guides." This
«ame verb govems the
2.
dative when it signifies
" to set limits to" or " restram.
3. From polliceor. , .
gemUve.
.
4. Misereor, when used personally, governs the

16
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182 EXERCISES ON DETONENTS.
II.

All men ought to rcverence Omnis homo virtus revereor

virtue. debeo.
Good princes protect the arts Bonus princeps ars et scien-
and scienccs. tia tueor.
What we may have promised Qui polliceor semper pra?sto

we ought always to perform. debeo.
He will be pardoned when he Condono quum peccatum
shall have confessed his confiteor.
sins.
They will deserve the heaviest Mereor poena gravis, qui na-
punishment who look upon tura pulchritudo intueor,
the beauty of nature and do neque Deus sum 1
confiteor.
not confess that therc is a
Ood.
When Orgetorix offered a Quum Orgetorix liceor, ne-
price, no one dared to bid mo contra liceor audeo.
against him.
May God defend the innocent. Tueor Deus innocens.
Do ye revere the man who is Revereor ille qui semper pa
ever ready for protecting ratus sum ad tueor inops
the needy and wretched. et miser.
JIc offcrcd a price for the Ro- Liceor orbis Romanus.8

man world.
I will confess all things, oh Confiteor omnis, meus Deus ;
my God ; I will promxse. polliceor, si tu ego miser-

if thott wilt pity me, a bet- eor, bonus vita.
ter life.
1. The accusative is here to be employed before the infinitive of sv.nu

2. To be put in the accuaative.
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THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVB VOICE. 183
LXII. THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf Perf. Ind. Svpine.
Rego, Regere, Rexi, Rectum, 1

To rule.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, rule.
Sing. 1. Reg-o, / rule,

2. Reg-is, Thou rulest,
3. Reg-it, He rules
Plur. 1. Reg-imus, We rule,
2. Reg-itis, Ye rule,
3. Reg-unt, They rule.
Imperfbct, was ruling (action going on).
Sing. 1. Reg-ebam, / was ruling, ,
2. Reg-ebas, Thou wast ruling,

3. Reg-ebat, *
He was ruling
Plur. 1. Reg-ebamus, We were ruling,
2. Reg-ebatis, Ye were ruling,
3. Reg-ebant, They were ruling.
Aorist, ruled or did rule (past time indefinite).
Sing. 1. Rex-i, I ruled,

2. Rex-isti, Thou didst rule,
3. Rex-it, He ruled
Plur. I. Rex-imus, We ruled,
2. Rex-istis, Ye ruled,
3. Rex-erunt or -ere, They ruled.
Sing. h Rex-i, / have ruled,

2. Rex-isti, Thou hast ruled,
3. Rex-it, He has ruled
1. In the ordinary gramm

given as a specimen of the
preferable, since it forms its ]
the perfectof lego is legi.
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1
134 THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIYE YOICE.
Plur. 1. Rex-imus, We have ruled,

2. Rex-istis, Ye have ruled,
3. Rex-erunt or -ere, They have ruled.
Pluperfect, had ruled.
Sing. 1. Rex-eram, I had ruled,

2. Rex-eras, Thou hadst ruled,
3. Rex-erat, Hehadruled;
Plur. 1. Rex-eramus, We had ruled,
2. Rex-eratis, Ye had ruled,
3. Rex-erant, They had ruled.
First Future, shall or urill rule.
Sing. 1. Reg-am, I shall or toiS rtife,
2. Reg-es, TAtfu Âafc, &c, rufe,

3. Reg-et, Jfc shall, &c, rufe;
P/ur. 1. Reg-emus, We shcdl, &c., rufe,
2. Reg-etis, F<? $AaW, &c., rule,
3. Reg-ent, TAey sAaZZ, &c, rule.
Second Future, shall or urill have ruled.

Sing. 1. Rex-ero, I shall or wn7Z Aave ruferf,
2. Rex-eris, TAou &c, Aave rufea',

sAafc,
3. Rex-erit, He shall, &c, Aavc ruled;
Plur. 1. Rex-erimus, Wie shall, &c, Aaue rufea*,
2. Rex-eritis, Ye shall, &c, Aave ruled,
3. Rex-erint, TAey sAaZ/, &c, have ruled.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may rule.
Sing. 1. Reg-am, I may rule,
2. Reg-as, Thou mayest rule,

3. Reg-at, He may rule ;
Plur. 1. Reg-amus, We may rule,

2. Reg-atis, Ye may rule,
3. Reg-ant, They may rule.
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; ; ;
THIRD CONJUGATION, ACTIVB VOICE. 185
Imperfect, might, could, would, or should rule.
Sing. 1. Reg-erem, / might, &c, rule,
2. Reg-eres, Thou &c, rule,

mightest,
3. Reg-eret, He &c, rule ;
might,
Plur. 1. Reg-eremus, Wemight, &c, rule,
2. Reg-eretis, Ye might, &c, rufe,
3. Reg-erent, They might, &c, rufe.
Perfect, may have ruled.
Sing. 1. Rex-erim, / may have ruled,

2. Rex-eris, - Thou mayest have ruledy
3. Rex-erit, He may have ruled
Plur. 1. Rex-erimus, We may have ruled,
2. Rex-eritis, Ye may have ruled,
3. Rex-erint, They may have ruled.
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have ruled.
Sing. 1. Rex-issem, I might, &c, have ruled,

2. Rex-isses, Thou &c, have ruled
mightest, %
3. Rex-isset, He might, &c, have ruled

Plur. 1. Rex-issemus, mi^fo, &c, Aave rufetf,
2. Rex-issetis, Ye tfiiÂ*, &c, have ruled,
3. Rex-issent, T^^y might, &c, Aave rt//eci
IMPERATIVE MOOD. n,
Sing. 2. Reg-e or -Tto, /Sufe *Aom,
3. Reg-ito, Let him rule

Plur. 2. Reg-ite or -Itote, Rule ye,
3. Reg-unto, Let them rule.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present and Imp., Reg-ere, To rule.
Perf. and Plup., Rex-isse, To have ruled.
First Future, Esse rectu- To be about to rulc.
rus,
Second Future, Fuisse rec- To have been about to rule

turus,
16*
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186 EXERCISES-ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. and Imp., Regens,
Futurb, Recturus, a,
GERUNDS.
Nom. Reg-endum, Ruling.
Gen. Reg-endi, Of ruling.
DaL Reg-endo, To ruling.
Acc. Reg-eftdum, Ruling.
Abl Reg-endo,
SUPINES. -
First, Rec-tum,
Second, Rec-tu,
LXIII. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION, AC-

TIVE VOICE.
I.

person, <fcc.
Cneium Pompeium omnibus qui unquam fuerunt semper

anteposui. 1
—
Romani lugentes2 togam splendidam3 exuebant.
—E duobus malis minus, e duobus neutrum vitiis elige.
Edo utvivam, non vivo edam. — Quid utmi agis, frater?

scribo, ut vides. Quid quod scribis ? id praeceptor dictavit.
—Tibi non nam habebam, de quo ad
scripsi ; nihil te
scriberem. — Subscripsere quidam Lucii Bruti w 4
statuae, uti-
nam viveres — Se ipsum vincere maxima optima

!"
et victoria
—Bis
est. qui se ipsum
vincit — Quidquid vincit. discis, dis-
non
cis tibi, —Quid hodie
praeceptori. scripsimus egistis ?
5
etdidicimus, —Memoriam
quae praeceptor dictavit et docuit.
1 . From antepono.
2. Lugentes, " when mourning."
3. Splendidam, " their bright-coloured." The ordinary colour of the
Roman gown was a bright white.
4. Statuce, " under the statue," the dative governed by the verb sub-
scribo.
6. From ago.
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EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 187
semper exercui ; itaque multa teneo,' quae parvulus didice-

—Omnia
ram. 2 semper
facilius disceretis, discipuli, si attenti
essetis.—Multa non ignave, poenam metu-

didicisses, nisi
isses.—Melius sero discere quam nunquam
est didicisse.
Morbum qui edendo bibendo modum
facile contrahit, in et
excessit. — Sub hiemem grues nos

3
migrabunt relinquent, et
in regiones calidiores.
Quot efficiunt ter deni— Quot ? triginta. efficiunt novies
octogeni? septingentos viginti.— In iis linguis, quas non

intelligimus, surdis similes sumus. — Si dicetis quod verum
est, atque facietis quod honestumest, bene agetis. Dis- —
cipule, quid emisti ? emi chartam, pennas, et atramentum.
— Justus est qui suum cuique tribuit. —
Longe minus pec-
caretis, homines, si didicissetis imperare vobismet ipsis.
Nos Germani olim colebamus plures deos, nunc autem coli-

—
mus unum Deum. Quis dubitat quin Romani plures deos
coluerint — Quamdiu in hac
? terra victuri
4
simus, nobis om-
nibus incognitum —Utinam est. multi aliter vixissent!
Quid quoque die5 laboraverim, dixerim et egerim, litteris8

—
mandabo. Quis dubitat, quin sub hiemem grues nos relic-
turae
7
et in calidiores regiones migraturae sinl? — Sapere 8
praestat —
quam divitem esse. Charta bibula ad scribendum
inutilis est. —
Quando diruistis, Romani, Carthaginem?
Pietas erga Deum postulat, ut nihil ab eo expetas, quod sit
injustum atque inhonestum. —Si omnibus mercatura placeret,
quis agrum coleret, quis opificia exerceret —Undeviginti ?
habebitis, quum viginti subtraxeritis

9
unum. — Salutare con-
silium ne spernatis. — Justitia est constans et perpetua vo-
luntas suum cuique tribuendi. — Fugite, discipuli, ut pestem
1 . Teneo, " I retain" or " remember."

2. From ditco.
3. Sub hiemem, " on the approach of winter."
4. From vivo.
5. Quoque dic, " each day." Time " when" requires the ablative.
6. IAtteris, " to writing. ,,
7. From relinquo.
8. From sajno.
9. FroiP ubtraho.
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188 EXERCISES ON THB THIRD CONJUGATION.
con8ortium eorum qui nibil agendo dediti' sunt. — Fumus

ascendens facit fuliginem.
Bonum librum semel legisse, non satis est —Doctiores

essemus, si meliores libros legissemus. —Agricola serit ar-
bores, quarum fructus ipse fortasse nunquam adspiciet.

Alexander Magnus Tyrura, opulentissimam Phcenlcum ur-
bem, cepit2 atque diruit. —Quidquid promiserint? homines
probi, semper prsestabunt. —Ne repellite salutem vestram.
Quem potissimum colant et diligant homines praeter Deum ?

—Nonne nobis ipsis noceremus, si homines perditos magis
diligeremus quam probos t — Fortuna hominis viventis variis
vicissitudinibus obnoxia —Spectra quumest. times, falsus est

metus nunquam ea conspecturus
;
—Pro innumeris 4
sis.
5
illis
a Deo
beneficiis, quae accipimus, meritam gratiam
quotidie
persolvamus. —Christianus Deum amato et metuito, et vitia
—Athenienses, Themistocles, muros Athe-

fugito.
6
te, qui
narum exilium
restitueras, in —Phidias ex ebore
miserunt. 7
fecerat Jovis Olympii signum, cujus pulchritudo omnium
oculos delectabat. —Multi aliquando dicent: aliter vixis-
sem, si satis cogitavissem, quam justus sit Deus. — Filise
Scipionis, clarissimi Romanorum ducis, ex aerariodotem
acceperunt, 8 quia pater illis nihil reliquerat — Romani par-
ricldas vivos in culeum insuerunt, atque ita in flumen de-
jecerunt. 9 — Quum parvulus eram,multa non cernebam, quae
nunc cerno, quamvis oculos non claudebam alia enim non :
cadebant sub oculos meos, alia non movebant eos. Quo- —

cunque nos cogitatione converterimus, permultos excel-
lentes in quoque genere artium videbimus. Dionysius ty- —
rannus, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas
docuit. —In tria tempora vitas nostras natura dividit, quod
est, quod fuit, —
quod futurum est. Suae quisque saluti con-
sulat — Athenienses malos histriones explodebant.
1. From dedo. 6. From fugio.
2. From capio. 7. From mitto.
3. From promitto. 8. From accipio.
4. From conspicio. 9. From dejicio
6. Pro,"in retum for."
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EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 169
II.

If we skall conquer temper, Iracundia si vinco, vinco

we will conquer our great- ter magnus hostis.
est enemy.
Let boys repeat by themselves Puer suicum quicunque disco
whatever they may have repeto.
learned.
To-morrow I will ash you Cras tu interrogp quis scribo,
what you may have written, lego, et disco.
read, and learned.
To have learned many things, Multus disco, atque multus
and to have retained many in memoria teneo, sura uti-
things in remembrance, is lis puer.
very usefulfor boys.
Thereis more of evil infear- Plus sum malum in metuo,
ing, than tn the very thing quam in is ipse qui timeo.
which isfeared.
Socrates left no writings. Nullum scriptum relinquo
Socrates.
The regal title offended the Nomen regius animus Roma-
feelings of the Romans. nus offendo.
If you will live according to Si ad natura vivo, nunquam
nature, you will never be pauper sum.
poor.
When I shall have read your Quum liber tuus lego, tu re-
books I will send them back mitto.

to you.
What the magistrates order, Qui impero magistratus, facio
do ye, oh citizens, perform. cives.

Always forgtve another, never Alter semper ignosco, tu ipse
1
your own self nunquam.
1. Dative. Put tu iptt in the
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190 THIRD CONJUOATION, PA83IVE VOICE.
LXIV. THIHD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. ParU
Regor, Regi, Rectus, To be ruled
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, am ruled.
Sing. l. Reg-or, / am ruled,

2. Reg-eris or -ere, Thou art ruled,
3. Reg-Ttur, He is ruled ;
Plur. 1. Reg-imur, We are ruled,

2. Reg-imlni, Ye are ruled.
3. Reg-untur, They are ruled.
Imperfect, was ruled (was being ruled)

Sing. 1. Reg-ebar, / was ruledy
2. Reg-ebaris or -ebare, Thou wast ruled
3. Reg-ebatur, He was ruled;
Plur. 1. Reg-ebamur, We were ruled,
< 2. Reg-ebamini, Ye were ruled,
3. Reg-ebantur, They were ruled.
Aorist, was ruled (past time indefinite).
Sing. 1. Rectus sum or fui, / was ruled,
2. Rectus es or fuisti, Thou wast ruled,

3. Rectus est or fuit, He was ruled;
Plur. 1. Recti sumus or fui- We were ruled,
mus,
2. Recti estis or fuistis, Ye were ruled,
3. Recti sunt or fuerunt They were ruled.
or fuere,
Perfect, have been ruled.
Sing. 1. Rectus sum or fui, / have been ruled,

2. Rectus es or fuisti, Thou hast been ruled,
3. Rectus est or fuit, He has been ruled;
;
THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE. 191
Plur. 1. Recti sumus or fui- We have been ruled,

mus,
2. Recti estis or fuistis, Ye have been ruled,
3. Recti sunt or fuerunt They have been ruled.
or fuere,
Pluperfect, had been ruled.
Sing. I. Rectus eram or fue- / had been ruled,

ram,
2. Rectus eras or fueras, Thou hadst been ruled,
3. Rectus erat or fuerat, He had been ruled
Plur. 1. Recti eramus or fue- We had been ruled,
ramus,
2. Recti eratis or fue- Ye had been ruled,
ratis,
3. RectierantGrfuerant, They had been rvled.
First Future, shall or will be ruled.
Sing. 1. Reg-ar, / shall, &c, be ruled,

2. Reg-eris or -ere, Thou shalt, &c, be ruled.
3. Reg-etur, He &c,
shall, ruled;
Plur. 1. Reg-emur, Wie âZ/, &c, be ruled,
2. Reg-emlni, Ye shall, &c, 6e ru/«(/,
3. Reg-entur, They shall, &c, be ruled.
Second Future, shall or will have been ruled.
Sing. 1. Rectus fuero, / shall, &c, have been ruled,

2. Rectus fueris, Thou shalt, &c, have been
ruled,
3. Rectus fuerit, He shall, &c, have been

ruled;
Plur. 1. Recti fuerimus, We shall, &c, have been
ruled,
2. Recti fueritis, Ye shall, &c, have been

ruled,
3. Recti fuerint, They shall, &c ,

have been
rulcd.
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192 THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may be ruled.
Sing. 1. Reg-ar, I may be ruled,

2. Reg-aris or -are, Thou mayest be ruled,
3. Reg-atur, He may be ruled
Plur. 1. Reg-amur, We may be ruled,
2. Reg-amini, Ye may be ruled,
3. Reg-antur, They may be ruled.
Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be ruled.
Sing. 1. Reg-erer, I might, &c, be ruled,
2. Reg-ereris or -ere, Thou &c, be ruled,

mightest,
3. Reg-eretur, He might,&c, be ruled
Plur. 1. Reg-eremur, We might, &c, 6e ruled,
2. Reg-eremini, Ye iwtÂf, &c, be ruled,
3. Reg-erentur, They might, &c, &e ruierf.
Perfect, may have been ruled.
Sing. 1. Rectus sim or fue- I may have been ruled,

rim,
2. Rectus sis or fueris, Thou mayest have been rulea
3. Rectus sit or fuerit, He may have been ruled
Plur. 1. Recti slmus or fue- We may have been ruled
rimus,
2. Recti sltis or fueri- Ye may have been rulea
tis,
3. Recti sint or fue- They may have been ruled.

rint,
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been ruled.
Sing. 1. Reotus essem or fu- I might, &c, have been ruled,

issem,
2. Rectus esses or fu- TAou mightest, &c, Aaue 6ee»
isses, ruled,
3. Rectus esset or fu- He might, &c, Atfue foe»

isset, rwZed
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THIRD CONJUGATION, PASSIVB VOICB. 193
Plur. 1. Recti essemus or We might, <fcc., have been

fuissemus, ruled,
2. Recti essetis or fu- Yemight,&c.,havebeenruled

issetis,
3. Recti essent or fu- They might, &c, have been

issent, ruled.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing. 2. Reg-ere or -Itor, Be thou ruled,
3. Reg-itor, Let him be ruled ;
Plur. 2. Reg-immi, Be ye ruled,

3. Reg-untor, Let them be ruled.
•
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Reg-i, To be ruled.
Peef. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been ruled.
rectus,
FigST Future, Rectum iri, To be about to be ruled
PARTICIPLES.
Pkrfect, Rect-us, a, um, Ruled.
Future, Reg-endus, a, um, To be ruled.
LXV. EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION, PAS-

SIVE VOICE.
L
Translate tlie following, and mention the tense, number,
person, &c.
A leonibus bestiae majores capiuntur, minores contem-
nuntur. —Diligo semper diligam eos, a quibus alebar et
et
instituebar. — Probus eris, si non decipies ; prudens, si non
decipieris. — Areopagus a Solone institutus est. Meos, cui —
'egnum totius corporis a natura tributum est, praestantissi-
mum deorum donum est. —Romulum Remumque cupldo ce-
pit urbem condendi —Deus 1
in iis locis, ubi expositi erant.
cui innumera beneficia debes, a homo, —Ami- te, colitor.
1. From expono.
17
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194 EXERCISES ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
citiae, a nemine rumpiminor !— Dona malorum hominum a

te despuuntor. — Bona valetudo anteponatur —Sal- voluptati.
utaria consilia ne spernantur. — Si adspicereris, mi Deus,
ab omnibus colereris et adorareris. —Vobisne notum est,
quo anno Corinthus diriita sit ? —Veteres dubitabant de

mundo, casune 1
sit efijectus, an 2 a deo ; nos non dubitamus.
— Doctiores essemus, si meliores libri a nobis lecti essent.
— E ligno combusto 3
remanet cinis. —Vini ex uvis expressi
saepe longe alius est color, quam uvarum, e quibus est ex-
pressum. —Nihil dulcius est, quam dlligi ; nihil odiosius,
quam timeri et contemni.

Si colis probos, coleris a probis. —Signum Dianae, quod
4
Ephesi erat, colebatur a civibus, et ab omnibus advenis vis-
ebatur.
5
— Quo raagis diligam homines, eo magis diligar ab
illis. — Regia potestas a Marco Bruto dissoluta est,
6
duoque
creati sunt consules. — Is intelliget, quanta sit Dei sapientia,
a quo tota hominis fabricatio perspecta fuerit. — Quum literae
tuae a me lectae fuerint, eas tibi remittam. — Non dubito quin

diligar ab eis, quos diligo. — Quum Hamilcar cum exercitu
in Hispaniam mitteretur, Hannibalem, filium suum, secum
duxit.— Non deciperemini toties, si attentiores essetis.
A — Singulis Romanorum
quo hucusque instituebamini ? le-
gionibus addebantur triceni equites.— Morbus praeceps al-
aut exstinguetur aut

teriitrum faciet, — Quo magis exstinguet.
contemnetis homines, eo magis contemnemini. —Tibine no-
tum quo anno regia potestas a Marco Bruto dissoluta
est,
sit,duoque consules — Saepe homines dicent

creati sint ?
multa nobis non incognita essent, si melius instituti esse-
mus. — Sexaginta quatuor habebimus, quum septuaginta sub-

tracta fuerint sex. —Numa Pompilius, secundus Romano-
rum rex, Jani templum clausit : bis deinde clausum fuit
anno ducentesimo quadragesimo primo, et anno tricesimo

primo ante Christum natum.
here means " whether." 4. Ephesi, " at Ephesus."

^4fc'^
* fHAn, "o^. ,, 5. From viso.
9^From comburo. 6. From dissolvo.
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EXERCI8ES ON THE THIRD C0NJUGATI0N. 195
II.

If I shall have bten offended Si offendo a quipiam ille nul-

by any one, I will in no lus modus offendo.
way offend him.
Oh boy, be thou regulated by Compono, puer, ad exemplar
the example of the best. bonus.
Ye elders, be not surpassed by Senex, ne vinco a junior.
your juniors.
I should be miserable if I Miser sum si ab omnis re-
were deserted by alL linquo.
Unless we shall rule our own Nisi ego ipse rego, rego ab
selves, we will be ruled by alius.
others.
The walls of the Piraus and Murus Piraeus et Athen» a

of Athens were thrown Lysander diruo, et a Co-
down by Lysander, and non restituo.
restored by Conon.
Our offairs will be directed Res noster a Deus rego et
by the Deity, and will be ad bonus exitus perduco.
led to a favonrable issue.
The senators were called fa- Senator a Romanus Pater
thers by the Romans. dico.
Great blessings have been re- Magnus beneficium a Deus
ceived from the Deity, and accipio, magnusque gratia
great thanks ought to be debeo persolvo ab ego.
rendered by us.
No writings were left by Soc- Nullus scriptum a Socratea
rates. relinquo.
It is disgraceful to be left be- Turpis sum relinquo, turpis
hind, it is more disgraceful sum contemno, turpis sum
to be contemned, it is most verber ccedo.
disgraceful to be cut with
scourges.
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196 EXERCISES ON DEPONENT8.
LXVI. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE THIRD

CONJUGATION.
L
Translate the following, and mention the person, tense,
Tempus praeteritum nunquam revertitur. —Nemo semper

assequetur, quae conatur assequi. — Pauci oratores gloriam
Demosthenis et Ciceronis assecuti sunt. —Naturam se-
quamur, et omne quod pravum est fugiamus. — Primi homi-
nes naturam incorrupti sequebantur. — Philiipus, rex Mace-
donum, quum magnam e bello contra Phocenses gloriam
1
apud omnes nationes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggressus
est.
2
— Nihil est virtute amabilius ;
quam quum adeptus fue-
ris, ab omnibus diligeris. —Nefas est irasci iis, quos amare
debemus. —Peccatis irascamur, noh iis, qui peccarunt. — Ne
obliviscimi pauperum. —Proprium
3
est stultitiae,
4
aliorum vi-
tia cernere, oblivisci suorum.— Cohortatus est Caesar iEduos,
ut controversianim ac dissensionum obliviscerentur. —Nos
omnes propensi sumus ad obliviscendum. —Impares nati
—
sumu8, 6 pares moriemur. quo loco ex
Bestiae, in natae sunt,
eo se non commovent. — Cogita tecum, quod non uni angulo

natus sis tua
;
hic mundus
patria —
totus Deus est. Pii, quae
immisit adversa, aequo animo6 patiuntor. — Gere morem 7

pa-
rentibus, pare cognatis, obsequere amicis, obtempera legi-
bus.—Consume omne tempus quaerendo discendo, nonin et
—Ne
in querendo 8 et irascendo. sine causa, neve,
irascaris
etiam causa irascendi
si iram tuam diu manere
adsit, pati-
—Senex laudat tempus
aris. de eoquod
praeteritum, queritur
praesens —Naturam semper sequere.
est.
1. From
adipiscor. —
Quum adeplus essct, "whenhe had obtained. ,,
2. Frora aggredior.
3. Obliviscor governs the genitive.
4. Proprium cst, " it is the property." Suorum, " one's own."
5. From nascor.
6. JEquo animo, "patiently.**
7. Gerere morem t " to comply with the wishes of," " to yield to," &c.
8. From qucror.
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EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 197
II.

It is better to suffer than com- Melius sum patior quam facio

mit an injury. injuria.
That praise is pleasing which Is laus sum jucundus, qui

comes from men wko have *
proficiscor a vir, qui ipse
themselves deservei praise. laus mereo.
Twilight is more adapted for Crepusculum magis idoneus
conversing thanfor reading sum colloquor, quam lego
and writing. et scribo.
Youth is the season of collect- Juventus sum tempus colligo

ing and procuring, age that et paro, senectus fruor et
of enjoying and using. utor.
Alexander the Great entered Alexander Magnus India

within the confines ofIndia. finis ingredior.
The star of Venus is called Stella Venus Lucifer dico,
Lucifer when it precedes quum antegredior sol, qu-

the sun, but Hesperus when um subsequor autem, Hes-
it follows after. perus.
Xerxes attacked Leonldas, Xerxes Leonidas aggredior,
who had occupied the pass qui angustiae Thermopylae
of ThermopyhB. occupo.
Praise will follow, when la- Laus sequor, quum labor via
bour shall have prepared facio.
the way.
To die
J
for one s country is Pro patria morior sum hono-
most glorious. rificus.
The soldier dying, remembers Miles, morior, reminiscor do-

f
his home and children. mus et liberi.

We indeed will die, but our Ego quidem morior, animus
. souls will never die. autem noster morior nun-
quam.
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198 FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.
LXVII. FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Supine.

Audio, Audlre, Audlvi, Auditum, To hear
4
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense, hear.
Sing. 1. Aud-io, / hear,

2. Aud-is, Thou hearest,
3. Aud-it, He hears
Plur. 1. Aud-Imus, We hear,
2. Aud-itis, Ye heary
3. Aud-iunt, They hear.
Imperfect, was hearing.

Sing. 1. Aud-iebam, / was hearing,
2. Aud-iebas, Thou wast hearing,
3. Aud-iebat, He was hearing
Plur. 1. Aud-iebamus, We were hearing,
2. Aud-iebatis, Ye were hearing,
3. Aud-iebant, They were hearing.
Aorist, heard.
Sing. 1. Aud-Ivi, I heard,
2. Aud-ivisti, Thou didst hear,
3. Aud-Ivit, He heard
Plur. 1. Aud-ivimus, We heard,
2. Aud-ivistis, Ye heard,
3. Aud-iverunt or -ivere, They heard.
Perfect, have heard.

Sing. 1. Aud-ivi, / have heard,
2. Aud-ivisti, Thou hast heard,
3. Aud-Ivit, He has heard ;
Plur. 1. Aud-ivimus, We have heard,
2. Aud-ivistis, Ye have heard,
3. Aud-iverunt or -ivere, They have heard.
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FOJRTU CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICB. 199
Pluperfect, had heard.

Sing. 1. Aud-iveram, I had heard,
2. Aud-iveras, Thou hadst heard,
3. Aud-iverat, He had heard
Plur. 1. Aud-iveramus, We had heard,
2. Aud-iveratis, Ye had heard,
3. Aud-iverant, They had heard.
First Future, shall or will hear.
Sing. 1. Aud-iam, I shall or will hear,

2. Aud-ies, Thou shalt, &c, hear %
3. Aud-iet, He &c, hear ;

shall,
Plur. 1. Aud-iemus, We sludl, &c, hear %
2. Aud-ietis, Ye shatt, &c, Aear,

3. Aud-ient, Tfoy sAaZZ, &c, foar.
Second Future, shall or wiZZ have heard.
Si/ijr. 1. Aud-ivero, I shall or tciZZ Aav* heard,

2. Aud-iveris, Tôu &c, Aave heard,
shalt,
3. Aud-iverit, i/e ÂaZZ, &c, Aaue heard;

Plur. 1. Aud-ivenmus, PFe ÂaZZ, &c, have heard,
2. Aud-iveritis, Ye shall, &c, Aave heard,
3. Aud-iverint, TAey ÂaZZ, &c, Aauc Aearrf
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
• Present, may hear.
Sing. I. Aud-iam, I may hear,
2. Aud-ias, TAau mayest hear,
3. Aud-iat, Jfi? may aear;
PZur. 1. Aud-iamus, We may hear,

2. Aud-iatis, Ye may hear,
3. Aud-iant, They may hear.
Imperfect, mtght, could, would, or should hear.

Smg. 1. Aud-Irem, I might, &c, foar,
2. Aud-Tres, TAon mightest, &c, foar,
3. Aud-Iret, Twig^/;, &c, Acar
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.,
200 FOURTH CONJUGATION, ACTIVE VOICE.
Plur. 1. Aud-iremus, We &c, hear

might, 9
2. Aud-iretis, Ye &c, hear,

might,
3 Aud-Irent, They might, &c, A«ar.
Perfect, may have heard.

Sing. 1. Aud-iverim, I may have heard,
2. Aud-iveris, Thou mayest have heard,
3. Aud-iverit, He may have heard ;
Plur. 1. Aud-iverimus, We may have heard,
2. Aud-iverTtis, Ye may have heard,
3. Aud-iverint, They may have heard.
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or shauld have heard.
Sing. 1. Aud-ivissem, J mtÂf, &c, have heard,

2. Aud-ivisses, TAow mightest, &c, Aao*
Aâro*,
3. Aud-ivisset, He might, &c, Aave heard

Plur. 1. Aud-ivissemus, • We might, &c, Aave heard,
2. Aud-ivissetis, &c, have heard,
miÂ*,
3. Aud-ivissent, They might, &c, Aatx? Aeara*.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Sing. 2. Aud-i or -Ito, ifear *Aok,
3. Aud-ito, Lethimhear;
Plur. 2. Aud-Ite or -itote, ifoar ye,
3. Aud-iunto, Let them hear.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Aud-Ire, To hear.
Perf. and Plup., Aud-Ivisse, To have heard.
First Future, Esse aud-iturus, To be about to hear
Second Future, Fuisse aud-iturus, To have been about to
hear.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. and Imp., Aud-iens, Hearing.
Future, Aud-iturus, a, um, About to hear.
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EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJTJGATION. 201
GERUNDS.
Nom. Aud-iendum, Hearing.
Gen. Aud-iendi, Of hearing.
DaU Aud-iendo, To hearing.
Acc. Aud-iendura, Hearing.
Abl Aud-iendo, With, &c, heanng.
SUPINES.
First, Aud-Itum, To hear.
Second, Aud-Itu, To be heard.
LXVIII. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION,

ACTIVE VOICE.
I.
Transjate the following, and mention the number, person,

tense, &c.
Nunc multa scio, quae olim nesciebam, et aliquando per-
multa sciam, quae nunc nescio. — Ventum non cernimus
sed audimus. — Canes, greges domos et custodltis, et arcetis
fures latrones nocturnos. — Magna

et vis est in virtutibus
eas dormiant. — Quidni aperiam domum hos-

excita, si forte
piti quidni vestiam nudos
? quidni miseriam ? alioruin leni-
am — Cura
? quam primum venias.—Virglnes Vestales,
ut
1
in urbe Roma, custodiebant ignem sempiternum. — Obedltote

aliis, utvobis quoque obediant. — Quod sentlmus loqua-
alii
mur quod loquimur, sentiamus. —Multa nescirem,

;
nisi per-
multa ab audivissem. — Magistri, quum iterum atque

aliis
iterum ad discendum
frustra hortati fuerint discipulos,
eos-
dem punient.— quam
Praestat
2
—Aetate
scire opinari. virlli
multa antea neque videram neque audi-

vidi et audivi, quae
veram. — Semper obediam parentibus qui et praeceptoribus,
me educant et erudiunt, semperque serviam8 Deo, qui me

crcavit, vestivit et nutrivit.
Quam primum y " as sopn as possible."

1.
' Prastat, " it is better. ,i
2.
3. Serviam, " will serve ;" literally, " wiU render service to» and
hence it is joined with the dative.
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202 EXERCISES ON TIIE FOURTH CONJDGATION.
Veni et vide, quid sit verum, bonum, et pulchrum. —Hom-

ines esurientes nullum cibum fastidiunt. — Obedite pueri
parentibus ; morem gerite preceptoribus, parete magistrati-
bus, obtemperate legibus. — Multa permulta
nesciretis, nisi
ab aliis audivissetis. —Romam quum venero, perspex-
1
quae
ero, scribam ad te. —Nulla Persas, ingratos
civitas, praeter
— Adsuesce dicere verum

punlvit. et — Cur heri et audire.
mihi non aperiebas domum, quum pulsabam non ? audivi,

nam dormiebam. — hac finem
Sollicitudinis nostrae in terra
non reperiemus. — Non multa sed multa debent
legisse, scire,
— Pueri,
eruditi. ne septem horas dormiunto.
si valent, ultra
—Jacet corpus dormientis mortui, utanimus. — Con-

at vivit
diant mortuos
alii marmore,
et sepeliant in auro, et argento,
ego benefaciam. — Olim linteum
potius vivis cera et tabulae
2
obductas scribendo —Homini loquaci ne arcana
inserviebant.
committa8, statim enim, —Multi hom-
quae audiverit, effutiet.
8
ines, quos pro mortuis habuerant sepeliverant et sui, in
sepulcro misere exspiraverunt — Sartores sarciunt vestes
4
laceras.
II.

Hear many things, say few Audio multus, loquor multus.

things.
It is base to say one thing, to Turpis sum, alius dico, alius
think another. sentio.
Those whom we have buried Resurgo qui sepelio.
will rise again.
Boys, when you have slept Puer, quum septem hora dor-
seven hours, arise. mio, surgo.
1. Romam, "to Rome."

2. Cera obducta, " covered over with wax."
3. Sui, " their relations literally, " their own." It also may mean
their friends."
4. Mulri % " Ini•erably, ,, the adverb.
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FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICB. 203
Tkere is always an opportu- Semper sum occasio lego,

nity of reading, not always non semper audio.
of hearing.
The ancient Oermans slept in Yetus Germanus dormio in
the skins of wild animals. peUis fera.
1
To have slept seven hours is Septem hora dormio satis
sufficientfor the young man sum juvenis et senez.

and the old one.
2
If you do not know anything, Si quis nescio, rogo scio.
ask those who do know.

Good boys will always obey Bonus puer parens et prae-
the preceptsof their parents ceptor priEceptum semper

and teachers. obedio.
What we blame in others, we Qui in alius reprehendo, in

will find in our own selves. egomet ipse invenio.
He will serve many who is a Multus servio, qui corpus
slave to his own body. suus servio.
The vine has come to usfrom Vitis ad ego ex Asia venio.
Asia.
II ewho knows not how to be Qui nescio taceo, nescio lo-
silent 9 knows not how to quor.
speak.
LXIX. FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE.

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Part.
Audior, Audlri, Audltus, To be heard.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Presbnt Tense, am heard.
Sing. 1. Aud-ior, / am keardy
2. Aud-uris or -Ire, Thou art heard 9
3. Aud-Itur, He is heard ;
Plur. 1. Aud-Imur, We are heard,

2. Aud-imlni, Ye are heard,
3. Aud-iuntur, They are heard.
1. Continuance of time is put in the accusative
2. Quis for aliquis.
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204 POURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE TOICE.
Imperfect, was heard.

Sing. 1 . Aud-iebar, / was heard,
2. Aud-iebaris or -iebare, Thau wast heard,
3. Aud-iebatur, He was heard;
Plur. 1. Aud-iebamur, We were heard,
3. Aud-iebamini, Ye were heard,
3. Aud-iebantur, They were heard.
Aorist, was hcard.

Sing. 1. Aud-Itus sum ar fui, I was heard,
2. Aud-Itus es or fuisti, Thou wast heard,
3. Aud-Itus est or fuit, He was heard
Plur. 1. Aud-Tti sumus or fuimus, We were heard,
2. Aud-iti estis or fuistis, Ye were heard,
3. Aud-Iti sunt or fuerunt They were heard.
or fuere,
Pkrfect, have been heard.

Sing. 1. Aud-Itus sum or fui, / have been heard,
2. Aud-Itus es or fuisti, Thou hast been heard,
3. Aud-Itus est or fuit, He has been heard
Plur. 1. Aud-Iti sumus or fuimus, We have been heardf
2. Aud-Iti estis or fuistis, Ye have been heard,
3. Aud-Iti sunt or fuerunt They have been heard,
or fuere,
Pluperfect, had been heard.

Sing. 1. Aud-Itus eram or fueram, / had been heard,
2. Aud-Itus eras or fueras, Thou hadst been heard,
3. Aud-Itus erat or fuerat, He had been heard
Plur. 1. Aud-Itieramus or fuera- We had been heard,
mus,
2. Aud-Iti eratis or fueratis, Ye had been heard,
3. Aud-Iti erant or fuerant, They had been heard.
First Future, shall or will be heard.
Sing. 1. Aud-iar, / shatt, &c, be heard,
2. Aud-ieris or -iere, Thou shalt, &c, be heardf
3. Aud-ietur, He shatt&c, be heard:
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FOURTH CONJUGATION, PA3SIVE VOICE. 205
Plur* 1. Aud-iemur, We &c, be heard,

shall,
2. Aud-iemini, Ye &c, be heard,

shall,
3. Aud-ientur, They shall, &c, be heard.

Second Future, shall or will have been heard.
Sing. 1. Aud-Itus fuero, J shall, &c, Aat>« foen Aearo*,
2. Aud-Itus fueris, Tnou Âaft, &c, have been
heard,
3. Aud-itus fuerit, He shall, &c, have been heard
Plur. 1. Aud-iti fuerimus, We shall y
&c.,have beenheard,
2. Aud-iti fueritis, Ye shall, &c, Aave been heard,
3. Aud-Iti fuerint, They shall f &c, Aave fceen
heard.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present, may be heard.
Sing. I. Aud-iar, I may be heard,
2. Aud-iaris or -iare, TAow mayest be heard,
3. Aud-iatur, Ifi? may be heard
Plur. 1. Aud-iamur, We may be heard,

2. Aud-iamini, Ye may be heard,
3. Aud-iantur, They may be heard.
Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be heard.
Sing. 1. Aud-Irer, I might, &c, be heard,

2. Aud-ireris or -irere, Thou mightest, &c, be heard,
3. Aud-iretur, He &c,
might, heard;
Piur. 1. Aud-iremur, We might,&c, heard,
2. Aud-iremini, *m£A*, &c, be heard,
3. Aud-irentur, They might, &c, Aeara\
Perfect, may have been heard.

Sing. 1. Aud-Itus sim or fu- I may nave accn heard,
erim,
2. Aud-Itus sis or fue- TAou mayest have been heard,
ris,
3. Aud-Itussitarfuerit, He may have been heard;

18
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206 FOURTH CONJUGATION, PASSIVE VOICE.
Plur. 1. Aud-Iti slraus or fu- We may have been heard,

erlmus,
2. Aud-Iti silis or fue- Yc roay Aave been heard,
ritis,
3. Aud-Iti sint or fue- T/tay may Aawe 5een heard.

rint,
Pluperfect, might, could, would, tic. y havebeen heard.
Ol/l^. 1. Aud-itus essem or I mightj &c, have been heard,

fuissem,
2. Aud-Itus esses or Thou mightest, &c, have been
fuisses, heard,
3. Aud-Itus esset or He might, &c, have been
fuisset, heard;
P&r. 1. Aud-Iti essemus or We might, &c, have bcen
«
fuissemus, heard,
2. Aud-Iti essetis or Ye mighty &c, have beeu
fuissetis, heard,
3. Aud-Iti essent or They might, &c, have been
fuissent, heard.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
2. Aud-Ire or -Itor, Be thou heard,
3. Aud-Itor, Let him be heard ;
Plur. 2. Aud-imini, Be ye heard,
3. Aud-iuntor, Let them be heard.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. and Imp., Aud-Iri, To be heard.
Perf. and Plup., Esse or fuisse To have been heard.
aud-Itus,
Future, Aud-Itum iri, To be about to be keard.
PARTICIPLES.
Perfect, Aud-Itus, a, um, Heard.
Future, Aud-iendus, a, um, To be heard.
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BXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 207
LXX. EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION,

PASSIVE VOICE.
L
Translate the following, and name the person, number,
tense, &c.
Tonitru a surdis non audltur. — Nos homines impedlmus
saBpe alios, et —
impedlmur ab aliis. In mari reperiuntur eti-
—
pisces volantes. Justum est, ut sontes puniantur, absol-
vantur innocentes. —Audiatur et
l
altera pars. —Mortui ab
Êgyptiis condiebantur, et conditi domi2 servabantur ; a no-
bis sepeliuntur. — Homo mortuus ante diem tertium ne sepe-
litor. — Infantes a parentibus custodiuntor. —A quonam huc-
usque alebaris et vestiebaris 1 —Rudis essem, nisi erudirer.
—Preces hominum piorum a Deo audientur. — Quum propter
flagitia quaedam punitus fuero, eadem non amplius commit-
tam. — Quum sepultus fueris, cessabit omnis dolor. —A qui-
bus nutriti et vestlti simus, nescire saepe videmur. —Tu ne
erudias alios, antequam ipse erudltus —sis. Alios sepelivisti,
nunc ab aliis, vespillo, sepultus es. —Cui sapientia deest, a
Deo eam petat, et audietur. —Magistri, a quibus docti et eru-
diti estis, semper honorantor a vobis. — Hoc majores nostri
3
questi sunt, hoc nos querimur, hoc posteri querentur, in
terra nihil inveniri perfectum. —Ne quis insepultus esset re-
rum natura prospexit.
II.

Many arts have been discov- Multus ars ab homo invenio.

ered by men.
We would have sinned oftener Saepius pecco, si nunquam
if we had never been pun- propter peccatum punio.
ished on account of our sins.
1. Ei, "also" 3. Prom queror.
2. Domi, " at home."
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208 EXERCI8ES ON DEPONENTS.
Let the public safety be guard- Salus publicus a magistratus

ed by the magistrates. custodior.
As soon as anything new shall Simul ac aliquis novus ab ego

have been heard by me, I audio, tu scribo.
will write to you.
Trajan alone of all was bu- Trajanus solus omnis intra
ried within the city. urbs sepelio.

Alcibiades was instructed by Alcibiades a Socrates eradio
Socrates.
Oh ye winds, ye are not seen, Ventus, non video, sed audio
but are heard andfelt. et sentio.
We are deservedly punished Merito punio, quum Deus non

when we do not obey God. obedio.
Not only human beings, but Non solum homo, verum eti-
also animals, were embalm- am animal, ab jEgyptius

ed by the Egyptians. condio.
LXXI. EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS OF THE FOURTH

CONJUGATION.
L
person, &c.
Mentientibus nunquam assentiar.—Dolos verentur cauti

— Fuge voluptates, quae sen-
homines, siquis ipsis blanditur.
sibus quidem blandiuntur, animo nocent. —
at sunt Illi opti-
mi amici, qui gaudia cum amicis

et
1
—Ne menti- partiuntur.
mini, pueri,etiamsi omnes mentiantur. — Necessitas
alii
multa experiri homines — Optime scimus quod

docuit. id,
experti sumus. — Credam quod expertusid, —Quod fuero.

2
orsus sum, homo patiens dicit, ad finem etiam perducam.
—Non assequentur semper homines, quae experientur. — Si
nihil expertus essem, nihil scirem. — Multi, etiamsi melio-
rem fortunam sortiti essent, non meliores essent homines.
— Infelicissimi erant per omnem vitam, quicunque dedig-
1. Et "also."
t
2. From ordior.
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EXERCISES ON DEPONENTS. 209
nabantur bona, qu« in hac terra sortiti erant.— Experire

memoriam quotidie, et quotidie magis valebit. — Npn eodem
1
semper loco sol oritur et occldit.
II.

Tofiatter and to lie are alto- Blandior et mentior sunt om-
gether similar. nino similis.
He who assents to the wicked, Qui malus assentior, malus
begins himself tobe wicked. sum ipse ordior.
Arise, boys ; the sun himself Surgo, puer; sol ipse orior,
has arisen, and has begun cursusque suus metior or-

to measure out his course. dior.
We ought never to believe him Qui semel mentior, is nun-

who has once uttered a quam credo debeo.
falsehood.
Many rich men measure merit Multus dives virtus metior
by money. pecunia.
The tiger lies in waitfor both Tigris et fera et homo oppe-
wild beasts and men. rior.
Antonius, Octavianus, and Antonius, Octavianus, et Le-

Lepidus divided among pidus, orbis Romanus inter
themselves the Roman sui partior.
world.
Measure men by their deeds, Factum, non verbum, homo
not by their words. metior
They often cast lots who do Ille saepe sortior qui quis fa-
not know what they ought cio debeo nescio.
to do.
When I may have begun to Quum nemo
loquor ordior,
speak, no one arises, no one exorior, nemo ego assen-
assents to me, because I tior, quia nunquam blan-
have never fiattered. dior.
1 . Eodem loco, " in the same quarter."

18*
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210 RBMARK8 ON THE CONJUGATIONS.
LXXIL REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS.

L In the perfect and pluperfect a syncope takes effect,
as follows
1. In the first conjugation vi is dropped, and a circum-

flexed where an s or an r follows avi or ave ; as, am-
dsti, am&ssem, am&rim, am&ram, am&ro, &c, for ama-
visti, amavissem, amaverim, &c.
2. In the second and third conjugations a similar change

takes place with evi ; as, complessem for complevissem ;
deliram for deleveram ; decressem for decrevissem, <fcc.
3. But ovi is syncopated only in novi, novisse, and the

compounds of moveo, movi ; as, norunt for noverunt
ndrim for noverim; ndsse for novisse, commdssem for

commovissem, &c.
4. In the fourth conjugation ivi is often syncopated be-
fore s ; as, audisti for audivisti ; audlssem for audivis-
scm. There is also another form, which is produced
by throwing out the v only as, audii for audivi ; au-
;
dieram for audiveram, &c. This, however, is not so

common in the best prose writers as the others.
II. In the older and especially poetic remains of the

Latin language the infinitive passive was lengthened by
annexing the syllable er ; as, amarier for amari • legier for
legi, <fec.
III. The third person plural of the perfect indicative ac-

tive has two forms ; one ending in erunt and the other in
ere. This form in ere is more common in the later writers
and in those whose prose style has a poetic tinge ; as, for
exarnple, Tacitus and Curtius.

IV. The imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and fero % aro
usually written dic, duc, fac, fer; and in the compounds
educ, effer, calefac ; except in those compounds of facio
which change a into t ; as, confice, perftce.
V. For the termination of the second person in the pas-
sivc, in m, the form re was also uscd. In Cicero re is
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REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATION8. 211
more common than ris in the imperfect and future indicative

and present and imperfect subjunctive. In the present in-
dicative, on the other hand, re for ris is comparatively rare.
VI. The old grammarians are at variance respecting the
quantity of i in rimus and ritis of the second future indica-
tive and perfect subjunctive active. Poets use these sylla-
bles both as long and short, but the preponderance of usage
appears to be in favour of i in both tenses. 1
VII. Some and several deponent verbs have a

active
form in bundus, which has the general force of a present
participle, but with the meaning commonly strengthened ;
as, errabundus, " wandering to and fro ;" gratulabundus,

" full of congratulation moribundus, " in the agonies of
death," &c.
VIII. The tenses formed by fui, fueram, fuero, and the
passive participle in us, express more emphatically the
completion of the action than those by sum, eram, ero.
Thus, pransus sum means that I have just dined ; but pran-
sus fui denotes that I dined some time ago.
IX. The verb sum and its tenses, joined with the parti-
ciple in rus, denote that a person has a mind to do, or is
upon of doing something ; differing thus from the

the point
future of the verb, which only expresses that an event will
take place. Hence arises a new conjugation callcd Peri-
2
phrastic. Thus,
Indicative.
Amaturus (a, um) sum, / am Amaturus (a, um) fui, / was,

about to love. or have been about to love.
Amaturus eram, I toas about Amaturus fueram, I had been
to love. about to love.
Amaturus ero, I shall be about Amaturus fuero (not in use).
to love.
1. We have given the 1, in the paradigms of the different verbs, the

ahort quantity, as more in accordance with the modern way
of pronoun-
cing, though not, perhaps, the more accurate one. .
alluded to in tho
2. This periphrastic conjugation has been already
•QOtes that precede.
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212 REMARKS ON THE CONJUGATIONS.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Amaturus sim, / may be about Amaturus fuerim, / tnay have
to lovc. been about to love.
Amaturus essem, / might be Amaturus fuissem, / might
about to love. have been about to love.
Infinitive.
Amaturum esse, to be about Amaturum fuisse, to have been

to love. about to love.
X. The participle in dus, usually called tbe future parti-

ciple passive, often has in the oblique cases a signification
like that of a gerund, whence it derives another grammati-
cal appellation for itself, namely, a gerundive;
as, for ex-
ample, tempus petendm pacis, " time of seeking peace ;" an-
imal idoneum ad portanda onera, " an animal fit for bearing
1
burdens."
XI. The participle in dus also implies obligation, pro-
priety, &c. as, amandus, " deserving of being loved ;" fa-
;
ciendum, " what ought to be done." It may be joined with

all the tenses and moods of sum, and hence arises a second
periphrastic conjugation ; as, amandus (a, um) sum, fui,

fur.ram, &c, " I am deserving of being loved," &c. ; hoc
faciendum est, " this ought to be done."
XII. xhe gerund in dum, when joined with some part
of the verb sum, rises in force above the neuter of the par-
ticiple in dus, and as that denotes obligation ("ought"), so
this implies necessity (" must"), and takes the dative of the
person ; as, miki scribendum est, " I must write ;" mihi scru
bendum " I was obliged to write ;" mihi scribendum
erat,
erit, " I shall be compelled to write," &c. 2
1. This gerundive meaning arises out of its primitive signification as

a present participlo passive. Compare note 1, page 133.
2. This meaning of " must," however, or, in other words, the idea of
necessity, arises in a great measure, if not entirely, from the substantive
verb with thc dative. Thus, scribendum est mihi literally means u thero
is writing for me," i. e., I have to write, I raust write, and so of the
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—
EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES. 213
XIII. In what is called the future infinitive passive,

namely, amatum iri, monitum tVi, &c, the latter part, tW, is
in reality the infinitive of the passive impersonal itur,
" things tend." Hence audio eum manitum iri means, lit-
erally, " I hear that things tend to an advising him," i. e.,
that he is about to be advised. The supine therefore re-
mains unchanged, whatever be the gender or number of the
sub8tantive ;
as, audio feminam monitum iri ; audio nos mon-
-
itum iri.
LXXIII. EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES.

Preliminary Rules.
1. The gerund in dum, with the verb est, governs the
dative of the person, and denotes necessity ;
as, mihi
laudandum est, " I must praise ;" tibi studendum est,
" thou must study."
2. Gerunds are construed like nouns ; as, tempus studen-
di, " time of studying ;" aptus discendo, " fit for learn-
ing penna data sunt ad volandum, " wings were
given for flying."
3. Gerunds and supines govern also the same cases as
the verbs whence they are formed ; as, mihi laudan-
dum est hunc hominem, " I must praise this man ;" sal-
utatum amicos, " to salute friends."
I.
Translate the following, and explain the construction in

each clause, <fec.
—
Tibi laudandum est. Tibi laudandum est te ipsum.
Mihi laudandum est memet. Mi laudandum est. Mihi, — —
tibi et vobis omnibus laudandum est. Illis monendum est. —
— —
Nobis omnibus monendum est. Etiam post malam mes-
sem agricolae serendum est. —Orandum est nobis, ut sit
mens sana in corpore sano. —Discipulis tacendum est dum

praceptores docent. — Juvenilis astas est tempus discendi.
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214 BXBRCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SUPINES.
— Optime peccatum evitat, qui occasiones fugit peccandi.

—O quam jucundum est, gaudendi causas dare parentibus
— Studium Deo placendi signum est amoris erga Deiun.
Avaritia cst insatiabilis cupldo plus habendi. —Plerique hom-
ines cupidi sunt nova videndi audiendique. —Charta bib-
ula inutilis est scribendo.—Aqua utilis est bibendo. — Non
omnis debitor par solvendo. —Aculeus datus
est apibus est
ad pungendum. — Pennae avibus ad volandum datae sunt.
Inter docendum confabulari non —In jocando modum

licet.
adhibere debemus. —Fabius a cunctando Cunctator appel-

latus est.— Scriba a scribendo, venator a venando nomen
habet. — Ex mentiendo multa mala nascuntur. —Docendo
discimus. — Tertia pars dormiendo
vitae — Saepe amittitur.
scribendo bene scribere discimus. — Xerxes Graeciam in

venit bellatum. — Cubiculum vespere intramus, dormi- ibi
tum. — Multi veniunt quidem salutatum amicos, pauci ad- at
jutum. — Mercatores patriam suam linquunt varias merces

aut emtum venditum. — Omnia Deo sunt
aut effectu facilia.
—Animi natura —Quae jucun-
difficillima est explicatu. tibi
da sunt narratu, alteri saepe sunt minime jucunda auditu.

De apibus multa narrantur, notatu dignissima.
II.
Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into grara-

We must love our enemies, Inimicus ego amo sum, et in-

1
and forget injuries. juria obliviscor.
Must not all men die ? Nonne omnis homo morior
sum?
We .must always think of the Semper ego de finis vita
end of life. cogito sum.
Many youths waste in amuse- Multus juvenis ludo perdo
ment what their parents qui parens suus laboro ac-
have acquired by toiling. quiro.
J. The genitive is here required with obliviseor.
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EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDS AND SEPINES. 215
The faculty of thinking is Cogito facultas mens dico.

called mind.
A good boy is always desirous Bonus puer semper studiosua
of learning. sum scribo.
1
Even he who is skilled in Etiam nato peritus in aqua
swimming is not secure in non sum securus.
the waters.
Skins are useful for protect- Pellis utilis sum adversus

ing against cold. frigus (pl.) munio.
Grass is produced for feeding Gramen pecus (pl.) nutrio
cattle. nascor.
The beaver has web-feet for Castor pes anserinus ad nato
habeo.
Cleanliness contributes much Multum ad sanitas tueor con-
to preserving health. fero munditia.
By doing nothing men learn Nihil ago homo male ago
to do evil. disco.
The Israelites migrated into Tsrdelita is jEgyptus migro,

Egypt to dwell there. ibi habito.
Moses was sent into Egypt Moses in Êgyptus mitto Ts-
tofree the Israelites. raelita libero.
I have come to behold the Venio Tudus Olympicus spec-

Olympic games. to.
The shepherd leads forth his Pastor grex pasco educo.

flocks tofeed.
Let us hasten to lend aid. Auxilior propero.
The Alps are very difficult to Alpis sum adscendo difficilis.
be ascended.
Shun whatever is base to be Fugio quisquis turpis sum

mentioned. dico.
A wise man utters those things Sapiens is tantum profero,
only which are worthy of qui memoro dignus sum.
being mentioned.
1. Genitive of the gerund.
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216 EXERCI8ES ON THB GBRUNDIVES.
LXXIV. EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDIVES.

Prelimxnary Rulc.
Gerunds governing the accusative are often turned into

gerundives or participles in dus, which, like adjectives,
agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case ; as,
Petendum est mihi rpacem, ) n , .
„
. > or Pax est petenda mihi.
**
I must seek peace, )
Tempus petendi pacem,

"
)
^ J^^mg
r rpetendm r
pacts.
Time of seeking peace," ) .
Ad petendum pacem. ) A , ,
'l „ > or Ad petendam pacem.
" For seeking peace, )
Petendo pacem,
" By seeking peace,
m
)
L
Translate the following, and explain the construction m
each clause, &c.
Ego, qui te consolari cupio, consolandus ipse sum. —Ben-
cficia non in vulgus
1
eifundenda sunt. — Permulta Horatii
carmina ad verbum8 ediscenda sunt. —Suo quaeque tempore
facienda sunU — ^Justitia —In mag-
propter sese colenda est.
— Omnem exercendae
nete mira vis est ferri attrahendi. vir-
tutisoccasionem arripere debemus. — Deus nobis jus dedit

pecudum comedendarum. — Cyrus Judaeis potestatem dedit
templi —Pigris
instaurandi. nulla cupiditas
discipulis est dis-
cendarum —Boves oneribus gestandis sunt
literarum. idonei.
—Lignum domibus exstruendis, alendo, conficiendisque igni
variis instrumentis —Vestimenta tegendo, atquo
inservit.
omando corpori humano comparantur. —Fruges ad susten-

tandam hominum vitam sunt —Aqua ventus necessariae. et
molas ad frumentum comminuendum circumagunt. — Silvae

lignum praebent ad calefaciendum corpus, cibum potumqtie
1. In vulgus, " upon the 010^^," i. e., upon every one indiscrimi-
nately.
2. Ad vcrbum, " by heart," literally, " to the very woiJ," i. e., letter.
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—
EXERCISES ON THE GERUNDIVES. 217
parandum, variamque supellectilem

1
conficiendam. — Ad
amicitiam stabiliendam multum confert morum similitudo.
Maxima parentum cura est in liberis bene educandis. — In

cibis deligendis valetudinem potius quam voluptatem res-
picere debemus. —Fuge illos amicos, qui a virtute colenda
te abducant. —Eruditi multi scripserunt de agris hortisque
colendis. — Legendis bonis scriptoribus doctiores evadimus. 2
II.

Virtue ought to be praised Virtus etiam in hostis laudo

even in an enemy. est.
Not many, but good books Non multus, sed bonus liber
ought to be read. lego sum.
Corrupt examples are to be Pravus exemplum detestor et
detested and shunned. fugio sum.

The surest art of strengthen- Certus memoria augeo ars
ing the memory is its exer- sum exercitatio.
cise.
All men are desirous of ob- Omnis homo virtus consequor

taining happiness. sum cupidus.
The spider suspends very Araneus artifH^Bus musca
workmanlike websfor catch- capto cassis suspendo.
ing flies.
Books serve for acquiring Liber eruditio acquiro inser-
knowledge. vio.
Camels appear born for car- Camelus ad onus porto nas-

rying burdens. cor videor.
In selecting friends prudence In eligo amicus prudentia
is to be exercised. sum adhibeo.
In reading good books we In bonus liber lego attentus
ought to be attentive. sum debeo.

1. Froro supellcx.
2. Evadimics, " we become." Literally, " »e go forth."
19
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218 DIFPERENT KINDS OP VEftBS
Storms are sometimes neces- Procella nonmmquam neccs-

sary for dissipating un- sarius suni ad insalubris
healthy vapours. vapor dissipo.
Birds fly throvgh the air by Avis per aer volo ala sursum
tnoving their wings up and ac deorsum agito.
down.
Domitian passed some time Domitianus quotidie aliquis
daily in killing flies. tempus musca neco tran-
sigo.
LXXV. VERBS RECEIVING DIFFERENT NAMES, ACCORD-

ING TO THEIR VARIOUS NATURES OR TENDENCIES.
Frequentatives.
I. Frequentative .Verbs denote frequency of action, and

are formed from the latter supine of the primitive verb,
1
by
changing, in the first conjugation, dtu into tto ; and in the
other conjugations, u into o ; as, from clamdtu, clamtto ;
from pulsu, pulso; from dormUu, dormxto ; the primitives

being clamo, pello, and dormio.
Inceptives.
II. Inceptive verbs denote an action begun and going on.

They all end in sco, and are formed from the second per-
son singular present indicative of the primitive verb ; as,
caleo, u I am warm," second person cales, inceptive calesco,

" I begin to grow warm."
III. Inceptives are also derived from nouns and adjec-
tives, by changing the last vowel of the genitive into asco
or esco ; as, puerasco, ignesco, dulcesco, from puer, ignis 9
dulcis.
IV. Inceptive verbs are all intransitive, and of the third

conjugation. Those which are formed from nouns want
1. The
old system of formation, in the case of frequentatives, incep-
tives, is here retained, not so much from any accnracy it possesses
&c,
as from its convenience for the purposes of the young student. The
true furmation turns upon the doctrine of roots, but is best learned in a
more advanced stage of the pupiFs progress.
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IRREGULAR VERBS. 211
the preterit and supine ; the others borrow thera from theL
primitives.
V. Most inceptives are formed from verbs of the second
conjugation. There are some verbs, however, ending in
sco, which are not inceptives, but actives as, disco, posco. ;
Desideratives.
VI. Desideratives express a desire of doing the act de-

noted by the primitive.
VII. They are formed from the latter supine of the prim
itive by shortening the final u and adding rio; as, cano, " to
sup," supine canatu, desiderative cmnaturio, "I desire to
sup." And again, edo, "to eat," supine esu, desiderative
esiirio, " I desire to eat."
LXXVI. IRREGULAR VERBS.

I. The simple irregular verbs are six ; sum, eo, queo, vdlo,
fero,fto.
II. Five are compounded ; prosum, possum, ndlo, mdlo,
nequeo.
«
III. Sum has already been conjugated.

'
IV. Prosum, to prove of advantage, has a d where sum

begins with e.
Prosum, prodesse, profui.
Indicative Mood.
Pr. Pro-sum, prod-es, prod-est ;
pro-sumus, prod-estis, pro-
sunt.
Imp. Prod-eram, prod-eras, prod-erat; prod-eramus, prod-

eratis, prod-erant.
A. and Perf. Pro-fui, pro-fuisti, pro-fuit ;

profuiinus, pro-
fuistis, pro-fuerunt, or pro-fuere.
Plu. Pro-fueram, pro-fueras, pro-fuerat ;
pro^fueramus, pro-
fueratis, pro-fuerant.
1. Fut. Prod-ero, prod-eris, prod-erit; prod-enmus, prod-

eritis, prod-erunt.
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220 IRREGTJLAR VERBS.
2. Fut. Pro-faero, pro-fuens, pro-fuerit ; pro-fuerimus, pro-

fueritis, pro-fuerint.
Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Pro-sim, pro-sis, pro-sit ; pro-slmus, pro-sitis, pro-sint

Imp. Prod-essem, prod-esses, prod-esset; prod-essemus,
prod-essetis, prod-essent.
Per. Pro-fuerim, pro-fueris, profuerit; pro-fuerimus, pro-
fueritis, pro-fuerint.
Plu. Pro-fuissem, pro-fuisses, pro-fuisset; pro-fuissemus,

pro-fuissetis, pro-fuissent.
Imperative Mood.
Pr. 2. Prod-es or prod-esto, 2. Prod-este or prod-estote,

3. Prod-esto; 3. Pro-sunto.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr. and Imp., Prod-esse.
Per. and Plu., Pro-fuisse.
1. Future, Esse pro-futurus.
2. Future, Fuisse pro-futurua.
Participle.
Future, Pro-futurus, a, um.

V. Possum is compounded of pdtis, " able," and sum ; !
tnd is thus conjugated
Possum, posse, potui, To be able.
Indicative Mood.
Pr. Possum, potes, potest ;
possumus, potestis, possunt.
Imp. Pot-eram, -eras, -erat; -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
A.& Per. Pot-ui, -uisti, -uit; -uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or
-uere.
Plu. Pot-uerara, -ueras, -uerat ; -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant.

1. Fut. Pot-ero, -eris, -erit -erimus, -eritis, -erunt.
;
2. Fut. Pot-uero, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint.

t. The component parts are often found separately in earlier whtera ]
potis beinjr of all genrters and both numbere.
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IRREGULAR VERBS. 221
Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Pos-sim, -sis, -sit ; -slmus, -sltis, -sint.
Imp. Pos-sem, -ses, -set ;

-semus, -setis, -sent.
Per. Pot-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ;

-uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint.
Plu. Pot-uis8em, -uisses, -uisset ; -uissemus, -uissetis, -uis
sent.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr. and Imp., Posse. Per. and Plu., Potuisse.
The rest wanting.
Eo, Ire, Ivi, Itum, To go.

Indicative Mood.
Pr. Eo, is, it ;
Imus, Itis, eunt.
Imp. Ibam, ibas, ibat ;
ibamus, ibatis, ibant.
A. & Per. Ivi, ivisti, Ivit ;

ivlmus, ivistis, iverunt or ivere.
Plu. Iveram, iveras, iverat ; iveramus, iveratis, iverant
1. Fut. Ibo, ibis, ibit ;

ibimus, ibitis, ibunt.
2. Fut. Ivero, iveris, iverit ; iverimus, iveritis, iverint.

*
Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Eam, eas, eat ;
eamus, eatis, eant.
Imp. Irem, ires, iret ;

iremus, iretis, irent.
Per. Iverim, iveris, iverit ;

iverimus, iverltis, iverint.
Plu. Ivissem, ivisses, ivisset ;
ivissemus, ivissetis, ivissent*
Imperative Mood.
Pr., I or Ito, Ito ; fte or itote, eunto.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr. and Imp., Ire.
Per. and Plu., Ivisse.

1. Future, Esse iturus.
2. Future, Fuisse iturus.
19*
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222 IRREGULAR VKRBS.
Participles.
Pn., Iens, Gen. euntis

» Fut., Iturus, a, um.
Gerunds. Supines.
Nom., Eundum, First, Itum.
Gen., Eundi, &c. Second, Itu.
VI. In the passive voice, eo exists only as an impersonal,

itur, ibatur, itum est, &c.
VII. Some of its compounds, however, acquire a transi-
tive meaning, and, having an accusative in the active, may
also have a passive ;
as, adeo, " I approach ;" ineo, " I
enter ;" prmtereo, " I pass by."
r
VIII. rhe compounds of eo have usually only ii in the
aorist and perfect ; as, adii, seldom adivi.
IX. Veneo, " I am sold," a neuter passive, has no supine,
but otherwise conjugated like eo.
is
X. Queo, " I can," and Nequeo, u I cannot," are botli

conjugated like eo ; thus,
Pr. Queo, quis, quit, quimus, &c.

Imp. Quibam, quibas, quibat, quibamus.
A. and Per. Quivi, quivisti, quivit, quivimus.
Pr. Nequeo, nequis, nequit, &c.

Imp. Nequibam, &c.
XI. With the exception of the present, most parts of the

two last-mentioned verbs, especially of queo, are not very
common in prose writers. They have no imperative or
gerund, and only in early or unclassic authors participles.
XII. They have also a passive, but it is rare.
Volo, velle, volui, To be willing.
Indicative Mood.
Pr. Volo, vis, vult ;
volumus, vultis, volunt.
(mp. Vol-ebam -ebas -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant.
Digitized by Google
1RREGULAR VERBS.
»
223
A. & Per. Vol-ui, -uisti, -uit ; -uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or

-uere.
Plu. Vol-ueram, -ueras, -uerat -ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant ;
-
1. Fut. Vol-am, -es, -et -emus, -etis, -ent.

;
2. Fut. Vol-uero, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis. -uerint
Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Velim, velis, velit ;

vellmus, velltis, velint.
Imp. Vellem, velles, vellet; vellemus, velletis, vellent.

Per. Vol-uerim, -ueris, -uerit; -uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint.
Plu. Vol-uissem, -uisses, -uisset -uissemus, -uissetis, -uis- ;
sent.
»
Infinitive Mood.
Pr. and Imp., Velle. Per. and Plup., Voluisse
Participle. — Pr., Volens.

The rest wanting.
1
Nolo, nolle, nolui, To be unwilling.
Indicative Mood.
Pr. Nolo, non-vis, non-vult ; nolumus, non-vultis, nolunt.
Imp. Nol-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ;
-ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant.
A. and Per. Nol-ui, -uisti, -uit ;
-uimus, -uistis, -uerunt or
-uere.
Plu. Nol-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ;
-ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant.
1. Fut. Nol-am, -es, -et ;
-emus, -etis, -ent.
2. Fut. Nol-uero, -ueris, -uerit ;

Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Nol-im, -is, -it ;

Imus, -Itis, -int.
Imp. Nol-lem, -les, -let ;

-lemus, -letis, -lent.
Per. Nol-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ; -uerlmus, -ueritis, -uerint.

Plup. Nol-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; -uissemus, -uissetis,
-uissent.
voLo
1. Nolo 18 compounded of non and
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1KREGULAR VEUBS.
Imperative Mood.
Pr., Nol-i or Ito ; -Ite or -itdte.
Participle. — Pr., Nolens.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr. and Imp., Nolle. Pbr. and Plu., Noluisse.
The rest wanting.
Malo, malle, malui, To be more

1
willing.
Indicative Mood.
Pk. Malo, mavis, mavult ;
maliimus, mavultis, malunt.
Imp. Mal-ebam, -ebas, -ebat ; -ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant
A. and Per. Mal-ui, -uisti, -uit ;
-uTmus, -uistis, -uerunt or
-uere.
Plu. Mal-ueram, -ueras, -uerat ;
-ueramus, -ueratis, -uerant.
1. Fut. Mal-am, -es, -et; -emus, -etis, -ent.
2. Fut. Mal-uero, -ueris, -uerit ;

-uerimus, -ueritis, -uerint
Suhjunctive Mood.
Pr. Mal-im, -is, -it ;

-Imus, -Ttis, -int.
Imp. Mal-lem, -les, -let ; -lemus, -letis, -lent.
Per. Mal-uerim, -ueris, -uerit ;

Plu. Mal-uissem, -uisses, -uisset ; uissemus, -uissetis, -uis-
sent.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr., Malle. Per., Maluisse.
The rest not used.
1. Malo is compounded of mage (old fora* * m*gi*} and volo.

Hence we have mav6Lo contracted malo ; mavcllem, contncted mal-
}
lcm y &c.
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1RREGULAR VERBS. 225
Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, To bring or carry. 1
ACTIVE VOICE.
Indicative Mood.
Pr. Fero, fers, fert ;
ferimus, fertis, ferunt.
Imp. Fer-ebara, -ebas, -ebat ;
-ebamus, -ebatis, -ebant.
A. and Per. Tuli, tulisti, tulit ; tulimus, tulistis, tulerunt

or -ere.
Plu. Tuleram, -eras, -erat ; -eramus, -eratis, -erant
1. Fut. Fer-am, -es, -et ; -emus, -etis, -ent.
2. Fut. Tul-ero, -eris, -erit ; -erimus, -eritis, -erint.
Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Fer-am, -as, -at ;

-amus, -atis, -ant.
Imp. Fer-rem, -res, -ret ;

-remus, -retis, -rent.
Per. Tul-erim, -eris, -erit ;

-erimus, -eritis, -erint.
Plu. Tul-issem, -isses, -isset ; -issemus, -issetis, -issent.
Imperative Mood.
Pr. 2. Fer or ferto, 2. Ferte or fertote,

3. Ferto; 3. Ferunto.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr. and Imp., Ferre. Per. and Plu., Tulisse.
1. Future, Esse laturus. 2. Future, Fuisse laturus.
Participles. Gerunds. Supines.
Pr., Ferens. Nom., Ferendum. First, Latum.

Fut., Laturus, a, um. Gen.> Ferendi^ &c. Seeond, Latu.
PASSIVE VOICE.
Feror, ferri, latus, To be brought.
Indicative Mood.
Pr. Feror, ferris or ferre, fertur ; ferimur, ferimini, feruntur.
1. The compounds of fcro are conjugated in tho same way : canfero

makes contuli, coUdtum ; aufero, abstuli, abldtum ; ejfero, extulx, elatum,
&c. Suffero has no perfect or supine, for sustuli, sublalum, belong to
tolto.
Digitized by Google
IHKEGLLAR VERIiS.
Imp. Fer-ebar, -ebaris or -ebare, -ebatur ; -ebamur, -ebam-

Ini, -ebantur.
A. amd P£R. Latus sum or fui, latus es or fuisti, &c.
Plu. Latus eram or fueram, latus eras or fueras, &c.
1 Fut. Ferar, fereris or ferere, feretur ; feremur, feremlni,
ferentur.
2. Fut. Latus fuero, latus fueris, &c.
Subjunctive Mood.
Pb. Ferar, feraris or ferare, feratur ;

feramur, feramini,
ferantur.
Imp. Ferrer, ferreris or ferrere, ferretur ;

ferremur, feremini,
ferrentur.
Per. Latus sim or fuerim, latus sis or fueris, &c.
Plu. Latus essem or fuissem, latus esses or fuisses, &c.
Imperative Mood.
Pr., Ferre or fertor, fertor ; ferimini, feruntor.
Infinitive Mood. Participles.
Pr. & Imp., Ferri. Per., Latus, a, um.

Per. & Plu., Esse or fuisse latus. Ger., Ferendus, a, um.
Fio, fieri, factus, To be made or done.
Indicative Mood.
1
Pr. Fio, fis, fit ;
fimus, fitis, fiunt.
Imp. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat ;

fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant.
A. and Per. Factus sum or fui, factus es or fuisti, &c.
Plu. Factus eram or fueram, factus eras or fueras, &c.
1. Fut. Fiam, fies, fiet; fiemus, fietis, fient.
Z. Fut. Factus fuero, factus fueris, &c.
1. Fio has the i long through except when er followd t in

all its parts,
ivhich case it is short. The compounds

of facio, which retain a, have
lo in the passive ; as, calefacio, passive calefio ; patefacu, ;assive paie-
io. But those which change a into i form the passive regularly ; as,
:onficio, passive confictor ; pcrficio y passive perficior.
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EXERCISES ON THE IRRE6VLAR VERB8. 227
Subjunctive Mood.
Pr. Fiam, fias, fiat ; fiamus, fiatis, fiant.
Imp. Fierem, fieres, figret ;

fieremus, fieretis, fierent.
Fer. Factus sim or fuerim, factus sis or fueris, &c.
Plu. Factus essem or fuissem, factus esses or fuisses, &c
Imperative Mood.
Pr. 2. Fi or 1
fito, 2. Fite or fitote,
3. Fito; 3. Fiunto.
Infinitive Mood.
Pr., Fieri. Per., Esse or fuisse factus.
Ftjt., Factum iri.
Participles. Suptne.
Per., Factus, a, um. Ger., Faciendus, a, um. Factu.
LXXVII. EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS

1. Prosum and Possum.
L
government in each clause, &c.
Vir bonus prodest —Nulla
civitati. res magis proderit,
quam cogitatio mortalitatis. —Non omnia, quoe jucunda sunt
corpori, prosunt eidem. — Cicero reipublicae Romanae multum
profuit. —Satius est prodesse etiam malis propter bonos,
quam bonis deesse propter malos. — Infelicibus quam pluri-
mis profuisse magna voluptas est.— Inertia semper obfuit,
industria profuit. —Cognitio multum juris iis

qui proderit,
reipublica; praeerunt. —Usus creber fragorum mul- valetudini
tum prodest. — Dixi de — Romani primos Ger-
te quae potui.
manorum impetus non

sustinere —Athenienses potuerunt.
post exactos triginta tyrannos pristinam inter Graecos auc-
1 . The imperative fi is very rare. Among the compounds of this

verb must be noticed, as defective, infit, <4 he begins," used only in the
third person singular ; and defit, which is not used in proae, of which
drfiat, defiunt, and defieri are also found.
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! ! —
228 EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
toritateiD recipere non potuerunt. —Utinam ut

1
culpam si«
etiam suspicionem, vitare potuissem !
—Dicam si potero La-
tine." — CoBlum intueri posse soli homini datum est. —Haec
vita brevior est, quara ut omnis vita3 hominum esse possit.
Triginta tyranni Socratis animum4 infringere non potuerunt.
— Summi in patriam amoris signum est, ut abesse ab ea non
—Fraus accipere quod non
possimus. est reddere. poteris
Boni homines sumus, prosumus, quibus
si possumus, noce-
mus nemini. — Dubitate etiam nunc,
6
a judices, si potestis,
quo Roscius occlsus. —Utinam
sit potuissemus colloqui inter
nos !
— Utinam tam facile vera invenire possem,~quam falsa
convincere
II.

Too much sleep isgood neither Nimius somnus neque ani-
for tke mind nor the body. mus neque corpus prosum.
All good citizens ought to Omnis bonus civis patria
prove of service to their suus prosum debeo.
country.
I wish I may do good unto Utinam omnis prosum
all!
The prudence of Cicero Cicero prudentia respublica
proved of service to the Ro- Romanus prosum.
man statc.
I would have done good unto Omnis pro3um si possum.

all if I could have been
able.
There is no rapidity which Nullus sum velocita* qui cum

may vie with the rapidity animus velocitas contendo
of thought. possum.
1.Ut, "as."
2. Laiincy " in Lalin," the adverb.
3. Omnis vita, " the whole life," " all the life."
4. Animurn, " the spirit."
6. Supply 9% before noccmus.
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B.XERCISE8 ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 229
Do ye good to all men, hurt Prosum omnis homo, nocoo

no one. nemo.
If I shall not be able to sub- Dolpr si non frango possum,
due anguisk, I will hide it. occulto.
The needy man is he who has Egens sum qui satis non ha-
not enough, and hefor whom beo, et is qui nihil satis
nothing can be enougk. sum possum.
We can perceive by tke mind Animus preeteritus et futurus
the past and tke future. sentio possum.
2. Eo and its compounds.
I.

Non solus ibis, tecum erit fidus amicus. Mercatores ad —

mercatum eunt, varias merces aut emtum aut vendittim.—
Philippus, rex Macedonum, a Pausania, quum spectatum
ludos iret,
1
juxta theatrum occlsus est. —Pueris in scholam
euntibus Romani custodes dare — solebant. Paterfamilias
primus cubitu surgat,8 postremus cubitum — eat. I quo virtus
te vocat. —Eamus, pueri, ad praeceptorem nostrum ; melius
est in scholam ire, quam tempus matutinum ludendo per-
dere. —Mori non est interire. —Alexander adire Jovis Am-
monis oraculum statuit. —Mors neminem praeteribit. —Ario-
vistus Rhenum transierat, non sua sponte, sed rogatus a
Gallis. —E ludo Isocratis multi oratores exierunt. —Alexan-
der Magnus tertio et tricesimo aetatis —
anno obiit.
3
Inops,
potentem dum vult imitari, perit. — Hominum animi nunquam
interibunt. — Eamus nunc intro ;
praei ;— sequar. Crcesus.
1. Iret, to be rendered into English by the indicative.

2. Primus cubitu surgat, "be the firet to arise from bed," literally,
—
"from lying down. ,> Cubitum, " to lie down," i. e., " to bed," the supine.
i. e., " to come in contact
,,
3. Obire literally means « to go again8t,
with," " to meet with." It here signifies " to die," and ha« dtem suyre-
mum or mortem understood ; literally, " to meet with one's last day,"
« to meet with death."
20
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; !
230 EXERUISE5 ON THE 1RREGLLAR VERBS.
Lydorum rex, Halyn fluvium transiit, ut cum Cyro proelium

iniret. —Utinam, Cnei Pompei, cum Caesare societatem aut
nunquam coisses, aut nunquam diremisses !
— Pro patriae
salute omnia pericula subeunda —sunt. Quae turpia dictu

sunt, silentio praetereamus. —Auctumno abeunt lusciniae,
vere semper redeunt. —Alpes nemo cum exercitu ante Han-
nibalem transierat. — annos quatuorde-
Ariovisti copiae intra
cim tectum non subierant. — Orgetorix persuasit Helvetiis,
ut de finibus suis cum omnibus — Post Or-
copiis exirent.
getongis mortem Helvetii id, quod constituerant facere,
ronabantur, et e finibus suis exibant.
u.
The boys were going through Puer per campus ecr quum
the fields when their pre- praeceptor praetereo.
ceptor passed by.
I will go to the altar, and Ad ara eo, ibique cum Deus
there will enter into a cov- foedus ineo.
enant with God. *
Go forth) wretch ; perish all Exeo, scelestus; pereo om-

ye wicked ! nis malus
Let us depart from the bad Abeo a malus, adeo ad bonus.
let us go unto the good.
Cicero went before, the sena- Praeeo Cicero, sequor sena-
tors followed; the people tor ; omnis praetereo popu-
saw them all passing by. lus aspicio.
In that battle four thousand Intereo in ille praelium qua-
perishcd. tuor mille.
By the sagacity and valour Scipio solertia et virtus Han

of Scipio Hannibal was nibal redeo cogo.
compelied to return.
The storks, returning, an- Ciconia, redeo, ver annuntia
nounce the spring.
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—
EXERCISES ON THB IRREGULAR VERBS. 231
The times of Nero and Do- Nero atque Domitianus tem-

mitian will never return. pus nunquam redeo.
Heaven and earth shall pass Coelum et terra pereo; ver-
away, but Gotfs word shall bum Deus autem non pe-
not pass away. reo.
Cicero went away into exile Cicero in exilium suus sponte
of his own accord. abeo.
3. Volo, Nolo, Malo.
L
Non solum 1
nobis divites esse volumus, sed etiam liberis,
propinquis, amicis atque patriae. — Visne iisdem de ut te re-
bus Latine interrogem ? —Valere malo, quam dives esse.
Idem Velle, atque Idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est.
—Noli me —Nolite
tangere. 2 quantum parentibus
oblivisci,
3
et praeceptoribus debeatis. — Fabius Cunctator maluit, ut se

cives laudarent. — Ma-
4
sapiens hostis metueret, quam stulti
lim mori, quam servire —Ea quae

vitiis potero, ex-
!
vis, ut
plicabo. — Non potest severus esse judicando, qui in alios

in se severos esse non —Ea noluisse facere, quae
vult. tur-
pia atque scelesta honestissimum

sunt, — Timoleon mal- est.
uit se diligi quam metui. —

Legi divinae et humanae omnes
parebunt, qui secundum5 naturam volent vivere. Deus tam —
potens est, ut omnia quae velit, efficere possit. Beneficium —
est prodesse quoque nolentibus. —Libentissime homines au-
diunt ea, quae dicere ipsi maluissent. —Duo peditum millia
alere malim, quam equites mille. — ama-
Vitia nostra, quae
mus, defendimus, et malumus excusare illa, quam excuterc.
—Si vis omnia tibi subjicere, te ipsum subjice rationi.
1. Nobis, " for ourselves."

2. Noli me tangerc, the same in effect as ne tange mc.
3. Nolite oblivisci, the same in effect as ne obliviscimim.
4. SapieriSy " skiiful."
5. Sccundum, " according to," the preposition.
Digitized by Google
23:2 BXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
Nocere posse et nolle laus amplissima est. —Nunquam

volui placere populo. — Themistocles sciscitatus, utrum
Achilles esse mallet, an Homerus t Dic ipse prius, inquit,
1
utrum malles esse victor in Olympiis, an praeco, qui vic-
2
tores pronuntiat ?
IL
Each one wishes to befirst in Unusquisque in ars suus pri-
his art. mus sum volo.

We all wish the faults of oth- Alienus vitium omnis repre-
ers to be censured rather hendo malo quam noster.
than our own.
I wish you to pardon me, be- Volo ego ignosco, quod ad
cause I write to you so tu scribo toties.
often.
Do not indulge too much in Nolo nimis dolor indulgeo.
sorrow.
They who wish to execute im- Qui magnus negotium ago
portant enterprises are ac- volo, diu cogito soleo.
customed to refiect long.
Pythagoras was unwilling to Pythagoras Apollo hostia im-

immolate a victim to Apol- molo nolo, ne ara sanguis
lo, lest he might sprinhle adspergo.
the altar with blood.
Cato wished rather to be, than Cato sum, quam videor, bonus
to appear, good. malo.
He who wishes to give to oth- Qui alius volo do, non dico
ers ought not to say, " do debeo volone ?
n
you wish t
We easily believe what we Qui volo facile credo.
wish.
1. In Olympiis, " at the Olympic games." Supply ludis.

2. Pronuntiat, " announces." The herald, at the games, announced
to the assembled throng the names of the victors.
Digitized by Google
EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 233
Titus wished to overcome oth- Titus alius beneficium 1 vi

ers by kindnesses rather malo quam ab is vinco.
than to be overcome by
them.
Socrates might easily have es- Facile e carcer effugio pos-
caped from prison, but he sum Socrates, sed nolo.
was unwillinor.
o
Cato wished rather to die free Cato liber morior malo, quam
than deliver himself up to sui Caesar trado.
Ccesar.
4. Fero and its compounds.

I.

—Nonomnis
Melius est injurias ferre quam inferre. 1
ager,
—Nulla unquam urbs poetas
qui seritur, fert fruges. tot tulit,
philosophos, quam
tot oratores, tot —Virtus doc- Athenae. et
trina sunt quasdivitiae, — Res
nullus fur auferre potest.
graves ne 2
tempus futurum. —
differ in mihi Pericula, quae
feram. — Cyrus avo suo
3
communia sunt cum ceteris, fortius
regnum eumque maximae

abstulit, Hyrcanorum genti prae-
posuit.—Quam ob causam Darius Scythis bellum 4
intulerit,
ipse —Post Sardanapali mortem imperium

fortasse nescivit.
ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum — Sapiens est. obliviscitur
injuriarum, sunt.— Quid quaeque nox

quae ipsi illatae aut dies
ferat,incertum — Ne offeramus nos
est. causa. periculis sine
—Post Hasdrubalis mortem, summum imperium

exercitus
ad Hannibalem — Pecuniam
detulit. praeferre amicitiae sor-
didum —Scipio moriens ab uxore

est. corpus suum petiit, ne^
Romam referretur. — Perfer et obdura, labor hic tibi proderit
1. Inferre^ " to commit.

,,
Literally, " to bring upon others.*'
2. Graves, " important."
3. Fortiusy " the more finnly," i. e., on that very account, because
they are common to all.
4. Scythis, " on the Scythians."
5. Ne, to be rlndered here as ut non.
20*
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234 EXERCISES ON THJS IRREGULAR VERBS.
olim.
1
—Si sapienti et probo abstuleritis divitias, omnia illi
— Cimon complures pauperes mortuos suo

sua relinquetis.
sumtu —Fortuna
extulit.
2
demersit, quemsaepe extulerat.
Ennius duo onera, quae maxima esse putantur, pau-
ferebat
pertatem senectutem. — In crastinum diem ne
et differ la
borem hodiernum. — Animalia variam afferunt utilitatem

hoininibus : prosunt partim viribus corporis ; partim lacte
et carne ;
partim crinibus et pellibus. —Antiquissimis tem-
poribus defuncti noctu efferebantur. — Quod munus reipub-
licae afferre majus meliusve possumus, quam si docemus et
erudimus juventutem ?
IL
matical, so as to suit the*English words opposite.
The things that can be borne Qui fero possum, fero sum.
ought to be borne.
Let us put off nothing impor- Nihil gravis differo.
tanU
Codrus offered himself to cer- Codrus" sui certus mors pro
tain death for his country. patria offero.
In returning a kindness, tve In refero gratia, debeo imitor
ought to imitate the fertile ager fertilis, qui multo plus
Jlelds, which yield much affero quam accipio.
more than they have re-
ceived,
A few only can endure an- Pauci tantum dolor fero pos
,3
guish: let us be of the num- sum sum e" pauci. :
ber of thefew.
I will betake 'myself to sleep. I Ego dormio4 confero.
1. O/im, " hereafter."

be buried." Literally, " carried forth," i. e.,
2. Extulit, "-ca\i8ed to
to be bumed, and the ashes to be then interred. The bodies of the
lead were burned on a funeral pile among the Greeks and Romans, and
heir ashes put into urns, &c.
3. E, " of the number of," " out of," preposition governing the abla-
tve.
4. To be put in the supine.
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EXERCISES ON THE IKREGULAR VERBS. 235
Bring ye aid to the wretched. Fero opis miser.

Atticus was carried forth for Atticus effero in lecticula.
interment on a little couch.
C<Bsar forgave all who had Caesar omnis, 1
qui contra is
arms against him.
borne arma fero, ignosco.
Xerxes made war on Greece Xerxes bellum Graecia* terra
by land and sea. mareque3 infero.
After Fortune has taken all Quum omnis tu4 fortuna aufe-
things from thee, she has ro, spes nihilo minus relin-
nevertheless left thee hope. quo.
5. Fio and its compounds.

I.

Quod cito fit, cito perit. —Nolite id velle, quod fieri non
potest. —A Deo omnia facta et constituta sunt. — Omnia,
quae fiunt, causis5 fiunt antegressis. — Principio rerum Deus
dixit ; fiat lux ; — Midas rex a Baccho pe-
et facta est lux.
tiit, ut, —Antiquissimis tem-

quidquid tetigisset, aurum fieret.
6
poribus homines interdum ab arcessebantur, qui Con-
aratro
sules —Factum infectum
fierent.
7
— Ne Sep- fieri nequit. fac
tembri, quod debet fieri—Parentibus Aprili. et praeceptori-
bus diem
in
8
— Contra vim
cariores fitote, pueri. sine vi nihil
—Omnia jam
fieri potest. posse fiunt, fieri quae videntur.
Ciceronis —Ca-
industria9 Catilinae conjuratio patefacta est.
lamistris calefactis cinere in —Caligulacapillus ornatur.
pretiosissimas margaritas aceto —Ursi liquefactas sorbuit.
1. The dative, governed by ignosco.

2. The dative.
3. Put terra and mare in thc ablative.
4. The dative.
5. Causis, " through causes."
6. Qui, equivalent here to ut illi, " in order that they," and hence
*ollowed by Jierent in the potential.
7. Factum, " what is done," perfect participle of fic.
8. In diem, " daily."
9. Industria, "by the persevering energy."
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236 EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS.
mansuefacti saltare discimt. —In Capitolio legum, aera

1
ful-
mine tacta,
2
liquefacta sunt. —Leges ad mansuefaciendos
homines sunt inventao. —Omnia patefient quae nunc celantur
II.
Convert the following ungraramatical Latin into gram

8
It can happen, and often does Possum fio, et saepe fio, ut,
happen, that he who has qui diu vivo, parum vivo
lived long has lived little.
Whatever Midas touched be- Quisquis tango Midas, aurum

came gold. fio.
On the highest summits of the In summus Alpes vertex nix

Alps the snow is never nunquam liquefio.
melted.
India was laid open by the India patefio arma Alexander
arms of Alexander, and rexque qui succedo
the kings who came after.
A friend can be made out of Amicus ex inimicus fio pos-

an enemy. sum.
Wood becomes warm when it Lignum calefio quum tero
is rubbed.
We will aU become the food Ego omnis vermis esca fio
of worms.
I would become virtuous, if I Bonus fio, si possum. Pe- —
could. —
Make the attempt, riculum facio, et fio.
andyou will.
I was becoming evil, when thy Malus fio, quum verbum tuus,
word, oh my God, brought meus Deus, ego ad virtus
me back to virtue. reduco.
1. Mra leguniy " the brazen plates of tbe laws." Among the Ro-
mans, laws were engraven on tablets or plates of brass, and deposited
in the Capitol.
2. Fulmine tacta, " having been struck by ligbtning literally, " hav-
ing been touched," &c.
8. Fio often has the meaning " to happen" or " become." Hence
factum est, " it happened," is of common occurrence.
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DEFECTIVE VERBS. 237
LXXVIII. DEFECTIVE VERBS.

I Defective Verbs are such as are not used iu certain
tenses, numbers, and persons.
Three verbs, odi, coepi, and memlni, are only used in
II.
the preterit tenses, that is, in the perfect and the tenses
formed therefrom and hence they have been denominated
;
by grammarians " Preteritive verbs."

III. The verb coepi has the force not only of an aorisv
and a perfect, but also frequently that of a present. Thus,
it signifies not only " I began" and " I have begun," but
also " I begin."
IV. The verbs odi and memini, on the other hand, have
in the perfect regularly the sense of the present ;' as, odi,
" I hate ;" memini, " I remember ;"
and hence their pluper-
fect has the force of an imperfect, and their second future
that of a first future.
V. The parts of these three verbs that are in use are a*

follows
Odi, oderam, odiro, oderim, odissem, odisse. Participles,

osus and osurus.
»
Coepi, coeperam, coepero, coeperim, coepissem, coepisse.

Participles, coeptus, coepturus.
Memfni, memineram, meminero, meminerim, meminissem,
meminisse. Imperative, memento, mementote.
VI. Another verb, novi, is in like manner found only in

the perfect and the tenses formed from the perfect, but it
differs from the three verbs just mentioned in having a pres-

ent, nosco, also in use.
The present tense, nosco, however, signifies, "I
VII.
begin to know," " I learn," &c, whereas the perfect novt
has, like odi and memini, the force of a present, and signi-
1This present meaning, however, is deduced from that of the per-

.
fect. Thus, odi, " I have hated, and still continue to hate i. e., " I
hate." And again, memini, " I have remembered, and still continue to
remember;" i. e., "I remember."
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23S DEFECTIVE VERB5
fies "
know," thus expressing the actual knowledge which
I
is the result of past learning. Hence, as in the case of odi

and memini, its pluperfect has the force of an imperfect,
and its second future that of the first future.
VIII. The parts of novi that are in use are as follows :
Novi, noveram, novero, noverim, novissem, novisse, con-

tracted into ndram, ndrim, ndssem, ndsse. Participle,
ndtus.
IX. There is also a large number of defectives, which

;"
want certain tenses ; as, for example, dare, " to give
fdri, " to speak," with its compounds, adfdri, effdri,profdri9
&c.
Of dare, the passive forms dor and der are not found in
any extant classic authors.
The verb fdri, with its compounds, is in use only among
the poets. The parts of it that occur most frequently
are the third person of the present, fatur ; the imper-
ative/are; and the participle fatus. The ablative of
the gerund, fando, occurs in a passive sense even in
prose, in the expression fando audire, " to know by
hearsay."
X. Of verbs which want many of their chief parts, the
following most frequently occur. inquam, Aio, " I say ;"
" I forem, " I should be ;" ave and salve, " hail f
say ;"
redo, " tell thou" or " give me ;" quaso, " I beseech."
XI. Their parts remaining in use are as follows
1. Aio, "/ say.

m
Ind. Pbesent, Aio, ais, ait; , , aiunt.
Imperfect, Aiebam, aiebas, aiebat ;
aiebamus, aiebatis, aiebant.
A.&Pbrf., ,
aisti, ait; — , , .
Subj. Prbsent, ,
aias, aiat ; , , aiant.
1 Aio is also used in the sense of " I affirm ;" and in this sense Cicero
.
nses atentia. Th* participle otherwise is rare. The imperative ai is—

found in Plautus. In the comic writers the imperfect aibam is found.
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DEFECTIVE VERBS. 239
Imper. Present, , ai, ; ,
Pakticiplb, Present, aiens.
'
2. Inquam, "Isay." 1
Ind. Pre8Ent, Inquam, inquis, inquit ;

inqulmus, inqultis, inquiunt.
Imperf., ,
,
inquiebat; , , inquiebant.
A. & Perf., ,
inquisti, inquit ; , , .
1. Future, ,
inquies, inquiet ;
, .
Iaiper. Pres , ,
inque, inqulto ; , inquTte, .
Participle, Present, Inquiens.
3. Forem, " I shauld be™

Subj. Imperfect, F orem, fores, foret ; , , forent.
Tnfin. Futurb, Fore, " to be about to be."
4. Ave, "hail."*
Imper. Present, Ave or aveto, avete or avetdte.
Infin. Present, Avere.
5. SALVE, " hail"A

Indic. 1. Future, Salvebis.
Imper. Presbnt, Salve or salveto, salvete or salvetdte.
Infin. Present, Salvere.
6. Cedo, 41
tell? " give."
5
Imper. Present, Cedo, cedo or cedite, contracted cette
7. Qu,eso, " / beseech"

Indic Present, Quaeso, ,
;
quaesumus, , .
XII. Quceso is originally the same as qucero. By far the
mo8t common use of it is interjectional, without governing
1. This verb is only used between the words which are quoted, and
never stands at the beginning.
2. This verb, probably originating from fuerem, belongs to esse, and
is exactly similar in meaning to essem. The infinitive fore has the same
meaning as futurum (-am, -um, -os, -as -a) esse. t
3. Ave is in reality an imperative of aveo " to be well," and is only y
mentioned as defective because it has a different meaning, in some re-

spect, from the verb of which it forms a part.
4. Salve is the imperative of the obsolcte verb salveo, " to be in
sound
health.
,,
The infinitive is used with jubeo ; as, jubeo te salverc, " I bid
thee hail." Cicero uses the future for the imperative, salvebts a Ctce-
rone mco % " accept the salutation of my Cicero."
5. This contraction is used by the comic writers.
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240 EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVE VERBS
any case or having any proposition dependant upon it ; as,

Tu, quaso, crebro ad me scribe t " Do thou, I beseech, write
often unto me." The first person plural, quasumus, is used
in the same way.
XIII. Among defective verbs may also be mentioned age
and agite, " come," the former being singular and the latter
of the plural number. They are in strictness, however,
merely imperative forms of ago, and resemble in usage the
Greek &ye.
XIV. The following are also given by some as defectivc
verbs, namely, ausim, faorim, and faxo. They are in fact,
however, merely old forms of tenses. Ausim belongs to
audeo, " to dare," and appears to be contracted from ause~

rim ; while faxim and faxo are old forms for fecerim and
fecero, from the verb facio.
LXXX. EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVE VERBS.

I.
Translate the following, and indicate the defective verbs.
Post victoriam apud Mycalen, maritimae res Atheniensi-

um in dies magis florere cceperunt.-^Diutius quum Romano-
rum impetus sustinere non possent Helvetii, multi, ut coe-
perant, in montem se receperunt. Demonax interrogatus,—
quando coepisset philosophari ? "tum," dixit, "quum me
ipsum cognoscere — Memini etiam,
coepi." quae nolo, obli-
viscinon possum — Peto a memineris mei.
quae volo. te ut
— Boni sunt cives qui proditores oderunt. —

patriae Ingrati
iilisunt qui nunquam beneficia meminerunt. —Nunquam
dati memineris accepti esto memor. —Rebus
1
; adversis in
melius sperare memento. — Si
2
etiam prod-
potestis, ignotis
esse mementote. — Quum

3
dicenda sententia
judici me- est,
minerit, se Deum habere testem. — Odi, quem metuo.
1. Dati, " a favour conferred by you." Literally, " a thing given."

Memineris is to be rendered as an irnper.tive.
2. Melius, " for better things.
1*
3 Judici, "by a judge. M The dativr !or the ablative by a Grecism.
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EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVB VERBS. 241
Miser est quem omnes boni oderunt. — Nemo est qui se ip-
sum oderit. — Is pater est amens, qui odit eum sine causa,
quem procreavit. —Nostine, celsissimam arborem esse ced-
rum ?— Hectora quis nosset, Troja fuisset — Sapiens
felix si ?
vires suas novit. — Aio Êacida, Romanos vincere posse.

te,
—Thales, rogatus, quid esset facile ? " alterum," ait, " ad-
monere. Omnes enim, quum valemus, recta consilia aegro-
tis damus.—Epicurei aiebant, nihil esse praistabilius otiosa
vita. —Trajanus aiebat : "non est princeps supra leges, sed
leges sunt supra principem." —Nihil mihi, inquis, proderit
diligentia. Erras, inquam. —Êsopus, ob deformitatem ab
aliquo culpatus, 1
"Non forma," inquit, " sed mens adspici-
enda2 est." — Aristoteles interrogatus, quid esset amicus?
" Unus," inquit, " animus in duobus corporibus." — Virtus,
virtus, inquam, Cai Fanni, et conciliat amicitias et conser-
vat. —Cedo, quaeso, quid faciam ? —Cedo, ut bibam. — Cette

manus vestras, measque accipite. — Quis foret egenus, si
quisque beneficus esset ? — Non speraverat Hannibal fore, 3

ut tot in Italia populi ad se deficerent. —Accede ad forml-
cam, ignave, et vide quam sedula et operosa sit Age,! sa-
pere disce ab ea !— Age, age, nunc experiamur — !
Agite,
discipuli, imitemini apes !
II.

Diogenes ajfirms, Antipdter Diogenes aio, Antipater ne-
denies.
Among all animals, elephants Inter omnis animal, elephan-

most hate mice. tus maxime odi mus.
Go on as thou hast begun; Pergo ut coepi ; disco vitiura
learn to hate vice ; bid vir- cdi ;
jubeo virtus salveo.
tue haiL
1. Culpatus, 44
having been found fault with."
44
3. Adspicienda, to be regarded."
3. Forc> " that it would come to pass."
21
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212 IMrERSJNAL VERBS.
Comc, my fricnds, givc mc Age, araicus, ccdo gratiae.

your tkanks.
I bcsccch of you that you Quaeso a tu, ut ego do hic
grant this indulgcnce unto venia.
me.
To know one's self is most Sui ipse novi sum difficilis.
difficult.
Lucilius ajjirms that Crassus Crassus' semel aio in vita ri-
laughed once during his deo Lucilius.

»
lifctime.
We cannot, say the Spartans, Non possum, inquam Sparta-

fleefrom a foe. nus, ab hostis fugio.
lt would be cowardly, said I Ignavus forem, aio tacitus,
tomysclf to begin to yield cedo ccepi, quum miles

when my soldiers know not meus timor non novi, sed
fcar, but only rcmember the patria periculum tantuin

dangcrs of their country, memini.
Fools hate wisdom ; and wis- Stultus odi sapientia: sapi-
dom, on the othcr hand, like entia autem, veluti mag-
thc magnct, hates and nes, odi et arao. Stultus
lovcs. She hates and re- odi et repello, sapiens amo
pels the foolish ; she loves et attraho.
and attracts the wise.
LXXXI. IMPERSONAL VERBS.

I. Impersonal Verbs are those which are used only in
the third person singular, and do not admit of a personal
subject or nominative.
II. Impersonal verbs, when translated into English, have
before them the neuter pronoun it, especially in the active
voice ;
as, dclectat, " it delights ;" dccet, " it becomes ;"
contingit, " it happens ;" cvenit, " it comes to pass ;" scri*
bliur, " it is written," &c.

III. They are conjugated as follows :
1. Accusative bcfpre the infinitive.
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IMPERSONAL VERBS. 243
Ut Conj. 2d Conj. Zd Conj. 4/A Conj.

Indic. Present, Delectat. Decet. Contingit. Evenit.
Imperfect, Delectabat. Decebat. Contingebat. Eveniebat.
A. & Pbrf. Delectavit. Decuit. Contlgit. Evenit.
Pluperf. Delectaverat. Decuerat. Contigerat. Evenerat.
1. Foture, Delectabit. Decebit. Continget. Eveniet.
2. Future, Delectaverit. Decuerit. Contigerit. Evenerit.
*
Subj. Presbnt, Delectet. Deceat. Contingat. Eveniat.

Imperfect, Delectaret. Deceret. Contingeret. Evenlret.
Perfect, Delectaverit. Decuerit. Contigerit. EvSnerit.
Pluperf. Delectavisset. Decuisset. Contigisset. Evenisset.
Tnfin. Pr. & Imp. Delectare. Decere. Contingere. Evenire.

Per. & Plu. Delectavisse. Decuisse.
IV. Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the

passive voice, especially neuter and intransitive verbs,
which otherwise have no passive.
V. As the passive voice of an active transitive verb may
be substituted for the active, so that of a neuter verb may
be used in the third person singular instead of the active
form, the personal subject of the latter, or nominative, be-
ing put in the ablative with the preposition a or ab ; as,
faveo tibi,
u I favour thee," or favetur tibi a me> " thou art
favoured by me."
Indicative Mood.
Ut Conj. 2d Conj. Sd Conj. 4th Conj.
Presbnt, Pugnatur. Favetiu;. Currltur. Venltur.
Impbrf. Pugnabatur. Favebatur. Currebatur. Veniebatur.
A. &Per. Pugnatum est. 1 Fautum est. 1 Cursum est. 1 Ventumest. 1
Pluper. Pugnatum erat. 2 Fautum erat. 2 Cursum erat 2 Ventum erat.
2
1. Fut. PugnaWtur. Favebitur. Curretur. Venietur.

2. Fut. Pugnatum erit. s Fautum erit. 8 Cursum erit. 3 Ventum erit.
3
Subjunctive Mood.
Pres. Pugnetur. Faveatur. Curratur. Veniatur.
Imper. Pugnaretur. Faveretur. Curreretur. Veniretur.
Perf. Pugnatum sit. 4 Fautum sit. 4 Cursum sit. 4 Ventum sit. 4
Plup. Pugnatum esset. 5 Fautum esset 5 Cursum esset. 5 Ventum esset.*
1. Oxfuit. 2. OrfueraJ. ^
3. Or fuerit.
4. Or fucrit. 5.. Or fuisset.
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244 ADVERBS.
Infinitive Mood.
Pres, Pugnari. Faveri. Curri. Venlri.
Perf. Pugnatuin esse. 1 Fautum esse. 1
Cursum esse. 1 Ventum esse.
Firr. Pugnatum iri. Fautum iri. Cursum iri. Ventum iri.
VI. Grammarians usually reckon only ten real impersonal
verbs, all of which are of the second conjugation ; namely,
Decet, decuit, " it becomes." |
Piget, piguit, or pigitum est, " it
Libety libuit, or liintum est, " it grieves."

pleases." Pamitet, pcenituit, " it repents." .
Licety licuit, or licitum est } " it is Pudel, puduit, or pudUum est t " it
lawful." shames."
Miseret, miseruit y or miseritum est, Tadet, taduit, or tasum est, " it
" it pities." wearies."

Oportety oportuit, " it behooves."
VII. No good reason, however, exists for distinguishing
these ten from other impersonal verbs.

VIII. Impersonal verbs, not being used in the imperative,
take the subjunctive in its stead ;
as, delectet, " let it de-
light.*' In the passive voice their perfect participles are
used only in the neuter.
LXXXII. ADVERBS.
I. The adverb qualifies the signification of a verb, an
adjective, a participle, or even another adverb ;
as, honeste
vixit, " he lived in a becoming manner ;" eximie pulcher,

" remarkably fair domus eeleriter extructa, " a housc
quickly built ;" satis diu 9 " sufficiently long."

II. Adverbs are divided into simple and derivative.
III. Simple adverbs are those not derived from any known
root in the language. Derivative adverbs, on the other
hand, are those which are so derived ; and to this head be-
long all adverbs formed by composition.
IV. The number of primitive adverbs is small in propor-
tion to that of the derivative. The derivative adverbs may
be roduced to difFerent classes. But both primitive and
1. Orfuisse.
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——
EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. 245
derivative are best learned by actual practice in translp-

tion.
LXXXIII. EXERCISES ON ADVERBS.

I.
Translate the following, and indicate the adverb in each

clause, &c.
Hannibal apud Zamam conflixit cum Publio Scipione, filio
ejus quem ipse primum apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Pa-
dum, tertio apud Trebiam fugaverat —
Lacrima nihil citius
arescit. —Nolite nimium indulgere. Elephanti gre-
dolori —
—
gatim semper ingrediuntur. Fuit quoddam tempus, quum
in agris homines passim, bestiarum modo, vagabantur.
Sallustius statuit res gestas Romanorum carptim describere.
— Me penitus nosse debes. —Quae domus tam stabilis est,
quae non odiis atque dissidiis funditus possit everti ? —Mar-

donius, Xerxis gener, in prcelio apud Plataeas, cum ducen-
tis millibus peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti millibus
equitum cecidit. —Carthaginienses frustra a Romanis pacem
—Aliquamdiu imperator Tiberius summam
petiverunt. rei-
publicae —
curam Sejano commiserat. cum sen-
Pariter vita
sus — mors,
amittuntur. Vita, paupertas omnes hom-
divitiae,
mes vehementissime permovent. —Meridie magis ardet sol

quam mane —Postquam Solon leges
et vesperi. Athe- civitati
niensium peregre profectus

scripserat, —Nunquam est. effi-
cies, ut recta procedant cancri.

Percussores Alcibiadis tela procul in eum immiserunt.
Luxuries jam totas urbes evertit. —Natura expellas furca,
tamen usque recurret. —A Graecis pariter ac Romanis mor-
tuorum oculi comprimebantur. — Tunc imprimis apparebit
vera virtus, quum —
periculum appropinquat. Romani Veios
ita prorsus deleverant, ut postea ne vestigia quidem hujus
urbis restarent. —Sub
Tito imperatore accidit conflagratio
Vesuvii montis, et incendium Romae per triduum totidemque
noctes. —
Commodum discesseras heri, quum amicus tuus ad
21*
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— —
246 EXBRCISES ON ADVERBS.

*
me veuit. — In pugna apud Mantineam, Epaminondas emi-

nus sparo percussus est. — Quocunque nos feret fortuna ibi-
mus. — Homo toties moritur, quoties amittit suos. —Deus non

habet corpus, ideoque, etsi ubique est, nusquam cerni potr
est. — Quid istic facitis ? — Proverbium est : procul a Jove,
procul a fulmine. —Hispania, nisi qua Galliam tangit, pelago
undique cincta est. — Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt.
Vituperatores providentis Dei stulte et impie agunt
Male vivit, unquam benig-
qui nescit bene mori. —Nemo
nius,
1
nemo 2
quam Cicero. Socrates
attentius auditus est —
sanctissimo 3 vixit. —
Consules Romani non longius imperi-
4
um quam annum unum habebant. Corpora ccelestia lon- —
gissime a nobis distant. — Bene sentire, recteque facere, sa-
tis est ad bene beateque vivendum. —Veterum ©dificia pub-
6
lica opulentius ornata erant quam privata.— Optime8 pec-
catum evitat, qui —
occasiones fugit peccandi. Quod non
—Alexandri Magni
recte fecisti, id aliter facere debes. mili-
tes impigre toleraverunt munia —Homines militiae. divites
saepe miserius vivunt quam pauperes. — Suorum quisque
7
vitiorum facillime
8
obliviscitur, aliorum recordatur. — Qui
nimium concupiscit honores, raro eos adipiscitur. — Orator
alias res breviter dicat, alias copio3e enarret. — Qui in vitae
periculo sunt, iis cito succurrere debemus. —Os et manus
crebro laventur. — Amittit merito proprium, 9
qui alienum ap-
—Inter oratores Graecos
petit. praecipue eminet Demosthe-
nes. — Diutius in itinerequam exspectaveram. Ver
fui, —
magis delectat —
quam auctumnus. Saxones a Carolo Magno
sexies victi septimum rebellaverunt. — Primo decipi incom-
inodum est ; iterum, stultura ;
tertio, turpe.
1. From benigne.
2. From attente.
3. From sancte.
4. Time " how long" is put in the accusative.
5. From oprdenter.
6. From bene.
7. From miserc.
8. From facilc.
9. Proprium. " hi» own." Alicnum, " that of another."
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rUEPOSlTJLONS 247
II. .
Convcrt the following ungrammatical Latin into grara-

inatical, so as to suit the English words opposite.
Tke temple of the Ephesian Templum Diana Ephesius
Diana was most beautifully pulchre condo.
built.
No one despised death more Nemo fortiter mors contem-

courageously than Cato of no, quam Cato Uticensis.
Utica.
What is more elegantly writ- Quis eleganter scribo, quam
ten than the philosophical Plato liber philosophicus ?
books of Plato ?
Let young men diligently ob- Juvenis senex praeceptum
serve the prccrpts of the old. diligenter scrvo.
Timorous dogs bark more ve- Timidus canis vehementer
hemcntly than they bite. quam mordeo.
latro
Passionate men are very easi- Iracundus homo facile irrito.
ly irritated.
Whales are killed with dijfi- Balaena difficulter interficio.

culty.
Men are first infants, then Homo sum primum infans,

boys, then youths, after- deinde puer, tum juvenis,
ward grown men, finally postea vir, dcnique senex.
old persons.
Jlunters often remain during Venator saepe per totus nox
the whole night beneath the sub dium maneo.
open air.
Pal&pdlis was not far from Palaepolis sum haud procul

ths place where Neapdlis is inde, ubi nunc Neapolis
now situated. sino.
LXXXIV. PREPOSITIONS.
I. Prepositions are indeclinable words, which express
the relations that nouns have to each other and to verbs.
II. Theygovern an accusative or ablative, sometimes
both, but usually with some difFerence of
meaning.
Digitized by Google
t>48 1'KEPOSITION*
III. With few exceptions, they precede the word which

they govern, and hence are called prepositions.
IV. The prepositions that govern the accusative are
l
twenty-eight in number, and are as follows :
I. Ad.
Significs,
1. To ; as, Via Appia ad Capuam ducebat. —Eo ad patrcm.

2. At, Near ;
as, Casar erat ad portas. — Laodicea, in Syria, est ad
tnare. —Juvenes stant ad januam.
3. At (on occasion of ) ; as, Ad nomen Vespasiani Vitellius excitaba-
tur. — Ad conspcctum filii mei lacrymo.
4. Towards ;
as, Pars Gallia vergxt ad Septemtriones.
5. Until ;
as, Sophocles ad summam scnectutem tragcedias fecit. —
Ad centesimum annum vixisti.
6. According to ;
as, Cyrus a Xenophonte, non ad historia fidem
scnptus est, sed ad ejfigiem justi imperii.
7. In compahison with ;
as, Decimum cognovimus bonum esse vt-
rum, scd nihil ad Pcrsium.
8.
*
Against, Towards, At (of time) ;

as, Ad diem statutum venire. —
Ad tempus respondere.
9. For, In respect to ;
as, Mundi parles neque ad usum meliorei
esse possunty neque ad speciem pulchriores.
10. To the amount op ;
as, Fuimus ad ducentos.
II. Apud.
1. With (in the house of ) ;
as, Hodic apud te esse volo.
2. Before (in the presencc of ) ;

as, Loqui apudpopulum.
3. With (among) as, Apud judic.es misericordiam excitare.
;
4. With (in the writings of); as, Cyrus apud Xenophontem dicit.
5. At (of place) as, Apud Regillum. Apud Thermopylas.

;
—
III. Ante.
1. Before (in place); as, Ante pratorium stetit.
2. Before (in time) ;

as, Ante Trojce excidium.
3. Bbfore (in rank or degree) ;
as, Virgo ante alias pulchra.
IV. Adversu8 and Adversum.
1. Aoainst (with motion towards) ;

as, Impetum adversus colles tit
tohortes faciunt.
1. The examples given after each meaning are to be translated by the

student
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PREPosiTxoaa. 249
2. Auainst (of uufavourable dispositions) ;

as, Si dutiorem te prabcs,
tgo non contendam adversus te.
3. Towards (of favourable dispositions) ;

as, Est pietas justitia
advcrsum deos. But the preposition erga is more common in this sense.
V. ClS, ClTRA.
1 . On this side ;
as, Cis Taurum montem. — Citra fluvium Rubi-
conem.
2. Before (i. e., on this side of ) ;
as, citra 1 juventutem. Used in
this sense by the poets.

3. Without ;
as, Phidias longe citra amulum erat. Used in this
sense by the later prose writers.
VI. ClRCA, ClRCUM

1. Around, Adout (of time); as, Circa lucem.
2. Around, About (of place) ;
as, circa domos.
Circa is used both of time and place ; Circum only of place.
3. About (of number) ; as, Circa quingentos homines.
4. About (in respect to) ; as, Circa tuam valetudinem.
VII. Circiter.
Aboot (of indefinite time) ;

as, Circiter meridiem.
VIII. Contra.
1. Against, Over aoainst (of place); as, Contra Gallia oramBnt
annia est.
2. Against (of hostility or opposition) ;

as, Contra aliquem venire —
Contra leges facere.
IX. Erga.
Towards (of the affections) ; as, Amor meus erga te.
X. Extra.
Beyond, Out op ; as, Extra urbem. —Extra culpam.
XI. Infra.
1. Beneath (of place); as, Infra oppidum.

2. Beneath, Below (of magnitude) ;
as, Uri sunt magmtudme paulo
infra elepkantos.
3. Benbath (of rank) ; as, Res humanas xnfra sepositas esse urbu
trantur.
I. CUra, " before the arrival of."
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250 PRKPOSiTiONS.
XII. Inteb.
1. Betwiin as, lnter Sequanos

;
et Helvetios mons est.
2. Amono aa, Unus inter omnes

;
exceUit.
3. Amid as, Inter tumultum.

;
4. Durino ; aa, Inter canam.

5. Mutually (with se) ; aa, Inter se ddigunt.—Trabcs inUr se cot
lingunt.
XIII. Intba.
1. Within (of place) ;

aa, Compulsus intra moznia.
2. Within (of time) ;
as, Intra viginti dies.
3. Within (of a limit) ; aa, Intra legem epulari.
XIV. Juxta.
Near, Brsidr ;
as, Juxla aliquem sedere.
-
XV. Ob.
1. On account of ; aa, Ob eam rem. Quam — ob rem.
2. Beforr (with oculi) ; aa, Ob oculos meos.
XVI. Prnes.
1. In thb powrr of ;
as, Penes regem captivi sunt.
2. In thr possession op ; aa, Penes nos liber est.
XVII. Pbb.
1. Throuoh (of place) ; aa,Per totam Italiam.
2. Durino (of time) ;
as, Per hos dies.
3. Throuoh (denoting the instrument or means) ;
as, Statuerunt tn
jurias per vos uleisci. —Per literas certior factus sum.
4. By (in adjurations) ;
as, Juro per Jovem.
6. By (in supplications) ;
aa, Propera per deos.
XVIII. Ponb.
Brhind (of place); as, Pone cedem Castoris. For this, however,
post is more common.
XIX. Post.
1. Behind; as, Flumen post nostra castra erat.
2. After ; as, Post excidium Troja.
3. Since ; as, Apud Salamina, maxima post hominum memortam
classis est devicta.
XX. Prjeter.
1. Bv, Beside (passing by); as, Prater castra Casarts copias suas
Arioviitus transduxit.
Digitized by Google
251
2. Bsyond (of degree or a limit) ;

as, Aristidcs palria expulsus «st,
quod prater modum justus esset.
3. Contbary to ;
as, Prater naturam. — Prater consuetudinem.
4. Besides ;
as, Prceter hac. —Prater ea.
6. Excrpt ;
as, Non vestitus prater pelles habebant.
XXI. Pbope.
Nbab ; as, Prope urbem.
This preposition is often used with a or ab, in the sense of u not
farfrom," " at a short distance from as, Prope a tnea domo
Tam prope a Sicilia bellum gestum est.
XXII. PaOPTEB
1. Nbar ;
as, Propter Platonis statuam consedimus.
2. On account of ;
as, Amicitia propter se expetenda.
3. By means of ;
as, Quod pramium satis magnum est scrvis, prop-
ter quos dominus vivit 1 This meaning, however, is rare.
XXIII. Secundum.
1. Alono (following the course of); as, Secundum flumen pauca
stationes videbantur.
2. After (of time) ;
as, Tua ratio cst, ut secundum binos ludos res-
ponderc incipias.
3. After (in rank or degree) ;
as, Secundum dcos, homines hominu
bus maxime utiles esse possunt.
4. In favour of (with verbs of judging or deciding) ; as, Senten-
tiam secundum Ptotium se dicturum esse ostcndit.
5. Accordino to ; as, Omnia qua. secundum naturam fiunt habenda
sunt in bonis.
XXIV. Supba.
1. Above (of place) ; as, Supra caput.
2. Above or Beyond (of degree) ;
as, Supra modum. — Supra vires
humanas. — Supra fidem.
3. Above or Beyond (marking the ezcess of number or time) ; as.
Supra novem millia hominum. — Supra centesimum annum.
XXV. Trans.
Across (on or to the other side) ;
as, Trans mare currere. — Trans
Rhenum incolere
XXVI. Versus.
Towards (placed after the noun which it governs) , as, JEgyptum
versus. It is sometimes joined with ad and in ; as, Ad meridiem ver
sus. —In Itatiam versus navigare.
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:
PREP0SITI0NS.
XXVII. Ultra.
1. Bbyond (of place); aa, Ultra montes consedere.
2. Bcyond (of degree) ; as, UUra modum. — Ultravires.
XXVIII. Usquk.
(As far A8, properly an adverb, and used generally in connezion witfa
aa\ in, sub, ab ; as, Usque ad mate. — Usque a Syria et JEgypto, &c.
With names of towns it may be used without a preposition ; but only
the poets and later prose writers omit the preposition with other nouns.
The poets also say adusque, abusque.)
V. The prepositions that govern the ablative are fifteen

in number, and are as follows
l. A, Ab, Abs. 1
1. Froji (of persons, places, and thiqgs); as, Nullam abs te literam
accepi.— Consul ab urbe profectus est. — Undce veniunt a fontibus.
2. From (as the commencement of a period) ;
as, A principio. —Ab
adolescentia. —Ab initio*
3. By namcs of living be-

(with passive and neuter passive verbs, and
ings) ;
as, —
Amaturab omnibus. Tcstis rogatus estan ab reo vapulasset
4. After ; as, Scipio confestim a pnxlio ad marc ac naves rediit.
5. On (in the sense of relative position) ;
as, Alexander a fronte ct a
tcrgo hostes habebat.
6. On thr si db or part o? ;
as, Principes utrinque pugnabant, ab
Sabinus Curtius, ab Romanis Hostilius.
7. In point of ;
as, Antonius ab equitatu firmus esse dicebatur. —
Imparati sumus cum a militibus, tum a pecunia*
II. Absqub.
Without ;
as, Absque me factum csscL It occurs once or twice
in Cicero, but is chiefly found in the comic writers.
III. Clam.
Without the knowledge of ; as, Clam patre.
1. The preposition a is used before consonants ; ab before vowels,

and A, (/ not uniformly), r, s ; and abs only before t and qu.
2. Ab initio signifies not only from the beginning, but also at the be-
ginning.
3. In later prose writers it denotes office ; as, qui est prtncipis a
rnanu, - an amanuensis a secreiis, " a secreUry ;" a bibliotheca, " a
,,
librarian, &c.
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—— — —
PREPOSITIONS 253
IV. CORAM.
In tbb presencb op; as, Coram populo.
V. Cum.
With (dcnoting the coexistence or connexion of objecU) ;
as, Profir
cisci cum patre.—Pugnare cum hostibus.
VI. Db.
1. Concbrnino; as, Ciceronis liber de republica.
2. From (with verbs of hearing and asking) ;

as, Audivi hoc de pa-
rente meo. — Quid de hoc censes ?
3. Op (one of ) ;
as, Nemo de iis qui periti sunt.
4. According to (of opinions, customs, &c.) ;
as, Minos de Jovis
sententia lcges sanxit.
5. (Of time, denoting the commencement) ;
as, De media nocte, " at
midnight." De tertia vigilia, " at the beginning of the third watch "
6. Over ; as, Triumphare de Gallis.
VII. E, Ex. 1
1. Out op ;
as, E manibus dimittere.
2. From ;
as, Dicam ex animo quod sentio.
3. Apter ;
as, Cotta ex consulatuin Galliam profectus est.
4. According to; as, Rempublicam ex legibus administrare. — Vul-

gus ex veritate pauca, ex opinione multa cestimant,
5. For the advantagb op ;
as, Statues ut ex re mca videbitur.
6. Joined with laborare, it denotes the part affected, and from which
the pain proceeds ; as, Ex pedibus t
ex renibus, ex intestinis laboravi.
7. Used partitively ;
as, Alter e consulibus.
8. When joined with some nouns, it has an adverbial force ;

as, E
regione, " opposite." Ex adverso, " opposite." Ex improviso f " sud-
denly." Ex tempore, " off-hand."
VIII. Pr^:.
1. Before (of place, with verbs denoting motion and action) ;

as, /
pra, sequar. —Pr<e se mittere.
2. Bbporb (of priority in rank or degree) ;
as, Pra ceteris floruisse.
3. In comparison with ; as, Omnes prce illo parvi sunt.
4. Owing to (especiaily of obstacles) ;
as, Solem pra jaeulorum
multitudine non videbitis.
1. The preposition e is used before consonants ; ex before vowels and

consonants.
22
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—
PREPOSITIONS
IX. Pfto.
Bsroti (of place) ;

1. Pro rostru.
as, Pro mcenibus. — t
For (instead of ) as, Cererem pro frugibus, Liberum pro vxmf,

2. ;
Neptunum pro mari appellare solent.

3. In accordancb with as, Bcllum gerere pro dignitate popuh
;
—
Homani. Pro prudentia tua.
4. PftOPORTioNALLY to as, Pro cujusque facultatibus.
; Pro nu- —
tncro
wwmwr in.ilitum*
w wwwm mw ww wmrw www
^
X. SlNE.
Without ;
as, Sine eura. — Sine tdla dubitatione.
XI. Trnus.
As par A8 (and foilowing its case); as, Alcxander omnia Oceano

tenus vicit.*
XII. Palam.
. The adverb palam is used by the poets and later prose writers with
an ablative, and thus becomes a preposition ; as, Palam populo, " in the
presence of the people."*
VI. The following govern the accusative and ablative.
L In
With the Accusative.
1. Into (denoting motion towards) ;

as, Eo in urbem.
2. Towabds (denoting tendency) ;

as, Natura ingencrat amorcm in
eos qui procreati sunt.

3. (Drift or purport) ;
F&dus scripsit in fuzc verba. 6
as,
4. Aoain8T as, ;
Antonius maximo odio ferebatur in Ciceronem.
5. To or Till (of future time) ; as, In alium diem differre*
6. Upon (of proportion) ; as, Verres ab aratoribus in modios singuws
duodenos scstertios exegit.
Pro tribunali " from the tribanal," the speaker being in front.
1. t
So also pro virili parte, according to one's duty or power as an in-

2.
dividual, •* to the best of one's ability." Pro viribus, the same in import.
3. Tenus is also used with the genitive, but chiefiy in he poets, and
with plurals as, crurum tenus.
4.
;
Simul and procul are similarly used as, Simul his. Procul urbe. ;
—
5. So in majus celebrare " to exaggerate." Diccre in hanc sentenr
f
tiam, **
to speak to this purport."
In diem vivere y "
6. to live for the day," i. e., with no thought of the
morrow.
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—
PREPOSITIONS. 255
II. In
With the Ablative.
1 Upon (of rest) ;

as, Jacet in terra.
2. Upon (with verbs of placing, thoagh implying a motion) as, Po~

nere in mensa. — Collocare in basi.
;
3. In (of place, and also of time when an eztensive tenn is spoken

of) ;
as, Bis in anno.—Quater invita.
4. Amono ;
as, In poetis nemo Homerum cequat. 1
III. Scjb
With the Accusative.
1. Undbr (denoting motion to some lower place) as, Scamnum sub

vedem dare. —Missi sunt sub muros ad colloquium.
;
2. Under (of subjection, with verbs of action and motion) as, Ca-
dere sub imperium populi Romani. —Redigere sub potcstatem
insulas
;
Atheniensium. 2
3. Just aftbr, About ;
as, Sub vcsperum. — Sub noctcm. — Sub or-
tum solis. — Sub tdem tempus.
IV. Sub
With the Ablative.
1, Undbr (denoting motion or rest in some lower place) as, Sub

te a — Suh umbra
habitare. spatiari.
;
Under
Z. where a
(of subjection, state is denoted) as, Sub rege.—
Sub magistro. — Sub
;
lege.
3. At the very timb of ;
as, Sub ipsaprofectione. — Sub Casaris
discessu.
4. Neab, Closb undbb ; as, Sub castris. — Sub muro.
V. Super
With the AccusaUve.
1. Above as, Super athcra notus.

;
2. Ovbr ; as, Alii super aliorum capita ruebant.

3. Beyond ; as, Super flumen instruere aciem. Super Indos proferrt —
imperium.
4. Oveb and above, In addition to ; as, Super solitos honores.
1. used also of coexisting circumstances and attributes ; as, In

It is
summa copia oratorum nemo laudem Ciceronis aquavit, " though there
has been a very great abundance of oratorp." In summis tuis occupar
tionxbusy •« busy as you are," &c.
,,
2. Cadere sub oculos, «« to fall under one's observatio^..
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— ;
256 BXERCISES ON THS PREPOSITIONS.
VI. Supbr
With the Ablative.
1. Upon ; as, Super arbore sidunt. —Fronde super viridL

2. Conobbnino ; as, Hac super re scribatn.
VII. SoBTER.
Undkr (commonly used with the accusative both of rest and motion)
as, Subter pracordia locare. — Subter ilia vulnus habes. It rarely occurs
with the ablative ;
as, Subter densa testudine. —Subter litore.
LXXXV. EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS.

L
Translate the following, and designate the different prep-
ositions, with their respective cases.
—Basilea, urbs
Terra fruges ad usum hominum procreat.
Helvetiae, sita est —Apud Xenophontem multa
ad Rhenum.
egregia Socratis praecepta leguntur. —Semper ante oculos
habeat homo mortalitatem atque immortalitatem. — Perdic-
cas adversus Ptolemaeum profectus — Franco-Gallia est.
citramontes Pyrenaeos — circa Pelusium nigra

sita est. Ibis
1
est ; regionibus candida. —Humus circum Berolinum

in aliis
arenosa infecunda
et — Octavam horam ad scho-
est. circiter
lam profectus sum. — Praeparetur animus contra omnia.

Siciliacontra Italiam —Amor erga praeceptores
sita est. est
summum decus —Apud veteres iEgyptios feminae
discipuli.
negotia extra domos ; viri domos et res domesticas curarunt.
— Infra frontem sunt oculi ; infra oculos genae. —Nulla est
amicitia inter malos et ingratos. —Themistocles intra annum
linguam Persicam didicit. —Amphibia nunc intra nunc extra
aquam —Ventriculus cancrorum jacet
sunt. juxta in capite
oculos.—Cometae ob raritatem mirabiles —Penes eos- sunt.
dem pericula penes quos praemia sunt —Hannibal
belli sint,
exercitum per montes per densissimas

invios ad- et silvas
versus Romanos —Crux pone nomen duxit. signi- viri clari
1. The bird called Ibi».
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——
EXERCISES ON PRBPOSITION8. 257
ficat —Post mille annos homines

mortem. meliores fortasse
erunt.— Omnia mortalia sunt animos hominum.

praeter
Mosella Augustam Trevirorum

praeter —Prope ostium 1
fluit.
Khodani Massilia urbs condita —Athenienses propter

est.
Pisistratityrannidem civium suorum potentiam timebant.

Persici equi sunt secundum Arabicos pulcherrimi. — Omne
animal secundum naturam se ipsum — Supra Mace- diligit.
doniam sita est Thracia ; infra Macedoniam Thessalia,

Xerxes innumeram multitudinem militum trans Hellespon-
—
tum duxit. Rhodanus primo occidentem, deinde meridiem
—
versus fluit. Tusci prius cis Apenninum ad mare inferum,
postea trans Apenninum colonias miserunt.
Homines ab injuria natura, non poena arcere debet.
Filii Bruti, primi consulis Romani, ante oculos patris a lic-
tore necati sunt. —Abs te, homo, nihil efficitur, quod non
antea fuit. —Volatus strigium est absque strepitu. — Ne quid
facite, pueri, quod coram parentibus et praeceptoribus facere
—
non liceat. Nemo cum hoste extra ordinem pugnato.
Homines, quibus cum vivimus, saepe sunt mali. iEgyptii —
et Phcenices* inter 3e dimicabant de honore literarum inven-
tarum. 2— Socrates philosophiam e coelo in terram devocavit.
—Prae gaudio, ubi sim nescio. —Dulce et decorum est pro
patria mori. — Sine virtute nihil est laudabile. —Triton, deus

marinus, alvo tenus —Ursus
piscis erat. vivit in silvis regi-
onum frigidarum. — Plurimae aves ante hiemem in calidiores

regiones migrant.— Non modo supra terram, sed etiam in
imis ejus tenebris plurimae res perutiles inveniuntur. — Quae-
dam hirundines sub hiemem avolant in peregrinas regiones.
—Talpa sub
degit — Socrates super coenam de maxi-
terra.
mis rebus disputabat.— Super educatione multa scripta sunt.

—Nasus oculos
subter locatus est.
Augusta Trevirorum corresponds to the modera city of

u Treves."
1.
It was the capital of the apcient Trevlri.
2. Literarum inventarum, " of the invention of letters." Literally,
"ofinvented letters."
22*
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258 EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS.
II.
Convert the following ungrammatical Latin into grani-

The Romans created their Romanus consul suus creo
consuls annually. in annus.
Apis was a black ox, with a Apis bos niger sum cum can-
wkite spot on the right side, didus in dexter latus mac-
and a knot beneath the ula, et nodus sub lingua.
tongue.
Evcn timid men out of dan- Extra periculum etiam timid-
ger are bold. us homo sum audax.
Among many nations of fnter multus Thracia gens
Thrace, the Geta were the Geta ferox sum, et ad mors
fiercest, and the readiest paratus.
for encountering death.

The Salluvii dwclt around the Salluvius circa Ticinus am-
river Tidnus, the Rutiili nis habito, Rutulus infra
below the Tiber and Arilo. Tiberis et Anio.
Pomponius Atticus was bu- Pomponius Atticus juxta via
ricd near the Appian way, Appia sepelio, ad quintus
at thefifth milestone. lapis.
Gcese and cranes, when they Anser et grus, quum dormio,

sleep, hide thcir heads be- caput subter ala condo.
neath their wings.
Manlius, contrary to the or- Manlius, contra pater edic-
der of his father, fought tum, extra ordo in hostis
against the enemy out of pugno.
his rank.
Wisdom often dwells even be- Saepe etiam sub sordidus ec
neath a sordid and tattered lacer palliolum sapientia
cloak. habito.
Antiochus, king of Syria, af- Antiochus, rex Syria, post
ter the battle at Magnesia, proelium apud Magnesia,
reigned over Asia asfar as regno in Asia Taurus te-
Taurus. nus.
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C0NJUNCT10NS. 259
Good boys do noihing without I Bonus puer clam parens suus

the knowledge of their pa- nihii facio.
rents.
Birds have homy and sharp Avis corneus et acutus ros-
beaks in place of lips. trum pro labrum habeo.
LXXXVI. CONJUNCTIONS.
I. A conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, which
expresses the relation inwhichwords or propositions stand
to each other.
II. Conjunctions. have been divided into the following
classes, according to their different significations.
I Copulativb, or such as connect things that are to be considered

jointly; as,
Ac, " and, as, than."

44
iAtque, and, as, than."
Et, " and, evcn, also." 1
'
Etiam, " also, even."

Que, "and, both." 2
Quoquc, •« also."
Nec, " neither, nor."8
Neque, "neither, nor."
II. Disjunctive, or such as connect things that are to be consid-

••'
ered separately ; as,
ilu/, " either, or.

"4
^ -
Seuy " either, or."
Sive, " whether, or.'*
1. When et is followed by et y the iirst is to be rendered " both" the

second " and ; as, Adsuesce te dicere verum et audire, " Be accustomed
both to speak and to hear truth."
2. Que is an enclitic, and is joined to the end of words as, homines- ;
quc, amatque, &c. When que is followed by que, the first signifies
44
both," the second " and."
3 Negative propositions are connccted by nec nec or neque neque — —
as, Coniemnuntur ii qui nec sibi nec alteri prosunt, " They are contemn-
cd who benefit neither themselves nor another." Virlus neque naufra-
frio neque incendio amittitur, " Virtue is lost neither by shipwreck nor
by confiagration
"
4. When aut is followed by another aut, the first is to be translatod
" cithcr," the second " or." ' The double meanings appended to tho
other conjunctions are to be explaincd in a similar manner.
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CONJUNCTIONS.
Ve, " eitber, or."
Vel, " eitber, or."
Neve, " neither, nor, and not."

iWu, " neitber, nor, and not."
III. Conditional, or such as express a condition ; aa,
Si, " if."
Sin, " but if.'>
Ntsi or ni, " unless."

Dummddo, " provided only."
IV. Advkrsativk, or such as express oppoaition ; a«,
At, "but"
Atqui, " but."
Autem, " but, however," &c.
Ceterum, " but, moreover," &c.
Sedy " but."
Tamen, " however."
Attamen, " yet."
VerutUamen, " notwithstanding."
Vero, " truly."
Verum, " but."
V. Conce881ve, or such as express a concession ; aa,
Etsi, " though."

" even though."
Tametsij " although."
Licet, " although."
Quanquam, " although."
Quamvis, " although."
VI. Causal, or such as express a cause or reason ;

aa,
Enim, " for."

Etenim, " for."
Nam, " for."
Namque, "for."
Quando, " whereas, since," &c.
Qiiandoquidem, " since."
Quia, " because."
Quippe, " because, since."
Quod, " because."
Quoniam, " since."
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EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS 261
Quum or cum, " since." 1
Siquidem, " since, if indeed."
VII. Illatiyes, such as express an inference ;

as,
Ereo, " therefore.'*

" therefore."
Ideo, " therefore."
IgilUTy " therefore."
Itaque, " therefore."
Proinde, " therefore."
Quapropter, " wherefore."
Quare, " wherefore."
Quamobrem, " wherefore."
Quocirca, " wherefore."
VIII. Finals, or such as denote a pujpose, object, or result ; as,
Ne, " lest, that— not."

Quin, " but that."
Quo, " in order that."
Quominus, " that—not."
Ut, " that, in order that."
Uti, "that, in order that."
IX. Suspensives, or such as express doubt ;

as,
An, " whether."

Annej " whether:"
A?ino7ij " whether or not."
" whether."
Necne, " or not."
Num, " whether."
Utrum, " whether."
LXXXVII. EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS.»

I.
Translate the following, designate the conjunction, and

assign it to its proper class.
Quadrupedum celeritas atque vis nobis ipsis affert vim
1. When quum precedes and tum follows, the first is to be rendered

"both" and the second "and."
2. These exercises contain some conjunctions not enumerated in the
preceding classification, but easy to be ranked along with the rest.
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—
262 EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS.
atque celeritatem. —Tyrannis amici quoque suspecti sunt.
— Stulti sunt, qui forma opibusve superbiunt —In superiore

corporis parte, seu pectore, sunt cor et pulmo ; in inferiore,
seu abdomine, est stomachus cum intestinis. — Solis radiis
et illustrantur et calefiunt planetae. — Virtus opibus parari
non potest, ut opes virtute. —Mors tam juveni ante oculos
dcbet esse, quam seni. —Luna modo rubet, modo pallet.
Aut imperii aut divitiarum causa bella fere omnia inter mor-
tales orta sunt.— Fortes non modo Fortuna adjuvat, ut est
in vetere proverbio, sed multo magis ratio. —Alcibiades ma-

jora bona non poterat consequi, quam vel fortuna vel natura
tribuerat. —
Virtus nec eripi nec surripi potest unquam.
Agesilaus Lacedaemonius quum a ceteris scriptoribus, tum
a Xenophonte collaudatus est.— Nihil mihi neque a te ipso,
neque ab ullo alio de republica scriptum est. — Non aetate
verum ingenio acquiritur sapientia. — Omne animal sensus

habet ; sentit igitur et calida et frigida et amara. — Gyges
a nullo videbatur, ipse autem omnia videbat. — Amicus hv
convivio non cognoscitur ; errat igitur, qui amicum in con-
vivio probat. —Maxima omnia
in sensibus varietas est, si
removeantur, quae obstant et impediunt. —
Leonldas, Lace-
daemoniorum rex, quum Xerxes scripsisset, " Mitte arma ;'
respondit, " Veni et cape."
II.

matical, so as to suit the English words opposite
He who abandons you never Qui desero te nunquam ami-

was a friend, for true cus sum; namque verus
friendship never ceases. amicitia nunquam desino.
Because nature cannot be Quia natura non possum mu
changed, therefore true to, idcirco verus amicitia
friendships are eternah 8ii m sempiternus.
Sea-water is salt, in ordtr that Aqua marinus salsus sum, ne
it may not putrefy. putresco.
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INTBRJECTIONS. 263
We ought to undertake great '
Magnus suscipio debeo, dum
things while we have bodily vis habeo.
{
powers.
Hamilcar, after he had cross- Hamilcar,
posteaquam mare
ed the sea, and come into transeo, in Hispaniaque
Spain, carried on great op- venio, magnus res secun-
erations with favourable dus gero fortuna.
fortune.
If you do well, you please Si bene ago, placeo Deus, sin
God; but if you do ill 9 you raale ago, displiceo.
displease him.
Horses are roused by spurs, Equus calcar excito, quo ce-
tn ordcr that they may run leriter curro.
more swiftly.
It is a great kindness of na- Magnus natura beneficium
ture, that it is necessary to sum quod necesse sum
die. morior.
This fable warns us not to Hic fabula raoneo, ne con-
contemn others unto whom temno alius, qui natura
nature has given other, and alius et fortasse maffnus
pcrhaps greater 9 things than do quam ego.
unto us.
LXXXVIII. 1NTERJECTIONS.
I. Interjections are sounds uttered under the influence
oi
strong emotion.
II. They are indeclinable, and stand in no
close con-
nexion with the rest of the sentence, for the dative and
ac-
cusative which are joined with some of them may 1
be eaaily
explained by an ellipsis.
III. The number
of interjections in any language is not
to be fixedthose which occur most frequently in Latin are
;
the following
1. Of Joy; as, Io; iu ; ha,he; hahahe ; evoe ; evax.

8. Of Grief as, Vce ; heu ; eheu; ohe ; au ; hei ; pro.
;
1. Consult Syntax.
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264 8YNTAX.
3. Of Astonishment ;
as, O; eu; ecct; hui; hem; ehem\ aA,
ahah ; papa ; vah.

4. Of Dislikb as, Phui ; apdge.
;
5. Of Callino as, Heus ; ohe ; ehodum.

;
6. Of Attestation as, Pro, written also

; proh.
7. Of Praisk as, Eia ; eu ; euge.
;
IV. Other parts of speech, as substantives, adjectives,

adverbs, verbs, and even complex phrases, such as oaths,
exclamations, invocations, &c, are, in particular connex-
ions, to be regarded as interjections. Such nouns and ad-
jectives are pax (be
malum, indignum, nefas, infan-
still !),
dum, miserum, miserabile, with an expression of astonish-

ment, grief, or horror. Among adverbs may be mentioned
n<B and profecto. Verbs used as interjections are qumso,
precor, oro, obsecro, amabo (all which may have te or vos)i
used in imploring or requesting. So also age ; agite ; cedo
sodes (for si audes) ; sis (for si vis) ; sultis (for si vultis) ;
agesis ; agedum; agitedum.

V. Among the invocations of the gods, the following are
of most frequent occurrence Mehercide ; Mekercle ; Her- :
cle Medius fidius ; Mecastor ; JEdepol ; Pol ; Per deum

;
immortalem; Per deos; Per Jovem ; Proh Jupiter ; Pro

deumfidem, &c.
LXXXIX. BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LATIN SYNTAX. 1
I. Concord.
I. A verb agrees with its nominative in number and person ; as,
Ego legOy u I read." Nos docemus, u we teach. ,,

Tu scribis, " thou writest." Vos dicitis,
4<
ye say."
Puer currit, " the boy runs." Hostes fugiunt, " the enemy flee."
II. A collective noun, that is, a noun in the singular denoting uum-
ber or multitude, sometimes has a plural verb ;
as,
Pars pugnant, pars fugiunt, " part fight, part flee."
Leve vulgus vcniunt cuntque, " the fickle crowd come and go. M
1. Many of theue rules have already been given in the course of the preaent work,
and otbers the etudent has already discovered for himself in the proce«8 of transla-
tion, which latter ia the only true mode of acquiring them.
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RULES OF SYNTAX. 26b
III. Two or more singular nominatives united by a connective con-

junction, and sometimes even without such union, have the verb in the
plural, if they denote living beings, and especially persons ; as,
Anionius et Octavianus vicerunt Brutum et Cassium.
IV. But if the nominatives denote things without life, and especially
abstract ideas, the singular or plural may be used ; unless one of the
nominatives should be in the plural, or what is asserted should only be
true of them jointly ; as, 1
Cum tempus necessitasque postulat decertandummanu } est, " When

the occasion and necessity demand, we must contend with the
hand."
Beneficium et gratia homines inter se conjungunt, " Kindness and
favour unite men among themselves."
Vita, mor8, dimtice, paupertas, omnes komines commovent, " Life,
death, riches, poverty, exercise an influence over all men."

• V. Verbs of the first and second persons must have for their nomina-
tives the pronouns of those persons ; all other nouns take verbs of the
third person. And if a noun of the third person stands before a verb of
the first or second person, it is because a pronoun of those persons is
undcrstood ; as,
Consul dixi, " 1 the consul have said it." Supply ego.
Miles Romanus fugisti, " Thou, a Roman soldier, hast fled." Sup
ply tu.
VI. When pronouns of diflferent persons come together, the verb agrees
with the pronoun of the first person, in preference to that of the second,
and with the pronoun of the second person in preference to that of the
third ;
as,
Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, " If thou and Tullia

are well, I and Cicero are well."
VII. The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, often supplies the

place of a nominative ; as,
Mentvri est turpe, " to lie is disgraceful."
Mquum est uthoc facias, " it is right that you do this."
VIII. One substantivo agrees with another in case, when both refer
to the same person or thing as, ;
Urbs Roma, " the city Rome." Nos consules, " we consuls."
1. Instances, though rare, occurof a singular verb fbllowing aeveral

nominatives,
of which one ia plural, provided it be not the last. When scveral nanies of persons
are preceded or rollowed by a singular verb, the verb agreeing with the nearest must
be underatood with the others ; ae, Gmgias, Thrasymachus, Protagoras, Prodicus,
Hippias in magno honore /uit. n Cic. —
23
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266 HULES OF SYKTAX.
IX Adjectives, adjcctive pronoans, and participles agree with their

suhstantives in gender, number, and case ;
as,
Bonus pucr y
" a good boy." Bonos viros, ** good men."
Hona puclla, " a good girl." Bonat leges, " good laws."
Triste bellum, " a sad war. " Cadentia astra, " setting stars.
Mea soror, " my sister." Fugientes hostes, " fleeing foes.
Hoc negotium, " thls affair." Tua dona, " thy gifts."
X. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle belonging to two or

more aubstantives is put in the plural ; as,
Vir et puer territi lupo, **

A man and boy terrified by a wolf."
XI. When the substantives to which the adjective, pronoun, or parti-
ciple thus refers, are of diffcrent genders, but indicate persons, the ad-
jective, ccc., on being put in the plural, will be of the masculine rather
than the feminine gendcr ; as,
Pater et mater ejus mortui sunt, " His father and mother are dead."
XII. But if the substantives indicate things without Iife, and are at
samc time of difTcrent gcnders,

the the adjective becomes neuter. And
if some of the substantives refer to things with life, and others to inani-
mate objects, the adjective is either neuter, or takes the gender of the
thing or things with life ; as,
Labor voluptasque sunt dissimilia nalurd, **

Toil and pleasure are
unlike in nature."
Naves et captivi, qua ad Chium capla sunt, *'
The vessels and
captives that were taken at Chios."
Numtda atque signa militaria obscurati sunt, **
The Numidians
and their military standards were partially concealed."
XIII. An adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle often stands

alone, having a substantive understood, with which it agrees in gender
a«,
Mortulis, " a mortal," homo understood.

Superi, "the gods above," dii understood.
Dextra, **
the right hand," manus understood.
Sinistra, **
the left hand," manus understood.
Relative and Antecedent.

XIV. The relative Qui, quce, quod, agrees with its antcccdent in
gender, number, and person ;

as, 1
1 " * 1
— - - -- .
—
1. Tho relatire is to be regarded as placed between two cases of the same noun.
sithep expressed or undcrstood, with the fornifr of whirh it gender mid
agree* in
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ROLES OP SYNTAX. 267
Vir qui, " the man who." Viri qui, " the men v»ho."
Femina qua, " thewoman who." Femina quce, " the women who."
Negotium quod, " the thing which." Negotia quce, «« the things which."
XV. If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the
relative is the nominative to the verb ; but when a nominative inter-
venes, the relative is governed by the verb, or by some other word in
the sentence ;
as,
Ego qui scribo, " I who write."

Ego quem tu vocas, '« I whom thou callest."
Ego de quo tu dicis, " I of whom thou speakest."
XVI. If the relative has more than one antecedent, of different gen-
ders, the same rule applies as in the case of adjectives, &c. ; as,
Ninus et Semiramis, qui condiderunt Babylbna, " Ninus and Sem-

iramis who founded Babylon."
XVII. The relative often stands alone, a noun or pronoun being un-
derstood, frorn which it takes its gender and number ;
as,
Qui bene latuit, bene vixit, " He who has well escaped notice, has
lived well" (ille being understood).
XVIII. The antecedent is sometimes elegantly undcrstood, and the

nonn with which the relative agrees in case is ezpressed as, ;
Quas misisti literas accejn, "I have received the letters which
you sent," for accepi literas quas misisti.
The same case after a verb as before it. f
XIX. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, when
both words refer to the same person or thing ; as,
Ego sum Romanusy " I am a Roman."

Tu vocaris proditor, " thou art called a traitor."
llla incedit regina, " she walks as a queen."
II. Government.
I. A noun which limits the meaning of another noun, denoting a dii-
ferent person or thing, is put in the genitive ;

as,
Amor Dei, " the love of God."

Lex naturce, ««the law of nature."
Arma Achillis, " the arms of Achilles."
Sometimes both nouna

nnmber, and with the latter in.gender, number, and case.
nre expreaaed a«, Erant omni.no dvo Umera, ombu* JZoTe
Home.
'"^ toSXmX
" There were only two route«, by whieh toxxten they could gotorth fVom their
,
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268 RTJLES OF SYNTAT
II. A «ubstantive pronoun, which limits the meaning of a ncun, wm
like manner put in the genitive ; as,
Cura mei, " care for me." Pars tui, " part of thee."
III. When the limiting noun expresses some quality or circumstance

respecting the former, it has an adjective agreeing with it, and is put
either in the genitive or ablative ;
as,
Vir summce prudentut, "a man of the greatest wisdom."

or summa prudentia,
Puer proba inddlis, or " a boy of a good disposition."
proba indole,
IV. An adjective in the neuter gender, without a substantive, governs

the genitive ;
as, . . . . ^
Multum pecunue, " much money."
Minimum injurue, " very little injury."
Opus and Usus.

V. Opus and usus, signifying need, take after them the ablative, and
tometimes, though rarely, the genitive ;
as,
Opus est pccunia, " there is need of money."

Usus est viribus, " there is need of strength."
Argcnii opus fuit, " there was need of silver."
Adjectives governing the Genitivc.
VI. A noun limiting the meaning of an adjective is put in thc geni-

tive, to denote the relation expfessed in English by of or in rcspect of%
<3tc. ; as, -
Avidus gloria, ?' fdesirous of glory."
Memor virtutis, " mindful of virtue."

Ignarus fraudis, " unacquainted with fraud."
VII. Partitives and words placed partitively, comparatives, superla-

tives, interrogatives, and some nuraerals, govern the genitive plaral ; as,
Aliquis philosophorum, " some one of the philosophers."

Scnior fratrum, " the elder of the brothers."
Doctissimus Romanorum, " the most learned of the Romans."
Quis nostrum ? " who of us 1"
Una Musarum, " one of the Muses."
Octavus sapientum, " the eighth of the wise men."
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itU.LEg OF SYNTAX. 260
Adjectives goveming the Dative.
VIII. Adjectives signifying advantage 6r disadvantage, likeness or

unlikeness, &c, &c, together with verbals in bUis and dus, govern the
dative ; as, 1
Utilis bello, " useful for war."

Perniciosus civitati, " ruinous to the state."
Similis patri, " iike to his father."
Inhabilis labori, " unsuited for labour."

Amandus omnibus, " to be loved by ail."
Adjectives governing the Ablative.
IX. These adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, prcsditus ; as also

natusy satus, ortus, editus, and the like, require the ablative ; as,
Dignus honore, " worthy of honour."

Contentus parvo, " content with little."
Praditus virtute, " endued with virtue."
Satus Jove, " sprung from Jove."
Ortus regibus, " descended from kings."
Captus oculis, " deprived of sight."
Fretus viribus, "relying on his strength."
Adjectives governxng the Genitive or Ablative.
X. Adjectives signirying plenty or want govern the genitive 01 abla-
tive ; 2 as,
Plenus ira or ira, " full of anger."

lnops rationis or ratione, " devoid of reason."
Government of the verb Sum.

XI. Sum, when it signifies posscssion,property,part, or duty, requires
the genitive ; 3 as,
Est boni regis, " it is the part of a good king."
XII. But meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, are excepted ;

4 as,
Tuum cst hoc facere, " it is your duty to do this."

Nostrum est fortiter pugnare, " it is our duty to fight bravely."
1. Tbe rule may be given more generally as follows : " A noun liminng the mean*
ing of an adjective is put in the.dative, to denote the object or end to which the qual-
w
ity is directed.
2. Thts is, in strictness, a branch of rule VI. immediately preceding.
3. A noun is generally, thongh not very correctly, supposed to be understood, and
hence the limiting noun is put in the genitive.
4. Here again a noun is supposed to be undersiood, with which meum, &c, agree
This may be a convenient ellipsis, but is by no m» ans an accurate view of the sub-
ject. The adjective pronouns meum, &c, agree, in fact, with the latter part of ihe
claa«ie as a species of nominative. Thus, in the examplce above given, meum agrees
with hoc facere, and nostrum wlth fortiter pugnare.
23*
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¥70 RULES OF SYNTaX.

XIII. Sum taken for Aa&ro (" to have") govems the dative ;
aa,
44
ffiiAt liber, 1 have a book."
44
Sun/ miAt /i^r», 1 have books."
XIV. Sum taken for o/ero (

44
to bring") governs two datives, the
onc of the pcrson, the other of the thing ;
as,
44
Est mthi voluptati, it brings pleasure unto me. 1
Construction of Comparativcs.
XV. The comparative degree requires the ablative ; as,
44
Dulcior melle, sweeter than honey."
44
Prastantior auro, more valuable than gold."
XVI. But when the conjunction quam is expressed, the nominative.

and not the ablative, is employed ;
as,
Ccdri sunt celsiores quam abietcs, 44

cedars are taller than firs."
Construction of Adverbs.
XVII. Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjeclives, and other ad-
erbs af
;
Bene sciibit, 44
he vvrites well."
44
Fortiter pugnans, fighting bravely."
44
Egregie fidelis, remarkably faithful."
44
Satis bene, well enough."
XVIII. Some adverbs of tirae, place, and quantity, govern the geui
tive; as,
44
Pridie ejus dici, the day before that day."
4<
Ubique gcntium, everywhere."
44
Saiis verborum, enough of words."
Construction of Prepositions.
XIX. The prepositions ad, apud, ante, &c., govern the accusative j
Ad astra, 44
to the stars."
Apud me, 44
with me."
44
Antc portam, before the gate."
44
Per agros, through the fields."
44
Trans mare, across the sea."
44
Vltra oceanum, beyond the ocean."
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RULES OF SYNTAX. 271
XX. The prepositions a, ab, abs, &c, goverri the abiative ;

as,
A pueritia, " from boyhood."

Coram rege, " before ihe king."
Cum exercitu, " with an array."
Palam populo, " in the presence of the people."
Sine laborc, " without labour."
Capulo tenus, " up to the hilt."
XXI. The prepositions tn, *u&, super, and subter govern the accusa
tive when motion to or into a place is signiiied but when motion or ;
rest in a place is indicated, they then are joined with the ablative ;
!
as,
Eo in urbem, " I go into the city."

Jacet in terra, " he lies on the ground."
Mittere sub jugum, " to send under the yoke."
Habitare sub terra, " to dwell under ground."
Super Indos proferre imperium, " to extend one's sway beyond the Indi-"
Super arbore scdcnt, " they sit on a tree."
Sublcr montem locare, " to place beneath the mountain."
Construction of Interjections.
XXII. The interjections O, hcu, proh, en, ecce, and some others, are
followed by a nominative, accusative, or vocativo ; as,
O vir amicus ! " oh friendly man !"

Heu me infelicem ! " ah unhappy me !"
Proh sancte Jupiter ! " oh holy Jove !"
En quatuor aras ! " behold four altars !"
Ecce homo Catienus ! " lo ! the man Catienus !"
A.XIII. The interjections hei and va are followed by the dative ; as,
Hei mihi ! " ah me !"

Va vobis ! " wo to you !"
Construction of Conjunctions.
XXIV. The conjunctions et, ac, atque, nec, aut, neque, and some
others, connect words which are in the same construction ; as,
Pulvis et umbra sumus, " we are dust and a shade."

Vir clarus atque hanoratus, "an illustrious and honourable man.''
" he neither reads nor writes "
%
Nec legit nec scribit,
XXV. The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, dummodo, &c .
require the subjunctive mood ;

as,
Lcgo ut discam, " I read that I may learn."
Utinam saperes, " I wish you were wise."

and heiicc, bi strict.
I. Subter, howerer, is comparatively rare wiih the ablative,
is uaed w.th the accnsative of both motion and
reat.
,
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272 RULES OF Slf NTAX.
Govemment of Verbs.
XXVI. Verbs of a transitive signification govern the accusative; aa,
Ama Deum, " love God."

Reverere parentes, " reverence your parents."
XXVII. Misereor, miseresco, and satago govern the genitive ;

as,
Miserere civium tuorum, " pity your fellow-citizens."

Satdgit rerum suarum, " he has enough to do with his own affairs."
XXVIII. Any verb may govern the dative which has to or for aftei
it in English ; as,
Mea domus tibi patet, " my house is open to you."
Pars optant locum tecto, " some choose a site for a burtding."
Tibi seris, tibi metis, " you sow for yourself, you reap for yourself."
XXIX. Verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male, govern the
dative ;
as,
Satisfeci legibus, " I bave satisfied the laws."
Benefacit patrice, " he benefits his country."

Maledicit nobis, " he reviles us."
XXX. Many verbs compounded with these eleven prepositions, ad,

ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prce, pro, sub, and super, are followed bv
thedative; as,
Adnue cceptis, " favour our undertakings."

AnieceUere omnibus, " to surpass all."
Concurrere viris, " to engage with men."

Nox pralio intervenit, " night interrupted the battle."
Succurrere miseris, " to succour the wretched."
XXXI. Verbs signifying to profit, hurt, favour, assist, command,
obey, serve, resist, trust, threaten, be angry urith, and the like, govern
the dative ;
as,
Prodesse reipublica, " to benefit the republic."

ILla tibifavct, " she favours you."
Imperat Pomponio, " he commands Pomponius."
Irasci inimicis, «•
to be angry at enemies."
XXXII. Recordor, memini, reminiseor, and obliviscor govern the
thing of which any one reminds himself or another, or which he forgcts,

in the genitive, sometimes also iu the accusative ; as,
Recordor lectionis, " I remember the lesson."

Memini vivorum t " I remember the living."
Oblivisci injuriarum, " to forget injuries."
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RUi.ES OF StfNTAX. 273
Numeros memxnx, " I remember the numbers."
Oblivisci bencficvum, " to forget a kindness."
XXXIII. Verbs of abounding and wanting govern the ablative, and

sometimes the genitive ; as,
Abundat divitiis, " he abounds in riches."
Carct omni culpa, " he is free from every fault."
XXXIV. Utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vcscor, with som~
others, govern the ablative ; as,
Utitur fraude, " he makes use of fraud."

Abutxtur libris, " he abuses his books."
Potxtur impcrio, " he is possessed of empire."
Vescxtur carju, " he feeds on flesh."
XXXV. A verb compounded with a preposition often governs the

case of that preposition ;
as,
Adeamus scholam, " let us go to school."

Excamus schola, " let us go out of school."
The Construction of the Infinitivt.
XXXVI. The infinitive mood may be governed by a verb, participle,
adjective, or noun ;
aa,
Cupio discere, " I desire to learn."

Agros colere cozperunt, " they began to cultivate the fields."
Tempus abire tibi, " it is time for you to depart."
XXXVII. When quod, quin, ut, or ne, is omitted in Latin, the word
which would otherwise be in the nominative is put in the accusative, and
the verb in the infinitive mood ; as,
Gaudeo te valere, " I am glad that you are well."

Aiunt regcm adventare, " they say the king is coming."
The Construction of Participles, Gerunds, and Supines.
XXXVIII. Participles, gerunds, supines, and adverbs, govern the

same cases as the words from which they are denved ; as,
Amans virtutem, " loving virtue."

Carens fraude, " wanting guile."
XXXIX. Gerunds are construed like nouns ;

as,
Studendum est mihi, " I must study."

Tempus studcndi, " time of studying."
Aptus studtndo, " fit for studying."
"I that I must study.-
Scio studendum cssc mihi,
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274 RULES OF SYNTAX.
XL. Iterunds governmg the accusative are often turned into parti-
ciples iu dus, which, like adjectives, agree with their nouns in gender,
r, and case ; as,
m
Pctendum est mihi paccm, Pax est petenda tnihL

f
" I must scck peace."
Ttmpus petcndi pacem, Tempus petendai pacis.
" tirnc of seckinc oeace."
Ad pctendum paccm,
" for aeeking peace."
petendo pacem, A petenda pace.
" by seeking peace."
XLI. The supine in um is put after a verb of motion ; as,
Abiit deambulatum, " he hath gone to walk."

Spectatum veniunt, " they come to see."
XLII. The supine in u is put after an adjective ; as,
Faeile dictu, " easy to be told."

Miserabile uiiu, " piteous to be seen."
Optimum factu esse duxcrunt, " they held it best to be done."
The Construction of Circumstances.

Price.
XLIII. Nouns signifying the price of a thing are put in the ablative,
Emi Itbrum duobus assibus, " I bought a book for six farthings "
Constilit talento, " it cost a talent."
XLIV. These tanti, quantiy pluris, minoris, are excepted,

as.
Quanti constitit ? " how much cost it 1"

Asse et pluris, " three farthings and more."
Manner and Causc.

XLV. No\ina signifying the imtrument, cause, means, or
are put in the abiative ; as,
PaUeo metu, " I am pale for fear."

Fecit suo more, " he did it after his own way."
Scribo calamo, " I write with a pen."
Measure and Distance.

XLVI. Nouns signifying measure ot distance are put in the accusa-
tive, sometimes in the ablative ; as,
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RULES OF SYKTAX. 275
Murus est decem pedes altus, " the wall is ten feet high."
UrbsiutattrigintamUia^ri
tnginta milhbus passuum, >
„ ^^ ^ ^^,,
liJer, or ifiwere uniu* dici, " one day's journey."
Time.
XLVII. Nouns signifying the time wken are put in the ablative ; those
now long in the accusative, sometimes in the ablative ; as,
Venit hora tertia, " he came at the third hour."

Mansit paucos dies t
" he stayed a few days."
Sez mensibus abfuit, " he was away six months."
Verbs governing the Accusative and the Genitive.
XLVIII. Verbs of accusing, condemning, admonishing, and acqutt-

tingy govern the accusative and genitive ; as,
Arguit me furti, " he accuses me of theft."

Me ipsum inertia condemno, " I condemn myself of laziness."
Illum homicidii absolvunt, " they acquit him of manslaughter."
Monet me officii, " he admonishes me of my duty."
XLIX. Verbs of estecming govern the accusative of the person or

thing esteemed, and the genitive of the value ;
as,
Aestimo te magni t
" I value you much."
Ego illum flocci pcndo, " I value him at a rush."
Verbs governing the Accusative and the Dative.
L. Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking away, govern

the accusative and dative ; as,
Compdro Virgilium HomerOy " I compare Virgil to Homer."

Suum cuique tribuito, " give every one his own."
Narras fabulam surdo t
" you tell a story to a deaf man."
Eripuit me tnor/i, " he rescued me from death/
Or thus : Any active verb may govem the accusative and the dative,
when, together with the object of the action, we ezpress the person or
thing in relation to which it is exerted ;
as,
Legam lectioncm tibi, " I will read the lesson to you."

Emit librum mihi, " he bought a book for me. 1
Verbs governing two Accusatives.
LI. Verbs of asking and teaching govern two accusatives ; a
Poscimus te pacem, " we beg peace of thee."

Docuii me grammaticam, " he taught me grammar."
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276 RULES OF SYNTAX.
Verbs governing the Accusative and the Ablattve.
LII. Verba of loading, binding, clothing, depriving, and some others

govern the accusative and tbe ablative ; as,
Onerat navcs auro, " he loads the ships with gold."

Te koc crimine ezpedi, " clear yourself of this charge "
The Construction of Passive Verbs.
LIII. When a verb in the active voice govems two cases, in the pas-
«ive it retains tbe latter case ;

as,
Accusor furti, " I am accused of theft."

Virgilius comparatur Homero, " Virgil is compared to Homer."
Doceor grammaticam, " I am taught grammar."
Navxs oneratur auro, " the ship is loaded with gold."
The Construction of Impersonal Verbs.
I JV. Impersonal verbs govern the dative ;

as,
Expedit retpublica, " it is profitable for the state."
Favetur rmhi, " I am favoured."
LV. Interest and refert require the genitive ; as,
Interest omnium, " it is the interest of all."

Refert patris, " it concems my father."
LVI. But mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, are put in the accuaative
plural neuter ;
as,
Non mea refert, " it does not concern me."
LVII. Miseret, poenxtet, pudet, tadet, and piget, govem the accuea-
tive and genitive ;
as,
Miseret me tui, " I pity you."

Poenitetme peccati, " I my sin."
repent of
Tcedet me vitoz, " am weary of life."
I
Pudet me culpa, " I am ashamed of my fault."
LVIII. Decet, delectat, juvat, and oportet, govem the accusative case
with the infinitive mood ; as,
Delectat me studere, " it delights me to study."

Non iecet te rixari, " it does not become you to scold."
Constructton of the Naines of Places.
LIX. The name of a town, signifying the place where or in which, it
it be of the first or second declension and singular number, is put in the

genitive ; but if it be of the third declension or plural number, it is put
in the ablative ;
as, 1
1 Tbis rule i* here given in accordance witta tbe oustora ef all grammars. It Ut
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RULES OF 8YNTAX. 277
*
Vixtt RonuB, " he lived at Rorne."

Mortuus est Londini, " he died at London."
Habitat Carthagine, " he dwells at Carthage."
Studuit Parisiis, " he studied at Paris."
LX. The name of a town, signifying the place whither, is put in the
accusative ;
as,
Venit Romam, " he came to Rome."

Profectus est Athenas, " he went to Athena."
LXI. The name of a town, signifying the place whence, or through
what place, is put in the ablative ; as,
Discessit Corintho, " he departed from Corinth."

Laodicea iter faciehat, " he went through Laodicea."
LXII. Domus and rus, signifying the place where, are construed like
thenames of towns ;
as,
Manet domi, " he stays at home."

Domum revertitur, " he returns home."
Vivit ruri, " he lives in the country."
Abiit rus, " he has gone to the country."
The Ablative Ahsolute.

LXIII. A noun or pronoun, joined with a participle, ezpressed or un-
derstood, when its case depends on no other word, is put in the ablative
absolute; as,
Sole oriente, fugiunt tenebra, " the sun rising, darkness rlies away."
Opere peracto, ludemus, " our work bemg finished, we will play.
uuite erroneoua, however, since the troe oaae is the locative, or that which"denotea
"
place. The rule, therefore, if properly enunciated, would be simply thie :
»
name of a place is put in the locative when the question is made by ubi, where.'
1
24
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D 1 CT I 0NAR Y.
Explanation of Abbreviations. 1
a. Active. int. Interjection
adj. Adjective. irreg. Irregular.
adv. Adverb. masc. Masculine.
c. g. Common gender. neut. Neuter.
comp. Comparative. num. Number.
conj. Conjugation. part. Participle.
conjc. Conjunction. pass. Passive.
decL Declension. plur. Plural.
def. Defective. prep. Prepoaitiou.
dep. Deponent. prop. n. Proper name.
fem. Feminine. pret. Preteritive.
freq. Frequentative. pron. Pronoun.
im; Imperoonal. superl. Superlative.
Indeclinable. v. Verb.
ABS ACE
Absum, abes8e, abfci (irreg. neut.
A. v. from ab and sum). To be ab-
A, ab, AB8 (prep. with the ablative). senty to be away from.
From, by, &c. Consult note 1, Ac And, as, and, after
(conjc.).
page 252. nouns or adverbs of contrariety
Abdomen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). 1. or comparison, than.
The abdomen, the lower stomach. ACCEDO, CEUERE, CES8I, CES8UM
2. Gluttony. (neut. v. 3 conj. from ad and
Abduco, ucbre, uxi, uctum (a. v. cedo). 1 To araw near, to ap-
.
3 conj. from ab and duco). To proachy to come vp4o. 2. To be

lead away, to draw away, to lead added.
or draw off. Acceptus, a, um (part. from ac-
~Abeo, ire, ivi or H, itum (ineg. cipio). Received, taken.
neut. v. from ab and eo). To Acceptus, i, um (adj.). Accepta-
go away, to depart. ble, pleasing, grateful.
"AbIes, eti8 (fem. 3 decl.). A fir- Accido, cidere, ciDi (neut. v. 3
trte. conj. from ad and cado). To
"Abrahamus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 fall out, to happen.
decl.). Abraham, the name of ACCIDO, CIDERE, CIDl, CISUM (a. V.
the Jewish patriarch. 3 conj. from ad and cêdo). 1.
Absolvo, vere, vi, utum (a. v. 3 To cut against, to cut, to lop. 2.
conj. from ab and solvo). 1. To weaken, to ruin, to destroy.
To loosen, to disengage. 2. To "ACER, ACRI8, ACRB (adj.). 1.
acquity to absolve. Sharp, sour, tart pungent.
y
2.
Abbque (prep. with ablative). Brisk, spirited, keen, active,
Without. hement, fierce.
1. When namber* are prefixed to the meanings, 1 tndicates the literal meaning,
ld 2 the flgurative or deduced
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ADH ADO
Aciitoi, i, um (adj.). 1. Unripe, AD1PI8C0R, ADIPI8CI, ADEPTUS 8UM
sour, harsh, bxtter. 2. Crucl, (dep. v. 3 conj. firom ad and
severe, austere, morose. apibcob). To acquire, to gct, to
Aokrvus, i (masc. 2 decL). A procure, to obtain, to arrive at.
hcap, a pile. Aditus, ua (masc. 4 decl. from
'
"Acetum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Vinc- adbo). A

goxng to, an approach,
gar. access.
"AcaiLLit, is masc. 3
(prop. n. Adjicbo, jicere, jeci, jectum (a.
decl.). Acfnltes, the nanie of a v. 3 conj. from ad and jacio).
celebrated Grecian warrior at the |
1 . To apply to, to bring in con-
siege of Troy. tactwith. Toadd.
2.
Acibs, ei (fem. 5 decl.). 1. The Adjungo, bbb, junxi, junctum (a
sharp cdge or poirU of anything. v. 3 conj. from ad and jungo)
2. The vision, thc organ of sight. To
3. A of soLdscrs, an army in
line unite.
battle array,a line of battle. Adjuvo, abb, juvi, jutum (a. irreg
"Acin acbs and Acinacis, is (masc. v. 1 conj. fVom ADând juvo). Tt
3 decl.). A short Persian sword, aid, to assist.
a dagger. Administbo, abb, avi, atum (a. v
AcquIro and AdquIbo, quirere, 1 conj. from ad and ministro)
quIsIvi, quIsItum (a. v. 3 conj. 1. To act, to do one's part, lo ai
from ad and qua:ro). To ac- tend, to ministcr. 2. To per~
quire, to get, to procure, to obtain. form, to conduct, to adminisler.
AcbItbb, acbIus, acerrime (adv.). Admibob, abi, atus sum (d. v. 1
Vchcmently, keenly, sharply. conj.from ad and mibob). To
Aculeus, i (masc. 2 decL). A wondcr at, to wonder greatly, to
sting. admire.
Acua, us (fem. 4 decl.). A ncedle. Admodum (adv. from ad and mo-
Acutus, I, um (adj. from acuo, to dus). 1. Up tothcmcasure,ful-
sharpen, and that from acus). 1. ly. 2. Vcry, much, exceedingly
Sharjhedged, pointed. 2. Acute, 3. Of a truth, in good truth, just,
keen. exactly.
Ad (prep. with the accusative). To, Admoneo, ere, ui, itum (v. a.2
at, for, until, &c. conj. from ad and monbo). To
*Adama8, antis (masc. 3 decl.). A admonish, to advise, to remind.
Adnuntio, also written annuntio,
"Adamus, i(prop. n. masc. 2 decl). ABE, AVI, ATUM (V. a. 1 COnj.
Adam, the name of our first pa- from ad and nuntio). To an-
rent. nounce, to proclaim, to publish.
Addo, bbb, foi, itum (a. v. 3 conj. Adolebcens, entis (masc. and
from ad and do). To add. fem. 3 decl. from adolesco). 1.
"Adeo, Ibb, ivi or ii, itdm (neut. v. A young man, one past the state
4 conj. from ad and eo). To go A w
of boyhood. 2. young woman.
to, to come to, to approach. AdolescentIa, jE (fem. 1 decl.
"Adbo (adv.). So, to such a de- from aDolescens). Youth, ad~
grce, so far, insomuch. olcscence, the age sueceeding boy-
Adhidko, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 hood.
conj. from ad and habeo). To "Adolesco, E8CEBE, evi, very rarely
adopt, to employ, to use. ui, ADULTUM (n. v. 3 conj. from
Adhobtob, abi, atus 8um (dep. v. ad and olebco). To grow up,
1 conj. from ad and hortor). To to grow to matutity, to increase.
w
exhort, to encourage, to animate. Adob, obis, and sometimes ORia
Adhuc (adv. from ad and hoc). (n. 3 decl.). A kind of wheat,
Hitherto, thusfar, as yct. wheat, grain.
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ADS ADV
\doro, are, ivi; atum (a. v. 1 Adsequor or Assequor, sequi,
conj. from ad and oro). To sequutus or secutus sum (dep.
adore, to worskip. v. 3 conj. from aD and sequor).
Adparbo or Appareo, ebe, ui (n. To come up with, to attain to, to
v. 2 conj.). To appear, to be overtake, to reack,

visible, to come in sight. Ad8pbroo or Aspbroo, speroere,
Adpello or Appello, ere, puli, spersi, 8PER8UM (a. v. 3 conj.
pulsum (a. v. 3 conj. from ad from ad and sparoo). To sprtn-
and pello). 1. To drive to or kle, to besprinkle, to bedew.
towards, to cause to go. 2. To Ad8Pernor Abpernor, sper-
or
land (the word navem, classem, nari, spernatus sum (dep. v. 1
or something similar, being un- conj. from ad and sperno). To
derstood). turn away from witk contempt,
Adpello or Appello, are, avi, tospurn, to reject, to shun.
atum (v. a. 1 conj.). To call, Adspicio or Aspicio, spicere,
to name, to term, to entitle. spbii, spbctum (a. v. 3 conj.
Adpeto or Appeto, erb, ivi or n, from ad and specio). To look
itum (a. v. 3 conj. from ad and at, to behold, to see.
peto). To seek, to try to get, AD8UE8CO Or AS8UE8CO, 8UESCBRE,
to assaidt, to attack. suevi, suetum (n. v. 3 conj. from
AdprSpinquo or Appropinquo, ad and 8UE8co). To accustom
ARE, AVI, ATUM (n. V. 1 COnj. one's self, to be accustomed, to
from ad and propinquo). To be in the habit of
approach, to draw near. Adsum, esse, fui (irreg. n. v.).
Adrideo or Arrideo, ridere, ri- To be present.
8i, RI8UM (n. v. 2 conj. from ad Adtentb or Attente (adv. from
and rideo). 1. To smile upon, adtentu8). Attcntively, care-
to look pleasantly upon, to smile fully.
upon witk approbation, to ap- Adtbnto or Attbnto, are, avi,
prove. 2. To please, to prove atum (a. v. 1 conj. from ad and
satisfactory. tento). To attempt, to try, to
Adripio or Arripio, riperr, rip- endeavour.
ui, reptum (a. v. 3 conj. from Adtentu8 or Attentus, a, um
ad and rapio). To take by force, \
(adj.). Attentive.
to seize upon, to catck or snatck ADTENUO Or ATTENUO, ARB, AVI,
at. atum (a. v. 1 conj. from ad and
ADSCBNDO A8CENDO, SCBNDERE,
Or tbnuis). To lessen, to diminish,
8CENDI, 8CEN8UM (a. V. 3 COnj. to make thin, to attenuate.
from ad and scando). To climb Adtraho or Attraho, trahbre,

up, to ascend, to mount. TRAXI, TRACTUM (a. V. 3 COnj.
Adscisco or Ascisco, sciscerb, from ad and traho). To draw
scivi, scitum (a. v. 3 conj. from towards, to attract.
ad and scisco). To take, toad- "Adultus, a, um (adj. from adoles-
mit, to receive, to approve, to ac- co). One grown up, an adult.
knowledge "Aduncus, a, um (adj. from ad and
AdsbntXtor or Assentator, oris uncus). Crooked, curved.
(masc. 3 decl. from adsentior). Adustus, um (part. from aduro).
a,
A flaiterer. Burned. Vinum adustum, bran-

Adsentio or AssentTo (n. v. 4 dy.
conj. from ad and sentio). To Advena, m (masc. or fem. 1 decl.
assent, to agree to. from ad and vbnio). A stran-

Adsentior or Assentior, senti- ger,a foreigner, a new comer.
ri, 8EN6U8 suM (dep. v. 4 conj.). Advbnto, abb, avi, atum (n. v. 1
To assent, to agree to. coni. from ad and venio). To
24* 281
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a:qu AFF
come frequtntXy, to arnve, to eome jEquo, abb, avi, atuh /a. 7. t
to, to approach, to draw near. conj.). To equal, to levcl, to
Advbesus, a, um (adj. from /.D makc smooth.
and vbrto). 1. Opposite, ovcr Êqdus, a, um (adj.). 1. Equal,
against, fronting. 2. Adverse, level, smooth. 2. Just, fair,
contrary, opposing, hostilc. equitable t right. Mquo animo,
Adysbsus or Adversum (prep.). villingly, paticntly, contentediy.
Against, over against, opposite, "Aeb, abbis (masc. 3 decl). Thc
facing, towards. air, the atmosphere.
iEoiPOL (int.). Equivalent liter- JSbarium, i (neut. 2 decl. from
ally toper adem Pollucis, " by jes). A treasury, the place
the temple of Pollux." By my where the public money is kept.
faith, on my honour. Ês, ARI8 (neut. 3 decl.). 1. Cop-
.Edes or Êdis, i8 (fem. 3 decl.). per, brass, bronze. 2. Money,
1. An apartment. 2. A templc. the first money coined at Rome
3. In the plural, a housc (i. e., having been of copper, or rather

consisting of many apartments). bronze.
JSDfriciUM, i (neut. 2 decl. from iEscHiNBs, i8 (prop. n. masc. 3
adifico). A building, a dicell- decl.). Mschnes, the name of
ing an edifice.
t
an eminenl orator at Athens, the
Êdifico, Ibe, avi, atum (a. v. 1 rivaland opponent of DemosthS-
conj. from mdks and facio). To nes.
build, to erect. Êschylus, i (prop. n. masc. 2
.EoiL.fl, is (masc. 3 decl. from decl.). Mschylus, the name of a
jedes). An adile, a Roman celebrated tragic poet of Athens.
magistrate, whose business it Êstas, ati8 (fem. 3 decl.). Sum-
was to superintend the repairs mer.
of the temples and other baild- ÊsTIMO, ARB, AVl, ATUM (a. V. 1
ings ; to regulate the markets, conj.). To estimate, to value, to
weights, public games, &c. appreciate.
Mdvi, obum (prop. n. 2 decl). The Êtas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). Age,
Mdui, a people of Gaul. time of life.
yEoÊUs, a, um (adj.). Mgean. JSternitas, atis (fem. 3 decl.
jEgaum mare, the Mgean Sea, from jetebnus). Eternity.
the modera Archipelago. Êtbbnus, a, um (adj.). Eter-
<*Egbb, êgra, iBGRUM (adj). Sick. nal.
iEois, idis or ido8 (fem. 3 decl.). Êthkb, ebi8 (masc. 3 decl.). Thc
1. Agoatskin. 2. The Mgis, ether t the sky, thc upper air, as
the fabled shield of Jove and Mi- opposed to aer, which denotes
ncrva, covered with the skin of the lower or atmospheric air.
the goat that had suckled Jupiter. jEtna, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
3. A storm, a tempest, lightning, Mtna, a well-known mountain of
a thunderbolt. Sicily.
.Egyptus, i (fem. 2 decl.). Egypt. Affero, afferrb, attuli, allI-
.Emulus, i(masc. 2decl.). Arival. tum, or adfero, adferre, ad-
Êmulus, a, um (adj.). Emulous, tuli, adlatum (irreg. a. v. from
rival, rivalling t striving to sur- ad and fero). To bring to, to
pass. carry, to bear unto one.
./Eneas, m (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.). Affinis or Adfinis, is, b (adj.).
Mneas, the name of a celebrated 1. Contiguous,adjoining. 2.
Trojan warrior. A relation (generally by mar-
Êquitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from riagc, and used in this sense as
.asquus). Equality equity t jus~
t
a noun of the third declension,
tice. common gender).
Digitized by Google
ALA ALP
Africa, m (prop. n. fem 1 decl.). "Alauda, m (fem. 1 decl.). A
Africa. Urk.
"Agb (int.). Come, come on. (It Alba, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decL).
isoften passed over without be- Alba, the name of an ancient and
ing translated, and is expressed famous city in Latium.
merely by the tone of the voice.) Albi8, is (masc. 3 decL). Thc
"Agbb, agbi (masc. 2 decl.). A Elbe, a river of Germany.
field, ground, apiece qf land. Albus, a, um (adj ). White.
Agesilaus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 Alcibiadb8, 18 (prop. n. masc. 3
decl). Agesxlaus, tho name of decL). Alcibiadcs, a celebrated
a celebrated king of Sparta. Athenian.
AggredTor or Adgrediob, aggre- Alcides, (prop. n. masc. 1 m
Dl, AGGRESSUS SUM (dep. V. 3 decl.). Alctdes, a name given
conj. from ad and gradior). 1. to Hercules.
To advance up to, to accost. 2. "Alecto and Allecto, us (prop. n.
To undertake, to take in hand, fem. 3 decl. Greek n.). Alecto,
to enter upon. 3. To attack, to the name of one of the furies.
assail. "Alexandbr, ri (prop. n. masc. 2
"Agito, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1 decL). Alexander, the name of
conj.). To drive, to drive to and a well-known monarch of Mace-
fro, to agitate. donia.
Agmen, inis (neut. 3 decl). An "Alibi (adv.). Elsewhere.
w
army on its march. Alienus,*a, um (adj. from alius).
Agnosco, noscerb, novi, nitum Bclonging to another, another's,
(a. v. 3 conj. from ad and nos- foreign.
co). 1. To recognise. 2. To "AliquandIu (adv. from aliquan-
acknowledge. For some time.
do).
"Ago, agere, egi, actum (a. v. 3 "Aliquando (adv.). At some tinie,
conj.). 1. To conduct, to drive, somctimes, occasionally.
to lead. 2. To do, to perfoim, "Aliquantulus, a, um (adj. from
to act. aliquantum). A little, a very
Agrbstis, is, b (adj. from ager). little.
Rustic, boorish, wild, belonging "Aliquis or Aliqui, aliqua, ali-

to the country. quid or aliquod (pron. from
Agricola, m
(masc. 1 decl. from alius and quis or qui). Some
ager and colo). A husband- one, somebody, some.
inan, a fartner. "Aliter, (adv.). Otherwise, in a
Agricultura, m
(fem. 1 decl. different way or manner.
from ager and cultura). Agri- "AlIus, a, ud (pron.). Other, dn-
culture, husbandry, farming. other. It differs from alter in
Ah (int.). Ah ! ah me ! alas ! that alius means one of many,
Aha (int.). Same meaning as ah. but alter one of two.
Ajienum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A bra~ "Alo, ere, ui, alitum and altum
zen vesselj a caldron. (Prop- (a. v. 3 conj.). To nourish, to
erly an adjective, " brazen," vas, increase, to support by feeding,
or dolium, or some equivalent to cherish.
w
term bemg understood.) Aloe, es (fem. 1 decl. Greek n.).
Aio (def. verb). I say, I affirm. The aloe or aloe-tree.
"Ajab, acis (prop. n. 3 decl.). Allobroges (prop. n. masc. 3
Ajax, the name of a celebrated decl. nom. plural from a singular
Grecian warrior. Allobrox, genitive Allobro-
*Ala, & (fem. 1 decl.). A wing. gis). The Allobroges, a Gallic
"Alacrr or Alacris, is, b (adj.). tribe.
Brisk, sprightly, active, ready. Alpes (prop. n. fem. 3 decl. nom.
283
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AMP ANT
plural from a smgular Alpis, is). "Amulius, i (prop. n. 2 decl.).
Tke Alps. Amulius, the brother of Numitor
Altabe, is (neut. 3 decl. from al- An (adv.). 1. Whether. 2. Or.
tus). An altar. Anachabsis, is (prop. n. 3 xlecl.)
Altee, era, ftsuM (pron.). The Anackarsis, a famous Scythian
other, another, the second. Com- philosopher.
pare tbe remark under alius. "Anas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). A duck
Altcs, a, um (adj. from alo). 1. or drake.
Htgh, lofty, tall. 2. Deep. Anceps, cipitis (adj. from am,
Alveare, ls (neut. 3 decl.). A 44
around," and capio). 1 . Douht-
bechive. ful. 2. Dangcrous. 3. Two-
Alvus (fem. 2 decl ). The stom- edged. 4. Double.
ach, abdomen, bclly, paunch. Ancile, is (neut. 3 decl.). sa- A
"AmabIlis, is, e (verbal adj. from cred shield, an ancile.
amo). Worthy of bcing loved, Anglia, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
lovcly, desirable. England.
"Amarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Bitter, Anouilla, m (fem. 1 decl.). An
biting, pungent. 2. Acrimoni- eel.
ous, sharj^ sarcastical. Angulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An

'Am azon, 5nis (fem. 3 decl.). An angle.
Amazon, a female warrior. Angustia, jb (fem. I decl. from
Ambo, ê, o (pronj- Both. angustus). A narrow place,
"Amens, tis (adj. from a and mbns). narrowness.
Mad, insanc, distracted. "Anima, m(fem. 1 decl.). 1.
"America, je (prop. n. 1 decL). Breath, atr, a brecze of wind. 2.
America. The living principle, vital spirit,
"Amicitia, je (fem. 1 decl. from life. 3. Thesoul.
amicu8). Fricndship. "Animal, alis (neut. 3 decl.). An
"Amicub, a, um (adj. from amo). animal, a living creature.
Friendly. "Animus, i (masc. 2 decl.). I. Thc
"Amicus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A mind, thc soul. 2. The feclings,
friend, a lover of. thc heart, the bosom.
"AmITTO, MITTERE, Misi,MI88UM (a. "Anio, ienis (prop. n. masc. 3
v. 3 conj. from a and mitto). 1. decL). The Anio, a river of
To send away. 2. To losc, to Italy, near Rome. Now the
part withy to throw away. Teveronc.
Ammon, onis (prop. n. masc. 3 Annb (adv.). Whether.
decL). Ammon, a surname of Annon (adv.). Not ? Annon est 1
Jupiter, as baving a temple and is it not ? Annon hoc tibi dixil
being worshipped in the deserts did I not tell you this ?
of Africa, Ann6su8, a, um (adj. from annus).
Amnis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A river. Aged, advanced in years.
"Amo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). Annus, i (masc. 2 decL). A year.
To lovc. Anser, eri8 (masc. 3 decl.). A
Wmcenus, a, um (adj.). Pleasant, goose, a gander.
agreeaUCf beautiful, charming. AnserInus, a, um (adj. from an-
(It is applied generally to the ser). Of a goose, bclongxng to
sight.) a goose. Pedibus anserinis, or
Amor, 6ri8 (masc. 3 decl. from pedes anserinos habens, wcb-
amo). Love, affection. footed.
Amplius (adv. of the comp. degree, Ante Be-
(prep. with accusative).
from ample). More, /arther. fore, &c.
Amplus, a, um (adj.). Largc spa- y
AnTEGREDIOR, EDI, ESSU8 SUM
cious, grcat, ample, roomy. (dep. v. 3 conj. from ante and
284-
Digitized by Google
AQU ARE
gradiob). To go before, to pre- decl.). The Aquitani, a people
cedc. of Gaul.
Antrgressus, a, from
um (part. "Ara, m
(fem. 1 decl.). An aliar.
anteobedioe). That has gone "Ababs, abi8 (masc. 3 decl.). An
on befofe, that has passed. Arab.
Antepono, ponebe, posui, posI- "Ababia, m
(prop. n. fem. 1 decL).
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from antb and Arabia.

pono). To place before } to pre- ~Arabicus, a, um (adj ). Arabian.
fer.
-Aranea, m (fem. 1 decL). A
Antequam (adv. from antb and spider.
quam). Before that, before.
w
Aranbus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
Antebiob, obis (adj. from ante). spider.
w
Antcrior, beforc, foremost. Arab, abis, or "Ababis, is (prop.
Antipateb, bis (prop. n. masc. 3 3 decL). The Arar, now the
n.
decl.). Antipatcr. Saone, a river of Gaul.

Antiquus, a, um (adj.). Anctent. "Abator, obis (masc. 3 decl. from
Antisteb, istitis (masc. and fem. abo). A
ploughman, a farmer,
3 decL). 1. A lcadcr, one who a husbandman.
.
prcsides over. 2. A chxef pricst, "Abateum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A

a high priest. plough.
Antoninus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 "Abatus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.).
decl.). Antoninus, the name of Aratus. ^

a Roman emperor. Abbiteb, tbi (masc. 3 decL). An
Antonius, i (prop. n. masc. 2 arbiter, umpire, mcdiator, mana-
decl.). Antony. ger between two parties.

Antbum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A cave. A bbob, obis (fem. 3 decl.). A trec.
"Apage (int.). Bcgonc ! away ! Arbos, obis, same as Abbob.
"Apebio, bbibb, ebui, ebtum (v. Abcanus, a, um (adj.). Sccret.
a. 4 conj.). To open. Arcanum, a sccrct. Arcana, se-
"Apebtus, a, um (verbal adj. from crets.
Opcn, standing open, Abceo, cebe, cui, ctum (a. v. 2
apebio).
conj. ). restrain, to keep or
To
lying opcn.
"Apis, is (fem. 3 decl.). bee. A ward off, to remove or drive away.
"Apis, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). Apis, Abchon, ontis (masc. 3 decl.
the sacred ox of Egypt. Greek n.). An Archon, the
"Apollo, inis (prop. n. masc. 3 name of the highest Athenian

decl.). Apollo, the god of music,
magistracy. The archons were
poetry, and divination. nine in nuinber.
Appaseo, vid. Adpareo. Abcu8, us (masc. 4 decl.). 1. A
bow. 2. An arch of a bridgc.
Appello, vid. Adpello.
3. A triumphal arch. 4. Any-
Appeto, vid. Adpeto.
Appia Via (Appius and via). The thing arched or curvcd.
Appian Way, a celehrated Ro- Abdeo, abdebe, absi, absum (n.
from Rome v. 2 conj To fturw, to be on

man road, leading ).
through Southern Italy. firc, to blazc.

Adpropinquo. Abduus, a, um (adj.). High,
Apphopinquo, vid.
Apbilis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The lof/y.-
month of April. "Abena, (fem. 1 decL). Sand. m

(adj. from are-
*Apud (prep. with accusative). At, Âbenosus, a, um
with, &c. na). Sandy.
(prop. n. masc. 2
Âqua, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Water. "Arbopagus, i
"Aquila, (^m. 1 decl). An

m decL). The Arcopdgus, a coun-
cilof judges, or high court, at
eagle.
'Aqditani, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 Athens, held on the Hill of Mars,
285
Digitized by Google
AS ATR
aud reinarkable for the impartial- Ascexdo, vid. Adscendo.
ity of thetr decisions. Asciaco, vid. Adscisco.
'AHKbi u. akbscsbk (incept. v. from "AsIa, m(prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
akbo). To bcgm to dry up, to Asia.
groir dry, to becomc dry. "Asinus, (masc. 2 decl.). An ass.
i
Arqkntum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Sil- Asparagus, i (masc. 2 decl.). As-

vcr. paragus.
Argumentum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Asper, era, erum (adj.). Rough
An argumcnt. rugged, harsh.
\bie8, etis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. Aspergo, vid. Adspergo.
A ram. 2. A battering-ram, a Aspernor, vid. Adspernor.
iniiitary cngine of the ancients. Aspicio, vid. Adspicio.
Abiovistus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Aspis, IDI8 (fem. 3 decl.). An asp 9
Anovistus, the name of a king of a small venomous serpent.
the ancient Germans, in the time Assentator, vid. Adsbntator.
of Csesar. Assentio, vid. Adsentio.
"ARiSTinEs, is (prop. n. 3 decl.). Assbntior, vid Adsentior.
Anstides, the name of a celebra- Assequor, vid. Adsequob.
ted Athenian. Assuesco, vid. Adsuesco.
'Aristoteles, is (prop. n. masc. 3 Assyria, m
(prop. n fem. 1 decL).
decl). Aristotle, a celebrated Assyria.
Greek philosopher. Astrêa, m
(prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
Abmi, obum (neut. plur. 2 decl. Astrea, the goddess of justice.
vingular wanting). Arms, all Astrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A star.
kinds Df warlike aims, but more Astutia, m
(fem. 1 decL). Craft,
especially those of a defensive cunning, astuteness.
nature. Tela, on the contrary, At (conjc). But, yet, &c.
denotes wcapons, or arms of an "Ater, atra, atrum (adj.). 1.
oilensive nature. Coal black, black. 2. Gloomy,
"Aro, arr, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). dark. 3. Unlucky. 4. Deadiy.
To plough, to tili, to cultivate. 'ATHBNiE, arum (prop. n. fem. 1
"Aroma, atis (neut. 3 decl). Sea- decl.). Athens.
soning, spiccs, herbs, &c. Atheniensis, is, e (adj.). Athc-
Arridko, vid. Adrideo. nian, of or belonging to Athens.
Arripio, vid. AdrMo. Athleta, m (masc. 1 decl.). An
A rs, Art skill,
tis (fem, 3 decl.). y athlete, a champion at the ancient
faculty, mcthod, way or mcans. games. The primitive meaning
Akticulus, (masc. 2 decl.). A
i is a wrestler.
joint. "Athos, genitive, dative, and abla-
Artipicwsus, a, um (adj. from ar- tive Atho, accusative Athon
tifkx). Workmanlike, a rtificial, and Atho (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.
madc by art. Greek n.). Athos, the name
Artificium, i (neut. 2 decl. from of a well-known mountain in
artifex). A picce of workman- Greece. Now Monte Santo.
ship, workmanship, artifice. Atmosphjera, (fem. m 1 decl ).
Artus, us (masc 4decL). Ajoint. The atmosphere.
Arx, arcis (fem. 3 decL). 1. A Atque (connect. from at
conjc.
lofty place, hcight, top of a hill. and que). 1 . And. As, than.
2.
2. A citadcl, castle, fortress. Atqui (adv.). But, but yet, and
As, assis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. An yet, however.
fl.v, a pound weight, or anything Atramentum, i (neur 2 decl.).
tlyit may be divided into iwelve Ink.
parts. 2. A Roman coin, worth Atrium, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. A
a lutle ovcr a cent in
2S6
our currencv.
9 hafl of a hmtse. 2. A courtyard
Digitized by Google
AUG BAC
~Atr5po8, i (fem. 2 decl.). Atro- birds. The primitire meamng
pos, one of the fates. has reference to foretellin^ frora
Atrox, ocis (adj.). 1. Raw, crude. the singing of birds merely, the
2. Crucl, fierce, atrocious, sav- derivation being avis and gar-
age. rio.
Attagbn, enis (masc. 3 decl.). Augusta Treviborum (prop. n. 1
An attdgcn, a keatkcock or wood- and 2 decl.). Treves, a ciry of
cock. Europe. Its ancient refers to
AttImen (conjc. from at and ta- its having been the capital of the
mrn). But, but yet, for all that, Treviri, a Gallic tribe.
howcver. Aula, J& (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A hall.
Attente, vid. Adtente. 2. A fold. 3. An open space
Attento, vid. Adtento. around a house, a court or court-
Attentus, vid. Adtentus. yard.
Attenuo, vid. Adtbnuo. Aureus, a, um (adj. from aurum).
Attraho, vid. Adtraho. Of gold, golden.
Atticus, a, um (adj.). Attic, of or Auris, 18 (fem. 3 decl.). The ear.
belonging to Attica, Athenian. Aurum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Gold.
Au (int.). Oh my ! dear me ! hold ! Auster, stri (masc. 2 decl.). The
I pray you ! &c. south xcind.
Aucbps, cupis (masc. 3 decl. from Aut (disjunct. conjc). Or, eithcr.
avis and capio). A fowler. Autem (conjc.) But, yet, however,
Auctor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from moj eover, on the other hand. -
augbo). An author, creator, AUXILIOR, ARI, ATUS 8UM (dep. V.

maker^ former. 1 conj. from auxilium). , To
Auctoritas, atis (from auctob). assist, to hclp, to aid, tq^ juc-
Authority, dominion, power, ju- cour.
risdiclion. Auxilium, i (neut. 2 decl. from
AUCTUMNU8, I, Or AUTUMNU8, I augeo). Assistance, aid, lielp,
(masc. 2 decl. from augeo). succour. In the plural, auxilia,
Autumn. in a miKtary sense, mean auxil-
Audax, aci8 (adj. from audeo). iary troops, auxiliaries.
w
Bold, daring. AvaritTa, ^>(fem. 1 decl. from
Audeo, ere, ausus sum (neut. pass. avarus). Avarice, covetousness.
v. 2 conj.). To dare, to advcn- ~Avaru8, a, um (adj.). Avaricious,
ture, to attempt. sordid, stingy, covetous.
Audio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj.). "Avidus, a, um (adj . ). Eager after,
To hear, to listen, to attend. desirous of.
Auditus, a, um (part. from audio). "Avis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A bird.
Heard. "Avoco, are, avi, atum (a. v. from
Auditus, us (masc. 4 decl. from a and voco). To call away, to
audio). The faculty of hearing, call off, to withdraw.
hcari?i<r. "Avolo, are, avi, atum (neut. v.
AUFERO, AUFERRE, ABSTULI, ABLA- 1 conj. from a and volo, are).
tum (irreg. a. v. from ab and To fly away.

fero). To take away, to bcar "Avus, i (ma8c. 2 decl.). Agrand»
away, to carry off, to rtmovc. father, an ancestor.
Auueo, augere, auxi, auctum (a.
B.
v. 2 conj.) To incrcase, to en-
largc. Babvlon, 6ni8 (prop. n. fem. 3
Augub, uris (masc. 3 decl.). An decl.). Babylon.
augur, soothsayer, divincr, one Bacchus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.).
who professes to foretel events Bacchus, the god of wine^

from the flyingr, finging, *r of ,
Baculuk, i (masc ), or Baculum, i
287
Digitized by Google
BER BRU
(neut. 2 decl.). A
Mtaff, a club, BestTa, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A bcast,
a eane. a wild bcast.
Bal^bna, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A Bibliothbca, m (fem. I decl.).
whale, a largc fish. A library.
Baptisma, atib (neut. 3 decl.). Bibo, ere, bTbi, bibitum (a. v. 3
Baptum. conj.). To drink, to quaff.
Basilba, m(prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Bibulus, a, um (adj. from bibo).
Basie, a city of Europe. Drinking in, soaking up, that
Basib, is (fem. 3 decl.). basc. A draws or sucks in moisture.
Bbate, (adv. from bbatus). Hap- Charta bibula, blotting-papcr.
Bini, je, a (distrib. numeral adj.
Bkatub, a, um (adj.). Happy. from bis). Two cach, two by
Bklqm, abum (prop. n. masc. 1 two.
decL). The Belgce y a tribe of Bis (numeral adv.). 1. Twice,
Gaul. 2. A
second time.
Bkllicosus, a, um (adj. from bel- Blandiob, iri, itus sum (dep. v.
lum). Warlike. 4 conj. from blandus). To
Dello, abb, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 sooth, to caress, to flattci; to
conj.). To war, to wage or ear- fawn upon.
ry on war Blandus, a, um (adj.). Kind,
Bkllua, m (fem. 1 decl.). A gentle, courtcous, agrceable, fiat-
beast t a monstcr, any large bcast tering.
or fish. Bceotia, m
(prop. n. fem. 1 decl).
Bkllum, i 2 decl.).
(neut. War. Baotia, a country of Greece,
Bkne (adv. from benus, an old north of the Peloponnesus, of
form for bonus). Well, happily, which Thebes was the capital.
propcrly. Bonitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
BenkpXcIo, facbbe, fbci, factum bonus). Goodncss, kindness.
(a. v. 3 conj. from benb and fa- Bonus, a, um
(adj. from the old
cio). To bcncfit, to do good, to form bbnus, whence benb). Fa-
pcrform an act of kindness, to vourable, good t kind, &c.
confcr a favour. Borealis, i8, e (adj. from boreas).
Beneficbntia, asi (fem. 1 decl. Northcrn. Lumen boreale, the
frora benefacio). Beneficencc, northern lights or Aurora Bore-
kindncss. cdis.
Benepicium, i (neut. 2 from
decl. Bor£as, m (prop. n. masc. 1 decl.)
benefacio). A kindncss, fa- The north wind.
vour, bencfit. Borussia, m
(prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
Bknepicus, a, um (adj. from bene Prussia.
and facio). Bencjicent, kind, BorussIcus, a, um (adj. from Bo-
prone to do good, libcral, bounti- russia). Prussian.
ful. Bos, bovis (masc. and fem. irreg.
Bbnevolus, a, um (adj. from bbnb noun, 3 decl.). An ox, a cow.
and volo). Bcnevolcnt, friend- Brachium, i (neut. 2 decL). An
ly, well-meaning, gracious, kind. arm.
Benionb (adv. from bbniqnus). Brevis, is, e (adj.). Short, brief.
Kindly, amicably, courtcously, Brbvitas, atis (fem. 3 decL).
willingly. Shortntss, brevity.
Benignus, a, um (adj. from benb Brevitbb (adv. from brevis, com-
and aoo). Kind,
benig- liberal, parative brevius, superlafive
nant, generous, disposed to obligc. bbevissime). Shortly, briefiy.
Berolinum, i (prop. n. neut. 2 Brittannus, a, um (adi.). British.
decl.). Berlin, the capital of Brutus, i (prop. n. 2 decL). Bru«
Prussia. tns.
-r
Digitized by Google
CAL CAP
Bufo, onis (masc. 8 decl). A Camelus, i (masc. and fem. 2
decl.). A camel. Camelus Bac-
trianus, a Bactrian camel.
c. Camillus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.).
Cadaver, bri8 (neut. 3 decl.). A Camillus, a celebrated Roman.
dead body, a corpse, a carcass. Caminus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A
CIdo, ere, cecidi, casum (neut. v. chimney, a furnace. 2. A fire-
3 conj.). To fall. placc', a hearth.
Caduceus, (masc. 2 decl.).
i A Campania, je (prop. n. fem. 1
caduceus rod or starT with
: 1. A decl.). Campania, a province
the figures of two snakes twisted of ancient Italy, remarkable for
about it, and having small wings, ita fertility and beauty.
sometimes a cap and wings, at- Campester, stri8, 8TRE (adj. from
tached to the top ; the wand of campus). Of or belonging to a
Mercury. 2.
J
herald s staff. A plain,flat, level.
Cacumen, inis (neut. 3. decl.) a Campus, i (ma8c. 2 decl.). A
height, a summit. plain.
CIducus, a, um (adj. from cado). Cancbr, cri (masc. 2 decl.). A
Ready to fall, falling. crab.
C^cus, a, um (adj.). Blind. Candidus, a um (adj. from can-
CiEDO, ere, cecidi, cjesum (a. v. deo). 1. Of a shining white,
3 conj ) 1 Tocut,to cut down,
.
. . bright. 2. Clear, lucid, serene.
to lop, to felL 2. To cut to pie- Candor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Shi~
ces, to slaughter, to kill. ny whiteness, brightness, splcn-
CiBSAR, Iris (prop. n. 3 decl.). dour.
Casar. CInis, is (masc. and fem. 3 decl.).
CjBspes or Cespes, itis (masc. 3 A dog, a hound, a bitch.
decl. from cêdo). A turf, a sod. CIn6ru8, a, um (adj.). Shrill,
Caius, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). loud, sonorous, musical, mclo-
Caius. dious.
Calami8tbr, tri (masc. 2 decl.). Canto, are, avi, atum (a. freq. v.
A curling tongs, an iron with 1 conj. from cano). To stng y
wkich to curl the hair. to sing often, to chant.

Calcar, aris (ncut. 3 decl.). A Cantus, us (masc. 4decl.). Sing-
spur. ing, a song, a chant.
Calchas, antis (prop. n. masc. 3 Canus, a, um (adj.). Hoary, gray x
decl.). Calchas, a Grecian sooth- gray-headed.

sayer. Capillus, i (masc. 2 decl ). A
ClLEFAClO, PACERE, FECI, FACTOM hair, the hair of the head, hair.
(a. v. 3 conj. from calerb and CIpio, capbre, cepi, captum (a.
facio). To make warm, to heat. v.). To take, to takc up, to re-
CIlidus, a, um (adj. from caleo). ceive.
Warm, hot. CIpit6linu8, a, um (adj. from Cap-
Calioula, 2b (prop. n. masc. 1 itolium). Capitolinc, of or be-
decl ). Caligula, a worthless longing to the Capitol. sur- A
Roman emperor. name of Jupiter, from his being
Callidus, a, um (adj ). Cunning, worshipped in the Roman Capi-
crafty, skilful. tol, where he had a temple.
CjLLOR, 6ri8 (masc. 3 decl.). CappIdoz, ocis (adj ). A Cappa-
Warmth, heat. docian.
Calz, calcis (fem. sometimes Capra, jb (fem. 1 decl ). A shc
masc. 3 decl.). The heel. goat.
Calz, calci8 (fem. 3 decl.). Lime- Caprba, m (fem. 1 decl ). A wild
stone, lime, mortar. she-goat, a roe, a deer.
25 289
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CAS OEL
CaptIvos, a, u» (adj. from capio). CatTmna, m
(prop. n. 1 Oecl.
Captire. masc.). Catiline, the name of
Capto, abe, avi, atum (a. freq. v. a welUknown Roman reprobate
1 conj. from capio). To catch and conspirator.
at, to catch, to scizc, to scck ea- Cato, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc).
gtrly. Cato, the name of an eminent
Capua, m
(prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Roman. There were two dis-
Capua, a city of Campania. tinguished men
with this appel-
Caput, itib (neut. 3 decl.). A lation, viz. : 1. Cato the elder,
head. called also the Censor. 2. Cato
Carbo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A Uticensis, the descendant of the
coai, charcoal. former, who killed himself at
Carcer, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A Utica.
prison. Carceres, in tho plural, Catulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
tbe barriers in the racecourse, Catulus, an eminent Roman.
whence the horses started, the Cauda, &
(fem. 1 decl.). A tail.
starting-place. Causa or Caussa, je (fem. 1 decl.).
Carduus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A 1. A
cause, reason, motive. 2.
• In the ablative, with the genitive
Carmkn, inis (neuL 3 decl.). A of a noun, it signifies, on account
song, a strain, apiece of poetry, of,for the sake cf; as, honoris
a poem, a verse. causa, u for the sake of doing one
Carmbn, Ini8 (neut. 3 decl). A honour" or " out of complimentV .
card to card wool with. Cautes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A cliff.

Carniv5rus, a, um (adj. from ca- Cautus, a, um (adj. from the su-
ro, carnis, and voro). Car- pine cautum of the verb caveo).
nivorous, fecding on flesh. Cautious.
Carnobus, a, um (adj. from caro). Caveo, ere, cavi, cautum (a. v.
Fleshy, abounding in flesh, cor- 2 conj.). To beware of, to avoid.
pulcnt, gross. Cedo, bre, cessi, cbssUm (a. v. 3
Caro, carnis (fem. 3 decl.). Flesh. conj ). To yield, to give up, to
Carolus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). retire from.
Charles. Carolus Magnus, Cedo (defective verb). Tell or
CharUmagne. give me. Second person plural
Carptim (adv. from carpo). In cedite, contracted cette.
detachcd portions. Cedrus i (fem. 2 decl.). Tht ct-
Carthago, gInis (prop. n. fem. 3 dar-tree.
decl.). Carthage. • Celeber, bris, brb (adj.). Cele
Carus, a, um (adj.). Dear }
be- famous.
brated,
loved. Celebro, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Ca8sisÎdi8 (fem. 3 decl.). A hel- conj.). To celebrate.
met. Celer, eris, erb (adj.). Swift,
Cassis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A hunt- fleet, quick.
er's net, a net. Celeritas, ati8 (fem. 3 decl. from
Cassius, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl ). the verb celero, and this from
Cassius. celer). Swiftnessy quickncss,
Castigo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 speed, celerity.
cotij.). To chastise, topunish. Celeritbr (adv. from celer).
Castor, ori8 (masc. 3 decl.). The Quickly, speedily, rapidly. 'Com-
—
bcavcr. -Also a proper name. parative celerius, positive cel-
Casus, us (masc. 4 decl. from ca- errimr. Quam celerrlme, as
do, supine casum). 1. A fall, a quickly as possiblc.
faUing. 2. Chance, accident, Celbus, a, um (adj ). L*fty4 talL
firtune. hifrh.
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CET CIT
Celtje, arum (raasc. 1 decl;). The Cmalybs, ybis (masc. 3 decl.).
Cetta, a people of Gaul. Slccl, hardened iron.
CbNSEO, ERB, CEN8UI, CENSUM Or Charta, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Paper.
censitum (neut. v. 2 conj.). To Charta Pergamena, parchment.
think, to be of opinion, to sup- Charta vitulina, vellum. Charta
pose, to imagine. bibula, blotiing-paper.
Censor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A Chele, es, in the singular, and
censor, the title of a Roman ma- chelje, arum, in the plural (fem.
gistracy. 1 decl.). A
claw of a crab or
Centeni, m, a (distrib. numeral other shellfish, a claw or arm oi
adj. from centum). A hundred a scorpion. '
each, a hundred. Cherronesus or Chersonesus, i
Cbntbsimus, a, um (numeral adj. fem. 2 decL). A Chersonese, a

from centum). The hundredth. peninsula.
Centum (numeral adj. indeclina- Christus, i (prop. n. 2decl. masc.)
ble). A
hundred. Ckrist, our Saviour.
Ceos, i (fem. 2 decl.). Ceos, the Christianus, a, um (adj.). Chris
name of an island in the Êgean, tian.
now Zea. Chrystallu8, vid. Crystallus.
Cera, m (fem. 1 decl.). Wax. Cibus, (masc. 2 decl.).
i Food,
Cerasum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A sustenance.
cherry. Cicada, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A cica-
Cerasus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A da, an insect that in the summer
cherry-tree. months sits on trees, and makes
Cerebrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The a shrill noise. Incorrectly trans-
brain. lated a grasshopper.
Ceremonu, or C^remonia, m Cicatrix, tricis (fem. 3 decl.).
(fem. 1 dccl.). A ceremony. A scar.
Ceres, eris (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.). Ciconia, M
(fem. 1 decl ). A siork.
Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. Cicur, uri8 (adj.). Tame.
Cerevisia or CsRvisiA,iE (fem. 1. Cimex, Ici8 (masc. 3 decl.). A bug.
decl.). Beer, ale. Cimon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.).
Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum (a. v. Cimon, a celebrated Athenian.
3 conj.). To see y to see clearly, Cini8, eris (masc. and fem. 3
to hehold, to discern. decl.). Ashes, embers, cinders.
Certamen, Tnis (neut. 3 decl. from Circa (prep. with accusative).
certo, are). A contcst. Around, about.
Certus, a, um (adj.). Certain, Circiter (adv.). About.
sure. Certior factus, being in- ClRCUMAGO, A6ERE, EGI, ACTUM
formcd. Facere aliquem certi- (a. v. 3 conj. from circum and
orem, to inform one. ago). To drive around, to turn
Cervical, alis (neut. 3 decl. from around, to lead around.
cervix). A pillow. Cis (prep. with accusative). On
Cervus, i (ma8c. 2 decl). A stag. this side.
Cespes, vid. C^;spe8. Citer (adj.). On this side, nearer.
Cesso, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 It is nearly obsolete. Compara»
conj.). To ceasc, give over x to tive citerior, superlative cM-
leave off, to intermit. MUS.
Ceterus or Cêterus, a, um, more ClTjRIpR, vifl. Citer.
commonly Ceteri, m, a, in the Citimus, nearest, vid. Citer.
plural number (adj.). The rest. Cxto (adv. from crrus). Quukly,
Cette, contracted for cedite, from soon, shortly.
the defective verb c|nq, which Citra (P' e P« with accusative). On
•90. this side. Compare cis.
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CGEN COL
CItcs, a, um (ycrbal adj. firom cieo, CCENO, ARE, AVl, ATUM (a. V. I
ciere, civi, citum). Quick. conj.). To sup to sup upon. It
t
Civilis, is, e (adj. from civis). sometimes appears as a mere in-

Of or bclonging to a cxtxzen, civil. transitive verb.
Civis, is (inasc. and fcm. 3 decl.). Coeo, coiRB, coivi, coitum (irreg.
A citizcn. neut. v. 4 conj. from con and
CiviTAS, atis (fem. 3 decl. from eo). To go or come together, to
civis). A statc, a community, asscmblej to collect, to resort.
a ctty. Ccepi (preteritive verb, from the old
Clam (prep. with the ablative ; oc- present ccepio). / begin, I have
casionally with the accusative in begun, I began.
earlierwriters). WithoxU thc COERCEO, ERB, ERCUl, ERCITUM (a.
knowledge of privately, secrctly. v. 2 conj. from con and arceo).
Clamor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from To restrain, to confine, to coercc,
clamo, are). A clamour, loud to bridle, to check.
noxse, loud cry, shout. Cogitatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from
Clarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Clear, cogito). Rcjlection, thinking,
bright, shining. 2. IUustrious, dcliberation, considering.
rcnowncd, famcd. Cogito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Claudo, erb, clausi, clausum (a. conj.). To revolve in mind, to

v. 3 conj ). To shut, to close. think, to pondcr, to meditate.
Claudus, a, um (adj.). Lame, Cognatus, a, um (verbal adj.). Rc-
halting, limping. lated, akin, closely allied, kindred.
Clavis, is (fcm. 3 decl.). A kcy. Cognatus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
Clemens, entis (adj.). Placid, relation. When
opposed to ag-
mild, clemcnt, merciful. natus, it denotes a relation on
Clotho, us (fem. 3 decl.). Clo~ the mother'8 side.
tho, one of the fates. Cognitio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from
Clytemnestra, m (prop. n. 1 decl. the supine or participle of cog-
fem). Clytemnestra, the wife nosco). Knowledge, acquaint-
of Agamemnon, who slew her ance wiih, skill in.
husband. COGNOSCO, NOSCERE, NOVI, NITUM
Cneius, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). (a. v. 3 conj. from con and nos-
Cncius. co). To know, to be acquaintcd
Cochlea, m (fem. 1 decl.). A icith.
snail. COGO, COGBRE, COEGI, COACTUM (a.
Cochlear, aris, and Cochleare, v. 3 conj. from con and ago, the
is (neut. 3 decl.). 1. A snail. old form being coago, contract-
2. A scrcw. 3. A small spoon. ed into c5go). To compel, to
4. A
measure of liquids. drive.
Coctus, a, um (verbal adj. from Cohors, ortis (fem. 3 decl.). 1
coquo). Cooked, dressed, roast- A pen, a coop, a small enclosure
ed, boilcd, baked. for sheep, poultry, &c. 2. A co-
Codrus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). hort, a band of soldiers consisting
Codrus. of three maniples or six centuries,
Ccelestis, is, e (adj. from cgelum). and forming the tenth part of a
Heavenly, of or belonging to legion ; usually between 600 and
heaven. 700 men.
Ccelum, i 2 decl. in plural
(neut. COHORTOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V.
cceli, orum, misc). Ileaven. 1 conj. from con and hortor).
Cêna, je (fem. 1 decl ). A sup- To exhort, to encourage.
per, the prin^.ipal rreAl of the Colchicum, i (neut. 2 decl.). CoU
Romans, V gort of late dinner, an chicum or meadow-saffron, a rem-
cntertainntent. edv for the gout.
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COM COM
Collatinus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Commendo, are, avi, atum (a. v.
Collatinics. from con and mando). L To
CoLLAUDO, ARE, AVI, A.TUM (a. V. 1 commit to any one's charge, to
conj. from con and laudo). To consign to one's care. 2. To
praise with others, to extol, to CQmmend, to recommcnd.
commcnd. CoMMINUO, UERE, UI, UTUM (a. V.
Colligo, igere, egi. ectum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and minuo).
3 conj. from con and lego). To 1. To crush or break to small pie~
gather togethcr, tmcollcct. ces. 2. To diminish, to impair.
Collis, is (masc^jpcl.). A hill. COMMITTO, MITTERE, MISI, MISSUM
Colloco, are,JuBtum <a. v. 1 (a. v. 3 conj. from con and mit-
conj. from jantl loco). To to). 1. To join together, to
l& arrange, to unite. 2. To commit, to give, to
impart, to intrust, to commend.
i. 2 decl. from Commitere pralium, to join bat-
conversation, a tle.
a discourse. Commodum (adv.). 1. Convenient-

TOR, LOQUI, LOCUTU8 SUM ly, in good season. 2. Just, at
3 conj. from con and
v. the very moment.
loquor). To spcak together, to Commodus, a, um (adj.). Conve-
converse, to confer. nient, apt,fit, suitable.
Collum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The Commotus (verbal adj. from com-
neck. moveo). In agitation, agitated,
Colo, colere, colui, cultum (a. moved, in motion, stirred.
v. 3 conj.). To exercise, to prac- COMMOVEO, MOVERE, MOVI, MOTUM
tise, to study, to cultivate, to la- (a. v. 2 conj. from con and mo-
bour upon, worship.
to veo). To move together, to move
Colonia, 2E (fem. 1 decl.). A violently, to move, to arouse, to
colony. shake, to agitate.
Colonus, i (masc. 2 from decl. Communis, is, e (adj.). Common,
colo). A husbandman, farmer, the same, general, public.
rustic, cuttivator. COMPARO, ARE, AVJ, ATUM (a. V. 1
Color, 5ris (masc. 3 decl.). A conj. from con and paro). 1.
colour, complexion, hue. To procure, to get, to prcpare, to
Columba, m (fem. 1 decl.). A furnish. 2. To compare, to li-
dove. ken. 3. To order, to arrange, to
Coma, jsl (fem. 1 decl.). The hair constitute, to establish.
of the head, particularly when COMPLURES, URA
and URIA
ES,
long, flowing, or dressed. (adj. from con and
plures).
Combustus, a, um (part. from com- Very many, a great many, a
buro). Burned, burned up. considerable number.
COMEDO, EDERE, EDI, ESUM (a. V. COMPONO, PONERE, POSUI, POSITUM
3 conj. from con and edo). To (a. v. 3 conj. from con and po-
eat, to eat up. no). To put or place together,
Comedo, onis (masc. 3 decl. from to place in order, to arrange, to
comedo). A prodigal, a spend- digest. 2. To put an end to, to
thnft. compose. 3. To draio up, to
Comes, itis (masc. and fem.). A write, to compose.
companion, associate, attendant. Compos, 6ti8 (mascand fem.). 1.
Cometes, je (masc. 1 decl.). A That hath obtained his purpose
comet. or desire. 2. Master of having
C6mitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from in one's power. Compos mentis,
comis). Courtesy, comity, affa- %n a sane state, i. e., maslcr of
bility, mildness, kindness. one's mind
25* 293
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CON CON
Compretikndo, bndere, endi, entum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To hide,
bcm (a. v. 3 conj. from con and to lay or treasure up, to conceaL
FREHBNDO). To SCXZC, to g rasp, 2. To found, to construct, to
to take or lay hold of, to catch, to make, to build.
apprehend. Condono, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
CoMTRIMO, PRIMKRK, PRKSSI, PRES- conj. from con and dono). 1.
sum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and To give freely, to grant, to givt
pRtMo). To press, to press or away, to bestow. 2. To pardon,
squeeze together, to hold together. to forgive, to remtt.
Compulsus, a,uh (verbal adj. from Conpabulor, ari, atus sum (dep.
compello). Dnven, competled, v. 1 conj. from con and fabu-
forced, rcstrained. lor). To tallîogether, to con-

ConItus, us (masc. 4 decl. from verse, to discourse, to chat.
conor). An attempt, endeavour, CONFERO, CjjNJfERRK, CONTULI,
effort, exertion. collatum (a. .V. irreg. from con
CoNClLIO, ARE, IVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 and pbro). 1. To bring together,
conj ). To conciliate, to procure, to collect, to lay together. 2. To
.
to gain over, to reconcile. contribute. 3. To confer, to con-

ConcilIum, i (neut. 2 decl.). An sult. 4. To betakt one*s self to
asstmbly, meeting, councxl. anything (with the pronoun se).
Concio, oNis (fem. 3 decl.). 1* A 6. To compare, to bring intocom-
meeting or assembly of people panson.

collected together to hear an or- C0NFE8SU8, a, um (part. from con-
ation. 2. An oration, harangue, fiteor). Having confessed or
public speech. axknowledged. 2. (Verbal adj.).
Conclave, 18 (neat. 3 decl. from Manifest, apparent, confesscd,
con and clavis, " a key"). 1. undoubted, evident.
An apartment undcr lock and key. Confestim (adv.). Immediaicly,
An apartment, room, chamber,
2. forthwith.
&c., generally. Conficio, picerb, fbci, fbctum
Concordia, je (fem. 1 decl. from (a. v. 3 conj. from con and fa-
con and cor, " the heart"). Con- cio). 1. To make, to tfftct, to
cord, harmony, union. accomplish. 2. To makt away

Concupisco, kre (a. v. 3 conj. in- with, to destroy.
ceptive form, from con and cu- Confitbor, fitebi, fessus sum
pio). To desire greatly, to dc~ (dep. v. 2 conj. from con and
sire, to long for. fateor). To confess, to ac-
Condimentum, i 2 decl. from
(neut. knowledge, own. to
condio). A seasoning, a condi- Conflagratio, 6ni8 (fem. 3 decl.
ment, anything used for season- from con and flaoro, "to
ing or pickling. burn"). A buming, a confla-
CondIo, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 gration.
conj.). 1. To season, to salt, to CONFLIGO, FLIGBBB, FUZI, FLIC-
pickle. 2. To embalm. tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and
Conditio, onis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. fligo, "to dash"). 1. To dash
A condition, stipulation. 2. A together, to strtke or dash one

situation, state, nature, quality. thing against anothtr. 2. To
Conditor, oris (masc. 3 from
decl. engage or come into collision.
condo). A founder, builder, au~ Congelatus, a, um (verbal adj.
thor, maker, contriver. from congelo). Froztn, em-
Conditor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from gealed.
condio). 1. A
seasoner. 2. An Congelo, are, avi, atdm (a. v 1
embalmer. conj. from con and gelu). To
Condo, condere, condidi, condi- freezt, to congeal.
^ 294
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•
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CON CON
Conjuratio, onis (fem. 3 decl. Consobtium, 1 (neut. 2 decl. from
from con end juro). A con- con and sobs). Fellowship, in
spiracy. tercourse, partnership, communi
Conjuratus, a, uh (part. from ty, society.
conjuro). Having conspired, Conspectus, a, um (part. from
combined, or leagued* together. conspicio). Beheld, looked at,
CoNJURO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. gazed upon.
1 conj. from con and juro). 1. Conspectus, us (masc. 4 decl.
To swedr together. 2. To com- from conspicio). A sight, a
bine, to conspire. view.
Conjux, ugis (masc. and fem. 3 CONSPICIO, 8PICEBE, SPEXI, SPEC-
decl. from con and jungo). A tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and
.husband, a wife, a spouse, a con- specio). To behold, to see, to
sort. look at or towards.
Conon, onis (prop. n. masc. 3 C0N8TANS, antis (verbal adj. from
decl.). Conon, a distinguished consto). 1. Standing together.
Athenian. 2. Firm, determined, consistent,
CONOR, ARI, ATU8 SUM (dep. V. 1 fixed, constant, &c.
conj.). To endeavour, to strive, Constanteb (adv. from constans).
to attempt, to try. Firmly, steadily, constantly, con-
C0N8EQUOR, SEQUI, 8ECUTU8 SUM sistently, uniformly.
(dep. v. 3 conj. from con and Constantia, m
(fem. 1 decl. from
sequor). 1. To follow after, to CON8TAN8). Steadiness, firrn-
go after. 2. To overtake, to ness, uniformity of conduct.
reach, to accomplish. 3. Topro- Constantinopolis, is (fem. 3
cure, to obtain, to get possession dccl.). Constantinople.
CONSTITUO, UERE, UI, UTUM (a. V.
CONSERVATRIX, TRICI8 (fem. 3 3 conj. from con and statuo).
decl. from conservo). She thal 1. To set up, to place, to erect.
preserves, a preserver. 2. To determine, to resolve, to de-
CONBBRVO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 liberate. 3. To appoint, to con-
conj. from con and sebvo). To stitute.
preserve, to defend, to take care of. Consuetudo, inis (fem. 3 decl.
ConsTdeo, ebe, sedi, sessum from CON8UETU8). Habit, cus-
(neut. v. 2 conj. from con and tom, usage, use.
sedeo). 1. To sit together or Consul, ulis (masc 3 decl ). A
alcng with another. 2. To set- consul, a title of ^ffice for the
tle down. two chief Roman magistrates.
Con8ido, ebe, sedi (less frequently Consulatus, us (masc. 4 decl.
8idi), sessum (neut. v. 3 conj. from consul). The consulship,
from con and sido, " to settle"). the office of consul.
To sit down along with another, CONSULO, 8ULERE, 8ULUI, 8ULTUM
to be tn the act of taking one's (a. v. 3 conj.). To consult, to
seat. deliberate. Consulo te, / con-
Consilium, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. sult you, I ask your advicc.
Counsel, dclibcration. 2. de- A Consulo tibi, I consult for you.
sign, plan, intention, purpose, Consulo in te, JT consult against
&c. you, Itakemeasuresagainstyou.
Consimilis, is, e (adj. from con CONSUMO, SUMEBE, 8UMPSI, 8UMP-
and similis). Very like, like, tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and
similar. sumo). To consume, to cxpend,
CONSOLOB, ABI, ATUS 8UM (dep. V. to waste, to destroy.
1 conj.). Toconsole, to comfort, CONTBMNO, TEMNERB, TEMPSI,
to solace. temptum (a. v.3 conj. from con
295
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COQ CRA
anri temno). To eoniemn, to dt- (a. v. 3 conj.). To cook, to boiU
spise y io undervalucy to slight. to roasty to bake % &c.
CONTKMPLOB, ill, ATU8 8UM (dep. Coquus and Cocus, 1 (maac. %
t. 1 conj.)- To contemplate, to decl.). A cook.
bcho!d f to gazc upon. Cor, cordis (neut. 3 decl.) Tht
Contbmptob and Contbmtoi, obis hearL
(masc. 3 decl. from contemno). Coram (prep. with the ablative).
A dcsptscr, a contemner. Before, tn the presence of.
Contemptus, ub (maBC. 4 decl. Corinthus. 1 (prop. n. fem. 2
U jm contbmno). Contempt f de- decl.). Corinthy a celebrated
lision, dtsdain. commercial city of Greece.
CoNTBNTUS, A, UM (p&lt flt)m CON- Corneus, a, um (adj. from cornu).
tbndo). Straincd, drawn tight, Of 01 like horny hard as horn,
strctchcd. horny, made of horn.
Contbntus, a, um (verbal adj. from Cornioer, bra, erum (adj. from
contbndo). Contcnty salisfitd, cornu and oero). Wearing or
iccll-plcascd. bearing horns, horned.
CONTINOO, TINOEBB, tTgI, TACTUM Cornix, icis (fem. 3 decL). A
(a. t. 3 conj. frora con and tan- crow.
00). 1. To touch.2. To hit, Cornu (neut. 4 decl. indeclinable
to rcach. 3. To happen (and is in the singular). A horn.
then used impersonally). Corona, m (fem. 1 decl.). A
Contra (prep. with accusative). crowny a chaplet.
Against, contrary to, in opposi- Corpus, oris (neut 3 decL). A
tion to. body the human frame.
t
CONTRAHO, TRAHERB, TRAXI, TBAC- Corrector, oris (masc. 3 decl.

tum (a. v. 3 conj. from con and from corrioo). A
correctory an
traho). 1. To draw together y
amender.
to asscmblCy to uniie together y to CORRIOO, RIOERE, REXI, RECTUM
collect. 2. To contracty to draw (a. v. from con and rbgo). To
intoa smaller compass. correcty to amend.
Controvbbsia, (fem. m 1 decl.). Corsica, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
A controversyy debaiCy dispute. Corsica.
CONVBBTO, VRRTERE, VERTI, VER- Cortex, icis (masc. sometimes
8UM (a. v. 3 conj. from con and fem. 3 decl.). Barky rtndycork.
veito). 1. To tum abouty to Corvus, 1 (masc. 2 decL). rar A
turn. 2. To converty to change. ven.
CONVINCO, VINCERE, VICI, VICTUM Cos, o (fem. % decl.). Cos, one
(a. v. 3 conj. from con and vin- of the Greciati iajands, lying off
co). To convincey to convicty the southwesternr coast of Caria*
to manifcst clcarlyy to show Cos, cotis (fem. 3 aecL). whct- A
plainly. stonty a hone.
Conviva, M
(masc. and fem. 1 decl. Costa, m
(fem. 1 decL). rib. A
from con and vivo). A guesty Cotta, m
(prop. n. masc. 1 decL).
a companion at a fcast. Cotia.
ConvMum, 1 (neut. 2 decl. from Coturnix, icis (fem. 3 decL). A
conviva). A fcasty a banquct. quail.
Copia, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Plenty t Crambe, E8 (fem. 1 decl. Greek
abundance. In the plural,/orce*, noun). Cabbage colewort. t
troopsy a meaning which it some- Cranium, 1 (neut. 2 decL). The

times has in the singular also. 8CV.ll.
Copiose (adv. from copIa). Abun- Crab (adv.) To-monow.

dantly f copiously, richly. Crassus, i (jprop. n. masc. 2 decLi
CdQUO, COQUERE, COXI, COCTUM Crassus.
Digitized by Google
CRU CUL
Crassus, a, um (adj.)- Thick, Crus, cruri8 (neut. 3 decl.). Ths
coarse. leg, from the knee to the ankle.
Crastinus, a, um (adj. from cras). Crux, crucis (fem. 3 decl.). A
Of ox belonging to io-morrow, to- Icross.
J
morrow 8. Crystallum, i (neut.), and Crys-
Crrator, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A tallus, i (fem. and masc. 2
creator, a maker. decl.). Crystal.
Creber, crebra, crebrum (adj.). Cubiculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from
Frequent, repeated, thick, close. cubo). A bedchamber.
Crebro (adv. from creber). Fre- Cubile, 18 (neut. 3 decl. from cu-
quently, often. bo). A couch.
Credo, credere, credidi, credi- Cubitus, i (masc. 2 decl. from
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To credit, cubo). 1. The arm below the
to believe, to trust, to conjide. elbow. 2. The elbow. 3. A
Credulus, a, um (adj. from credo). cubit.
Credulous, casy of belief simple. Cubitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
Cremo, arr, atum (a. v.
avi, 1 cubo). A lying down.
conj.). To bum, to reduce to CUBO, CUBARE, CUBUf, CUBITUM
ashes, to burn up. (neut. 1 conj.). To lie down.
Creo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 Cubus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A cube.
conj.). To create, to make. Cucumis, eri8 (masc. 3 decl.). A
Crepida, m (fem. 1 decl.). A cucumber.
a sandal.
slipper, Cujas, ati8 (adj. pron.from quis).
Crepusculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Of what country, belonging to
Twilight. whom.
Cresco, crrscere, crevi, cretum Cujus, a, um (adj. pron. from quis).
(neut. v. 3 conj.). To increase, Ofwhom, whose.
to grow. Culeus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
Creta, je (fem. 1 decl.). Chalk. leathern sack or bag.
Creta, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). Culina, jr (fem. 1 decl.). A
Cretey a Grecian island. kitchen.
Crimen, inis (neut. 3 decl). 1. Culmen, inis (neut. 3 decl ). 1
A charge, an accusation. 2. A The thatched roof of a hpuse. 2.
crime.
Crini8, is (masc. 3 decr).
^ ^The
The top of a house, the summit
of a building. 3. The top or
hair of the head. summit of anything.
Crocodilus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A Culpa, m (fem. 1 decl.). A fault,
crocodile. failure, blame, guilt.
Crcesus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). CULPO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
Crxsus, an ancient king of Lydia, conj. from culpa). To blamc,

famed for his riches. find fault with, to censure, to re~
Crucio, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 prove.
conj. from crux). To torture, Culter, tri (masc. 2 decl.). 1.
to tormenty to rack, to agonize, to A knife. 2. The coulter of a
distress greatly. plough.
Crudelis,iIs, e (adj.). Cruel. Cultor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from
Crudus, a, um (adj.). 1. Crude f colo). A
cultivator, tiller, hus-
rawy fresh, undigested. 2. Un- bandman, farmer.
ripe, immature sour. y Cultura, jb (fem. 1 decl. from
Cruentus, a, um (adj. from cru- colo). Cultivation, culrure, /t/-
or). Bloody, stained with

1. lage, husbandry.
blood. 2. Cruel. Cultus, a, um (part. from colo).
Cruor, 6Ri8(masc.3decl.). Blood CulHvated, tilled.
from a wound, gore. Cultus, us (masc. 4 decl. from

297
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OUR DAM
cui.o). 1. CuUwation, cullure, beetle that eats the pith of grain,
t}'itt,g. 2 A mannrr of livmg. called by some a corn-worrn.
1. Drcss, clothing. 4. Worsktp, CURO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
<j<l><! anon, honour, scrvtcc, obscr- conj.). To take care of, to look
ranrr, rcspcct. to, to order, to arrange, to at-
Cu* (prep. with ablative). Wtth, tend to.
togcther wtih, along xnth. CURRO, CURRRRE, CUCURRI, CUR-

Cum Whcn, when-
(adv. of time). sum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To run.
cvcr. Whcn cum and fum fol- Currus, us (raasc. 4 decl. from
low each other in the same sen- curro). A chariot, car, vehiclc,
tcnrc, the be rcndered
first is to wagon.
1'
" both^ and the sccond ânrf. Cursus, U6 (masc. 4 decl. from
Cum &ince, inasmuch as,
(conj.). curro). 1. A running, the act
whcn, whcncver. of running. 2. A course, a way,

Uumckus, t (masc. 2 decl.). ^4 a journey.
A^//}, a pile. Curtius, u (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
Cu nctator, oris (masc. 3 decl. Curtius.
from cunctor). A dtlaycr, a Curvatus, a,um (verbal adj. from
litipcrcr, a prolongcr of time. curvo). Bmt, bowed, curved,
A surnamc givcn to Quintus Fa- madc crookcd.
bius Maximus, who saved the CURVO, ARK, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
Roman state by delaying to come conj.). To curve, to crook, to

to a conflict with Hannibal. bow, to bend.
CuNCTOK, ARi, ATUS SUM (dep. V. Curvus, a, um (adj.). Crookcd,
] conj.). To
dclay, to lingcr, bowcd, bent, curved.
to hcsitatc, to be in doubt. Custooio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v 4
Clnctus, a, um (adj). All, all conj. from custos). To guard,
togcthcr, thc wholc. More com- to dcfend, to protcct, to preservc,
monly found in the plural. to watch.
Cupiditas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from Custos, 6di8 (masc. and fem. 3
cupidus). 1. Desire, cagerncss, decl ). A guard, a kcepcr, a
fondncss. 2. Dcsire aftcr gain, prescrver, a watch.
cupidity, covetousncss. Cvclops, opis (masc. 3 decl.). A
Cupido, inis (fem. sometimes Cyclops, a fabled bcing of gigan-
masc. 3 decl. from cupio). 1. tic stature, with only one eye,
Dcsirc, cagerncss, earncstncss. and that placcd in the centrc of

2. Will. 3. Cupidily. the forehead.
Cupido, inis (prop. n. 3 decl. Cyprus, i (fem. 2 decl.). cy- A
masc). Cupid, the son of Ve- prcss-tree.
nus, and god of love. Cyprus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. fem ).
Cupidus, a, um (adj. from cupio). Cyprus, a Grecian island, lying

Dcsirous, fond, cagcr, earnest. south of Cilicia, and west of
Cupio, ere, ivi and ii, itum (a. v. Syria. It was sacred to Venus.
3 conj ). To desirc, to wish Cyrus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
for, (o long for, to bc willing, to Cyrus, the well-known rmonarch

covct. of the ancient Persians.
Cur (adv ). Why 1 for what rea-
D.
son ? whercfore ? to what pur-
yosc ? wilh what intent 1 Damno, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Cura, je (fem. 1 decl.). Care, conj. from damnum). To con-

conccrn, anxiety, solicitude, sor- demn.
row, trouble, affliction, grief. Damnosus, a, um (adj. from dam-
Ccrculio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). num). Huriful, detrimentalf in-
A wecvil, a small hard-shelled juriou*.
298
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DEC DEL
Damnum, i2 decl.). Loss,
(neut. 1. Becoming, graceful, comely.
hurt, harm, damage, injury. 2. Decorous, honourable.
Danubius, i (proper n. 2 decl. Dbcuria, m
(fem. 1 decl. from
masc). The Danube. dbcem). 1. Ten of anything %
Darius, (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
i a decuria, a class of ten. 2. An
Darius, monarch of Pereia. order or class. 3. troop o?A
Datus, a, um (part. from do). horse consisting of ten men.
Given. Datum, what is given, Dbcurro, currere, CURRr, CUR-
a thing given. sum (neut. v. 3 conj. from db ana
De (prep. with ablative). 0/,/rum, curro)i To run down or along.
concerning, &c. Decus, ori8 (neut. 3 decl.). Or-
Dea, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Agoddess. nament, grace, beauty, honour.
Debeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 conj.). Dbdionob, ari, atus sum (^dep. v.
To owe, to be in debt. Debet, 1 cpnj. from de and dignor).
hc ought. Debemus, we ought, Te zount unworthy, to disdain,
&c slight, to scorn, to spurn.
Debitor, oris (masc 3 decl. from Deditus, a, um (part. from dedo,
drbbo). debtor. A " to give up M ). 1 Given over,
.
Decas, adi8 (fem. 3 decl.). A de- given up, surrendercd. 2. De-

cade, the sum of ten, or number voted to.
containing ten. Depbndo, fbndbrb, fendi, pkn-
DeCEDO, CEDERE, CK8SI, CESSUM sum (a. v. 3 conj. from db and
(neut. v. 3 conj.from db and ce- fkndo, 44 to ward off "). To rc-
do). To depart, to go away, to pel, to ward off, to defend, to
withdraw, to retire. protect.
Decem (numeral adj. indeclinable). Dkpensio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from
Ten. defendo). A defcnding, a dc-
Dkckmber, bris (masc. 3 decl). fence.
December. The root is decem, Depbnsor, 5ris (masc. 3 decl.
this montb being the tenth from from dependo). A dcfender.
March, which was originaliy the Deficio, ficere, feci, fectum (a.
beginning of the Roman year. v. 3 conj from dk and facio).
Decennium, i (neut. 2 decl. from To fail, to be wanting, to be dc-
decem and annus). A period of fvcient.
ten years, a decade. Dkformitas, atis (fcm. 3 decl.
Decerno, cernerr, crevi, cre- from de and forma). Dcformity,
tum (a. v. 3 conj. frora db and ugliness.
cerno). 1. To think, to judge, Deoener, era, erum (adj. from
to conclude, to determine, to de- de and gbnus). Degenerate.
cree. Dego, degere, deqi (a. v. 3 conj.
Decido, cidere, cidi (neut. v. 3 from db and ago). To lead, to
conj. from db and cado). To pass. Degere vitam, to lead or
fall from, to fall down. pass one^slife.
Decido, cidkre, cidi, ci&um (a. v. Deindb (adv.). Then, after that,
3 conj. from de and cmho). To thereupon, next in order.
cut down, to cut off, to lop. Dejicio, jicbrk, jeci, jectum (a.
Decimus, a, um (numeral adj. from v. 3 from dk and jacio).
conj.
dkcem). The tenth. To throw down, to cast down.
Decimus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Delecto, ark, a-vi, atum (a. v. 1
Dccimus. conj.). To delight.
DecIpio, cipere, cepi, ceptum (a. Delbo, ebe, evi, etum (a. v. 6
v. 3 conj. from de and capio). conj.). 1. To blot out, to efface,
To deceive. to expunge. 2. To aboiish, to
Decorus, a, um (adj. from dbcor). d€*troy.
299
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DEN DET
DklTcatub, a, um (adj.). 1. Deli- Dentatus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
cate, daintVy luxurious y effemi- masc.). Dentatus, a distin-
nate. 2. Tender y delicate, soft. guished Roman leader. Full
Dbluia:, arum (singular seldom name Marcus Curius Dentatus.
used\ fem. 1 decl). Anything Dentatus, a, um (adj. from dens)
thai deltghts or amuses, delights, Having teeth.
pleasures. DxNuo(adv. from de novo). Atiew,
Deligo, lTgere, legi, lbctcm (a. afrcsh.
v. 3 conj. from de and leoo). Denus, vid. Deni.
To choose, to select. . Deorsum Downward, down.
(adv.).
Delos, i (prop. n. fem. 2 decl.). Deporto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Delos y a well-known Grecian isl- conj. from de and porto). 1.
and, one of the Cyclades, in the To carry down. 2. To convey
-Egean Sea. Now Sdille. away to transfer from one place
y
Delphi, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 to another. 3. To banish to a

decl.). Dclphi, a celebrated city particular place.
of Phocis, on Mount Parnassus, Derideo, ridere, risi, rIsum (a.
where Apollo had a temple and v. 2 conj. from db and bideo).
famous oracle. To laugh at to deride 9 to laugh
f
Delphinus, i (2 decl), and Del- to scorn.

phin, ini8 (3 dccl. both masc.). Describo, rcribere, 8CRIPSI,
A dolphin. scriptum (a. v. 3 conj. from db
DemERGO, MERGERE, MERSl, MER- and scribo). To write down y to
sum (a. v. 3 conj. from de and dcscribe, to transcribe t to copy.
mergo). To sink t to plunge into DE8ER0, SERBRE, SERUI, 8ERTUM
the watery to drown, to hury he- (a. v. 3 conj. from de and sero,
neath the waves. 8ERUI, " to place"). To abandon,
DEMO, DEMERE, DEM8I, DBMTUM (a. to leave, to forsake y to desert.
v. 3 conj. from de and emo, " to Desertum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A
take"). To take away, to take desert. Properly the neuter of
offy to withdraw, to remove. desertus.
Demonax, actis (prop. n. masc. 3 Desertus, a, um (verbal adj. from
decl.).Dembnax. desero). Abandonedy descrted,
Demosthenes, is (prop. n. 3 decl. forsaken.
masc). DemostheneSy the cele- Desiderium, i (neut. 2 decl. from
brated orator. desidbro). A longing fory a
Denarius, ii (masc. 2 decl. proper- desire, love, affeclion y regret.
ly an adjective, with nummus un- DeSINO, 8INERE, 8IVI, 8ITUM (neut.
derstood). A
denarius y a Ro- v. 3 conj. from db and sino).
man silver coin, equivalcnt, in . To cease y to leave offy to desist 9
our currency, to 15 cents, 4.74 to give over.
mills. The Iâtin term is derived Despero, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
from deni, because each denari- conj. from de and spero). To
us, at first, was worth ten ounces despair ofy to be without hope, to
of brass. dcspond.
Deni, jr, k (distributive numeral, DiSSPUO, 8PUERE, SPUI, SPUTUM (a.
from decem). Tcn each f ten v. 3 conj. from db and spuo). 1.
apieccy tcn hy ten. To spit down or upon. 2. To
Denique (adv.). Finally, to con- despise y to disdain, to reject with
cludcy in fine y at last y lastly. contcmpt.
Den-s, dentis (masc. 3 decl.). A Desum, deesse, defci (irreg. v.
toolh. from de and sum). To be wanl~
Densu8, a, um (adj.). Thick t set ing tofail.
y
close^ densey close. Detestor, ari, atus sum (dep. V.
Digitized by Google
DIF DIO
1 conj. from de and testob). 1. to pieces. 3. To spread abroad,
To call earnestly io witness. 2. to divulgey to proclaim.
To imprecate a curse upon, to DifficTle (adv. from difficilis).
devote to destruction. 3. To de- With difficulty.
test, to abominafe. Difficilis, is, b (adj. from dis and
Drus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A god, a facilis). 1. Difficult, hard. 2.
detty, a divinity. God. Hard morosey churlish.
to please,
Devasto, are, avi, atom (a. v. 1 Difficultas, ati8 (fem. 3 decl.
conj. from de and vasto). To from difficilis). Trouble, dif-
lay waste, to devastate, to ravage, ficulty.
to spoil. Difficulter (adv. from diffici-
Devastator, orib (masc. 3 decl. Lis). With difficulty.
from deva8to). A devastator. DlFFITEOR, FITERI, FESSUS 8UM
Devinco, vincere, vici, victum (dep. v. 2 conj. from dis and
(a. v. 3 conj. from de and vinco). fateor). To deny, to disavow 9
To conquer, to vanquish, to sub- to say to the contrary.
due y to reduce to complete subjec- Digitu8, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). firu A
tion. ger.
Devoco, are, ivi, atum (a. v. 1 Dignitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
conj. from de and voco). 1. To dionus). 1. Merity desert. 2.
call down> to fetch by calling. 2. Dignity eminence, rank.
y
To call, to invite. Pignus, a, um (adj.). Worthy f de-

Dexter, era, erum (adj.). 1. On serving. <
the right hand. Favourable, 2. DlLACERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1

propitious % prosperous, conj. from dis and lacero). To
Diana, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). tear in pieces, to dilacerale, dc-
Diana, the goddess of hunting, stroy, &c.
&c. DIlectus, a, cm (verbal adj. from
DlCO, DICERE, DIXT, DICTUM (a. V. diligo). Loved, beloved.
3 conj .
). To speaky to say, to tell. Dilectus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
Dico, are, avi, atum (a. v. I conj.). diligo). 1 . A choosingy an elect-
To dedicatCy to consccrate f to de~ ing. 2. A
levy of soldiers.
vote, to set apart, to consign to a Diligkns, entis (verbal adj. from
particular purpose, to vow. diligo). Diligentyfond of excr-
Dictator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from tion, observant, attentive.
dicto). A
dictator, a Roman DiLiGENTER (adv. from diligens).
magistrate chosen only on extra- Diligently.
ordinary occasions, and vested, Diligentia, jb (fem. I decl. from
for the time being, with absolute diligens). Diligence y careful-
power. He was selected by one nessy attentiony industry.
of the consuls. DiLioo, ligere, lbxi, lectum (a.
DlCTO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj. v. 3 conj. from dis and lego).
frequentative from dico). To To lovey to esteem highly.
dictate, to comilmnd, to prescribe, Dimico, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
to order. conj. from dis and mico). To
Dibs, ei (masc. an* fem. but, in fighty to encounlery to contend.
thc plural, masc/only, 5 decl.). DlMITTO, MITTERE, Misi, MISSUM
1. A day. 2. The lightof day. (a. v. 3 from dis and mitto).
conj.
3. Time, length of time. I . To senddifferent ways. . 2.
DlFFERO, DIFFERRE, DI8TULI, DILA- To send away, to dismisSy to de-
tcm (irreg. a. v. from dis and spatchy to send off.
fero). 1. To carry hither and Diogenes, is (prop. n. 3 decl.
thither, to carry up and down. masc). DiogeneSy the famous
2. To scattert to disperse, to tear Cynic philosopher.
26 301
Digitized by Google
DIS DIU
Dionybius, i (prop. n. 2 decL). I. coe). Discordant, jarring, dis-
Dtonysius. 2. Bacehus agreeing, differing, at variance.
DidNYsius, A| um (adj.). 0/ or Discbimbn, Inis (neut. 3 decl. from
belonging lo Bacchus. dis and cbbno). 1. division, A
Dionysus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. maac). a separation. 2. A
difference, a
Bacchus. distinction. 3. Danger, hazard,
DlEIMO, BIMKRE, EBMI, EIMTUM risk.
(a. t. 8 conj. from dis and emo, Dispae, aeis (adj from dis and
••
to take"). 1. To part, to dt~ .
pae). Unlike, unequal, dissim-
vide, to separate. 2. To put off, ilar, different.
to delay. 8. To decide, to deter- DlSPUTO, ABB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
iiMtie. conj. from dis and puto). To
DlEUO, EUERE, EUI, EUTUM (a. T. debate, to argue t to dispute, to
3 conj. from dis and euo). To dtscuss, to discourse, to treat
pull down, to overthrow, to de- of.
molish, to destroy. Dissensio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from
Disus, a, um (adj.). 1. Dtr«, ill- Di8 and 8BNTio). disagree- A
omened, drcadful. 2. Savage, mentj difference of opinion, dis-
cruel, fierce. sension, variance.
Dieutus, a, um
(verbal adj. from Dissidium, i (neut. 2 decl. froin
dieuo). Pulled down, dcstroyed, dissideo). Dissension, dtscord,
overthrown. disagrccment.
Dis (inseparable prep. denoting di- Di88imilis, is, e (adj. from dis and
vision, scparatton, dispersion, - similis). Unlike, different, dis-
scattering or acting in different similar.
directione). DlSSOLVO, 80LVEEE, SOLVI, SOLU-
Dis, ditis (sdj.). Rich, wealthy, tum (a. v. 3 conj. from dis and
opulcnt. Another form is ditis, 80lvo). To dissolve, to looscn,
is, e,which sce. to untie, to disunite.
DlBCBDO, CEDERE, CESSI, CESSUM Disto, aeb (neut. v. 1 conj. from
(neut. v. 3 conj. from dis and dis and sto). 1. Tobe distant,
cedo). 1. To part, to open. to be apart from. 2. To differ
2. To depart, to retire t to go from.
away. Ditioe (adj. comparative of ditis)
Di8CES8Us, us (masc. 4 decl. from Richer.
DI8CEDO). A dcparting, a going Ditis, 18, e (adj. from dis). Rich,
away. wealthy, opulent.
Disciplina, m
(fem. 1 decl. from DiTissiMus (adj. superlative of di-
discipulu8). 1. Discipline, in- Tis). Richest, very rich.
struction, learning, educatiov.. Diu (adv.). Long,for a long time.
2. Sciencc, skill, an art or pro- Comparative diutius, superlative
fession. 3. A
seci or school of diutissime.
philosophy. 4. Military disci- Dium, i (neut. 2 decl.). The open
pline. air, the sky.
DiscYpulus, i (masc. 2 decl. from Dlus, a, um (adj.). Divine. From
disco). A pupil, a scholar t
dis- this, with the digamma inserted,
ciple, learner. comes Divus, a, um, same mean-
Disco, discbre, didici (a. v. 3 ing.
conj ). To learn, to acquire the Diutius (adv. conrparative of diu).
hnowledge of a thing. Longer, for a longer time.
Discordia, je (fem. 1 decl. from Diuti88imb (adv. superlative of
mscoRs). Discord, disscnsion, diu). A very long time, for a
disagreement, variance. very long tirne.
Discors, coedis (adj. from dis and Diutubnus, a, um (adj. froni diu)
302
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DOL DUB
Long of long
}
durcUion or con- vicc, a an artifice, a strata
trick,
tmuance. gem, a piece of treachery.
Diva, m (fem. 1 decl). A god- Dome8ticus, a, um (adj. from do-
dess. mus). Domestic, familiar, prt-
Diversus, a, um
from dis and
(adj. vate.
verto). 1 Turned another way,
. Domicilium, 1 (neut. 2 decl. from
turned different ways. 2. Dif- . domus and colo). A house, hab-
ferent. 3. Opposite, contrary. itation, abode, residence, dwcll-
Dive8, itis (adj.). Rich, wealthy, ing-place.
opulent. Instead of divitior and Dominatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
divitissimus, the more usual dominor). Rule, sway, regal
forms are ditior and ditissimus, authority, rcign.
from ditis. DOMINOR, ARI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 1
DlVIDO, VIDERE, VI8I, VI8UM (a. V. conj.from dominus). To rule,
3 conj. from dis and iduo). To to bear sway, to reign over.
divide, to part, to separate. Dominus, I (masc. 2 decl. from
DlVINO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 domo). 1. A master, a mastei
conj. from divinus). To divine, of a house, a master of slaves, a
to foresec, to predict. lord, a ruler. 2. The Lord.
Divinus, a, um (adj. froin divus). Domitianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
Divine, heavenly. masc). Domitian, an infamous
DivmJE, arum (fem. 1 decl. wants Roman emperor.
the singular, from dives). Rich- DOMO, DOMARE, DOMUI, DOMITUM
es, wealth.J a. v. 1 conj.). To subdue, to
Divus, (iflgsc. 2
i decl.). A god, overcome, to break or tame ani-
a deifia^mrson. mals.
DivusÂ adj .
) . Divine. D6mu8, us, and l (fem. 4th and 2d
sdi, datum (a. v. 1 decl.). A
house, homc, habita-
) give, to bestow, to tion, dwelling, place of abode.
Domus, the genitive of the 4th
Doceo, docere, docui, doctum (a. decl., u of a house ;
n but Domi,
v. 2 conj.). 1. To point out, to rhe genitive of the 2d decl., M «l
show. 2. To tcach, to instruct, home."
to inform. DONO, ABE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
DociLi8, 18, e (verbal adj. from conj.). To present, to bestvw,

doceo). Docile, teachable, apt to give libcrally.
to learn or to be taught. Donum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A gift,
DocTRiNA, m
(fem. 1 decl. from a present, a free gift.
doceo). 1. The art of teaching, Dormio, ire, ivi, iTUM (neut. v. 4
instruction. 2. Learning, eru- conj.). To sleep, to be asleep.
dition. Dormito, are, avi, atum (frequen-
Doctus, a, um (part. from doceo). tative neuter verb, from dormio,
Taught. 1 conj.). To nod, to sleep by
Doctus, a, um (verbal adj. from fits and starts, to slumber, to be
doceo). Leamed, skilled. drowsy.
Dolens, entis (part. from doleo). Dorsum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. The
Grieving, sorrowing, in pain. back, whether of man or beast.
DOLEO, DOLERE, DOLUI, DOLITUM 2. The ridge of a mountain.
(neut. v. 2 conj.). To grieve, Dos, doti8 (fem. 3 decl.). A tnar»
to be sad, to be in pain. riage porlion, a dowry, either in
Dolok, oRis (masc. 3 decl. from money or lands.
doleo). Grief, pain, distress, Drusus, i(prop. n. 2 decl. masc ).
sorrow, anguish. Drusus.

Dolus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A de- Dubitatio, oms (fein. 3 decl. fiora
303
Digitized by Google
DIJP EDI
DUBITO). A Duplico, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
ccrtainty, conj. from duplex). To make
DuBITO, ABB, ^VI, ATUM (neut. V. twicc as many or great, to
1 conj. from dubius). To bc in doublc.
doubt, to bc uncertain, to kesitatc, Duplo (proportional munera], from
to scruplc. duplus). Twicc as much. Du
Dubius, a, um (adj.). Doubtjul, plo major, twicc as large.
dubious, uncertatn, hcsitating, Duplus, a, um (proportional nu-
wavcring. meral). Twice as much. Used
D^ckni, a:, a (distributive numeral, chiefly in the neuter, duplum or
from ducbnti). Two hundrcd duplo, the latter being the abla-
cach. tive of measure.
Ducentesimus, a, um (numeral adj. Dubitia, m
(1 decl ), and Duri-
from ducbnti). Thc two hun- ties, bi (6 decl. both fem. from
drcdth. durus). Hardness, callousncss.
Ducbnti, m, a (numeral adj. from Duritibs, vid. Durjtia.
duo and centum). Twohundrcd. Durus, a, um (adj.). Hard, solid,
DuCO, DUCEBB, DUXI, DUCTUM (a. firm.
y. 3 conj.). 1. To draw, to lcad. Duumvir, viki (masc. 2 decl. from
2. To spcnd, to pass. 3. To duo and vir). A duumvir, the
estccm, to think, to consider, to title of a Roman magistracy.
rcgard, to dccm. Dux, Duci8 (masc. and iem. 3 decl.\
Dulcib, 18, b (adj.). Swect, plcas- A lcader, a guide, a condurtor, a
ant, delicious. gencral, a commandcr.
Dum (adv. of time). While, untU.
Dum (conj.). Provided that. E.
Dumm5do (conj.). Provided only, E, before a vowel Ex (prep. with
so that. Compounded of dum ablative). Out, out offrom, 6lc.
and modo, and sometimes separ- In composition it implies from,
ated by an intervening word. away, out of, and carries with it
Duo, je, o (numeral adj.). Two. the force of greaily, earnestly,
Duodecimus, a, um (numeral adj. negation, &c.
from duodecim). The twelfth. Eboracum (commonly, but less cor
Duodeni, m, a (distributive numer- rectly given with a long penult
al, from duodecim). Twche by prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). York.
twche, twehe each. Novum Eboracum, Ncw- York.
Duodequadragesimus (num. adj. Ebrius, a, um (adj ). Intoxicated,
firom duo, de, and quadragbsi- inebriated.
mus). Thirty-eighth. "Ebur, oris (neut. 3 decl.). Ivory.
DuodbtricesTmus, a, um (numeral Ecce (interj.). Lo! behold!
adj. from duo, de, and tricesi- Ecclesia, je (fem. 1 decJ.). A
mus). The twenty-eighth. church.
DuodetricTb8 (numeral adv. from Ecquis, ecquje, ecquod or ecquid
duo, de, and tbicies). Twcnty- (interrog. pron.). 1 Any 1 who t .
eight times. whatl 2. Whether? In this

Duodetriginta (numeral adj. from latter sense ecquid alone is oc-
duo, db, and triginta). Twenly- casionally employed. Sometimes
eight. in the nominative, ecqui and ec-
DuoDKviciBs (numeral adv. from qua are used for ecquis and ec
duo, de, and vicies). Eighteen qua. respectively.
times. "Edax, acis (adj. from edo). Vo-
Duplex, plicis (adj. from duo and racious, gluttonous, eating muck,
plica, "a fold"). Twice as ravenous, rapacious.
much, twofold, double. "Edictum, i (neut. 2 decl. froni
804
Digitized by Google
EFF EMI
kwco). An edict, proclamation y
from bx and fugio). To fiee or
ordinance, decree, escape from.
"Edisco, discere, dTdici (a. v. 3 Effundo, fundere, fudi, fusum
conj. frotn e and disco). To (a. v. 3 conj. from ex and fun-
learn thoroughly, to leam by do). To pour forth or out, to
heart. shed, to spill.
"Edo, ederb or esse, edi, esum Effutio, ire, ivi, itum (v. a. 4
(irreg. a. v. 3 conj.). To eat, to conj. from sx and fuvio). To
consume, to waste away, to prey prate, to speak foolishly, to babble.
upon, to corrode. ~Egens, entis (verbal adj. from
*Edo, ederb, edTdi, edTtum (a. v. egeo). Needy, in want.
3 conj.). To utter, to put forth, "Egenu8, a, um (adj. from egeo)
to publish, to declare, to show, to In want, needy, destitute.
tell, to relate, to make known. "Ego (personal pronoun). /.
"Edoceo, docere, docui, doctum "Egomet (personal pron. from ego
(a. v. 2 conj. from e and doceo). with tbe suffix met). Imyself.
To teach, to instruct carefully, "EgREDIOR, EGREDt, EGRE8SUS 8UM
to show. (dep. v. 3 conj. from e and gra-
"Educatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from dior). To go out or forth.
educo, are). 1. A bringing up, ~Egregiu8, a, um (adj. from e and
a nurturing, a rearing. 2. Ed- grex). I. Out of the common
ucation, instruction. herd. 2. Excellent, remarkable,

Educo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 eminent, surpassing.
conj. from e and duco). To ed~ ~Ehem (interj.). Hah ! ahah !
ucate, to bring vp, to instruct, to "Eheu (interj.). Ah ! alas !
form. a£ Ehodum (interj.). Hoa ! soho !
"EDUCO, JMCERE, DUXI, DUCTUM (a. Eia (interj.). On ! come !
v.3 ejB^frorn e and duco). To "Elegans, antis (adj.). Elegant.
drav^mfth, lo lcad forth. "Elegantek (adv. from elegans).
EFFEMfroTUs, a, um (verbal adj. Elegantly, choicely.
from effemino). Delicate, ef- 'Elegantia, je (fem. 1 decl. from
feminate. elegans). Elegance.
EfpemTno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 "Elephantus, i (masc. and fem. 2
conj. frora ei and femina). To decl.). An elephant.
make effeminate, to enervate. "Elephas, anti8 (raasc. 3 decl.).
Effero, efferre, extuli, ela- An elephant.
tum (irreg. a. v. 3 conj. from ex "Eliacus, a, um (adj.). Elian, of
and fero). 1. To bring forth, or bclonging to Elis, in Greece.
to carry forth or out. 2. To pro- "Eligo, ligere, legi, lectum (a.
duce, to yield. 3. To publish, to v. 3 conj. from e and lego). To
spread abroad. c.hoose, to select, to pick out.
Efficio, ficere, feci, fectum (a. "Eloquentia, m
(fem. 1 decl. from
v. 3 conj. from ex and facio). eloquor). Eloquence.
To effect, to accomplish, to bring "Emendo, are, av atum (a. v. 1
i
,
to pass, to fulfd. conj. from e and mendum, " a

fault, u a blunder").
,,
Effigie8, ei (fem. 5 decl. from ef- To amend,
fingo). An image, representa- to corrcct, to improve, /o reform.
tion, resemblance, likeness, por- "Emineo, minere, minui (neut. v.
trait. 2 conj.). To up,
rise or grow
Effingo, fingere, finxi, fictum to be raised abave, to stand out t
(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and fingo). to project.
To fashion, to form, to.represent, "EmTnus (adv. from e and manus).
to portray, to descri.be, to express. From a distance, at a distance
Effugio, fugere, fugi (neut. v. far off, aloof.
26* 305
Digitized by Google
EQU EU
"EHO, BMBBB, BMI, EMPTUM (a. V. "Errctus, a, ux (verbal adj. from
3 conj.). 1. To take. 2. To rrioo). Ercet, vpright, elexa-
buu, to purchase. tcd, raised on high.
Ev (interj.). Lo ! behold ! see ! Ebga (prep. with the accusative).
"Enarbo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 Towards.
conj. from e and narro). To Eroo (conj.). Therefore.
length, to tell from begin- "Eripio, ripere, ripui, rrptum
ning to end, to relate fully, to (a. v. 3 conj. from r and rapio).
^yi&rt\c\£%^s^r^3zCj ^tî
'
To take away by force, to snatch

"Enbco, abr, ui, ctum (a. v. 1 conj. away, to takc away, to rcscue.
from r and nrco). To kill, to ~Eris, idis (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.).
slay, to dcstroy. The goddess of discord, Eris.
"Enim (conj.). For. Erro, abe, ayi, atum (neut. v. 1
"Enitor, niti, nisus and NIXUS conj.). To wander, to stray.
suM (dep. t. 3 conj. from e and Erro, onis (ma8c. 3 decl.). A
nitor). To strxve vigorously, wanderer, a vagabond.
to struggle, to endeavour, to try Error, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Er-
hard. ror, wandering, going out of the
Ensis, is (masc. 3decl.). Asword. way.
"Eo, ibr, xvi, itum (irreg. v.). To "Eruca, m (fem. 1 decl.). The
palmer-worm, the canker-worm.
~Eo (adv.). 1. Thither, to that "Erudio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4
place or quarter. 2. So far, to conj. from e and rudis). To
such a dcgree, to such a pitch. bring out of a rude statc, to in-
EPAMfNONDA», m (prop. n. 1 decl. struct, to teach, to educate.
masc). Epaminondas, a cele- "Ebuditio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from
brated Theban commander. erudio). 1. Teaching, instruc-
"Ephesus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. fem.). tion. 2. Erudition, knowledgt,
Ephesus, a famous city of Ionia, leaming.
in Asia Minor. "Eruditus, a, um (part. from eru-
"Ephesius, a, um (adj. from Ephe- dio). Having been instructed,
8us). Ephesian, of or belonging &c
to Ephesus. "Eruditus, a, um (verbal adj. from
"Epicureus, a, um (adj. from Epi- erudio). Learned, erudite.
curus). Epicurean, of or be- Esca, m (fem. 1 decl.). Food,
longing to Epicurus. meat, victuals.
"Epistola, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A Esculentu8, a, um (adj. from es-
letter, an epistle. ca). Eatable, that may be eaten,
"EpuLiB, arum (fem. 1 decl.). A fit for eating, good for food, es
feast, a banquet. In the singu- culent.
lar, epulum, i, a feast connected Esurio, ibe, Ivi, Itum (neut. desid.
with a sacrifice r a sacred banquet. v. 4 conj. from bdo). To dtsire
"Epulor, ari, atu8 8UM (dep. v. 1 to eat, to be hungry.-
conj. from rpulje). To feast, "Esurio, onis (masc. 3 decl. from
te banquet. esurio). A hungry person.
"Eques, itis (masc. and fem. 3 Et (conjc). And f both, aUo, cven.
decl. from equus). A mounted Etenim (conjc). For, because that,
person, a horseman. truly.
%
Equester, tbis, tre (adj. from Etiam (conjc). Also, Ixkewise, be-
eques). Equestrian, pertaining sides.
to a horseman. ETiAM8i(conjcfrom etiam and si).
"Equito, abe, avi, atum (neut. v. Allhough, even though.
1 conj. from rques). To ride. Etsi (conjc). Although, though.
"Equus, i (masc. 2 decl.). horee. A Eu (interj.). Well done ! bravo !
306
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EXC EXI
Eugx (interj.). Good ! fine ! well 3 from ex and cmdo). 1.
conj.
done! bravo ! To cut out or away. 2. To over-
Euripidrs, 18 (prop. n. 3 decl. throw, to destroy, to raze.
masc.). Euripides, a celebrated EXCITO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
Athenian tragic poet. ccmj. frequentative from exciko).
Europa, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). To excite, to arouse, to summon
Europe. forth.
"EVADO, VADERE, VA8I, VASUM (a. Excogito, arb, avi, atum (a. v. I
v. 3 conj. from b and vado). 1. conj. from kx and cogito). To
To go forth, to go out, to depart, consider thoroughly, to devise, to
to escape. 2. To turn out, to contrive.
become. ExCUSO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
"Evax Hurra! huzza!
(interj.). conj. from ex and causa). To
"EvERTO, VKRTKRB, VBRTI, VKRSUM excuse, to allege in excuse.
(a. v. 3 from b and vbrto).
conj. EXCUTIO, CUTBRB, CU881, CUSSUM
To overturn, to turn upside down, (a. v. 3 conj. from ex aod qua-
to overthrow. tio). 1. To shake off or out, to
Evito, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1 strike or dash out. 2. To exam
conj. from e aDd vito). To ine.
avotd, to shun, to elude. EXEMPLAR aDd EXEMPLARB, 18
"Evob Hurra ! huzza !
(interj.). (neut. 3 decl.). An examplc, a
"EVOLO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (nOUt. V. precedent, a pattem, a copy.
1 conj. from b and volo). 1. Exkmplum, i 2 decl.). An
(neut.
To fly forth, to fly away. 2. example, a pattem, a transcript,
To sally fprth. a copy.
"Evolvo, Jtolvkrk, volvi, volu- Exeo, ire, ivi or Ii, itum (neut. v.
tum wft 3 codj. from k and irreg. from kx and eo). To go
voLvop '
To roll forth or out, to forth, to go out, to leave, to de-
rollaway, to unfold, to evolvc. part.
Ex, vid. E. ExERCEO, CERE, CUlAciTUM (a. V.
Exactus, a, um
from bxigo). (part. 2 codj. from ex andiA«cKo). To
Driven out or away, expelled, exercise, to train.
banished. Exbrcitatio, 6ni8 (flb. 3 decl.
Exactus, a, um (verbal adj. from from kxkrcito). Exe>dse.
bxigo). Finished, exact, com- ExBRCiTbrîajaf avi, 1t?m (fre-
plete. quentative a. v. 1 conj. irom bx-
EXCKDO, CKDERB, CKSSI, CKSSUM erceo). To exercise often, to
(neut. v. 3 cooj. from kx and ck- exercise.
do). To depart, to go forth, to Exercitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
withdraw.
retire, to bxerceo). An army.
ElCKLLKNS, ENT18 (part. from EX- Exhalatio, 6ni8 (fem. 3 decl. from
crllo). Ezcellitig. exhalo). An exhalation, a «a-
Exckllkns, BNTis (verbal adj. from pour, a fume.
bxcello). Excellent. Exigo, igkrr, egi, actum (a. v. 3
EXCELLO, CELLBRE, CBLLUI (neut. conj. from bx and ago). To
v. 3 conj.). To excel, to outdo. lead out or forth. 2. To drive
ExcTdium, i (neut. 2 decl. from out. 3. To exact, to demand, to
excido). Qestruction, ruin. require.
Excido, cidkrk, .cidi (neut. v. 3 Exiguus, a, um (adj. from ex and
•conj. from ex and cado). 1. To kgbo). Scanty, slender, smaU.
fall out or from. 2. To fail, to EXILIUM, Vid. EX8ILIUM.
perish, to be destroyed, to be for- ExWosus, a, um (adj. from exiti-
gotten. um). Destructive, pernieious,
EXCIDO, CIDERE, ClDt, CI8UM (a. V. hurtfuL
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Digitized by Google
EXP FAB
ExMum, n (neut. 2
rrom ex-
decl. take by storm, to tonquer, van
ko). Destruclwn, rum. qmsh, subdue.
Exitl'8, rs |masc. 4 decl. from Expungo, pungere, pcnxi, punc-
kxeo). 1 Â^gotng out, an cxU. tlm (a. v. 3 conj. from bx and
2. Denth, an ctui of life, an end pungo). To blot out, to effacc,
or termtnatton gcncrally, an is- to expunge.
sue. Expurgatio, onis (fem. 3 decl.
Exoptatus, a, um (verbal adj. from from expurgo). Aclcansing,a
exopto). Earncstly icishcd or purifying, a clearing, an expur-
longcd for, ^reatly dcsircd. gating.
EXOPTO, ARK, A%[, ATUM (a. V. I Expuroo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
cotij. from ex and opto). To conj. from ex and purgo). To

v ish or dcsirc earncstly, to long cleansc, to punfy.
jor grcatly. Exsilium, ii (neut. 2 decl). Exile.
ExPKLLO, PELI.KRE, PULI, PULSUM Exspecto, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1
(a. v. 3conj. from ex and pello). conj. from ex and specto). To
To dnrc out or away, to cxpel. look for, io wait for, to expect.
ExPKRiOR, PKRIRI, PERTUS SUM ExSPIRO, ARE, AVI, A.TUM (a. V. 1
(dep. v. 4 conj.). Tu try, io at- conj. from ex and spiro). To

tcmpt, to prucc, to cxpcncnci. brcathe out, to expire.
Expektus, a, um (part. from ex- Exstinguo, stinguerb, stinxi,
pkkiok). Having iricd or cx- stinctum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex
pcricnccd. and stinguo). To put out, to
Expkktus, a, um (verbal adj. froin cxtingmsh, to dcstroy.
experior). Tried, experxcnced, ExSTRUO, STRUERE, STRUXI, STRUC-
prorcd. tum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex and
Expkto, pktkre, petivi and petii, struo). To build up, to raise,
petitum (a. v. 3 conj. from ex to rcar, to pile vp, to erecl.
and peto). To scck or dcsire Exsul, ulis (masc. 3 decl.). An
earncstly, to long for, to covct. exilc.
ExPLICO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 Exter, era, erum, and Exterub,
conj. from kx and plico). To a, um (adj ). Of another coun-
unfold, to opcn, to spread out, to try, foreign, external.
devclop, to explain. Externus, a, um (adj. from ex-
ExPLODO, PLODERE, PLOSI, PLOSUM ter). Outward, external, for-
(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and plau- agn.
do). 1. To throw out forcibly Extimus, a, um (adj. from exter,
and with a loud noise. 2. To in the superlative). The outer-
htss an actor or piece off the most, the last.
stage, to mamfest disapprobation Extra (prep. with accusative).
of onc by hissing. Without, outside of
ExPONO, PONERE, POSUI, POSITUM Extremus, a, um (adj. superl. de-
(a. v. 3 conj. from ex and pono). gree, from exter). Exireme,
To placc 01 put out, to set forth, last, final.
to expose, to relate, to tcll. Exuo, uere, ui. utum (a. v. 3
Expressu8, a, um (verbal adj. from conj.). 1. To strip off, to take
exprimo). 1. Exprcssed, press- off, to put off. 2. To deprive, to
cd or squeezed out. 2. Evident, strip.
express, manifest, clcar.
Expugnatio, onis (fem. 3 dccl. F.
from expugno). A laking by Faber, bri (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A
a carrying by storm. workman, one who works in iron,
Expugno, are, avi, Atum (a. v. 1 wood, brass, marble, or other
conj. from ex and pugno) To hard materials. 2. A smith ax
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FAM FEL
artificer, a handicraftsman. 3. FImelicus, a, um (adj. from fa-
FaDer ferrarius, a blacksmith. mes). Hungry, starved, fam-
Faber argentarius, a goldsmith, ished.
&c. FIme8, is (fem. 3 decl.). Hunger,
FIbius, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). famine.
Fabius. FImilia, je (fem. 1 decl. from fam-
Fabricatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. ulus). A family, a household,
from fabrico). A making, con- The literal and primitive mean-
structing, forming, fabricating. ing is, the slaves belonging to one
Fabula, je (fem. 1 decl. from fa- master,
ri). 1. A report or saying, the Famula, (fem. 1 decl.). m fe- A
subject of commontalk, a rumour. male slave, a maid-servant, a
2. A
fable, tale, story. 3. The handmaid.
subject of a drama. Famulus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
FIcies, ei (fem. 5 decl. from fa- slave, shrvant, attendant.
cio). 1. The face, countenance, Fannius, ii (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.).
features, visage. 2. look, an A Fannius.
aspect, an appearance generally. Fanum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. A>
Facile (adv. from facilis). Ea- piece of ground consecrated for a
sily, readily, without difficulty. temple. 2. temple, a fane, a A
FIcilis, is, e (adj. from facio). sacred place, a church.
1 Easy, ready.
. 2. Prosperous, Far, farris (neut. 3 decl.). 1.-
successful. Spelt, a species of uheat. 2.
FIcinus, oris (neut. 3 decl. from Grain generally, corn.
facio). 1. A
bold or daring ac- Fastidium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from
tion, an exploit (either godd or fastus, us).Loathing,fastidi- '
bad). 2. (More frequently) Wick- ousness, disgust, disdain, con-

edness, guilt, crime. tempt, pride, haughtiness.
FldO, FACERE, FECI, FACTDM (a. V. Fastus, us (masc. 4 decl.). Pride,
3 conj.). 1. To make, to do, to haughtiness, disdain, arrogance
act. 2. To csteem, to value. Fateor, fIteri, fassus sum (dep
Factum, i (neut. 2 decl. from fa- 2 conj.).
v. To covfess, to ourn,
cio). A n aclion, a deed, any- acknowledge.
to
thing done. Fauces, ium (fem. 3 decl. plural
Facultas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from number, the singular faux, fau-
facilitas, contracted facul- cis, being not in use). 1. The
tas). 1. Power,ability,faculty. larynx, the lop of the. gullet, the

2. Occasion, opportunity. In the weasand. 2. More commonly
plural,means, resources, &c. rendered thejaws, the throat.
Fjex, (fera. 3 decl.).
F-flscis 1. FIveo, fIvere, favi, fautum
The dregs, either of wine or other #
(neut. v. 2 conj.). To favour,
things, sediment. 2. Pickle, brine. to countenance, to befriend.
3. A kind of sauce. -FIvor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from
Fagus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A beech- faveo). Favour, support.
tree. FIvu8, i (masc. 2 decl.). hon~ A
Falco, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A eycomb.
falcon. Fax, f!ci8 (fem. 3 decl.). A totch.
Falsu8, a, um (adj. from fallo). Februarius (masc. 2 decl.). Feb-
False, untrue, treacherous, pre- ruary.
tendcd. Fecundu8 or Fcecundus, A, UM
Falsus, a, um (part. from fallo). ( ad i
. ). Fruilful, fertUe, abound-
Mistaken, deceived. ing.
Fama, jr (fem. 1 decl.). Fame, Fel, fellis (neut. 3 detl.). The
report, rumour. gall galL
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FIO FON
FfiLiclTis, atii (fem. 3 decl. from go). A figuve, form, shapc,xm-
r li z ).Happincss, felicity. agc, likcness.
Yius or Feles, is (fera. 3 decl.). Filia, je (fem. 1 decl.). A daugh-
A cat. ter.
Fklix, icis (adj.). 1. Happy,fc- Filius, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A son.

Itcûs. 2 Fortunaie, prosper- Filum, 1 (neut. 2 decl ). A thread.
om, auspicious. Finis, 18 (ma8c. and fem. 3 decl.).
FkmIna, jb (fera. 1 dccl.). A wo- An cnd, a termination.
man, a fcmalc. Finitimus, a, um (adj.). Neigh-
Fenkstra, &
(fera. 1 decl.). A bouring, bordering upon, adjoin-
wxndow. ing. It applies literally to those
Fbra, m
(fem. 1 decl). A wild whose boundaries (fines) touch.
bcast, a wild crcaiure. Firmus, a, um (adj.). Firm, stablc,
Fkrk (adv.). Almost, nearly. steady, constant, sure, solid.
FKRO, FERRf, TULI, LATUM (ineg. Flagitium, i (neut. 2 decl.). A
T.). 1. To bear, to carry, to disgraceful crime, an act of in-
bring. 2. To show, to offer, to famy, prqfligacy, flagiiiousncss.
cxhibil. 3. To carry off, to ob- Flamma, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A
tain, to bear off, to gain. flame.
Fkrox, ocis (adj. from frra). In- Flavu8, a, um (adj.). Ycllow, of
solcnt, ficrce, ferocious, bold, the colour
of gold.
crucl. Florens, kntis (verbal adj. from
Frrrarius (adj. from ferrum). floreo). Flourishingy bloom-
Of or bclonging to iron. Faber ing, blossoming.
ferrarius, a blacksmith. Vid. Floreo, ere, ui (neut. 2 conj. from
Faber. FL08). To flourish, to bloom, to
Fkrreus, a, um (adj. from fer- blossom, to flower.
rum). 1. Of iron. 2. Cruel, Flos, floris (masc. 3 decl ). A
hard-hearted. flower.
Ferrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Iron. Fluctus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
Fertilis, is, k (adj. from fero). fluo). A
wave, surge, billow.
Fcrlilc, fruitful t abundant pro- t
Flumen, inis (neut. 3 decl. from
HfiCf rich. fluo). A stream, a river.
Ferus, a, um (adj.). Savage, wild t Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum
fierce, cruel. (neut. v. 3 conj.). Toflow.
1V.stu8, a, um (adj.). 1. Feslal y Fluvialis, is, e (adj. from flu-
fcstivc, joyful. 2. Festus dies, vius). 0/ or bclonging to rivers,
a holyday, a feslival. living in rivers.
Fictili8, 18, k (adj. from fingo). Fluvius, i (masc. 2 decl. from
Madc of carth or clay earthen, }
fluo). A river.
fictile. Fcecundus, vid. Fecundus.
Fictu8, a, um (verbal fromadj. Fcederatu8, a, um (adj.). Con-
fingo). 1 . Madc, formcdj fash- fcderate, unitcd. Civitates Fce-
ioned. Falsc, fcigned, coun-
2. derata?, the United Statcs.
terfcit y made up
for the occasion. Fcedu8, eri8 (neut. 3 decl ). A
Ficus, us and 1 (fem. 4 and 2 decl.). league, covenant, treaty.
1. A fig-tree. 2. A fig. + Fgedu8, a, um (adj.). Foul, ugly,
F¥d£li8, 18, k (adj. from fidks). dcformed, loathsome.
Faithful, trusty, sure, sinccre. Fcenum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Hay.
Fii>es,î (fem. 5 decl.). Faithif Folium, 1 (neut.2 decl.). A lcaf.
truth, honesty, vcracity. Follis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A pair
Fidus, a, um (adj.). Faithful t to of bcllows.
be relied upon, trusty. Fons, fontis (masc. 3 decl.). 1
FTgcra. jr (fem. -1 decl. from Fir A fovvtain, spring, source. 2%
310
>yGoogle
FRA TRU
The princtpal Jtead or origin of FrancckGallia (prop. n. 1 dec!
anything. fem.). France.
Foramen, iNis (neut. 3 decl.). A Franco-Gallicus (adj.). French
hde, a smali aperture, un open- Franco-Galli (prop. n. 2 decl.
ing. masc). The French.
Foras Out of doors, out,
(adv.). Franuo, frangere, fregi, frac»
forth. from foris in
It differs tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To break ;
denoting motion from one place to break in pieces.

to another; as, exi foras,
u get Frater, tris (masc. 3 decl.). A
out of doors ;" but esse foris, " to brother.
he out of doors." Fraus, fraudis (fem. 3 decl).
Fore of the defective
(fut. infin. Fraud, deceit, guile, treachery,
verb forem). Tp be about to be. imposition, dishonesty.
Forem (defective verb). I should Fraxinus, i (fem. 2 decl.). An
be. ash.
Forbs, ium (fem. 3 decl. plural Frequens, entis (adj.). 1. Fre-
number. The singular foris, is, quent, constant. 2. Numerous,
is seldom found). A door, doors, many.
a gale, gates. Frequento, are, avi, atum (a. v.
Forma, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A form, 1 conj. from frequbns). To
shape, figure. frequent, to go often to, to resort
Formica, (fem.m 1 decl.). An much to.
ant,an emmet. Frico, fricare, fricui, frictum

Formosus, a, um (adj. from for- (a. v. 1 conj.). To rub, to anoint.
ma). Beautiful, handsome. Fridericus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
Fornax, lcis (fem. 3 decl.). A masc*). Frederic.
stove, a furnace. Frigidus, a, um (adj. from frigus).
Fors, fortis (fem. 3 decl.). Cold.
Chance. Frigus, 5ri8 (neut. 3 decL). Cold.
Fortasse (adv.). Perhaps. Frivolus, a, um (adj.). Frivolous,
Forte (adv.). By chance. Prop- trifling, empty, vain.
erly the ablative of fors. When Frons, frondis (fem. 3 decL). A
joined to a verb, it is best ren- leaf.
dered by some part of the Eng- Frons, frontis (fem. 3 decl.).
lish ijerbs " to chance," or " to The foreheady the brow.
happen ;" as, forte ibam, / chan- Fructus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
ced to be going ; forte veniam, I fruor). Fruit, the fruits or pro-
may chance to coine, &c. ductions of the earth.
Fortis, is, e (adj.). Brave, gal~ Frugalis, is, b (adj. from fruges).
lant, valiant. Frugal, thrifty, careful, saving.
Fortiter (adv. from fortis).
Val- Frugalitas, atis (fem. from fru-
iantly, bravely, courageously. gali8). Frugality.
Fortitudo, inis (fem. 3 dccl. from Fruges, um (fem. 3 decl. plural
fortis). Fortitudc, resolution, number. Nominativ^. singular
r
bravery, courage, firmness. frux, not in use). l. The fruits

Fortuna, je. (fem. 1 decl. from or productions of the earth, grain.
fors). Fortune, chance, adoen- 2. Thefruit of tr/jf.
ture. Frugifer, era,, EltUM (adj. from
Fkactus, a, um (verbal adj. from fruges and fero). Fruxtful,
frango). Broken. fertile, bearing fruit.
Fragilis, is, b (adj. from frango). Frumentum, i (neut. 2 dccl ).
Frail, brittle, weak. Corn, grain of all kinds, more

Fragum, i (nent. 2 decl.). A straw- particularly wheat and barley.
herry. Fruor, frui, fruitus, and fruc-
311
Digitized by Google
FUN GER
Tus 80« (dep. v. 3 codj.). Fub, ruBis (masc. and fem. 3
tw/oy, /o reap the fruits of. decL). A thief.
Frustra, (adv.). In vain, to no Fubax, icis (adj. from pur). Ad-
purpose. dictcd to slealing, thicvish.
Fkustratus, a, um (verbal adj. Fubca, m (fem. 1 decl.). Afork.
from erustrob). FrustrateS, Futubus, a, um (future part. from
disa ppointed. sum). About to be, that shall or
Frustratus, us (masc. 4 decl. from will be.
frustror). A disappointing, a
deceiving. G.
Frutrx, Icis (masc. 3 decL). A Galba, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc.;.
shrub, a plant, a young tree. Galba.
Fugio, pugerb', ruoi, ruGiTUM (a. Galenus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. maac.).
v. 3 conj.). 1. To flee, to run Galcn, a celebrated physician.

away, to escape. 2. To shun, Gallus, i (masc. 2 decL). cock. A
to avoid. Gallus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.).
Fugo, are, ivi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). A Gaul.
To put to flight, to rout, to dis- Ganges, 18 (masc. 3 decl.). The
comfit. Gangcs.
Fulgkns, entts (verbal adj. from GaUDEO, GAUDEBE, GAVISU8 8UM
ruLGEo). Shining, bright, reful- (neuter passive v. 2 conj ). To
gent, resplendent. bc glad, to feel plcasure, to rcjoice.
Fulgeo, ruLGEBE, eulsi (neut. v. Gaudium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from
2 conj.). To shine, to be bright, gaudeo). Joy, gladness, mirth.
to glitler, to be refulgcnt. Gelu (neut. indeclinable). Frost,
Fulgue, ubis (neut. 3 decl. from ice, cold.
ruLGBo). A flash of lightning, Gemma, m(fem. 1 decl ). A gem,
lightning. a precious stone, a jewel.
Fuligo, Ini8 (fem. 3 decl.). Soot. Gena, m (fem. 1 decl. more com-
Fulmen, ini8 (neut. 3 decl.). A monly genje, abum, in the plu-
stroke of lightning, a thunder- ral). The check, the cheeks.
bolt. Geneb, eri (masc. 2 decl.). A
Fulvia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). son-in-law.
Fulvia. Geneva, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
Fumo, abe, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 Geneva.
conj .
). To emit smoke, to smoke. Genius, i (masc. 2 decL). ge- A
Fumus, l (masc. 2 decl.). Smoke. nius, an immaterial being, that
Fundamentum, i (neut. 2 decl. was supposed to attend every
from ruNDo, abe). A founda- person from his birth to his death.
tion, groundwork, basis. Gens, gentis (fem. 3 decl.). A
FundTtus (adv.). From thc vcry nation, a race.
boltom, from the very foundation, Genu (neut. indeclinable in the
utlerly. singular ; in the plural, genua,
Fundo, eundebe, eudi, rusuM (a. genuum, genibus, &c). A
v. 3 conj.). To pour out, to knce, the knees.
fuse, to mclt. Genus, EBts (neut. 3 decL). 1.
FUNDO, ABE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 A race, dcscent, family. 2. A
conj.). To found, to lay the kind, sort, quality, description.
foundations of. Geobgius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.).
Fundum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A bot- Gcorge.
tom of a vessel or vase, thc bot- Germania, m (prop. n. V decl.
tom of anything. fem.). Gcrmany.
Fundus, i (raasc. 2 dccl.). An es- Germanub, i (ma8c. 2 decl.). A
tate, a farm. German.
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Digitized by Google
8RA HAN
GeRO, GERERE, GE88I, GE8TUM (a. Gravis, is, x (adj.). 1. Heavy,
v. 3 conj.). 1. To bear, carry. weighty, ponderous. 2. Impor-
2. To display, to show. 3. To tant. 3. Diffieult. 4. Acute,
represent, to support. Gerere violent, severe.
morem, to comply with, to hu- Grez, gregis (masc. 3 decl.). A
mour, to gratify. a herd.
flock,
Gesto, are, avi, atum (frequenta- Grus, grui8 (fem. and raasc. 3
tive a. v. 1 conj. from gero). decl.). A crane.
To carry, to bear frequently, to Gubernator, oris (masc. 3 decl.
carry about, to report. frora guberno). l.Apilot. 2
Ge€tu8, a, um (part. from gero). A governor, a ruler, a director,
Jpone, performed. Res gesta, a controller.
mxfl&its, operations. Guberno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
(KtU (masc. 1 decl.). Oneof conj.). Topilot.
1. 2. Todi-
theireta, a Scythian tribe. rect, io govern, to control.
Geta, m(prop. n. 1 decl. masc.). Gurges, itis (masc. 3 decl ). 1.
Geta. A whirlpool, a gulf or inguljing
Glacibs, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Ice. abyss. 2. A
rapid, eddying
Gladius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A stream.
sword. GUSTO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
Glans, glandi8 ^fem. 3 decl.). An conj.). To taste.
acorn. Gustus, us (masc. 4 decl.). The
Glis, gliRis (masc. 3 decl.)l A sense of tasting, taste.
dormouse. Gutta, m(fem. 1 decl.). A
Globus, i (masc. 2 decl.). ball, A drop.
a globe, a round body. Gyges, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc^
Gloria, m (fem. 1 decl.). Glory. Gyges.
Gnomon, onis (masc. 3 decl.). 1.
The pin of a dial. 2. A dial, o, H.
gnomon. Ha (interj.) ! Ha ! ahah !
Gracilis, 18, e (adj.). Slcnder, Habeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2
thin, weak^ conj.). To have, to hold, to pos-
Gradus, us (masc. 4 decl ). A sess, to keep.
step, d pace, a degrce, condition, Habito, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
rank. conj ). To inhabit, to occupy.
GRiBciA, m (prop. n. I decl. fem.). It frequently appears without a
Greece. case, as a species of intransitive
Grjecus, a, um (adj. from Gr^- verb.
cia). Grccian, Greek. HÊRES, EDI8, Or HeRE8, EDI8
Grjecus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). (masc. and fem. 3 decl.). An
A Greek. heir, an heiress.
Gramen, inis (heut. 3 decl). Fodr Halo, onis (fera. 3 decl.). A halo,
dtr, grass. a circle round the sun or raoon.
Grando, 3 decl. ). Hail.
inis (fem. Halo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Gratia, m
(fcm. I decl.). An act conj.). To breathe, to exhale, to
of kxndness, afavour ; in the plu- emit an odour.
ral commonly " thanks." Agere Halys, ys (prop. n. 3 decl. raasc).
gratias, to return thanks, to ren- The Halys, a river of lower Asia,
*
der thanks, to thanh forming the eastern boundary ot
Gratia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). the dominions of Crossus.
A grace. In the plural, thc Gra- Hamilcar, aris (prop. n. 3 decl.
ces, who were three in number. ma8c). Hamilcar, a Carthagin-
Gbatu8, a, um (adj ). 1, Pleasing, ian name.
acceptable. 2. Gratefult thankful. Hannibal, Ilis (prop. n. 3 decl.
27 313
Digitized by Google
HES HON
:.). Hanmbal, a celebrated masc). Hcsiod, a celebrated
Carthaginian general. Greek poet.
Hasdrubal, alis (prop. n. 3 decl. Hesperus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
ma»c). Hasdrubal, a Cartha- masc). The evening star, Hes-
ginian lcader, thc brotherof Han- perus, Vesper.
mbal. Heu (interj.) Alas t
!
Hasta, j& (fem. 1 decl.). A spcar, Hic, h.-kc. hoc (demonstrative

a javchn, a lance. pron). This.
Haud (adv.). Not. Hic (adv.). Here.
JIebdomas, adis (fcm. 3 decl ). A Hiems, kmis (fem. 3 decl.). Win-
weck. tcr.
Hkp.es, etis (adj.). Blunt, dull, Hierosolyma, orum (prop. n. 2
obtuse. \ decl. neut.). Jcrusalem. It is
Hebrasus, a, um (adj.). Hcbrew, also found of the first declension,
appertainmg to the Hcbrew na- feminine, singular number, Hie-

*
tion. -s^ rosolyma, a.
Hector, oris (prop^n. 3 decl. Hilaritas, ati8 (fem. 3 dccl. from
masc). Hcctor, Jfccelebratcd hilari8). Chcerfulness, mirth,
Trojan vvarrior. • gaycty, hilarity.
Helena, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Hinnitus, us (masc 4 decl. from
llclcn. hinnio). A neighing.
Helicon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. Hippocrates, is (prop. n. 3 decl.
masc) Hclicon, a celebrated masc). Hxppocrates, a celebra-
mountain of Bceotia, sacred to ted Greek physician.
Apollo and the muses. Hippopotamus, i (masc. 2 decl.).
Hellespontus, (prop. n. 2 decl.
i A hippopotdmus, a river-horse.
masc). The Hellcspont, now Hirundo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). A
the Dardanclles. swallow.
Helvktia, je (prop. n. 1 decl. Hispania, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
fcm.). Hclvetia, corresponding, Spain.
in some degrce, to modern Swit- Historia, (fem. 1 decl.). His-
zcrla nd. tory, a history.
Helvetii, orum (prop. n. 2 dccl. Histrio, onis (masc. 3decl.). An
masc). The nelvetii, the peo- actor, a play-actor.
ple of Helvetia, a Gallic race. Hodie (adv.). To-day.
HenrIcus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. Hodiernus, a, um (adj. from ho-
masc). Hcnry. HenricusAu- die). 0/ this day, this daifs,
ceps, Hcnry the Fuwler, an em- hodicrnal, daily.
peror of Germany. Homerus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
Hepar, atis (neut. 3 dccl.). The Homer, the celebrated Grecian
livcr. poet.
Hkphvestion, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. Homo, ini8 (masc. and fem.). A
masc). Hcphieslion, a favourite man, a woman.
of Alexander the Great. Honestus, a, um (adj. from honor).
Heraci.itus, i (prop. n. 2 dccl. Honourable, noble, becoming.
masc). Hcraclitus, the crying Honestum, what bccoming vi
is
philosopher. its naturc, honour, virtue, mvral
Herba, m
(fem. 1 dec). An hcrb, exccllence.
herbage, grass. Honor, oris (masc 3 decl.). Rc-
HpncuLEs, is (prop. n. 3
^
deft spcct, honour, revcrcnce, rcgard.
masc). Herculcs. Honorificus, a, um (adj. from
HeRKS, EDIS, vid. HiERES. honor and facio). HonouraUc,
JIeki (adv.). Ycstcrday. causing or bringing honour.
HnsjfgDus, i (prop. I). 2 decl. H5n6ro, are, avi, atum (v. a. 1
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Digitized by Google
JAC IGN
conj. frotn honob). To htmour, JacIo, jacbrb, jbci, jactum (a. v.
to rcspect, to reverence. 3 oonj ). To cast, to fling, to
Hora, m (fem. 1 decl.). An hour. throw, to hurl.
Horê, arum (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Jaculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ja-
The Hours. cio). A javelin, dart, any mis-
Horatius, h (prop. n. 2 decl. sile.
masc.). Horace, a celebrated Jam (adv.). Now, already, imme-
Roman poet. diately, presently.
Horueum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Barley. Janua, m
(fem. 1 decl. from Ja-
HorIeum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A nus). A
gate, door, enlrance.
barn, a granary. Janus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
HORTOR, ARl, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 1 Janus, a deity with double vis-
conj .
). To exhort, to encourage, age, presiding over the year,
to chcer, to imbolden. over gates of.houses, 6cc.
Hortu8, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A gar- Ibi (adv.). There, in that place.
den. 'Ibis, is (fem. 3 decl ). An ibis,
Hospes, itis (masc. and fem. 3 a sacred Egyptian bird, like a
decl.). 1. A guest. 2. A host. stork, said to aestroy serpents.
3. A stranger. Ichnbumon, 0NI8 (masc. 3 decl ).
HospitalTtas, atis (fem. 3 decl. The ichneumon or Egyptian
from hospitalis). Hospitality. rat.
Hostia, m
(fem. I decl.). A vic- Idcirco (conjc from id and circa).
tim. Therefore, on that account, for
Hostilius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. that reason.
masc). Hosttlius. 'Idbm, badem, idem (adj.). The
Hostis, is (masc. and fem.). An w
same.
cnemy. Ideo (conjc). Therefore,for thai
Huc (adv.). Hither, to this place reason.
or quarter. 'Idomeneus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl.
Hucusqub (adv,,). S° far hithert». > masc). Idomeneus, a Cretan
Humanitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. monarch and chieftain present at
from humanus). Humanily. the siege of Troy.
HUMA Nus, a, um (adj. from homo). "Idoneus, a, um (adj.). FU, suit-
Human, of or belonging to man. ablc, mect, proper.
Humilis, 18, 8 (adj. from humus). "Idus, uum (fem. 4 decl. used only
Low, ncar the carth, humble, in the plural). The Ides, one of
lowly,mean, poor. the divisions of the Roman
Humus, i (fem. 2 decl.). The soil, month. They fell on the 15th
ground, earth. It wants the plu- of March, May, July, and Octo-
ral. ber, and the 13th of the other
Hyjena, m
(fem. 1 decl ). A hyena. months.
Hyrcani, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. Jecur, jkcoris and jecinoris
masc). The Hyrcani, a people (neut. 3 decl.). The liver.
dwelling to the southcast of the "Igitur (conjc). Thcreforc, thcn.
Caspian Sea. Their country an- Ignarus, a, um (adj. from in and
swers now to Tabaristan and gnarus). Ignorant, unacquaint-
Gcorgia. ed with.
Hy8trix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). A Ignavu8, a, um (adj. from in and
porcupine. . gnavus). Inactive, slothful, rc-
miss, sluggish, cowardly.
I., J. Igneus, a,.um (adj. from ignis).
JXcko, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj ). Ftery, of fire, onfire, burmng.
To lic, to lie at full lcngth or Ignis, is (masc 3 decl.). Fire.
prostrate, io lit down Ignominia, m
(fem. 1 dccl. from
»15
Digitized by Google
IMM IMP
iii and nomin). Ignominy, dis- Immolo, are, avi, atum (a. v. from
graee, reproach, dishonour. in and mola). To sacrifice, to
IgnomIniosus, a, un (adj. from 10- xmmolate.
nomInia). Ignommxous, shame- Immortalis, is, e (adj. from in and
ful dugraceful.
%
mortalis). Immortal.
IONORO, ARK, A V ATUM (a. V. 1
| , Immortalitas, atis (fem. 3 decl.
conj from ignarus). To be ig~ fronl immortalis). Immortality.
norant of, not to know. Impar, aris (adj. from in and par).
Ignosco, nobcere, n6vi, notum Uncqual, unhke.
(a. v. 3 conj. from in and nos- Impatientia, je (fem. 1 decl. from
co). To oveiiook, to forgxve, to in and patientia). lmpatience,
pardon. inabtlity to bear.
Ignotus, a, um (verbal adj. from in Impavidus, a, um (adj. from in and
and notus). Nfit known, un- pavidu8). Undismayed, bold,
known. unalarmed, intrepid.
"Ili, la (neut. 3 decl. more fre- Impedio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4
quently used in the plural, ilia, conj. from in and pes). To tm-
Ium). The flank, the flanks. pede, to entangle, to fetter t to
"Ilex, loia (fem. 3 decl.). holm A hinder, to prevent.
oak, an oak. Imperator, oris (masc. 3 decl.
"Ilias, adis (fcm. 3 decl.). The fromiMPERo). 1. A commander,
Iltad, Homer's poem on the siege a lcader, a general. 2. An em-
of Troy. peror.
'Ilion, ii (neut. 2 decl.), and Ilios, Imperitus, a, um (adj. from in and
ii (fem. 2 decl.). Ilium, Troy. peritus). Inexpcrienced, igno-
Ille, illa, illuo (demonstrative rant, unskilful.
pron). Hc, she, that. Imperium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from
Illustris, is, e (adj. from in and impero). 1. Command, author-
lustro). 1. Clear, bright, shi- ity,power. 2. Goxcrnment, em-
ning. 2. IUustriovs, famous, pire, rule.
celebratcd. Impero, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Illustro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. from in and paro). 1. To
conj. from in and lustro). 1. command, to ordcr. 2. To rule
To illustrate to illuminate.
t
2. over.
To make clcar, to explain. Impetu8, us (masc. 4 decl.). 1.
'Imago, inis (fem. 3 decl.). An An attack, assault, onset. 2.
image, a figure, a likeness, a rep- Impetuosity, violence.
rcsentation of a thing. Impie (adv. from impius). Impi-
Imbecillitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. ously, wickedly.
from imbecillis). Weakness, Impietas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
fecblencss, imbccility. impius). Impiety.
Imber, bris (masc. 3 decl.). A fall Impiger, gra, grum (adj. from in
of rain, a showcr. and piger). Quick, active, dili~
"Imitatio, onis (fcm. 3 decl. from gent.
imitor). An imitalion. ImpIgre (adv. from impiger).
'Imitor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 Quickly, readity, promptly.
conj ). To imitatc, to copy after.
.
Imprimis (adv. from in and pri-
IMMITTO, MlTTERE, MI8I, MIS6UM Mus). In the first placc, first.
(a. v. 3 conj. from in and mit- Improbitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
to). To send in, to let in to 9
iMPROBUs). Worthlessncss, dts-
cast or throw. hmiesty, wickedness, knavery.
Immobilis, is, e (adj. from IN and Improbus, a, um (adj. from in and
mobilis). Immoveable, stead- probus). Worth lcss, vricked, dis-
honest.
IOB1L1S
ast.
316
ii ii ittim nii
d by Go
IND INF
Improtiso (adv. from improvisus). book. 3. DigituB index, the forc-
Unexpcctedly, suddenly finger.
Tmus, a, tjm (adj. superWtive of in- India, m
(prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
frrus). Lowest, deepest. India.
In (prep. with the accusative and Indicium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from in-
ablative). 1. When goveming dex). A discovery, proof, infor-
the accusative, it signifies into, mation against any one, evidence.
against, towards, &c. 2. When Indico, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
governing the ablative, it denotes conj. from index). To show,
tn, among, &c. In composition, to point out, to disclose, to indi-
it denotes in, into, upon, against, cate.
and is intensive in some wojds, Indico, dicere, dixi, dictum (a.
and privative in others. v. 3 conj. from in and Dico).
Inanm, is, e (adj.). Empty, To proclaim, to publish, to de-
void. clare, to denounce.
Jncrndium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from Induco, ducebe, duxi, ductum (a
incendo). A conflagraiion, fire, v. 3 conj. from in and duco). 1
buming. To lead or bring in, to lead into,
Incbrtus, a, um (adj. from in and to introduce. 2. To lead along,
ckrtus). Uncertain, doubtful, to besmear, to blot out. 3. To
dubiovs. induce, to persuade, to prevail
Incognitus, a, um (verbal adj. from upon.
in and coonitu8). \. Unknown. Indulgeo, ere, ulsi (neut. v. 2
2. Without trial, without a hear- conj.). To indulge, to gratify.
ing. Industria, m
(fem. 1 decl.). In-
Tnc5la, m
(masc. and fem. from dustry, perscvering energy, dili-
in and colo). An inhabitant. gence.
Incolo, colebe, colui, cultum IndustrTus, a, um (adj.). Indus-
(a. v. 3 conj. from in and colo). trious, prompt, diligent, aclive.
To inhabit, to abide, to dwell in Indus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.).
aplace. The Indus.
Incommodum, (neut. 2 i decl. from Ineo, ire, ivi and ii, itum (a. v. 4
in and commodum). An incon- conj. irreg. from in and eo). To
venience, a disadvantage. go into, to enter, to enter upon, to
Incommodus, a, um (adj.). Unfa- engage in. Inire gratiam, to get
vourable, disadvantagcous, hurt- into favour with one. Inire foe-
fuly inconvenient. dus, to enter into a league.. In«
Incorruptus, a, um (adj. from in ire praelium, to engage in battle.
and CORRUPTU8). Incorrupt, in- Iwerm18, 18, e (adj. from in and
corruptible^ enlire, perfect, whole. abma). Unarmed, weaponless,
Incredibilis, 18, b (adj. from in defenceless.
and credibilis). JVo^ to be be- Iner8, brtis (adj. from in and
lieved, incredible, wonderful. ars). 1. Without art or skill.
Incredibilitbr (adv. from incre- 2. Inert, lazy, sluggish.

dibili8). Incredibly, in a man- Inertia, m (fem. 1 decl. from in-
ner beyond belief. ers). 1. Wantofskill. 2./«-
Incus, udis (fem. 3 decL from in dolence, inertness, sluggishness.
and cudo). An anvil. 3. Cowardice.
Inde (adv.). 1. Thence, fromthat Infami8, is, e (adj. from in and fa-
place. 2. Thenceforthyfrom that ma). Infamous, ill-famcd, ill
time. spoken of, ignominious, disgrace-
Index, icis (masc. and fem. 3 ful.
decl.). 1. A discoverer, disclo- Infans, anti8 (adj. from in and
ser, informer. 2. An indez to a fari). That cannot speak.
27* 317
Digitized by Google
ING INS
Infans» antis (masc. aud fcin. 3 , Ingratus, a, um (adj. from in and
dccl ). An irtfant. cratus). 1. Vnplcasant, disa-
l.SK^ UMu-s, a, i'M (adj. from 1N grccablc, unacccptablc. 2. Un-
aiui kki ndus). Unfruitful, nvt
i gratcful, thanklcss.
fcruU ur pruductirc. Ingrkdiok, gkkdi, gressus sum
'nfklix, icis (adj. from in and fe- (dcp. v. 3 conj. from in and gra-
Ltx). i. Unhappy, unfortunaJc, diok). 1. To entcr, to go into.
wretchcd. 2. Inuusjncious, tll- 2. To motc along, to advancc. to
omcntd. < procccd.
Ixfkkiok, oris (adj. comparative Inhumane (adv. from inhumanus).
of n ik ki s).
i Lowcr. Inhumanty, savagcly, crucily.
Ixfkko, inkkrre, intuli, inlatum ;
Inhumaniter (adv. from inhuma-
or illatum (nre^. a. v. frorn in nus). hihumanly, cruclly, sav-
a d k t; i< o )
1 1 . 1 . To bring or c a rry agcty.
wto, io uifruducc. 2. To bring Inhumanus, a, um (adj. from in
ujton. tu vjjcr (inferre injuriam, to and humanus). Inhuman, sav-
ojfcran injury). 3. To mfcr. agc, crucl.
Iskkkis, a um (adj. comparative
,
Inhumatus, a, um (adj. from in
inkkkiok, Huperlative ixfimus and humus). Unburicd.
or imls). Low, bclow. Marc Inimicus, a, um (adj. from in and
luliTurn, thc toiccr sca or sca bc- amicus). Unfnendty, at cnmxty
iou\ i. e., the Tuscan. with, tmmical, hostitc.
Infimls, a, i m (adj. superlative of Inimicus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
infkkls. Anotherform is imus). privatc foc, a bittcr cncmy, an cn-
Jnfokmis, is, e (adj. from in and cmy. Hostis is a jrublic cncmy ;
fokma). 1. Without form or inimicus a privatc and personal
shapc, shajtclcss. 2. Ilt-furmcd, onc.
dcformcd, mtsshapcn, vgiy. InTtium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from
Infka (j*rep. with the accusative). iNKo). A commcnccmcnt, a bc-
Bcncath, bciow. girniing.
Infkingo, fringere, frkgi, frac- Injukia, je (fcm. 1 decl. from in
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and and jus). An tnjury, a wrong.

kkango). 1. Tu brcak, to brcak Injustus, a, um (adj. from in and
in jricccs. 2. To wcakcn, to dts- justus). Unjust, wrongful, m-
couragc. 3. To lcsscn, tochcck, iguttous.
tu mfnngc vpon. Innocentia, je (fem. 1 decl. from
Ingeneko, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 in and nocens). Innoccncc.
conj. ironi in and genero). To Innocuus, a, um (adj. from in and
brgct, to gcncratc, to imptant, to noceo). Inojfcnsivc, innocuous,
producc. douig no hurt, innoccnt, harmlcss.
Ingenium, u (ncut. 2 decl. from in Innoxius, a, um (adj. from in and
and geno, old fonn of gigno). noxius). That has donc no harm,
1. Gcnius, natvral talcnts. 2. not gmlty, inotfcnsxvc, blamcicss.
Dispositwn u tcmpcr, manncrs. Innumerus, a, um (adj. from in
Ingens, entis (adj.). Vast,hugc, and numerus). Numbcrless.m-
immcnsc. numcrablc, countless.
Ingenuus, a, um (adj. from in and :
Inohs, opis (adj. from in and ops).
geno). 1. Native, naturat. 2. Poor, nccdy, indigent, destitute
Frccborn, born of frcc parcnts, of, neccssitous.
who had never bccn slaves. 3. Inquam (defective verb). I say.
Ingcnuous, tibcral, bccoming a Insalubrr, bris, bre (adj. from
frccman. in and saluber). Unheatihy,
Ingluviks, ei (fem. 5 decl ). The unwholcsomc, insalubiious.
craw, crop, or gorge of a bird. Insatiabilis, is, e (adj. from m
318
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INT INT
and 8atio). Insatiablc, that can- to comprchend, to know, to be
not be satiated. aware.
Insectum, i (neut. 2 decl. from in- Inter (prep. with accusative).
skco). An insect. Between, among, &c.
Insepultus, a, um (adj. from in Intercalari8, 18, e (adj. from in-
and 8EPULTU8). Unjburied, un- tbrcalo). I. Inserted between,
entombed, uninterred. interposed. 2. Intercalary, in-

Inservio, Ire, ivi, Itum (neut. v. tercalar. Intercalaris annus,
4 conj. from in and servio). leap-year.
1. To serve. 2. To tum onc s
J
Interdum (adv.). 1. Sometimes,
atteniion to, to attend to, to at timcs, occasionally, now and
strive to obtain, to be intent then. 2. Meanwhile.
upon. Interea (adv.). Meanwhile, in
InsidLe, arum (fem. wants 1 decl. the mean time.
the sinffular). 1. An ambush, Intereo, irb, ivi or ii, itum (neut.
an ambuscade. 2. Snares, a v. 4 conj. from inter and eo).
snare, treachery. To perishy to go to ruin, to ccase
Insidior, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 to exist.
conj. from insidiê). To lie in Interfbctor, 5ri8 (oiasc. 3 decl.
wait, to lay snares for, to plot from intbrficio). One who
against. slays or kills, a slayer, slaugh-
Instauro, are, avi, atum (a.. V. 1 terer, killer, destroyer.
conj.). To renew, to repeat. Interficio, ficere, feci, fectum
Instituo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 3 (a. v. 3 conj. from inteb and fa-
conj. from in and statuo). 1. cio). To kill, to slay, to mur
To establish, to appoint. 2. To der, to put to death.
fabricate, to construct. 3. To Interitu8, us (masc. 4 decl. from
begin, to commence. 4. To in- intereo). Destruction, extinc-
struct, to teach, to train uv. tion, ruin, death.
In8Titutum, i (neut. 2 decl. from Interprbs, btis (masc. and fem ).
instituo). 1. A purpose, an An intcrpreter, expounder.

objecty resolve t determination. 2. Intbrrogo, arb, avi, atum (a. v.
A custom, way, practice. 1 conj. from inter and rogo).
Instructus, a, um (verbal adj. from To interrogate, to ask, to ques-
instruo). Set in order, put in tion.
array, drawn up, arranged. Intersum, esse, fui (irreg. v. from
Instrumentum, i (neut. 2 decl. intbr and sum). To be in the
from instruo). An instrument t midst, to be between, to come bc-
. an implement. tween.
INSTROO, 8TRUERB, 8TRUXI, 8TRUC- Intestinum, i (neut. 2 decl. from
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from in and intbstinus). An intestine.
8TRUO). To arrangey to set in Intb8tinu8, a, um (adj. from in-
order, to dispose. tus). Internal, inward, intes-
Insula, m
(fem. 1 decl.). An isl- tine.
and. Intolbrabilis, is, e (adj. from in
Insum, E8se, fui (irreg. v. from in and TOLBRABILI8). Not to be
and sum). To be in. borne, intolerable.
Insuo, uere, ui, utum (a. v. 3 Intra (prep. with accusative).
conj. from in and suo). To sew Within.
into, to sew up. Intro (adv.). Within.
Integer, gra, grum (adj.). En- '
Intro, arb, avi, Itum (a. v. I
untouched, whole.
tire, conj.). To enter, to go into, to
Intelligo, ligerb, lexi, lbctum penetrate.
(a. v. 3 conj ). To understand, Intueob, tubri, tuitus sum (dep.
319
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•
fRA JUD
T. % conj. from in and turor). Irascible, passionate, quick tcm-
To gaze upon, to behold, to look percd, choleric.
steadfastly at. "IRASCOR, IRA8CI, IRATUS SUM (dep.
InutIlis, 18, * (adj. from in and v. 3 conj. from ira). To be en
utilis). Useless, unprofitable, ragcd, to be angry.
unserviceabU. ~Iris, is aad idis (prop. n. fem. 3
Invalidus, a, um (adj. from in and decl ). Iris, the goddess of the
validus). Weak, feebU, sick, rainbow.
infirm. Iris, is and idis (fem. 3 decl.)*
Invsnio, vrnire, vbni, ventum The rainbow.
(a. v. 4 conj. from in and venio). Irridro, ere, si, sum (a. v. 2 conj.
To find, to find out, to meet with, from in and ridbo). To laugh
to discover. at, to deride.
Invkntor, 6bi8 (masc. 3 decl. from Irrisu8, a, um (verbal adj. from
invenio). One who finds out, an irrideo). Laughed at, mockcd,
inventor, a discoverer. scoffed, deridcd.
Inventrix, icis (fem. 3 decl. from Irritu8, a, um (adj. from in and
inventob). An invcntress. ratus). Not ratified, of no ef-
Inventum, i (neut. 2 decl. from fect, fruitless, useless, idle, vatn.
invenio). An invention, discov- Is, ea, id (pron.). He, she, it.
ery, contrivance. Such, when used for talis.

Inventus, a, um (part. from inve- Isocrates, 18 (prop. n. masc. 3
nio). Found, discovered, in- decl.). Isocratcs, a celebrated
ventcd. Grecian rhetorician and writer.
InvidIa, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Envy, Israelita, m
(masc. and fem. 1
hatrcd, ill-will. decl.). An Israelite.
Invidub, a, um (adj.). Envious, Istic (adv. from iste). There, in
invidious, malignant. that place.
Tnvisus, a, um (verbal adj. from "Ita (adv.). So, even so, thus.
invideo). Envied, hated. Italia, m
(prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
Invibus, a, um (verbal adj. from Italy.
in and video). Not seen, un- Itaque (conjunction). Therefore.
seen. Equivalent sometimes to et ita,
Inviu8, a, um (adj. from in and " and 80," " and thus."
via). Not to be passed, xmpass- "Itbr, itineris (neut. 3 decl.).
able. A route, a journcy, a way.
Invoco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 "Iterum (adv.). Again, a second
conj. from in and voco). To in- time, anew.
vokc, to call upon, to call to, to Juba, m
(prop. n. masc. 1 decl.).
invite. Juba, prince of Numidia and
Jdcus, i (masc. 2 decl. and, in the Mauritania in Africa.
plural, joci and joca, the latter Juba, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Thcmant
being neuter). A joke, jest, hu- of a horse or other beasL
morous saying ; mirth, wit. Jubeo, juberb, jussi, jussum (a,
Ionia, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.). v.2 conj.). To order, to bid, to
Ionia, in Asia Minor. command, to charge, to enjoin.
Ipse, a, um (pron.). Himself, her* Jucundus, a, um (adj.). Pleasing,
self, itself. agreeable.
~Ira, m (fem. 1 decl.). Anger, Judjbus, a, um (adj.). Jewish.
wrath. Judez, icis (masc. 3 decl.). A
Iracundia, m
(fem. 1 decl. from judge.
iracundus). Hastiness of tem- Judicium, ii (neut.2 decl. from ju*
per, irascibility, anger. dei). A judgment, trial, sen-
Iracundus, a, um (adj. from ira). tence.
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LAB LAP
JuDICO, ARB, ATIf ATUM (a. V. 1 3 conj.). To glide, to slip, to
conj. from judbx). To judge, fall gently, to descend.
to decide, to determine, to pass Labor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). La-
sentence. bour, toil, fatigue.
Juolans, andis (fem. 3 decl.). A Laboro, are, avt, atum (neut. v.
walnut, a walnut-tree. 1 conj. from labob). To {abour,
Juoulum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The to he in pain, to suffer.
tkroat or neck. Labrum, i (neut. 2 decl.), A lip.
2 decl.). Juiius.
Julius, ii (prop. n. Lac, lactis (neut. 3 decl.). Milk.
JUNGO, JUNGBBB, JUNXI, JUNCTUM Lacbdêmon, onis (prop. n. fcm. 3
(a. v. 3 conj.). To join, to yoke, Lacedamon or Sparla.
decl.).
to couple. a, um (adj. from
Laced^smonius,
Junior, obis (adj. comparative of Laced^mon). Lacedamonian.
juvbnis). Younger. Lacbr, bra, ebum (adj.). Torn,
Jupiter, Jdvis (prop. n. 3 decl.). lacexated, maimed, mangled, dis-
Jupiter. membered.
JURO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj. Lacertus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The
from jub). To swear. arm. Properly, the sinewy part
Jus, juris (neut. 3 decL). JRight, of the arm, between the shoulder
laWy justice. and elbow. Hence, figuratively,
Justitia, m
(fem. I decl. from jus- strength, force, vigour.
tus). Justice. LicHEsi8,is(prop. n. fem. 3 decl.).
Jubtus, a, um (adj. from jus). Lachesis, one of the Fates. The
Just, upright, virtuous. other two were Clotho and Atro-
Juvenalis, is (prop. n. 3 decl. pos.
masc). Juvenal, a celebrated Laco, onis (adj.). Laconian, Spar-
Roman satirist. tan. Often used as a noun, &
Juvbnilis, is, b (adj. from juvb- Laconian, a Spartan.
nis). Youthful, juvenile. Lacryma or Lachryma, and also
Juvbnis, is, b (adj.). 1. Young. LacrTma, js. (fem. 1 decl.). A
2. Often taken as a noun of the tear.
thirddeclension masculine, a Lacrymo or Lachr\mo, are, avi,
youlh. 3. Frequently applied to atum (a. v. 1 conj ). To weep.
persons up to 45 years of age, More frequently a deponent verb,
i. e., as long as they are able to LACRYMOR, ARI, ATU8 8UM.
assist the state, the term being Lactuca, (fem. 1 decl). Let- &
•
derived from juvo, to assist. tuce.
Juventus, utis (fem. 3 decl. from Licus, us (masc. 4 decl. ). lake. A
juvbnis). Youth, the season of Labrtius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.).
youth. Laertius.
Juxta (adv.). 1. Near, nigh, hard LiETUs, a, um (adj. ). Joyful, glad,
by. 2. Next. 3. Alike, equally. delighted. Showing joy by one's
actions.
K. L^vus, a, um (adj.). Left, on the
Karthago, inis, vid. Carthago. left side.
Lana, je (fem. 1 decl.). Wool.
L. Laniger, bra, erum (adj. from
IjABEFACIO, facbrb, feci, factum lana and gero). Bearing wool,
(a. v. 3 conj. from labo and fa- fieecy.
cio). To make to totter, to weak- Laodicea, je (prop. n. fem. 1 decl ).
en, to shake. Passive voice, La- Laodicea, a city of Syria.
BKFIO, FIBRI, FACTU8 8UM. Lapponia, m
(prop. n. fem. 1
LabIum, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A lip. decL). Lapland.
LlBOR, LABI, LAP8U8 8UM (dep. v. Lapponicus, a, um (adj. from Lap-
821
Digitized by Google
L£C
roNU). Of or bclongxng to Lap- LectIcula, m
(fem. 1 decl. diinin-
land, Lappuh. utive from lectica). A small ,
LipinKUi, a, om (adj. from lapis). litter.
Of stonc, hard as stone. Lectu8, a, um (part. from lego).

Lapis, idis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. A Read.
stonc. 2. A mUestone. Ad ter- Lectus, i (masc. 2 decl ). Acouch.
tium lapidem, at the third tnile- Leoatus, i (masc. 2 decl. from lk-
stone, go). 1. A
person deputed. 2.
Lar, laris (masc. 3 decl.). A An ambassador. 3. lieuten A
houschold god, a Lar. More fire- ant.
quent in the plural, Larbs, ium Lbgio, onis (fem. 3 dccl.). A le-
and um. gion, a division of Roman troops.
Larix, Icis (masc. and fem. 3 Lego, arb, avi, atum (a. v. I
decl.). The larch-tree. conj.). To depute, to despatch,

Latebra, jr (fem. 1 decl. from la- to commission, to send as an am-
teo). A lurking-place, a hiding- bassador.
place, a den, a rctrcat. Lego, legerb, legi, lbctum (a.
Later, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A v. 3 conj.). 1. To collcct to-
brick. gethcr, to culL 2. To read, to
Latona, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). peruse.
Latona, the mother of Apollo and Lenio, ire, ivi, Itum (a. v."4conj.
Diana. from LENig). To softcn, to mit-
Latro, arb, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 igate, to allay, to appease.
conj.). To bark, to bark at, to Leo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A lion.
bay. Leonidas, m
(prop. n. 1 decl.
Latro, onis (masc. 3 decl ). A masc). Leomdas, a celebrated
robber. Spartan king and warrior.
Latus, a, um (adj.). Broad, wide, Leopardus, i (masc. 2decl.). A
spacious, ampky largc. leopard.
Latus, eri8 (neut. 3 decl.). The Lbpidu8, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.)
side, flank. Lepidus.
Laudabili8, fs, e (adj. from lau- Lepidus, a, um (adj ). Humorous,
do). Praiseworthy, commenda- pretty, smart withj, gay, plcas-
f
ble, laudable, deserving of praise. ant.

Laudatu8, a, um (part. from lau- Lepor Lepos, oris (masc. 3
or
do). Praised, commended. decl.). Mirth, humour, graccful
Laudo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 and easy plcasantry, wit.
conj. from laus). To praise, to LepuS, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A
commend. hare.
Laurus, i (2 decl ), and Laurus, Levis, is, e (adj.). 1. Light, easy
us (4 dccl. both fem.). A laurel, to carry. 2. Trifling, trivial, of
a bay. little esteem.
Laus, laudis (fem. 3 decl.). Com- Levis or L;Bvi8, 18, b (adj ). Pol
mendation, praise. ished, smooth.
Lavo, lavare and laverb, lava- Levita8, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
vi and lavi, lavatum, lautum, levis). 1. Lightncss. 2. Lcv-
and lotum (a. v. 1 and 3 conj.). ity, frivolity.
To wash, to lave, to bathe. Lex, legis (fem. 3 decl.). A law.
Leêna, m
(fem. I decl. from leo). Libellu8, 1 (masc. 2 decl. diminu-
A lioness. tive from liber). A little book,
Lebes, eti8 (masc. 3 decl.). A a small wtfrk, a short treatise.
caldron, a kettle. Libentbr (adv. from libens).
Lectica, je (fem. 1 decl.>. A lit- WMingly, cheerfully.
ter, a scdan. Liber, bri (masc. 2 decl.). A bovk
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LIQ LUC
Libbr, era, erum (adj.). Frtt. fluid, to dissolvt.Passive voice,
Liber, eri (prop. n. 2 decl.). *
LIQUBFIO, FIERI, FACTU8 SUM.
Bacchus, 80 called, it is said, be- Lis, litis (fem. 3 decl.). Slrift,
cause he frtts the mind frpm wrangling, quarrtlling.
care. ( 1 ) Litera or Littera, m(fem. I
LlBEBALIS, E (adj. from LlBERO).
18, decl.). 1. A Ittttr of the alpha-
IAberal, becoming a fretman. bet. 2. In the plural, a Itttcr,
IjIberi, orum (masc. 2 decl. sin- an tpistlt.
gular not used). Children, in- Litu8, oRis (neut. 3 decl.). A
cluding both sexes, and implying short 9 a strand.
children that are free born, not Loco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.
slaves, the adjective librr being from loous). To place, to sct,
the root. Or, more correctly, to lay.
the word itself is the plural of Locus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). A place,
liber, with a noun understood. a spot, a quartcr. In the plural,
^Libero, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1 loci and loca, with this distinc-
conj. from liber). To frce, to tion : loca, places ; but loci,
dtlivtr. passages in a book, or topics in
LIbertas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from a discourse or speech.
liber). Liberty, frccdom. Lodix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. A
Libet, libebat, libuit, &c. (im- cover for a bed, a blanket, a quilt,
personal verb, 2 conj.). lt is a sheet. 2. A down-bed, stuffed
agreeablc, it pleases. with down, and used as a covcr-
Libido, Inis (fem. 3 decl. from ing in cold northern climates.
libet). 1. Will, inclination, ca- Londinum and Londinium, 1 (prop.
pricc, fancy, whim. 2. Passion, n. neut. 2 London.
decl.).
desirt, lust, cupidity. Longe (adv. from longus). Fai
LlCEOR, LICERI, LICITU8 SUM (dep. off, afar, at a grtat distance, far.
v. 2 conj.). To bid money for, Longus, a, um (adj.). Long.
to bid, to offcr a price. Loquax, acis (adj. from loquor).
LlCET, LICEBAT, LICUIT, &C. (im- Loquacious, talkative.
personal verb, 2 conj.). is LOQUOR, LOQUI, LOCUTUS SUM (dep.
lawful, it is permitted. v. 3 conj.). To speak, to dis-
Lictor, 6ri8 (masc. 3 decl.). A course, to talk.
liclor, an attendant on the con- Lorica, 2E (fem. 1 decl.). A coat
sul, and on many of the other of mail, a corslel.
magistrates. Each consul had Lucifer, era, erum (adj. from
twelve. The dictator had twice lux and fero). Bearing or
as many. bringing light.
Ligneus, a, um (adj. from lignum). Lucifer, eri (prop. n. 2 dccl.
Of woody woodtn. masc.). Lucifcr, the morning
Lignum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Wood. stdr, tht star of day.
Ligo, 5ni8 (masc. 3 decl.). A Luciuus, 11 (prop. n. 2 decl.
spade, a shovtl, a mattock. masc. ). Lucilius.
Limk8, itis (masc. 3 decl.). A Lucius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
limit, a boundary. Lucius.
Linea, m (fem. 1 decl.). A linc. Lucrbtius, 11 (prop. n. 2 decl.
Lingua, m (fem. 1 decl.). 1. Thc masc.). Lucretius.
tongue. 2. A language. Luctuosus, a, um (adj. from luc-
Linteum, ei (neut. 2 decl.). A tus). Mournful, sorrowful.
linen clolh, a towel; a napkin. Luctus, us (masc. 4 decl.). Sor*
LlQUEFACIO, FACERE, FECI, FAC- row, grief
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from liqueo Lucullus, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl.
and facio). To mclt, io makc masc). Lucullus.
32.1
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LYD MAJ
Ludo icus, i (prop. n. 2 dech Lynx, lyncis (masc. and fem. 3
ma$c )- Irtiis. decl.). A lynx.
LfiM-s, i (masc 2 decl.). 1. Di- Lysander, dri (prop. n. 2 decl.
rrrstort, pfay. sport. 2. Pubhc masc). Lysander.
gamcs. v4 school (literarms
3.
bt'in<j undcrstood, i. c, a place
M.
for cxercise in litcrary pursuits). Macedo, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.
LUGEO, LCGKKK, LUXl, LUCTUM (a. masc). A Macedonian.
v. 3 coiij ). 7« mourn, ro /a- Macedonia, m
(prop. n. 1 decl.
fcm). Macedonia.
Lihin, ixis (neut 3 decl. for lu- MacedonTcus, a, um (adj.). Ma-
cimkn, from luceo). LiÂ/. cedoman.
JStrictlv spcakm^, lux is /Af /jÂ/ Macer, cra, crum (adj.). Lean f
itsetf, and lumen is /A<? body that thin,mcager, poor.
impnrts thc Itght. It is oftcn, Macies, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Lean-
however, used iu the samc sense ncss, thtnness, meagemess.
as n x. Macula, m (fem. 1 decl.). A spot,
Luna, je. (fcm. 1 decl. for lucina, a stain, a blot, a blemish.
from luceo). The moon. MAGis(adv.). 1. More. 2. Rather.
Lupa, m (fem. 1 decl ). A shc- Magister,tri (masc. 2 decl.). 1
icolf. A rnaster. 2. A teacher, a pre-
Lupus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A he- ceptor.
icolf a vrolf Magistra, m (fem. 1 decl. from
Luscinia, je (fcm. 1 decl.). A magister). A mistress.
nightingale. Magistratus, us (masc. 4 decl.
Lustrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A f usfrom magister). 1. A magis-
tritm, a period, Ro- among the tracy. 2. A magistrate.
mans, of 5 years, marked by a Majgnanimus, a, um (adj. from
general puntication and solemn magnus and animus). Magnan-
sacnfices. imous, grcat of mind, grcat of
Lustrum, i2 decl).
(neut. A sjfirit.
dcn, a haunt of wild bcasts. In MaTjNes, etis (masc. 3 decl.). A
the plural, it somctimes mcans loadstonc, a magnet.
grorcs, forcsts, solitary placcs in Magnesia, m (prop. n. 1 decl.
woods. fem.). Magnesia.
I.usus, us (rnasc. 4 dccl. from lu- Magnificentia, m
(fem. 1 decl.
do). Sport, play, divcrswn. from magnificus). Splendour,
Lutum, i (ncut. 2 decl.). Clay, magnificence.
vurc. Magnificus, a, um (adj. from mao-
Lutkus, a, um (adj. from lutum). nus and facio). Magnificcni,
1.Claycy, of clay. 2. Yellow- splcndid.
ish, thc colour of clay. Magnitudo, Tnis (fem. 3 decl.
Lux, lucis (fcm. 3 decl.). Light. from magnus). Greatness, mag-
(Gonsult rcmarks under lumen). nitude.
Luxuria, m
(fem. 1 decl). Lux-. Magnus, a, um (adj). Great,
ury ' large.
*
Luxuriks, ei (fem. 5 decl.). Lux- Maia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
ury. Maia, the mother of Mercury.
Lycurgus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. Majestas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
masc.). Lycurgus, the famous
the old adjective majus, "great").
Spartan lawgiver. Majesty, grandeur, dignity.
Lydi, orum (plural, masc. 2 decl.). Major, or, us (adj. comparative of
The Lydians, inhabitants of maonus). Greater, larger.
Lydia. MiJdRE8, um (properly an adj. and
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MAR MED
the phiral of majob, but used as Margarita, m (fem. 1 decl.). A
a noun, natu being understood). pearl.
Ancestors. Marinus, a, um (adj. from mare).
Malk (adv. from malus). Badly, Marine, of thfi sea, belonging to
ill, wrongly, amiss, wickedly. the sea.
Maledicus, a, um
from male Maritimus, a, um (adj. from mare).
(adj.
and dico). Slanderous, abusive, Maritime, of the sea, lying near
scurrilous. Comparative male- tht sea.
dicentior, superlative maledi- Marius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
CENTISSIMUS. Marius. .
Malleus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A Marmor,

(neut. 3 decl.). oris
mallet,a hammer. Marble.
Malo, malle, malui (irreg. v. from Mars, Martis (prop. n. 3 decl.
mavolo, and that from magis and masc). Mars, the god of war.
volo). To wish rather, to prefer. Mar8U8, i (adj.). A Marsian.
Malum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ma- Martius, it (masc 2 decl.). March,
lus), Evil, mischief, misfortune. one of the months, so called from
Malum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ma- Mars, to whom
it was consecra-
lus). An apple. ted. TheLatin term is properly

Malus, a, um (adj.). Evil, wkked. an adjective, with mensis under-
Malus, i (fem. 2 decl.). An apple- stood, and means " the month of
tree. Mars."
Mando, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1 Martius, a, um (adj. from Mars).
conj.). To consign, to commit to Of or belonging to Mars, mar-
one's charge, to enjoin, to bid, to tial, warlike.
order. Mas, mari8 (masc. 3 decl.). A
Mane (indeclinable neuter adj. with male, the male of any creature.
tempus understood, and taken as Massilia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
an adverb). In the moming. It Marseilles.
sometimes appears as a noun, and Mater, tris (fem. 3 decl.). A
then signifies the morning ; as, mother.
ad ip8um mane, "to the very MatricIda, m
(masc and fem. 1
morning." decl. from mater and cjbdo).
Maneo, manbre, mansi, mansum A matricide.
(neut. v. 2 conj.). To remain, Maturus, a, um (adj.). 1. Ripe,
to iarry, to abide, to wait. mature. 2. Seasonable, oppor-
Mansuefacio, facere, <&c. (a. v. tune.
3. conj.). To tame. Matutinus, a, um (adj.). Of or
Mantinea, m (prop. n. 1 decl. belonging to the morning, in the
fem.). Mantinea, a city of Ar- morning, early.
cadia. Mauretania, m (prop. n. 1 decl.
Mantua, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). fem.). Maulftania, now Fei
Mantua. and Morocco.
Manubrium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from Maxime (adv. superlative of magis).
manus). A handle, a haft, a Very greatly, especially, chiefly.
hilt. Maximus, a, um (adj. superlative o/
Manu8, us (fem. 4 decl ). 1. A magnu8). Very great, greatest
hand. 2. A hody or band of very large, largest.
men, a band of soldiers. Medi, orum (prop. n. 2 decl.
Marcus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. raasc.). masc). The Medes.
Marcus. Medicina, (fem. 1 decl). Med- m
Maedonius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. icine.
masc.). Mardonius. Medicus, i (masc 2 decl.). A
Mare, 18 (neut. 3 decl.). The sea. physiaan.
28 325
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MER MET
MiDiL'8, a, um (adj). Mxddle, in mercor). 1. A buying andsell
thc middie or midst. ing. 2. A fair.
MkdCsa, m (prop. n. 1 decl, fem). Mercenarids, a, um (adj. from
Mcdttsa. merces). Hired, mercenary.
Meuarensbs, ium (prop. n. 3 decl. Merce8, edis (fem. 3 decl. from
muc. propcrly ati adjective). mercorV 1. Htre,wages, pay,
Thc Mcgarcnsians, a people of a reward for labour. 2. Rent.
Mepans. Mercurius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.
Mel, mkllis (ncut. 3 decl. ). Hon- masc). Mercury.
ey Mekeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2
Mklior, or, us (adj. comparative conj.). 1. To deserve, to mer-
of bonus). Bcttcr, more favotir- it. 2. To earn f to gain, to ac-
abtc,&c. quirc.
Mellisuga, je (masc. and fem. 1 Mereor, eri, itus sum (dep. v. 2
decl.). The hvmming-bird or conj.). Same signification as
ttoncysuckcr. MEREO.
Membrum, bri (neut. 2 decl.). A Merges, itis (fem. 3 decl.). A
mcmbcr, a limb. sheaf of c.orn.
Mrmini (preteritivc verb). I have Meridianus, a, um (adj. from me-
rcmembercd, I rcmcmbcr, 1 rc- ridies). 1. Of or belonging to
membcred. midday, done at midday, midday.
Memor, oris (adj.). Mind/ul. 2. Soulhern, south.
MemOria, je (fein. 1 decl. from MeridIes, ei (fem. 5 decl. from
memor). 1. Mcmory. 2. Rc- medius and dies). 1. Midday,
mcmbrancc noon. 2. The south.
Memoro, ake, avi, atum (a. v. 1 Merito (adv. properly, however,
conj. from memor). Tomentxon, the ablative of meritus). De-
to rccount, lo rclalc, to tcll. scrtcdly, with reason.
Mendacium, n (neut. 2 decl. from Meritus, a, um (part. from mere-
mendax). A falschood, an un- or). Having descrved, having
truth, a lie. meritcd.
Mendax, acis (adj. from mentior). Meritus, a, um (verbal adj.). De-
Lying, falsc untruc, mcnda-
y scrvcd, mcrited.
cious, dcccitful. Mekula, je (fem. 1 decl.). An
Mentoceus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl. ouscl, a blackbird.
masc. Grcek n.). Menccceus. Merx, mkrcis (fcm. 3 decl.).
Mens, mentis (fem. 3 dccl). The Warcs, merchandise, commodi-
mind, thc undcrstanding, thc tws, goods. More commonly
rcasoning faculty. found in the plural, mebces, with
Mensa, je (fcm. 1 decl.). A tablc. same meaning.
Mensae sccunda?, a dcsscrt, the Messis, is (fem. 3 decl. from me-
sccond course. to). .4 harvcst, a crop of ripe
Mensis, is (masc. 3 decl.). A corn.
vionth. Messor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from
MeNTIOR, MENTIRI, MENTITU6 SUM meto). A reaper, a mower, a
(dep. v. 4 conj.). To utter a harvest man.
falsehoody to lie. Mbtallum, i (neut. 2 decl.).
Mkrcator, oris (masc. 3 decl. Metal.
from mercor). A merchant, a Metior, mbtiri, mensu8, rarely
tradcr. mktitus sum (dep. v. 4 conj.)
Mbrcatura, jf. (fem. 1 decl. from To measure.
mbrcor). Trade, traffic, com- Metuo, uerb, ui (a. v. 3 conj.)
merce, Tofear.
Mbbcatus, u» (masc. 4 decl. from Metus, ub (masc. 4 decl.). Fear
326
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MIN MOD
Mbcjs, a, um (possessive pron.). um). Less, tn a less degvee, tn
My, mine. a smaller degree.
Midas, je (prop. n. 1 decl.). Mirabilis, is, s (verbal adj. from
Midas. miror). Wonderful, to be won-
Migratio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from derid at, admirable, worthy to be
migro). A removal, a migration, admired, matvellous, strange. .
a departure from one place for Miror, ari,atus sum (dep. v. 1

another. conj )..
To wonder at, to admire,
MlGRO, ARR, AVI, ATUM (neut. V. 1 to be surprised.
conj.). To remove, to migrate, Mirus, a, um (adj.). Wonderful,
to depart from one place for an- surprising, strange.
other. Ml8CEO, MI8CERE, miscui, mistum
Miles, itis (masc. and fem. 3 or mixtum (a. v. 2 conj.). To
decl). A soldier. mix, to blend, to intermingle.
Milesius, a, um (adj.). Of or be- MlSER, ERA, ERUM (adj.). MisCT
longing to Miletus, Milesian. able, wretched.
Miletus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. fem.). Miserabilis, is, e (verbal adj. from
Mdctus, a city of Asia Minor. miseror). To bc pitied, deser-
Militia, je (fem. 1 decl. from mi- ving of compassion, pitiable, de-
les). 1. Military service, war- plorable, miserable, lamentable,
farc. 2. Soldiers. wretched.
Mille (num. adj. indeclinable). A MTsere (adv. from miser). Mis-
thousand. erably, wretchedly, unhappily.
Mille (substantive, neuter gender, MlSEREOR, MISERERI, MISEBITUS
indeclinable in singular, and fol- sum (dep. v. 2 conj. from miser).
lowed by a genitive ; as, mille To pity, to commiserate, to have
hominum. In plural, millia, mil- compassion on.
lium, &c. Found more frequent- Miseria, m
(fem. 1 decl. from mi-
ly in the plural). A thousand. 8br). Wretchedness, misery.
Millesjmus, a, um (num. adj. from Misericordia, jb (fem. 1 decl. from
mille). The thousandth. miser and cor). Mercy, com-
Minerva, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). passion, pity. #
Minerva. Mitis, is, e (adj.). 1. Mild, soft,
Minime (adv. superlative* common- tender ripe, mcllow.
%
2. Kind-
lyassigned to parum, but derived hearted, compassionate. 3. Tol-
from minimus). erable, light, easy.
Minimus, a, um (adj. superlative of MlTTO, MITTERE, MI8I, MISSUM (a.
parvus). Least, smallest, very v. 3 conj. ). To send, to despatch.
small. M6bili8, is, e (verbal adj. from
Minister, tri (masc. 2 decl. from moveo). Easy to be moved 9
minus). 1 . A
servant, an attend- moveable.
ant. 2. An agcnt, a manager. M6DER0, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
3. A tool. (Some derive it from conj. from modus). To moder-
MANUS.) ate, to regulate, to govern.
Ministerium, ii (neut. 2 decl. MODEROR, ARl, ATU8 SUM (dep. V.
from minister). Service, min- 1 conj.). To
moderate, to regu-
istry, atlendance, office. late, to set limits to, to govern.
Minos, ois (prop. n. 3 decl. masc.). It is more frequently used than
Minos, the celebrated lawgiver the form modero.
of Crete. Modestia, je (fem. 1 decl. from
MInu8 (neut. of minor, adj. com- modestus). 1.Moderation, self-
parative degree of parvus). control. 2. Modesty, bashful-
Lcss.
Minus (adv. comparative of par- Modestus, a, um (adj. from modus).
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MOR MUL
Moderate, tcmpcratc, discreei.
1 . Mordeo, mordere, momordi, mom
2. Modcst, reserved. sum (a. v. 2 conj.). To gnaw
ModIus, Ii (masc. 2 decl.). A mod- to bite, to champ.
ius, tbe phncipal Roman measure MORIOR, MORl, MORTUUS 8UM (dep.
for things dry. Often translated v. 3 conj.). To die, to expire.
*
by our term bushcl, but incor- MOROR, ARI, ATU8 8UM (dep. T. 1
rectly. It is somewhat more than conj.). To delay, to tarry, to

a pcck, English measure. linger, to loiter.
Mono (adv.). 1. Just now, a littlc Mor6su8, a, um (adj ). Hard to
whilc ago, latcly, but this mo- pleasc, morose, pcevish f frctful,
mcnt. 2. Now. 3. Sometxmcs. testy.
4. Only. M0R8, mortis (fem. 3 decl.V
M5dus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A Death.
mcasurc, a manner, way, mcthod, Mortalis, is, l (adj. from mors).
fashton. 2. Measure, quantity. Mortal, subject to death.

3. A boundary, a livnit. Mortalitas, ATI8 (fem. 3 decl.
McenTa, Ium (neut. 3 decl). The from mortali8). Mortulity, sub-
walls of a city, ramparts. More jcction to death.
commonly, however, taken for MortIper, era, erum (adj. from
the whole fortifications, and to be mor8 and fero). Deadly, mor-
ao rendered. tal, causing death.
Mceror, oris (masc. 3 decl ). Sor- Mortuus, a, um (adj. from morior).
rowy decp affliction, gricf. Dead, dcfunct.
Mola, m
(fem. I decl.). 1. A Mos, moris (masc. 3 decl.). A
mill. 2. A millstonc. 3. A manncr, custom, way, fashion.
cakc made of meal and salt, and Mosella, m
(masc. and fem. 1
used at the Roman sacrifices. decl.). The Moscllc, a river of
M5lestia, m
(fem. 1 decl. from France.
molkstus). Uneasincss, vexa- Moses, 18 (prop. n. 3 decl. masc).
//on, trouble. Moses. A genitive, Mosi, is fre-
Molestus, a, UM .(adj. from moles). quently employed.
Troublesome, offcnsivc, importu- Motio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from
natc teasing, unreasonable.
y
moveo). A
moving, a motion.
Mollio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj. Motus, us (maac. 4 decl. from mo-
from mollis). 1. To soften, to eo). A
motion, a movcment, a
make tendcr, to appease, to miti- commotion.
gate. 2. To civilize, to domes- Motus, a, um (part. from movbo).
ticate, to tame. Movcd, put in motion, aroused,
Molli8, is, e (adj.). Soft, tender. agitated, impelled.
Moneo, monere, monui, monitum M5VE0, MOVERE, MOVI, MOTUM (a.
(v. a. 2 conj ). To warn, to re- v. 2 conj.). To move, tostir, to
mind, to admonish. rouse.
Mons, montis (masc. 3 decl.). A Mox (adv.). Presently,-by-and-by t
mountain. soon.
MONSTRO, ARE, A.VI, ATUM (a. V. 1 MulIer, eris (fem. 3 decl.). A
conj.). To
point out, to show, to female, a woman.
tcll t to inform, to declare. Multitudo, INI8 (fem. 3vdecl. froni
Monstrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A multus). A multitude.
monster, a prodigy. Multo and Mulcto, aee, avi,
Monumentum, i 2 decl. from
(neut. atum (a. v. 1 conj.). To fine,
moneo). A monument, a memo- to mulct, to amcrce.
rial. Multo (adv. from multus, proper»
Morbus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A dis- ly an ablative neuter). Mw.h, by
ease, a malady. much, by far, a grcat deal.
328
. (masc
mttittfly.
GooqIc
MYC NAV
Multum (adv. properly the neuter Minor, opposite Samos, whera
of multus). Muchy greatly,far. the Persians were defeated by
Multus, a, um (adj.).Many, nu- the Greeks the same day with
merous, much. the battle of Platea.
Mummius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.). Mysterium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A
Mummius. mystery.
Munditia, m (fem. 1 decl. from
mundus, a, um)< Cleanliness, N.
neatness. / Nam (conjc). For.
Mundities, p (fem. 5
MUNDusyA', um). Same
decl. from
signifi-
Namque (conjc. from nam and que)
For.
cation/s munditi a. Naris,18 (fem. 3 decL). A nostril.
Mundus, a, um (adj.). Clean, neat, Narratio, onis (fem. 3 from decl.
plain, cleanly. narro). A relation, a narrative,
Mundus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The a narrating, a relating.
universe, the world. Narro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Munia, ium (neut. plural, 3 decl. conj.). To relate, to narrate, to
sing. wanting). 1. Public qffices, • recount, to tell.
places of trust. 2. The duties NaSCOR, NA8CI, NATUS 8UM (dep. V.

of a public or private station. 3 conj.). To be born.
Munificentia, m
(fem. 1 decl. Nasus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A nose.
from munus and facio). Muntf- Natalis, e (adj. from natus).
is,
icenee, liberality, generosity. Natal, appertaining to a man^s
Munificus, a, um (adj. from munus birth. Used also as a noun, a
and facio). Munificent, liberal, birthday, and, in the plural, birth,
bountiful, generous. Compara- parentage, extraction, lineage.
tive munificentior, superlative Nato, are, avi, atum (neut. v. I
MUNIFICENTISSIMUS. conj.). To swim.
Munio, ibe, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 Natrix, ici8 (masc. and fem. 3
conj ). To fortify, to secure with
.
decl.). A water-serpent.
walls, to defend, to protect. Natu, vid. Natus.
Munus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A Natura, je (fem. 1 decl. from nas-
gift, present, reward, favour. cor). Nature.
Muria, m (fem. 1 decl.). Brine, Naturalis, is, e (adj. from natu-
pickle. Natural.
ra).
Murmur, uris (neut. 3 decL). A Natus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
murmur. nascor). 1. Birth. 2. Age.
Murus, (masc. 2 decl.).
i wall A Maximu8 natu, the eldest. Minor
of a a wall of defence.
city, natu, younger, &c.
Mus, muris (masc. and fem. 3 Nauta, m (masc. 1 decl. contract-
decL). mouse. A ed from navita, which last is
Musa, m (fem. 1 decl.). A muse. from navis). A seaman, a sailor,
Musca, jr (fem. 1 decl.). A fly. a mariner.
Mutabilis, (verbal adj. from Navalis, 18, e (adj. from navis).
muto). Changeable, subject to Naval, of or belonging to ships.
change, inconstant, ficlde. Navigatio, 6ni8 (fem. 3 decl. from
Muto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 navioo). A sailing, a naviga-
conj.). To change, to alter. ting, navigation, a voyage.
MUTUOR, ARI, ATU8 8UM (dep. V. 1 Navigator, 6ri8 (masc 3 decl.
conj.). To borrow. from navigo). A mkrincr, a
Mutus, a, um (adj.). Dumb, mute, navigator, a sailor*
silent. Navigo, are, avi, atum (a. v 1
Mycale, es (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). conj. from navis and ago). To
Mycdle, a promontory of Asia navigate.
28* 329
Digitized by Google
NER NOB
Nivis, 18 (fcm. 3 decl). A shtp. Nbscio, ire, ivi and n, Itum (a.
Ne (adv.). Not that, not, lest. v. 4 conj. from ne and scio). To
Ne (enclitic interrogative particle). bc ignorant of, not to know.
Whether. It is most commonly Neu (conjc. contractcd from neve).

expresscd, however, in transla- Nor, neither.
ting, merely by the tone of the Neutbr, tra, trum (adj. from ne
voice ; as, jamne vides, " do you and utee). Netther.
now sec Neve (conjc). Nor, neithcr, and
Neapolis, ia (prop. n. fem. 3 decl.). not.
NapUs. Nex, neci8 (fem. 3 decl.). A vio-
NebCla, m (fem. 1 decl ). Afog, Unt death, death, assassination,

mtW, vapour. killing, slaying, murder.
Nec (adv ). Neither, nor, and not. Ni (conjc. contracted from nisi)
Necessariub, a, um (adj. from ne- If not, unlcss.
CI88E). Necessary. Nidulor, iMlf atcs sum (dep. v. 1
Necebbb (indeclinable adjective, conj. from nidus). To build or
neuter gender). Necessary, of construct a nest.

necessity. Nidus, i (masc 2 decl.). A ncst.
NecessTtas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from Niger, gra, grum (adj.). Black,
NECE88E). Necessity. sable, dusky, dark.
Necnb (adv. from nbc and ne). Nihil (indeclinable neuter noun,
Or not, or no. '
contracted from nihilum) No-
Neco, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj. thing.
from nrx). To kill, to put to Nihilominus (adv. from nihilo
death, to slay, to assassinate. and minus). Nevcrthclcss , not-
withstanding. It is often writ-
Nectar, aris (neut. 3 decl ). Nec-
tar, the fabled drink of the gods. ten separately, nihilo minus.
Nefa8 (indeclinable adj. neut. from Nihilo, vid. Nihilominus.
nec and Unholy, vriched,
fas). Nihilum, i (neut. 2 decl.). No-
unlawful, impious. thing.
Negotium, ii (neut. 2 decl. frorn Nimbus, i (masc 2 decl.). 1. A
2. A storm, a vio-
nec and otium). 1. A business, storm-cloud.
lent storm. 3. A bright cloud
an offi.ce, an employment, transac-
tion, an affair. 2. A mattcr, a or light accompanying the appear-
thing. ance of the gods. 4. A
halo or
Nemo, inis (masc. and fcm. 3 dccl. luminous circle around the head
from ne and homo). No one, of a divinity.
nobody, no man. Nimis (adv.). Too, very, too much^
Nepos, 6ti8 (masc. 3 decl.). 1. extrcmcly, exccedingly, beyond
A grandson. 2. A spendthrift, mcasure.
a prodigal. In the plural, nepo-(adv. from nimis). Too, Nimium
tes, postcrity, desccndants, much, very much, greally. loo
Neptunus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. Nimiu8, a, um (adj. from nimis).
masc). Neptune, the god of Too much, too great, excessive,
the sea. immoderate, above measure, su-
Nequam (indeclinable adj. masc. pcrfluous.
and fem.). Worthless,prqfligate, Nisi (conjc from ne and si). Un-
wicked. Comparative nequior, lcss, if not.
superlative nequissimus. Niveus, a, um (adj. from nix). 1.

Nequaquam (adv.). Bynomcans. Snowy, of snow. 2. Snow-white.
Neque (conjc). Ncither, nor, and Nix, nivis (fem. 3 decl.). Snow.
not. Nobilis, 18, E(adj. contracted froro
Nero, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc). noscibilis). Wcll-known, illus-

Nero. trious, noble.
330
(prop. .qo.
Diq
NOT NUM
Nocio, ere, ui, itum (neut. v. 2 Novacula, m
(fem. ] decl.). A
conj.). To hurt, to injure. razor, any sharp knife.
Noctu (ablative of noctus, us). Novem (indeclinable numeral adj.).
By night, in the nighttime. Nine.
Noctua, m (fem. 1 decl.). An November, bris (masc. 3 decl.).
owl. November, the ninth month from
Nocturnus, a, um (adj. from noc- March, which latter originally
tus). Nocturnal, of night. commenced the Roman year.
Nodus, i (masc. 2 decl.). knot, A
Ndvi (preteritive verb, the perfect
tie, bond. of nosco). I know, I knew.
Nolo, nolle, nolui (irreg. v. from Novies (numeral adverb, from no
non and volo). To be unvriUing. vbm). Nine times.
Nomades, um (prop. n. 3 decl. Novus, a, um (adj.). New. Com- •
masc.). Nomddes, a pastoral parative novior, superlative no-

race or pcople. The nominative vissimus. Novum Eboracum,
singular, NomaS, adis or ados, New- York.
is not much used. Noxius, a, um (adj. from noxia).
Nomas, adis, vid. Nomades. Hurtful, harmful, injurious.
Nomen, inis (neut. 3 decl. contract- Nubes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A cloud.
ed from noscimen, which comes Nucleus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1.
from nosco). A name, an ap- The kernel of a nut. 2. The pit
pellation. of an olive, plum, peach, or other
Nomino, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 fruit.
conj.from nomen). To name, Nudus, a, um (adj.). Naked, un-
by name.
to call covered, bare.
Non (adv.). Not, no. Nullus, a, um (adj. from ne and
Nonaginta (numeral adj.). Ninety. ullus). None, not any one, no
Nongenti, m, a (numeral adj.). one, nobody.
Nine hundred. NuM(adv-). Whether? Oftenren-
Nonne (interrogative adv. from dered into English by the mere
non and ne), Not 1 whether or tone of the voice.
not. Numa, m (prop. n. masc. 3 decl.).
Nonnullus, a, um (adj. from non Numa, the successor of Romu-
and nullus). Some. lus.
Nonnunquam (adv. from non and Numantia, m (prop. n. fem. 1
nunquam). Sometimes, occa- decl.). Numantia, a city of
sionally. Spain, famed for withstanding
Nonus, um (numeral adj. con-
a, the Romans many years.
tracted from novenus, which Numantinus, a, um (adj. from Nu-
comes from novem). The ninth, mantia). Numantine, of or bc-
a ninth. longing to Numantia.
Noster, tra, trum (possessive Numen, inis (neut. 3 decl. con-
pronoun, from nos). Our, ours, tracted from nuimen, which
our own. comes from nuo). 1. A nod.
Nostras, atis (patrial pron.). Of 2. The will of a deity expressed
our country or nation, of our sect by a nod. 3. The will of Heav-
or parfy. en, the •power of the gods. 4.
Nota, jb (fem. 1 decl.). A mark, Deity, dtmnity, Divine power.
a sign, a note. NUMERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
NdTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj. conj. from numerus). ^To count,
*
from nota). To mark, to note, to number. to reckon.

to distinguish by a mark or note. Numerus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
N6tu8, a, um (verbal adj. from number, number, quantity.
nosco). Kôwn. Numidia, (prop. n. i decl. fem.).m
331
Digitized by Google
OBN OCE
Numidia, answering nearly to the nozius). Liable, subject, obnox-
raodcrn country of Algiers. ious, exposed to.
Numitor, osis (prop. n. 3 decl. Obscuro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
masc ). Numilor. conj. from obscurus). To ob-
Nummus, (maac. 2 decl ). 1. A
i scure, to darken.
jnccîd^monnj "2 Moncy. Obscurus, a, um (adj.). Obscurc t
Ntrtfc (iav). Now, at present, at dark.
thiM time. OBSEQUOR, 8ECUTU8 SUM
SEQUI,
Nunquam (adv). Never. (dep. v. 3 conj. from ob and se-
NuNTiua, li (masc. 2 decl.). 1. A quor). To comply with, to obey 9
messenger. 2. News, tidings, to humour, to oblxge, to gratify.
intelligenee. Obses, idi8 (masc. and fem.)- A
Nupbk (adv). Lately, not long hostage.
ago. Obsum, esse, fui (irreg. neut. v.
Nurus, us
(fem. 4 decl.). A from ob and sum). To hinder, to
daughter-in-law. hurt, to prove prejudicial to.
Nusquam (adv.). Nowhere. Obtempero, are, avi, atum (neut.
Nutrio, irb, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 v. 1 conj.). To obey, to comply
conj.). To
nourish, to cherish, with, to submit to.
to foster, to hring up, to rear. Obtinbo, ere, ui, entum (a. v. 2

Nux, nucis (fem. 3 decl.). nut. A conj. from ob and teneo). I.
To hold against another, to have
0. possession, to hold, to possess.
O (interj.) ! Oh ! 2. To obtain.
Ob (prep. with the accusative). On Obtrunco, are, avi, atum (a. v.
account of, for. 1 conj.). To
behead, to put to
Obductus, a, um (part. from ob- death, to cut off the limbs, to lop
duco). Drawn over, laid over, off
drawn across. Occa, je (fem. 1 decl.). A harrow,
Obduro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 a rake.
conj. from ob and duro). To Occasio, onis (fem. 3 decl.). An
hardcn, io hard. make occasion, an opportunity, a fit or
"Obediens, enti8 (verbal adj. from convenient season.
obbdio). Obedient. Occido, cidere, cidi, casum (neut.
Obedio, irb, ivi, itum (neut. v. 4 v. 3 conj. from ob and cado). To
conj. from ob and audio). To fall, to fall down.
obey, to comply with. OCCIDO, CIDERE, CIDI, CI8UM (a. v.
Obeo, ire, ivi and n, itum (neut. v. 3 conj. from ob and cêdo).
v. 4 conj. from ob and eo). 1. To kill, to slay, to murder, to
To come in contactwith. 2. To cut off.
engage in, to go through, to pass Occiduus, a, um (adj. from occido).
or travel over. 3. To execute, 1. Setting, going down. 2.
to fulfil. 4. To move up and Western.
down. Obire diem supremum, Occisu8, a, um (part. from occido).
to die (i. e., to come in contact Slain.
with one's last day). Obire mor- OCCULTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
tem, to die. The adjective su- conj. frequentative from occulo).
premum is often, however, un- To conceal, to hide.
derstood. OCCUPO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
OBLIVISCOR, OBLIVISCI, OBLITU8 conj. from ob and capio). Te
sum (dep. v. 3 conj.). To for- seize, to take possession of, to oc-
get. cupy.
Oblongus, a, um (adj.). Oblong. "Oceanus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Ths
Obnoxius, a, um (adj. from ob and ocean.
Ui.
332
UMMU v
OFF OPE
Ootayianus, i (prop. n, 2 decl. tum (irreg. v. from ob and fero).
masc ).
.
Octavianus. To present, to bring before, to
Octavus, a, um (numeral adjective offer.
from octo). The eighth. Officina, m
(fem. 1 decl.). 1. A
Octies (numeral adverb, from oc- workshop, a place whcre anything
to). Eight times. is made or constructed, 2. A
Octi no bnte 8IMU8, a, um (numeral generating-place.
adjective from octi ngenti ). The "Oh (interj.) Oh ! 0 ! ah ! !
eight hundredth. "Ohe (interj.) What ho, there ! !
Octinoenti (numeral adj.). Eight hold!

w
Olbum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Oil.
Octinoenties (numeral adv. from Olfacio, facbre, feci, factum
octingenti). Eight hundred (a. v. 3 conj. from oleo and fa-
times. cio). To smell, to smell at, to
Octo (numeral adj.). Eight. Passive voice, Olfio,
scent.
Octobbr, BRI8 (masc. 3 decl. from FIERI, FACTU8 8UM.
octo). October, the eighth Olfactus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
month from March, wbich latter olfacio). The sense of smell,
was originally the beginning of smell, a smelling.
the Roman year. "Olim (adv.). Formerly, ago, once
Octogeni, je, a (distributive nu- upon a time, a while ago.
meral). Eighty each, eighty at Olla, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A pot, an
a tvtne. earthen vessel, a jar.
w
Octoge8imu8, a, um (numeral adi. Olus, bri8 (neut. 3 decl.). Vege-
from octoginta). The eightieth. tables, greens, potherbs.
w
Octoginta (numeral adj.). Eighty. Olympias, adis (fem. 3 decl. ). An
Octoni, m, a (disthbutive numer- Olympiad, a period of four years,
al). Eight each, eight by eight. firom one celebration of the Olym-
"Ooularis, is, e (adj. fromocuLus). pic games to another.
Of or belonging to the eye. Vitra ~Olympicu8, a, um (adj.). Olympic.
ocularia, spectaeles. "Olympius, a, um (adj.). Olympic.
"Ocularium, ii (neut.»2 decl. from Olympii (ludi), the Olympic
oculus). Aneyeglass. Proper- games.
w
ly an adj. with vttrum understood. Olympu8, i (masc. 2 decl.). Olym-
"Oculus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The pus, a celebrated mountain of
eye. Thessaly, the fabled residence of
"Odi (preteritive verb, from the old the gods.
present odio). / hate, I hatcd, Omnino (adv. ). Altogether, wholly.
1 have hated. Omnipotens, bntis (adj. from om-
"Odiosus, a, um (adj. from odium). Ni8 and potens). Omnipotent,
Hateful, odious. all-powerful.
"Odium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Hatred, Omnis, is, b (adj.). All, every.
hate, ili-toill, odium. "Onu8, eris (neut. 3 decl.). A
"Odor, 5ri8 (masc. 3 decl.). A burden, a load.
w
scent, a smell, an odour, a per- Opera, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Assist-
fume. ance, work, labour.
"Odorifbrus, a, um (adj. from odor "Operio, opbrirb, operui, oper-
and pbro). Producing an odour, tum (a. v. 4 conj.). To shut up.
odoriferous, sxceet-smelling. "Operosus, a, um (adj. from ope-
Offbndo, fenderb, fbndi, fbn- ra). Laborious, industrious, ac-
sum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To hit, tive, busy.
to strike, to run against. 2. To "Opes, um (fem. 3 decl. plural num-
offend, to displease. ber, from ops). Riches, wealth,
Offero, offbrre, obtuli, obla- resources.
333
Digitized by Google
ORA os
OcirKx, rlciB (masc. and fem. 3 'Oratio, oHit (fem 3 dec).
decl. from opu* and facio). An oro). A
spcech, discourse,
1.
artist, an artijkcr, a workman, a oration. 2. A prayer. Oratio

makcr. Dominica, the Lord^s prayer.
'OpiptriuM, ji (neut. 2 dccl froin "Orator, oris (masc. 3 decl. from
oihkkx). Workmanship, handt- oro). An oraior, a public
irork. speaker.
"Onvrs, i, vm (adj). 1. Fat, Orbator, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A
irrtt-croirn. 2 KicA, xcealthy, depnvcr, a bereaver.
tr'>un<lnnt, plcnhful, fertilc, yro- Orbib, is (masc. 3 decl.). 1. An
t\\kt. / fPt orb, a globe. 2. The earth, the
"Opinio, onis (fem. 3decl.). Optn- world (tcrrdrum being here un-
10«. sftpposihon. derstood).
Oi'lNOK, AKI, ATUS SUM (dep. V. 1 Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum (dep.
ronj.). To hacc an opinion, to v. 4 conj). To bcgin.
lc i> f opinwn, to think. Ordo, inis (masc. 3 decl.). Order,
'Opitclok, ari, atl'8 sum (dep. V. arrangement, rank, a rank in
1 corij ). To help, to aid, to as- military language.
si.it, (o sur.rour. "Orkstes, m (masc. 1 decl.), and
Oi-PF. R O R, I 0PPERIRI, 0PPKRTUS is (masc. 3 decl. prop. n.).
st « (dv\). v. 4 conj). To wait Orestes.
f>r, (o expect. Orgetorix, Tgis (prop. n. 3 decl.
Oppiocm, l (neut. 2 dccl.). A masc). Orgetorix.
ttucn, friMicrally a walled onc. "Orirns, entis (verbal adj. from
Ops, ovis (fein. 3 deci.). Means, oriok). Rising. Often used
rcsourrcs, assistancc (vid. Opes). as a noun, with soi understood,
Tlie i;umtivc, accusativc, and ab- and then meaning the east.
htivc aro alonc uscd in the sin- Origo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from
<nilir. orior). An origin, a source.
OitabIlis, is, e (verbal adj. from "Okior, ori and oriri, ortus sum
opto). Desirablc, to bc wtshcd (dep. v. 3 conj). To arise, to
for. grow up, to spring.
Opttmr (adv. supcrlative of bene). Ornamentum, i (neut. 2 decl. from
Vcru iccll, bcst, exccllcntly. orno). An ornament.
Oitimcs, a, um (adj. superlative of Orno, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
bunus). Vcry good, bcst, cxccl- conj.). To
adorn, to ornament.
lcnt. Ornus, i (fem. 2 decl.). wild A
Opto, aiik, avi, atcm (a. v. 1 conj.). ash, a mountain ash.
To wish, to choosc, to prcfcr. "Oro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.
"Opulenter (adv.). Ahundantly, from os, oris). 1. To spcak, lo
richhj. Tlic form opulente is utlcr. 2. To entreat, to pray,
also in usc. to bescech, to beg.
'Opclk.ntus, a, um (adj. from opes). Orpheus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl
Rich, wcaltfuj, opulcnt. ma8c. Greek noun), andORPHE-
"Opus, eris (ncut. 3 decl ). Work, us, ei (2 decl.). Orpheus.
labour, pcrfurmancc, task. Ortus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
"Opus (indeclinable). Nccd, ncccs- orior). 1. A rising, springing
sity. up. 2. A birth. 3. A begin-
'Oka, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1 The ning, origin.
extrcmily or margin of anything, ~Oryza, je (fem. 1 decl.). Rice.
u bordcr. 2. A coast, scacoast, Os, oris (ncut. 3 dccl.). 1. The
shorc. 3 A region, a tcrrxtory. mouth. 2. Thc countenance, iht
"Okaculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). An facc.
oracle. Os, ossis (ncut. 3 decl). A bone
334
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PAL PAR
Oscen, !nis (masc. 3 decl). A palus). Marshy, belongtng U
bird that forebodes by its note or a marsh.
cry, an oscen. Pampinus, i (masc. and fem. 2
OsTBNDO, TENDERE, TENDI, TEN- decl). 1. A vine-shoot. 2. A
sum or tbntum (a. v. 3 conj.). vine-leaf.
To show, to signify, to intimate. Pandora, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.)
Ostium, !i (neut. 2 decl.). A door, Pandora, the name of the female
a gcUe, a mouth of a harbour. made by Prometheus.
Ostrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1. The Panis, is (masc. 3 decl.). Bread,
juice of a shellfish which produces a loaf of bread.
purple. 2. Purple, scarlet, crim- Papaver, eris (masc. and neut.
son. 3 decl.). The poppy,
"Otiosus, a, um (adj. from otium). Papilio, onis (masc. $ decl.). A
1 . At leisure, unoccupied. 2. In- butterfly.
dolent, lazy. 3. Secure, quiet, Par, paris (adj.). 1. Equal, even
calm. in number, alike. Fit, meet, 2.
Otto, 6ni8 (prop. n. 3 decl.). sUitable. appears in the
It often
Otho. neuter as a kind of noun.
"Ovile, is (neut. 3 decl. from ovis). Paratus, a, um (part. from paro).
A sheepfold, a fold. Prepared.
~Ovis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A sheep. Paratus, a,um (verbal adj. from
"Ovum, i (neut. 2 decl.). An egg. paro). Prepared, ready, provi-
ded, fumished.
P. Parco, parcere, peperci, parci-
Pabulum, i (neut. 2 decl. from pastum and parsum (neut. v. 3
co). Fodder, pasture, food for conj.). To spare.
cattle, &c. Parcus, a,um (adj.).Sparing,
PXdus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). frugal, penurious, stingy.
The Po. Pardus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A male
Palêpolis, is (prop. n. fem. 3 panther, a pard.
decl .
). Palapdlis. Parbns, tis (masc. and fem. 3
Palam (adv.). Openly, publicly, decl.). A
parcnt.
before all. Pareo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.).
Palatum, i (neut. 2 decl.). The To obey.
palate. Parie8, eti8 (masc. 3 decl.). A
Pallas, adis and ados (prop. n. wall of a house.
fem. 3 decl.). Pallas, one of Paris, idis or idos (prop. n. 3
the names of Minerva. decl. masc.). Paris.
Palleo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). Parisii, orum (prop. n. 2 decl.
To turn pale, to be pale. masc.). Paris, the capital of
Palliolum, i (neut. 2 decl. dimin- France. Vid. Lutetia.
utive from pallium). little A Pariter (adv. from par). In like
cloak or mantle. manner, equally, at the same timc.
Pallium, fi (neut. 2 de<jl.). A Paro, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
cloak,a mantle. Properly the conj ). To get
ready, to prepare,
outer robe of the Greeks. to fumisfy, to equip.
Pallor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Parricida and Paricida, (mosc.
Paleness. and fem. 1 decl. from parens
Palpebra, m (fem. 1 decl.). An and cêdo). parricide.A
eyelid. Paros, i (prop. n. fem. 2 decl ).
Palo8, i (masc. 2 decl.). A stake. Paros, a Greek island, one of the
Palus, udis (fem. 3 decl.). A fen, Cyclades.
a marsh. Pabs, partis (fera. 3 decl.). A
Paluster, tris, tre (adj. from part, a portion.
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PAT PEL
PaisImonIa, m (fem. 1 decl. from Pauci, jr, a (adj. singular seldom
paicus). \.FrugaUty. 2. Par- used). A few, few.
simony, stingincss. Paulo or Paullo (adv.). By a
Paitim (adv. properly old accusa- littlc, a littlc, somewhat.
tive of PAia). Parlly, in part. Paulum or Paullum (adv.). . A
Partio, iti, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 littlc, somewhat.
conj.). To divide, to parcel out t Pauper, eri8 (adj.). Poor. Often
to part. taken as a noun.
Paeum (adv.). Lxttle, but littlc, Pauperta8, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
not enough. Comparative minus, pauper). Poverty.
superlative minime. Pausania8, m (prop. n. 1 decl.
Parvulus, a, um (adj.diminutive masc). Pausanias.
from parvus). Very Ixttlc, very Pavo, 6ni8 (masc. 3 decl.). A
small, very dtminutive. peacock.
Parvus, a, um (adj.). Small, littlc. Pax, pacis (fem. 3 decl ). Pcace,
Comparative minor, superlative quict, tranquillity
MINIMUS. Peccatum, i (neut. 2 decl. from
Pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum (a. pecco). A fault, an offcnce, a
v. 3 conj.). To fecd, to grazc, sin, an error.
to pasture. Pecco, are, avi, atum (neut. t. 1
Passer, eris (masc. 3 decl.). A conj.). To do wrong, to commit
sparrow. a fault, to offend, to err, to sin,
Passim (adv.). Everywhere. to transgress.
Pastor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from Pectus, 6ri8 (neut. 3 decl.). The
pasco). A shepherd, a fccder. brcast, thc chest.
Patepacio, facere, feci, pactum PecunIa, je (fem. 1 decl.). A sum
(a. v. 3 conj. from pateo and fa- of money, money.
cio). To opcn, to lay open, to Pecus, 5ris (neut. 3 decl.). Cat-
throw open. Passive voice, pa- tlc, a flock, animals of any kind,
TEFIO, FIERI, PACTU8 8UM. large of size, such as horses,

Pateo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). ^feheep, goats, oxen, &c.
To bc open, to lic open. Pecus, udis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. A
Pater, tris (masc. 3 decl.). A brute, bcast, an animal. 2. A
father. sheep. 3. A flock. The strict
Paterpamilias, (masc. 1 decl. difference between this noun and
from pater and familias, the pecus, oris, is, that the latter
old genitive of the first declen- means, properly, an entire tlock
sion, for famili^). fathcr of A or herd, whereas pecus, udis,
a family. refere rather to the individual
Patina, m
(fem. 1 decl. from pa- animals composing that flock or
teo). A
dish, a plate, a pan. herd.
Patior, pati, pas8Us sum (dep. v. Pedes, itis (adj. frora pes). On
3 conj.). To suffcr, to undcrgo, foot. most frequently taken
It is
to endure. as a noun, a person on foot, a pe-
Patria, m (fem. 1 decl. from pa- dcstrian, a foot-soldier.
tf.r). A faihcrland, a native Pedester, tris, tre (adj. from
country. Properly the feminine pedes). Going on foot, pcdcs-
adjective patria, with tcrra un- trian.
derstood. Pejor, ORI8 (adj. comparative of
Patriu8, a, um (adj. from pater). malus). Worse.
Of or belonging to a fathcr, a Pelagus, i (neut. 2 decl. Greek n.).
father^s. Thc deep sea, the dcep, the sea.
P*Xtulus, a, um (adj. from pateo). Peleus, eos (prop. n. 3 decl.
Open, largc, vride-sprcading. masc). Pcleus
330
ruLus, a, .
")pen, largc, %
330 Diqi GooqIc

PER PER
PBLLis,is(fem.3decl.). Theskin, (a. v. 3 conj. from ier and du-
a hidc. co). I. To lead
through, to lead,
Pblopidas, m (prop. n. 1 decl. to bring through, to conduct, to
masc ) Pelopidas
.
convey. 2. To lengthen, to draw
.
Pbloponnesus, i (prop. n. fem. 2 out, to prolong. 3. To besmear,
decl.). The Peloponnesus, now to cover over.
the Morea. Pkregre (adv.). Abroad, from

Pblops, opis (prop. n. 3 decl. abroad.
masc). Pelops. Pereor!nus, a, um (adj. from per-
PelusTum, h (prop. n. 2 decl. egre). Foreign, coming from

neut.) Pelusium, a strong city foreignparts. Sometimea taken
of Egypt, on the Syrian frontier. as a noun, a foreigner, a stran-
j
Pkndeo, pendere, pependi (neut. ger.

v. 2 coni.). To hang from, to Perendie (adv.). The day after
hang, to le suspended. to-moirow, the third day hence.
Penelope, es (prop. n. fem. 1 Pereo, irb, ivi or ii (neut. v. 4
decl.). Penelope, the wife of conj.). To perish, to be destroy-
Ulysses. ed, to be lost.
Penbs (prep. with accusative). In Perfectus, a, um (verbal adj. from
the power of, under the control of. perficio). Finished, completed,
Pbninsula or P-sninsula, (fem. a perfect, excellent, exquisite.
1 decl. from fjese and insula). Peroo, pbrgbre, perrkxi, per-
A peninsula. rectum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To
Penitus (adv.). 1. Far within, proceed, to move onward, to go.
inward, inmost, at the bottom. Pergratus, a, um (adj. from pkr
2. Thoroughly. and gratus). Very pleastng,

Pknna, je (fem. 1 decl). 1. A very agreeable.
feather, a wing, a quill. 2. A PerIculo8U8, a, um (adj. from per-
pen. Used in this sense by later iculum). Dangerous, perilous,
writers. hazardous.
PennItus, a, um (verbal adj.). Periculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). 1.
Winged, feathered. Trial, proof. 2. Danger, nsk,
Per (prep. with accusative). 1. peril.
Through, through the midst of. Peritus, a, um (adj.). Skilled,
2. By, by means of 3. During, experienced, expert.

<&c. In composition it signifies Permagnus, a, um (adj. from per
through, entirely, very much. and magnus). Very large, very
Percussor, oris (masc. 3 decl. great.

from peroutio). A striker, a Permoveo, movere, movi, motum
slayer. (a. v. 2 conj. from per and mo-
Pbrcutio, cutere, cussi, CUS8UM veo). To move greatly, to stir

(a. v. 3 conj. from per and qua- up, to arouse.
tio). To strike, to smite, to hit. Permultus^ a, um (adj. from per
Pbrditus, a, um (verbal adj. from and multus). Very much, very

pbrdo). Ruined, lost, ahan- many.
doned. Pernecessarius, a, um (adj. from
Perdiu (adv.). Very long, for a per and necessarius). Very
great while. necessary.
Pbrdix, icis (masc. and fem. 3 Pernicies, ei (fem. 5 decl. from
decl.). A partridge. per and nbx). Destruction, cx-
Perdo, perdere, perdidi, perdI- termination, ruin.
tum (a. v. 3 conj ). To destroy, Pbrniciosus, a, um (adj. from
to ruin, to lose, to squander. pernicies). Destructive, ruin*
Perduco, ducere, duxi, duotum ous, pernicious.
^9 337
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PHI PLA
Peixix, icu (adj.). Swift, active, PhilosophIa, m (fem 1 decl.)
nimbU, quxck. Phtlosophy.
Pkrpetccs, a, cm (tdj.). Pcrpctr Philosophicus, a, um (adj.). Phil-
ual, conttnual, untnterrupted. osophical.
Pkrsa, m
(adj.). A Pcrstan. Philosophor, ari, atus sum (dep.
Persecs, eos, and Prrseus, bi v. 1 conj.). To philosophize.
(prop. n. 3 and 2 decl). Perscus. Philosophcs, i (masc. 2 decl.).
Pbrsryero, are, avi, atum (neut. A philosophcr.
t.. 1 conj.). To pcrseverc f to Phocen8E8, ium (adj.). The Pho-
persisti to hold out. ciansy or inhabitants of Phocis,
PersIcus, a, cm (adj.). Pcrsian. in Greece.
PersIus, Ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). PhcenIces, um (adj.). Thc Phoz-
Pcrsius. nicians.
PeRSOLVO, 80LVERE, 80LV|, SOLU- Pica, je (fem. 1 decl.). A magpie.
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from pkr and Picentes, um (adj.). The Pxccn-
80lvo). To pay complctcly, to tes, an Italian tribe.
pay, to rcnder fully. Picc8, i (masc. 2 decl.). A wood-
PerspIcIo, spIcere, spkxi, spkc- peckcr.
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from per and PierIa, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
8PECio). To scc clcarly, to dis- Picrta, a district of Thessaly, the
cover fully, to discern, to asccr- native country of the Muses.
tatn. Pietas, ati8 (fem. 3 decl. from
PerspiccIta8, ATis(fem. from per- pius). Piety, vcnercUion^ rcv-
spicuus). Perspicuity f clcar- ercncCy respcct.
ncss. Piger, gra, grum (adj.). Lazy,
PeRSUADEO, 8UADKRK, 8UASI, SUA- slothfv.l.
sum (neut. v. 2 conj. from tkr Pignus, ori8 (neut. 3 decl.). A
and suadeo). To pcrsuadc, to pledgc.
advise earnettly. PigritIa, je (fem. 1 decl. from
Pks, pedis (masc. 3 decl.). A piger). Laziness, sloth.
foot. Piloscs, a, um (adj. from pilds).
PkssImcs, a, cm (adj. superlative Hairy, covered wtth hair.
of malus). Vcry ill, very bad, Pilum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A javelin,
worst. •
the missile of the Roman foot-
Pestilentia, m (fem. 1 decl.). A soldiers.
pestilcnce. Pixdarus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
Pkstis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A pcst, masc). Pindar.
plaguc, calamity ruin f destruc-
}
Pinus, us (4 decl ), and Pinus, i
tion.- (2 decl. both fem.). A pinc-trce.
Pkto, ere, ivi and Ii, Itum (a. v. Piper, eris (neut. 3 decl.). Pcp-
3 conj.). To ask, to seek, to rc- pcr.
qucst. PIrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A pear.
Phalanx, anois (fem. 3 decl.), A Pirus, i (fem. 2 decl.). A pear-
phalanx, a largc body of men i?i trcc.
close array. Pirûs, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl ).
Phalf.reus, a, um (adj.). 0} or The Piraus, one of the harbours
bclonging to Phalercus. of Athens,
Pharao, onis (prop. n. 3 dccl. Piscis, is (masc 3 decl.). A fish.
masc). Pharaoh. Pisistratus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
Pharmacopola, je (masc. 1 decl.). masc). Pisistrdtus.
An apothccary. a seller of mcdi- Pius, a, um (adj.). Picus, dutiful,
cines. affecttonatc.
Phjlippus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. Placeo, kre, ui, itum (neut. 2
masc). PhiJip. conj.). To please.
333
I )
2Yi
POM POS
Placo, are, ivi, atum (a. V. 1 PompbIus, !i (prop. n. 2 decl
conj.). To appease. masc). Pompeius.
Planeta, je (masc. I decL). A Pompiliu8, 11 (prop. n. 2 decl.)
planet. Pompilius.
Planetarium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Pomponius, 11 (prop. n. 2 decl ).
A planetarium, an orrery. Pomponius.
Planta, je (fem. 1 decl.). Aplant, Pomum, 1 (neut. 2 decl.). Fruit,
the sole of the fooU an apple. It includes, properly,
Planto, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1 all kinds of fruit.
conj.). Toplant. Ponb (adv.). Behind. Also used
Planus, a, um (adj.). Plane,level. as a preposition with the accusa-
Platea, je (fem. 1 decl.). A tive.
broad way, a street. Pono, ponerb, po80i, po8Itum (a.
Platina, je (fem. 1 decl ). Pla- v. 3 conj.). To plar.e, toput, to
tina. sct, to lay.
PlIto, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. Pons, ponti8 (ma8C. 3 decl >. A
masc). Plato. bridge.
Plenus, a, um (adj.). FuU. Pontus, 1 (masc. 2 decl.). The
PlERIQUE, PLERiBQUE, PLERAQUE deep, the ocean, the sea.
(adj.). Most, the greater part. Populus, 1 (masc. 2 decl ). A
Wants the singular. people, a community.
Plerumqub (adv. properly the neu- Populus, 1 (fem. 2 deel.). A pop-
ter singular of plbrique). For lar.
the most part. Porcu8, 1 (masc 2 decl.). A hog.
Plotius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). Porta, je (fem. 1 decl.). A gate.
Plottus. PoRTicus, us (fem. 4 decl.). A
Pluma, je (fem. 1 decl.). A small portico, a porch, a piazza.
feather,a feather, a plume. PORTO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
Plumbum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Lead. conj.). To carry, to bear.
Plurimus, a, um (adj. superlative Portorium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A
of multus). Very many, most. tax, an impost, a duty on goods.
Plus, pluris (adj. comparative of Portus, us (masc. 4 decl.). A
multus). More. port, a harbour.
Pluto, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. Positus, a, um (part. from pono).
masc.). Pluto. Placed.
Pluvia, je (fem. 1 decl.). Rain. POSSUM, POS8E, POTUI (irreg. V.).
Poculum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A cup. To be able, to have power.
Poema, atis (neut. 3 decl.). A Post (prep. with accusative). Af-
poem. ter. Used also adverbially.
Pcena, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1. Atone- Postea (adverb, post ba). After-
ment. 2. Punishment, penalty. ward, after, hereafter.
Poeta, m
(masc. 1 decl.). Apoet. Po8teaquam (adv.). After that,
Poetria, je (fem. 1 decl.). A po- after.
etess. POSTERI, ORUM (pluial of POSTER-
Pollbx, icis (masc. 3 decl.). The us used as a noun). Posterity,
thumb. descendants.
POLLICEOR, LICERI, LICITU8 SUM Posterior, or, us (adj. compara-
(dep. v. 2 conj.). To promise. tive of postbrus). Coming after,
Pollux, ucis (prop. n. 3 decl. next in order, later.
masc). Pollux. Postquam (adv. ). After that, after,
Polyphemus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. when.
masc ). Polyphemus.
.
Postremus, a, um (adj. superlative
P5MIPER, PERA, FERUM (adj. from of posteru8). Lasty latest, hind-
pomum and fero). Fruitful, most.
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PHjE PRJE
POSTRRMO («JT. from POSTKBMUS). firom pbjbcipio). A preceptor,
Finally, lastly, at last. an instructer.
Postulo, ARK, avi, atum (a. v. 1 Prêceptum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A
conj ). To claitn as a right, to precept, an ordcr, a maxim, a
rtqutrt, to insist, to demand. ruie.
Potrns, rntis (verbal adj. from Prjecipub (adv. from prêcipuus).
possum). Strong, able, power- Pariicularly, tsptcially, chicfly.
fiU. Prêclarus, a, um (adj. from vrj&
Potbntia, (fem. 1 decl. from pot- and clarus). Illustrious, re-
evs). Power, autkority. Vid. nowned.
PoTBSTAS. Prêco, onis (masc. 3 decl.). A
Potesta», ATis (fem. 3 decl. from herald.
possum). Power,avthority. The Pracordia, orum (neut. 2 decl.
difference between this word and singular wanting). The tnidrifi,
poientia is as follows : potcstas the diaphragm.
denotcs power delegated from Prêda, m
(fem. 1 dccl.). Booty,
another, derived from others plundcr, prey.
whereas pottntia means power of Prêdo, onis (masc. 3 decl. from
one's own acquiring. prjeda). A
robber, a plunderer.
Potio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from po- Pr^spbro, ferre, tuli, latum (a.
to). 1. The act of drinking. v. 3 conj. irreg. from trm .and
2. A potiqn, a drink. fero). 1. To bear or carry bc-
PdTioR, or, us (adj. comparative fore, to carry openly. 2. To
degree of potis). Bettcr, pref- prefer.
trablt. Prêlium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A
Potior, rrus sum (dep. v. 4
iri, battle.
conj.). To btcome master of to Pr.elongus, a, um
(adj. from pr^r
gain possesston of, to acquire, to and LONGus). Very long.
get. Prêmium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A
Potius (adv. properly the neuter of rtward, a rtcompcnst.
potior). Rather. Prênuntia, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A
P0TI88IMUM (adv.). Most of all, fortttller, a harbinger, a forerun-
especially, chiefly. ner, a precursor. Properly the
P0TI88IMU8, a, um (adj. superlative feminine of the adjective frje-
of potis). Chiefest, most supc- NUNTIU8.
rior, best. Pr^nuntius, a, um (adj. from
POTO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj.). prje and nuntius). That forc-
To drink, to quaff. tclls, a harbinger, forerunncY
Potus, a, um
from poto). 1
(part. precursor.
Having drunk. 2. Drunk, in- Prêparo, are, avi, atum (a. v.
toxicattd. from prm and paro). To pre-
Potus, us (ma8c. 4 decl. from po- pare, to get ready, to make ready.
to). A drinky a draught. PRiEPONO, PONBRB, P08UI, P08TtUM
Prje (prep. with ablative). Before, (a. v. 3 conj. from vrm and po-
&c. no). To put or sct bcfore, to
Prêbeo, ere, ui, itum (a. v. 2 place frrst.
conj.). To afford, to supply, to Prjesens, bnti8 (verbal adj. from
offer. prêsum). Present, at hand.
Tr ^ceps, ipiti8 (adj. from vrm Prjesertim (adv.). Especially,
and caput). 1. Htadlong, 2. chiefly, particularly, principally.
Mash, htadstrong. 3. Down hill, Prêses, idib (masc. and fem.).
steep, precipitous. 4. Quick, Otie who prtsidcs, a presidcnt,
rapid. a superintendent, a hcid, a go*-
Pr^ceptor, 5ri8 (masc. 3 decl. emor.
340
Digitized by Google
PRE PRO
Ph jesidium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Aid, Prrtiosus, a, um (adj. from pret
assistance, succour. ium). Valuable, precious.
Pr2Estans, antis (verbal adj. from Pretium, Ii (neut. 2 decl). A
prjesto). Excclling, surpass- price, a value.
ing, cxcellent, distinguished, re- Pr!amidr8, m (patronymic noun, 1
markuble, notable. decl. masc). A
son of Priam.
pRiESTAT (impersonal verb, prje- Primo (adv.). At first, in the first
sto, arr). more
It is better, it is place, first.
advantagcous. Primitive mean- Primum (adv.). The first time, ir.
ing, it stands before, it is in ad- the first place, first, first of all.
vance of. Primus, a, um (adj.). First.
pRiESTO, PRJE8TARR, PRJESTITI, Princepb, ipis (adj.). First,fore
pr2RstTtum (a. v. 1 conj. from most. Often used as a noun, a
prê and sto). To afford, to of- prince, a chief, a leader.
fer, to give, to render. Used also Principium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from
impersonally (vid. Prjbstat). princrps). A beginning, a com-
Primitive meaning, to stand be- mencement.
fore, to be in advance of Prior, or, us (adj. comparative de-
Pr2Esto (adv.). Present, ready, gree, the superlative being pri-
at hand. mus). tformer, previous, anlccc-
Prêsum, esse, fui (irreg. v. from dent.
PR2E and sum). To preside over, Priscus, a, um (adj.). Ancient,
to be over, to have charge of, to old, out ofdate, antique.
be in authority. Pri8tinus, a, um (adj.). Former,
Prêter (prep. with accusative). accustomed, wonted, original,
By, along, past, beside, except, pristine.
6lc. Prius (adj. neuter of prior, often
Prêtereo, irb, and 11, itum
ivi used as an 'adverb). Before,
(irreg. v. from prjetrr and ro). sooner.
To pass by, to go beyond, to omit. PrIvatus, a, um (adj.). Privatc,
Pr^trritus, a, um (verbal adj. one's oum. Sometimes used as a
from pr^stereo). Passed gone
}
noun, a private individual.
by. Pro ! and Proh (interj.) Oh ! !
Pr^btor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). A Pro (prep. with ablative). Before,

pretor, a Roman magistrate. for, instead of, &c.
Pr^torium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from Probo, arr, avi, atum (a. v. 1
prêtor, in its primitive sense of conj.). To approve of, to com~
" a commander"). A generaVs mcnd, to praise.
camp.
tent in a Probu8, a, um (adj.). Worthy, up-
Prêvalidus, a, um (adj. fromPRJE right, honest, virtuous.
and validus). Very able, very Procas, jb (prop. n. 1 decl.masc).
strong. Procas.
Pratum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A mead, Procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum
a green field, a prairie, a meadr (neut. v. 3 conj. from pro and
ow. cedo). To proceed, to advance,
Pravus, a, um (adj.). Crooked,
1. go onward.
to
deformed. 2. Depraved, vicious, Procella, m (fem. 1 decl.). A
corrupt. tempest.
Preces, um (fem. 3 decl. plural Procellaria, m
(fem. 1 decl.
number from the singular prrx).
; from procrlla). A storm-bird.
Prayers, entreaties. Properly an adjective, with avis
Prrcor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 understood.
conj.). To pray, to entreut, to Procerus, a, um (adj ). Lofty,
|
beg, to supplicate. \
tall.
29* 341
Digitized by Google
PKO PUG
PrOCRKO, ARK, AVl, ATUM (a. V. 1 adapted. Prophum est, it bc-
conj. from pro and crio). To longs to, it is the propcrty or part
beget, to gcneratc, to procreate.
Procul (adv.). Far,far off, at or Proptkr (prep. with the accusa-
from a dtstancc. tive). 1. Near, close by. 2.
ProdItor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from On account of.
prodo). A betraycr, a traitor. Pror8U8 (adv.). Altogcther, en-
ProprctIo, onis (fem. 3 decl. from tircly, wholly.
propiciscor). A Mctting out, a Proserpina, je (prop. n. 1 decl.
dcparture. fem.). Proscrpina.
Propecto (adv.). Undoubtedly, PrOSPICIO, SPICERE, 8PEXI, 8PKC-
assuredly, certainly. tum (a. v. 3 conj. from pro and
PROFKRO, FKRRE, TULI, LaTUM specio). L To behold from a
(irreg. v. from pro and fkro). distance. 2. To forcsee, to pcr-
To carry out, to bring out, to ceive beforehand. 3. Toprovidc
draxc out f to producc, to show, to for, to consult for.
exhtbit. Prosum, prodb88E, profui (irreg.
Profkstus, a, um (adj.). Not holy, v. from pro and sum). Toprofit,
on xrhirh tcork may be dunc, sec- to benefU, to prove of scrvicc.
ular. Dies profestus, a sccular Proverbium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A
day, not a holyday. proverb.
PrOFICISCOR, PROFICISCI, PROFEC- Providentia; je (fem. 1 decl. from
tc§ sum (dep. v. 3 conj.). To pro and video).
set out on a journey, to dcpart, to Providu8, a, um (adj. from pro and
go, to procccd. video). Provident, forcsceing,
Prohibko, krk, ui, itum (a. v. 2 prudent, circumspcct.
conj. from pro and habeo). To Provincia, je (fem. 1 decl.). A
kecp off or away, to ward off, to province.
debar, to hinder, to prevent, to Proximus, a, um (adj.superlative
prohtbit. froin propior). Nearest, ncxt.
PROMITTO, MITTERK, MI8I, MISSUM Prudens, entis (adj.). Prudcnt,
(a. v. 3 conj. from pro and mit- wise.
to). To promise. PrudentTa, je (fem. 1 decl.). Pru-
Promontorium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). dencc.
A promontory. Ptolem,*U8, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
Pronuntio, ark, avi, atum (a. v. masc). Ptolemy.
1 conj. from pro and nuntio). Publicu8, a, um (adj.). Public.
To pronounce, to uttcr, to spcak. Publiu8, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc
Prope (adv.). Ncar, nigh. Publius.
Propkn8U8, a, um (verbal adj. from Pudor, 6ri8 (masc. 3 decl.). Mod-
propendeo). Hanging, bcnding .esly, shame, bashfulncss.
or inclining forward, hanging Puella, je (fem. 1 decl.). A girl,
down. a damsel.
Propero, are, Itum (neut. v.
avi, Puer, eri (masc. 2 decl.). A boy.
1 conj.). To
hasten, to make Pueritia, je (fem. 1 decl. from
haste, to be quick. puer). Boyhood.
Propertius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. Puerulu8, i (masc 2 decl. dimin-
masc). Propertius. utive from puer). A little boy.
Propinquus, a, um (adj.). Near, Puoil, ili8 (masc. 3 decl.). A
ncighbouring. boxcr, a pugilist.
Propitius, a, um (adj.). Favour- Puoio, 6ni8 (masc 3 decl ). A
able, propitious, mcrciful, kind. daggcr, a poniard.
^koprIus, a, um (adj.). 1. Pecu- Puona, je (fem. 1 decl.). A bat-
Har, propcr, one s own. J
2. Fit, a fight.
342
.
OfCi
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QUA QUA
PUONO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (nOUt. V. 1 Which way, wXcrc, by or through
conj.)- Tofight. which way.
PuLCHER, CHRA, CHRUM (adj.). Quadrageni, m, a (distributive nu*
Fair, beautiful. meral adj. from quadraginta).
Pulchritudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. Forty each, forty by forty.
from pulcher). Beauty, fair- Quadrage8imus, a, um (numeral
ness. adj. from quadraginta). The
Pulex, ici8 (masc. 3 decl.). A fortieth.
flea. Quadraginta
(indeclinable numer-
Pullu8, a, um (adj.). Blackish, of al adj.). Forty.
a dusky colour. QUADRINGENTESIMUS, A, UM (nU-
Pullus, i (masc. 2 decl.). The meral adj. from quadringenti).
young of any animai, a foal, a The four hundredth.
young horse, a chick, &c. Quadringenti, m, a (numeral
Pulmo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). The adj.). Four hundred. .
lungs. Quadrupes, edis (masc. and fem.

Puls, pulti8 (fem. 3 decl.). Pot- 3 decl. from quatuor and pes).
tage, thick gruel, a kind of food A quadruped, a four-footed am-
used by the early Romans in mal. It occure also, occasional-
place of bread. ly, as a ncuter.
PULSO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V.' 1 Quadruplo (adv. properly ablative
conj. frequentative from pello, of quadruplus). Fourfold, four
ere). To beat often, to slrike, times as much.
to baticr. Qu^RO, QUiGRERE, QUÊSIVI, QVJE-
PUNGO, PUNGERE, PUPUGI, PUNC- situm (a. v. 3 conj.). To seek,
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To prick, to seek after, to acquire, to inquirc
to sting. into, to inquire.
Punio, ire, ivi, itum (a. v. 4 conj.). Qujeso (defective verb). / beseech.
To punish, to chastise. Qualis, 18, e (adj.). Such as, as,
Purus, a, um (adj.). Pure, clean, of what kind.
cleanly. Quam (adv ). How, how much, as
Pus, puris (neut. 3 decl.). Cor- much.
rvpt matter of a sore, corrupiion. Quam (conjc). Than, as.
Puteus, ei (masc. 2 decl.). A pit, Quamdiu or Quandiu (adv.). As
a well. long as, and, as an interrogative,
Putresco, putrescere, putrui how long 1
(inceptiveverb, from putrbo). Quamobrem (adv. properly quam
To grow rotten, to begin to pu- ob rem). Why, wherefore, on
trefy. what account, on which account.
Pyramis, idis and idos (fem. 3 Quamprimum (adv.). As soon as
decl.). A pyramid. possible.
PvRENiEi, orum (prop. d. masc. 2 QUAMQUAM Or QUANQUAM (COnjC.).
decl). ThePyrenees. Properly Although.
an adjective, with montcs under- Quamvis (conjunction). Although.
stood. However much.
(Adv.).
PvrItes, m (masc. 1 decl.). Fire- Quando (adv.). When. (Conjc ).
stone, pyrites. Since.

Pythagoras, m (prop. n. I decl. Quandoquidem (conjc). Since.
masc.). Pythagoras. QUANQUAM, Vid. QUAMQUAM.
Pyxis, idis (fem. 3 decl.). A box. Qu antopkre (adv. ). How greatly,
how much, as greatly as.
Q. Quantum (adv. properly the neuter
*Jua (adv. properly the ablative of of quantus). As much as, how
Qii, with via orpar/eunderetood). much.
343
Digitized by Google
qui QUO
Qcantu*, a, um (adj.). Howgreat, Quindkcim (mdec)inable numeral
how mucK, as grtat as. adj. from qcinque and decem).
QuAPiorrE» (adv.) l.Forwhat Ftfteen.
rcason, why. S. For which rea- Quingentesimus, a, um (numeral
son, icherefore. adj. from quingenti). The five
Quark (adv. (ot qva rk). 1. For hundredth.
whtch rcason, whcrefore. 2. Quinoknti, m, a (numeral adj.).
Why 1 whcrcforc ? Five hundred.
Quater (numeral adv.). Four Quinquageni, m, a (distributive
times. numeral adj. from quinquagin-
Quaterm (d istributi ve numeral adj. ta). Fxfty each, fifty by fifty.
from quatuor). Four each, four Quinquagies (numeral adv.). Fif-
by four. ty times.
Quatuordkciu nu-
(indeclinable Quinquaginta (indeclinable nu-
meral adj. from quatuor and de- meral adj.). Fifty.
ckm). Fourteen. Quinque (indeclinable numeral
Que always connected
(encbtic, adj.). Five.
wtth the preceding word). And, Quintus, a, um (numeral adj.).
both, also. Fifth.

Qubrcus, us (fem. 4 decl.). An Quippe (conjc). Because, sincc,
oak. for, forasmuch as, in fact.
QuKROR, QUERl, QUESTU8 8UM (dep. Quis, QU^B, quid andQUOD(interrog-
v. 3 conj.). To complain, to la- ative pronoun). Who? which?
what?
Qui quje, quod (relative
t pron.). Quis (for aliquis, and so through-
Who, which, that. out). Some one, any one.
Qui (adv. properly an old ablative QuiSNAM Or QuiNAM, QU^NAM,
singular from quis, itself an old quidnam or quodnam (compound
form for qui, and making qui in pronoun). Who ? which ? what ?
the ablative, just as mitis, for who, pray ?
example, makes miti. It is of ali Quispiam, QUiEPiAM, quidpiam and
genders). How, in what way, quodpiam (compound pronoun).
by mcans of which, ccc. Any one, some one.
Quia (conjc). Because. QuiSQUAM, QUjEQUAM, QUIDQI AM
QuiCUNQUE, QU^CUNQUE, QUOD- or quicquam (compound pron.).
cunque (compound pronoun, Avy one.
from qui and cunque). Whoso- Quisque, QUiEQUE, QUODQUB and
whoevcr, whatsocver. quidqub (compound pronoun).
QuiDAM, QU2EDAM, QUODDAM and Each one, every one.
quiddam (pron.). A certain one, Quivis, qvjews, quodvis and quid-
one. vis (compound pronoun). Any
Quidem (adv.). Indeed, truly, in one you plcase, whosoever, any
truth. one.
Quidni (adv.). Why not ? Quo (adv ). Whither. (Conjc).
Quies, etis (fem. 3 decl.). Rcst, In order that.
repose, quiet. Quocirca (adv.). Wherefore.
QuiLIBET, QUJELIBET, QUODLIBET Quocunque (adv.). Whkhcrsoever.
and quidlibet (compound pro- Quod (conjc). Because t in that,
noun from qui and libet). Any that, since.

onc whom you please, whosoever Quominus (adv.). The less, that
will, any one at pleasure. not, from. .'$
Quin (conjc). But that but, why f

Quomodo (adv.). How ? in
not ? ay, and more than that, yet manner or way ?
for all that. Quoniam (conjc. i
344
tt^
REC REG
form for quum, and jam). Since) Rkceptaculum, i (neut. 2 decl.).
seeing ihaJL. A receptacle, a storehouse, aplace
Quoque (conjc). Also. to keep things in.
Quot (indeclinable numeral adj.). Ricipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum (a.
How many 1 as many as. v. 3 conj. from bb and capio).
Quotannis (adv.). Yeariy, aery To receive, to get back, to recover.
year. Recipere se, to bctake one's self,
Quoteni, je, a (distributive numer- to retreat.
al adj. from quot). Howmanyl Recito, abb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
towhat number 1 conj.). To recite, to read aloud.

Quotidib (adv.). Daily, every Recobdob, abi, atu8 sum (dep. v. 1
day. conj .
). To remember, to be mind-
Quoties (numeral adv. fromQUOT).
Hoxjd often 1 as often as. Recte (adv. from rectus). 1. Di-
Quorus, a, um (numeral adj. from rectlv, in a straight linc. 2.
quot). Of what number ? how Rightly, properly.

many 1 Quota hora est, what is Rectus, a, um (verbal adj. from
the hour 7 bego). Right, straight, direct,
Quum (adv. and conjc). Same as upright, just, correct.
oum. Recubro, cubberr, curri and cu-
curri, cursum (neut. v. 3 conj.
R. from re and curro). 1. Torun
Radius, ii (masc. 2 decl.). A ray, again, to run back. 2. To have
a beam. recourse to. 3. To recur.
Radix, icis (fem. 3 decl). A Reddo, reddere, reddidi, reddi-

root. tum (a. v. 3 conj. from re and
Ramus, (masc. 2
i decl.). A do). To give back, to render, to
branch, a bough. restore, to retum.
Rana, m (fem. 1 decl.). Afrog. Rbdeo,Ibb, ivi and ii, itum (neut.
Rapax, acis (adj. from bapio). v. 4 donj. from re and eo). To
Rapacious, ravenous, ravening, returk.
devouring. RedigoI bedigere, bedbgi, rk-
Rapidus, a, um (adj. from bapio). dactIm (a. v. 3 conj. from rb
Rapid, swift. and lao). 1. To bring or drive
Rapio, baperk, rapui, raptum (a. back. 2. To reduce, to conetrain,
v. 3 conj.). To seize, to carry to campel.
offbyforce. Reduco, reducere, rbduxi, be-

Raritas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from ductum (a. v. 3 conj. from rb
rarus). Thinness, rarity (op- and duco). 1. To bring or lead
posed to density). back, to conduct back.
Ra.ro (adv. from rabus). Rarely, Refero, refbbbb, rbtuli, rbla
scldom. tum (irreg. v. from re and fkro)
Rarus, a, um (adj.). 1. Rarc, To bear back, to carry back, U
thin, not dense or thick. 2. Rare, bear again. Referre se, to re
uncommon, seldom met with. treat.
Ratio, onis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. Refrigkro, are, avi, atum (a. v.
Reason, the rational faculty. 2. 1 conj.). 1. To cool, to chill, to
Plan, method, way. make cool or chill. 2. To rein-
Rebello, abb, avi, atum (neut. v. vigorate, to refresh.

1 conj. from re and bello). To Regillus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.).
wage war again, to rebcl, to re- Regillus, thename of a lake in
volt. Latium, near Mount Algidus.

Recens, entis (adj.). Rccent, Reoina, m (fem. 1 decl. from bex).
UUelv done fresh. ! A qucen.
Digitized by Google
REP RES
Rfiulo, oxia (fem. 3 dccl.). A re- paxr, to rctrteve, to recover t to rc-
gion, a tract of tand, a country. ncw.
Rficius, a, vu (adj. from rbx). RePELLO, PELLKRE, PULI, PUL8UM
Kingiy, royal, regal, prtncely. (a. v. 3 conj. from re and pello).
Rrgnum, i (neut. 2 decl. from To drive back, to rcpel, to drxve
bbz). A ktngdotn. away, to keep off.
Rboo, begbrb, bbzi, bbctum (a. Repbrio, perire, peri, pertum
t. 3 conj). To rule, to dxrect, (a. v. 3 conj. from re and pario).
to lead straight, to rcgulate, to To findy to find out }
to discovcr,
moderate. to asccrtain.
Rkoulus, t (masc. 2 decl. diminu- Rbpeto, petere, pbtivi and petii,
live from brz). A petty mon- petitum (a. v. 3 conj. from re
arch y a prtnce. and peto). To ask or demand
Regulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). again, to demand back to seek. y
Regulus. Reprehendo, prehendere, prk-

RkligIo, oxis (fem. 3 decl.). Re- HKNDI, PREHENSUM (a. V. 3 COllJ.
ligton. from re and prehendo). 1. To
RsLINQUO, LINQUBRB, LIQUl, LIC- catch, to seize. 2. To rcprove,
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from rb and to blamc }
to censure.
linquo). To lcavc, to leave be- Reprehensor, oris (masc. 3 decl.
hxnd } to ncglect, to abandon. from reprehendo). A rcproveXy
Rkliqums, arum (fem. 1 decl. from a blamcr a censurer.
t
relinquo, singular wanting). Repudio, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1

Remains, residue of a thing, the conj. from repudium). To re-
resl t the remainder. jcct, to rcfusey to repudiate, to di-
Rkliquus, a, um (from relinquo). vorccy to cast off.
Rcmainingy left. Res, rei (fem. 5 decl.). A fhing t
ReMAXEO, MANERE, MAN8I, MAX- a matter an affair. Res ges-
}
sum (neut. v. 2 conj.). To re- tae, cxploits, operations y litcrally

main. things carricd on.
Rkmez, Igis (masc. 3 decl. from Resaluto, arb, avi, atum (a. V. 1
rkmjCs and ago). A rower. conj. from re and saluto). To

Rkmimscor, minisci (dep. v. 3 salute in return, to return a sa-
conj.). To rcmcmber to call to }
hUe.
mind. RE8PICI0, 8PICKRB, 8PEZI, SPECTUM
REMITTO, MITTERE, Mlsi, M1S8UM (a. v. 3 conj. from re and spk-
(a. v. 3conj. from re and mitTo). cio). I. To look back. 2. To
To scnd back, to return. look at y to observe. 3. To rc-
Removko, movere, movi, motum gard to have rcspcct for.
}
(a. v. 2 conj. from re and mo- RESP0NDE0, SPONDERE, 8PONDI,

veo). To remove, to withdraw, sponsum (a. v. 2 conj.). To an-
to take away. swcr, to reply.
Remus, i (masc. 2 decl.). An Respublica, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1.
oar. A formof governmcnty a govern-
Jvkmus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). mcnt. 2. A republic.
RemuSy the brother of Romulus. RESTITUO, STITUERE, STITUI, 8TI-
Ren, renis (masc. 3 decl.). Thc tutum (a. v. 3 conj. from re and
rein8 the kidneys.
y Morc com- 8tatuo). To replace, to reslore.
monly found in the plural, rexes, Resto, stare, stiti (neut. v. 1
om. conj. from re and sto). To re-
Rknes, um (masc. 3 decl. from main.
ren, which see). ReSURGO, 8URGERB, SURREZI, 8UR-
Reparo, ark, avi, atum (a. v. 1 rectum (neut. v. 3 conj. from re
conj. from rk and pabo). and 8UR00).
Tcrre- To rise again.
ATA
K afi Ai
Digitized 5y GooqI
ROM RUT
Rete, is (neut. 3 decl.). A
Romanus, a, um (adj. from Roma).
net.
Reticeo, ticere, ticui (neut. v. Roman, a Roman. Romani, tke
2 conj. from re and taceo). To Romans.
be silent, to keep secret. Romdlu8, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
Rius, i (masc 2 decl.). An ac- Romulus.
cused person. Properly an ad- Ros, RORI8 (roasc. 3 decl.).
jective, rrus, a, um. Dew.
Revereor, vbreri, veritus 8UM R08A, m (fem. 1 decL). A rose.
(dep. v. 2 conj. from re and Ro8cius, 11 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
vereor). To reverence, to re- Roscius.
awe of, to fear.
vere, to stand in RosTRUM, 1 (neut. 2 decL). A
Rbverto, vertere, verti, ver- beak, a beak of a ship. The plural,
sum (neut. v. 3 conj. from re rostradenotes the rostraai Romc,
and verto). To retum. the place from which the public
Revoco, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1 speakers addressed the peoplc,
conj. from re and voco). To and which was adorned with the
recall, to call back. beaks of ships as naval trophies.
Rex, regis (masc. 3 decl.). A Rota, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A wheel.
king. Rotundus, a, um (adj. from rota).
Rhenus, (prop. i n. 2 decl. masc.). Round, circular, globular.
The Rkine. Rubeo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.)'.
Rhetorice, es (fem. 1 decl.). To be red, to redden, to blush.
Rhetoric. RUBER, BRA, BRUM (adj ). Rtd,
Rhinoceros, 6ti8 (masc. 3 decl.). ruddy.
A rhinoceros. Rubicon, onis (prop. n. 3 decl.
Rhodanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc). The Rubicon, a river of
masc). The Rhone. Italy.
Rideo, rIdere, risi, risum (neut. Rubor, oris (masc 3 decl.). Red-
v. 2 conj.). To laugh. ness, a red colour, a blush.
Ridiculus, a, um (adj. from rideo). Rudis, is, e (adj.). Rude, uncul-
Laughabte, ridiculous, exciting tivatcd, unpolished, rugged, un-
laughter, worthy of being laughed formed, unwrought.
at. Ruina, m (fem. 1 decL). Ruin,
Rigidus, a, um (adj. from rigeo). destruction.
Stiff, rigid, hard, frozen. RUMPO, RUMPERE, RUPI, RUPTUM
Ripa, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A bank. (a. v. 3 conj ). To break, to
Risus, us (masc. 4 decl. from ri- sever, to burst, to rend.
deo). Laughter, laughing, a Ruo, ruere, rui, buitum and RU-
laugh. tum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To throw
Rivu8, (masc. 2 decL).
i brook, A down, to overturn, to destroy, to
a stream, a rill, a rivulet. ruin. 2. To rush, to sally forth,
Rixa, m
(fem. 1 decL). dispute, A torun or flock together»
strife, quarrel. Rupes, is (fem. 3 decL). A
Robur, oris (neut. 3 decL). 1. rock.
Oak, oak of the hardest kind, Rus, ruris (neut. 3 decl ). The
heart of oak. 2. Strength, vig- country. Rure, from the coun»
our. try. Ruri, in the country.
Robustus, a, um (adj. from robur). RustTcus, a, um (adj. from rus).
Strong, robust, vigorous, power- Rural, rustic, rude, homcly.
ful. Rutilus, a, um (adj.). Glcaming,
Rogo, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 conj.). shining.
To ask, to request, to entreat. Rutuli, orum (prop. n. 2 decl.
Roma, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). masc). The Rutuli, a peoplo
Rome. |
of Latium in Italy.
347
Digitized by Google
SAM SAT
Samii, obum ). Samians.
(adj
8. SANCIO, 8ANCIBB, 8ANZI, SANCITUM
Sabisus, a um (adj). Sabine. and sanctum (a. v. 4 conj.). To
>4Ci«, cea, um (adj.). Sacred, decree, to ordain, to establish, to
koly. Pnimtive meaning, dcvo- ratify.
tt£ Sanctb (adv. from sanctus). Re-
Sacchabum, l (neut. 2 decL). Su- ligiously, piously, devoutly, sot*
gar % emnly.
Sacerdos, otis (masc. and fem. 3 Sanouis, inis (masc 3 decl.V
decl ) A pncst, a pnestess. Blood.
SACBO, ABB, AVl, ATUM (a. V. 1 Sanitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
conj. from sacbb). To conse- sanus). Health, soundness of
cratc, to dcdtcate. body.
Sjbculum or Sbculum, 2 i (neut. Sannio, 6ni8 (masc. 3 decl. froa.
decl.). A saculum, an agc, a sanna). A buffoon, a jester, c
pcriod of 120 ycara. mimic, a zany.
Smfk (adv). Often. Sanus, a, um (adj.). Sound, heaU
Saoitta, m
(fem. 1 decL). An thy, wkole, sane.
arrow. SapIdus, a, um (adj. from sapio.).
Sal, salib (masc. and neut. 3 decl. Savoury, palatable.
plural 8ALB8, masc). Salt. In Sapibns, entis (verbal adj. from
the plural, wtttxcxsms, wit, pleas- 8apio). Wise, skilful.
antry. Sapientia, m
(fem. L decl. from
Salamis, inis (prop. n. 3 decl. 8apibn8). Wisdom.
fem). Salamis, an island in the Sapio, bre, ivi and ii (neut. v. 3
Saronic Gulf, over against Eleu- conj.). 1. To have a taste or
sis,and near ~£gina. relish. 2. To savour or smell
Salii,orum (maac. 2 decl. plural). of 3. To be wise f to know wcll,
The Salii, priests of Mars. to undcrstand.
Sallustius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. Sapor, oris (masc. 3 decl ). A
masc). Sallust, a celebrated taste, savour, relish.
ltoman historian. Sarcio, sarcirb, sarsi, sartum
Salluvius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. (a. v. 4 conj.). To patch, to re-
masc). A Salluvian. pair, to mend, to sew up.
Salomo, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. Sardanapalus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
masc). Solomon. masc). Sardanapulus.
Salsus, a, um (adj. from sal). Sarissa, m (fem. 1 decl..). A sa-
Salt, salted. a long Macedonian spear.
rissa,
Salto, arb, avi, atum (neut. v. 1 Sartor, oris (masc. 3 decl. from
conj. frequentative from salio). 8arcio). A mejider, a paJcher,
1. To leap. 2. To dance. a botcher.
Saluber, bris, bre (adj. from sa- Satelles, itis (masc and fem. 3
lus). Healthful, wholesome, sa- decl.). A
lifeguard.
1. 2. An
lubrious. attendant, a satellite.
Salus, utis (fem. 3 decl.). Prcs- Satiatus, a, um (verbal adj. frOKa
ervation, safety. satio). Satiated, sated.
Salutaris, e (adj. from salus).
is, SlTis(adv.) Enough, sufjiciently
Salutary, healthful, wholesome. Satius (adv. comparative of satis).
Saluto, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1 Better, prefcrable.
conj. from salus). To salute, Satur, uba, urum (adj. from sat-
y
to greet, to pay one s respects to. 18). Full, welUfed, stuffed, sa-
Salvk, eto (defective v. imperative ted.
mood). Hail. Saturnus, i (prop. n. 2 ded.
Samnis, itis (adj.). Samnite. A masc). Satum.
18 (aoi;
SEC SEN
Saxoneb, um (adj.). Saxons Secundum (prep. with accusative).
Saxosus, a, um (adj. firom saxum). According to, by, along, dtc.
Slony, \ocky. Secundus, a, um (adj. from se
Scalpbum, i (neut. 2 decl. from quob). I Second.
. 2. Favour-
eCALPo). 1. A
paring-knife. 2. able, prosperous. Res secunda»
A n erasing-knife 3 A penknife . . prosperity. Fortuna secunda
. Scamnum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A good fortune.
bench, a stool. Secubus, a, um (adj.). Safe, se
SCELBBATUB, A, UM (adj. fifOm 8CE- cure, unconcerned, careless, re
lus). Wicked, impious, aceur- gardless.
sed. Sed (conjc). But, however, dcc.
Scelestub, a, um Sedbo, sedere, sedi, 8B88UM (neut.
(adj. from SCE-
lus). Wicked, unprincipled, de- v. 2 conj.). To sit, to sit down
praved. Sbdes, is (fem. 3 decl.). A seat.
Scelus, eris (neut. 3 decl.). VH- Sedile, is (neut. 3 decL). A seat,
lany, wickedness guilt, crime. y
a bench, a stool.
SchSla, m
(fem. 1 decL). A SedulTtas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
school. sedulus). Assiduity y
applicar
Scintilla, m (fem. 1 decL). A tion, diligence, zeal, earnestness.
sparh- Sedulus, a, um (adj.). Assiduous,
SCIO,- 8CIRE, SCIVI, 8CITUM (a. V. sedulous, earnest, zealous, dili-
4 conj.). To know, to under- gent.
stand. Seges, etis (fem. 3 decl.). 1
Scipio, 6ni8 (prop. n. 3 decl. Land prepared to receive seed.
masc.). Scipio. 2. Land tilled and sown. 3. A
SCISCITO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 crop,a harvest. 4. Grain, stand-
conj.). To inquire f to demand y tng com.
to ask t to interrogate. More Segnis, is, e (adj.). Lazy, shw,
commonly found as a deponent. dull, heavy.
SCISCITOR, ARI, ATUS 8UM (dep. V. Sejanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
1 conj.). Same meaning as scis- Sejanus, prime minister of Tibe-
CITO. rius.
Sciuru8, i (masc. 2 decl ). A Sella, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A seat,
squirrel. a chair.
Sc6pulu8, i (masc. 2 decl.). A Semel (adv.). Once.
high rock a cliff, a crag.
y
Semen, inis (neut. 3 decl.). Seed.
Scriba, m
(masc. 1 dec]. from Sbmianimis, is, b (adj. from bEMis
scribo). A scribe, a vnriter, a and anima). Half dead, only
secretary, aHerk. half alive.
SCRIBO, SCRIBBRE, 8CBIP8I, SCRIP- Semino, abb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To write. conj. from semen). To sow.
ScbinIum, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A Semita, (fem. 1 conj.). Afoot' m
case, an escritoir, a portfdw, a path, a path, a narrow way.
writing-desk. Sbmpeb (adv.). Always, ever,for
Scbiptum, i (neut. 2 decl. from ever.
scribo). A writing, anything Sempitebnub, a, um (adj. from
written. semper). Eternal, everlasting,
ScVtha, m (masc 1 decL). A endless.
Scythian* Senatob, oris (masc 3 decl. from
Scythia, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decL). senex). A senator.
*JScythia. Senbctus, utis (fem. 3 decl. from
Ssco, secabe, 8Bcui, sectum and senex). Old age, age.
secatum (a. v. 1 conj.). To cut, ISenex, senis, contracted from sen-
lo cui off. icis (adj.). Old, aged. Often
30
Digitized by Google
SEP SEV
13 t noun, an old man, an SeptuagesImus, a, um (numeral
aged person. adjective, from septuaginta).
Seni, m, a (distributive numeral, The sevcnticth.
from ss x). Stx each, skx by six, SeptuagIes (numcral adv.). Sev~
<Scc enty timcs.
Senilis, 18, I (adj. from stNtx). Septuaginta (indeclinable numer-
or bclonging to agc, semlc, al adj.). Seventy.
Of
an old man's. Sepulcrum or Sepulchrum, i
StNlot, otis (adj. comparative of (neut. 2 decl. from sepelio). A

ttNtx). Eldcr, more advanccd sepulchrc, a tomb.
in ycars. Sequani, orum (prop. n. 2 decl.
StNsus, us (masc. 4 decl. from masc.). The Sequani.
stNTio). Sense, a sense, the Sequana, m (prop. n. fem. 1 decl.).
faculty of perceiving. The Scine.
StNTtNTiA, m
(fem. 1 decl. from SEQUOR, 8EQUI, 8ECUTU8 8UM (dep.
stNTio). Opinion,judgment,in- v. 3 conj.). To follow.
tentxon, purpose,view,scntimcnt. Sera, m (fem. 1 dccl.). A bar, a
StNTlO, StNTItl, SENSI, SENSUM bolt.
(t. v. 4 conj.). To disccrn by Serenitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from

the senses, to pcrceive, to fcel, to serenus). Screnity, calmness,
bc aitare of. fair xccather.
SepelIo, sEPELiae, 8EPELIVI and Serenu8, a, um (adj.). Calm, se-
8EPELI1, 8EPULTUM (a. V. 4 COnj.). renc, fair.
To bury, to intcr. Sermo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). Dis-
Septem (indeclinable numeral adj.). course, specch, conversation ; a
Sevcn. discourse, a spcech.
Septemrer, bris (masc. 3 decl. Sero, serere, serui, sertum (a.
from septem). Septcmbcr. Prop- v. 3 conj.). To sct in order, to
erly an adjcctive, mcnsis being anange, to connect together.
urderstood, and so called from SERO, 8ERERE, 8EVI, 8ATUM (a. V.
its being the sexcnth month from 3 conj.). To sow, to plant.
March, when the earlier Roman Serpens, entis (masc. and fem. 3
year began. decl.). A serpent, a snake.
Septeni, m, a (distributive numer- Servator, oris (masc. 3decl. from
al, from septem). Seven cach, servo). A prcscrvcr, a saviour.
by scvcns, scven by seven. Servio, ire, ivi and ii, itum (neut.
Septentrio, onis (masc. 3 decl.) v. 4 conj.). To serve, to bc a
Thc North. More frequently slave to one.
used in thc plural. The primi- Servitus, utis (fem. 3 decl. from
tive meaning is, the sevcn stars 8ERvus). Servitude, slavery.
that form thc Grcatcr Bear. Servo, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1
Septentrionalis, e (adj. from

is, conj.). To save, to preserve.
septentrio). Northcrn. Servus, i (masc. 2decl.). A slave.
Septie8 (numeral adverb, from Sestertius, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
septem). Scven times. sesterce, a Roman silver coin,
Septimius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. equal to about 3 cents 8 mills
masc). Septimius of our currency.
Septimus, a, um (numeral adjec- Seta, m (fem. 1 decl.). A bristlt,
tive, from septem). Scventh. stiff hair.

Septingentesimus, a, um (numer- Setosus, a, um (adj. from seta).
al adjective, from septinoenti) Full of bristles, bristly.
Seven hundrcdth. Seu (conjc). Whcthcr, or, eithcr.
Septingenti, JE a (numeral adjec-
y
Severus, a, um (adj.). Austere,
tive). Scvcn hundred. severc, grave, rigorous.
350
rt, a
Scvems &
,
Digmzec
SIM SOL
Sex (indeclinable numeral adj.). from 8iMiLis). Likeness, resem-
Six. blanct.
Sexageni, m, a (distributive nu- Simplex, ici8 (adj.). Simple,sin-
meral, from sexaointa). Sixty gle, candid, sincere.
each, by sixties. Simul (adv.). Together, at the
Skxagesimus, a, um (numeral adj. same time. Simul ac, as soon
from sexaginta). The sixti- as.
eth. Sin (conjc). But if, if, however.
Sexaginta (indeclinable numeral Sincerus, a, um (adj.). Sincere,
adj.). Sixty. candid.
Sexcentesimus, um (numeral Sine (prep. with ablative). With-
a,
adj. from sexcbnti). The six out.
hundredth. Singuli, m, a (adj.). Each, one
Sexies (numeral adv.). Six times. by 07ie, single, every. The sin-
Sextus, a, um (numeral adj.). gular is seldom used.
The sixth. SlNISTER, TRA, TRUM (adj.). Left,
Si (conjc). If. Joined with both on the left. Sinistra, the left
the subjunctive and indicative. hand, manus being understood.
With the latter it often has the SlNO, SINERE, SIVI, 8ITUM (a. V. 3
meaning of sinee. conj.). To permit, to suffer, to
Sic (adv.). Thus, so. allow.
Siccus, a, um (adj.). Dry, arid, Siquidem (conjc from si and qui-
parched, thirsty. dem). Since, seeing that, inas*
Sicilia, m
(prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). much as.
Sicily. Siquis, siqua or BiquM, siquod or
SIdo, 8idere, sIdi (neut. v. 3 siquid (compound pronoun). If
conj.). 1. To settle, to descend, any one.
to light. 2. To be fixed. Siti8, 18 (fem. 3 decl). Thirst.
Sidu8, eris (neut. 3 decl.). con- A Situs, a, um (verbal adj. from sino).
stellation, a cluster of fixedstars, Situated, placed.
a star. Situs, us (masc. 4 decl. from sino).
Signifer, eri (masc. 2 decl. from Site, situation.
signum and fero). standard- A Socer, eri (ma8c. 2 decl.). A
bearer. father-in-law.
SlGNIFlCO, ARB, A.VI, ATUM (a. V. 1 Socius, i (masc 2 decl.). A com-
conj. from signum and facio). panion, an ally.
To signify, to indicate, to show, Socrates, is (prop. n. 3 decl.
to point out, to declare. masc). Socrates.
Signum, i (neut. 2 decL). A sign, Socrus, us (fem. 4 decL). A
a mark. mother-in-law.
Silentium, ii (neut. 2 decl. from Sol, solis (masc. 3 decL). The
sileo). Silence. sun.
STleo, ere, ui (neut. v. 2 conj.). Solatium, n (neut. 2 decl. from
To be silent. solor). Consolation, comfort,
Silbx, icis (masc. and fem. 3 solace.
decl.). A flint, flintstone. SOLEO, SOLERB, SOLITUS SUM (neil-
Silva or Svlva, m
(fem. 1 decl.). ter passivc v. 2 conj.). To be
A woody a forest. accustomed, to be wont.
Silvius, Ii (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.). Solertia, m (fem. 1 decl. from so-
Silvius. lers). Sagacity, skill, ingenu-
Simia, m (fem. I decl.). An ape. ity.
Simtlis, is, e (adj.). Like, resem- Solitus, a, um (verbal adj. from
bling, similar. soleo). Accustomed, wonted,
Similitudo. inis (fem. 3 decl. usual.
351
Digitized by Google
SPA SPL
SollKItudo, Inis (fem. 3 decl.). Spartanus, a, um (adj.). Spartan.
Solieitude, anzuty, dtsquiet. Used also as a noun, a Spartan.
Solon, oNis (prop. n. 3 decl. masc.). Sparus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A dart,
Solon a spear. Sometimes sparum, i
Solim (adv. from solus). Only, (neut.) is employed.
ahne. Spatior, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1
Solum, i (neut. 2 decl). 1. The conj.). To walk about, to walk
ground, the soil. 2. The bottom up and down, to range, to wan-
of anything. der.
Solus, a, um (adj). Alonc, only. Spatium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A
SoLVO, SOLVERE, SOLVI, 80LUTUM space, a distance.
(a.v. 8 conj). 1. To loosen, Species, ei (fem. 5 decl.). 1. A
todtsengage, to unbind. 2. To form, figure, fashion, shape, ap-

weaken, to relax. 3. To pay, to pearance. 2. A species, a sort.
dtscharge. Specto, arb, avi ? atum (a. v. 1
SomnIfer, era, erum from (adj. conj.). To behold, to gaze at, to
SOMNU8 and fero). Somnifer~ view. Properly a frequentative
ous, soportferous, causing sleep. from spbcio.
SOMNIO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 Spectrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A
conj. fron somnium). To dream spectre, aphantom, an apparition.
of, to dream. Speculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from

Somnium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A specio). A mirror, a looking-
dream. glass.
Somnus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Sleep. Specu8, us (masc. fem. and neut.
Sonitus, us (masc. 4 deci. from 4 decl. The masculine is most
sono). A sound, noise. common ; the neuter appears only
Sono, are, itum (a. v. 1 conj.).
ui, seldom ; the feminine occurs in
To sound, to sound forth, to re- the earlier writers). cave, a A
sound. It sometimes appears as den, a grot, a cavern.
a neuter verb. SPERNO, 8PERNERE, SPREVI, 8PRE-
Son8, soNTis (adj.). Guilty, crim- tum (a. v. 3 conj.). To spum,
inal. contemn, to despise.
to
Sonus, 1 (masc. 2 dec).). A noise, Spero, are, Ivi, atum (a. v. 1
a soundy din. conj. from spes). To hope, to

Sophocles, 18 (prop. n. 3 decl. hope for.
masc). Sophbcles, a celebrated Spes, spei (fem. 5 decl.). Hope.
Athenian tragic poet. Sphynx, 8PHYNGI8 (fem. 3 decl.).
Sorbeo, ere, ui (a. v. 2 conj.) A Sphynx, a fabulous animal,
To suck up or m, to drink up to % having the head and hands of a
absorb. maiden, the body of a hound, the
Sobdidus, a, um
from sordes).
(adj. wings of a bird, the tail of a drag-
mean, dirty.
Filthy, sordid, on, the claws of a lion, and a
Soror, 5ri8 (fem. 3 decl.). A human voice. It propoundcd
sister. riddles, and destroyed those who
Sors, soRTis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. could not solve them.
Lot, fate, destiny. 2. Chance, Spina, m (fem. 1 decl.). 1. A
fortune. thorn, a prickle. 2. The spine,
Sortior, btl, ITU8 sum (dep. 4 the backbone.
conj. from sors). 1. To cast Splen, splenis (masc. 3 decl.).
lots, to draw lots, to allot, to sc- The spleen.
lect by lot. Splendidus, a, um (adj. from
SPARGO, 8PARGERE, SPAR8I, SPAR- 8PLENDE0). Bright, britliant,
sum (a. v. 3 conj.). To scattcr t shining, splendid.
to throw about. Splendor, 6ri8 (masc. 3 decl.)
352
d t
IimmVi
Digitiza
STK SUB
EJfulgcnce, splendour, brilliancy, Stbix, strigis (fem. 3 decl.). A
lustre. screech-owl.
Spons, spontis (fem. 3 decl.). Structura, m (fem. 1 decl. from
Free will, accord. Found merely struo). 1. BuiUUng, construc-
in the genitive and ablative sin- tion, structure, arrangement. 2.
gular, especially the latter. Spon- A a building.
structure,
te, of one*s own accord, spontane- Struthio, onis (masc. 3 decl.).
ously, willingly voluntarily.
y
An ostrich.
Stapia, m (fem. 1 decl.). a stirrup. Studio8us, a, um (adj. from stu-
Stabilio, ibb, ivi, itum (a. y. 4 dium). Studious, eager, desi-
conj. from stabilis). To make rous, attentive, zealous, solicit
firm, to render stable, to establxsh, ous.
to support. Studium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). Zeal,
Stabilis, is, b (adj. from sto). eagcmess, ardour, study.
Firm, stable, steadfaat. Stulte (adv. from stultus). Fool-
Statio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from ishly.
sto). A station, a position, a Stultitia, m (fem. 1 decl. from
post, an outpost, a vidette. stultus). Folly.
Statua, m(fem. 1 decl.). A Stultus, a, um (adj.). Foolish.
statue. SUADEO, 8UADERE, 8UA8I, SUA8UM
Statuo, uebe, ui, utum (a. v. 3 (a. v. 2 conj.). To advise.
conj.). 1. Toplace, to fix, to Suivis, 18, s (adj.). Agreeable,
establish. 2. To determine f to plcasant, sweet.
resolve. Sub (prep. with accusative and ab-
Status, os (masc. 4 from
decl. lative). Under, beneath, cVc.
sto). A state, a condition, a Subbo, ibb, ivi and Ii, itum (neut.
position. v.4 conj. from sub and eo). 1.
Statutus, a, um (part. from stat- To go under, to come under, to
uo). Resolved, determined upon. undcrgo. 2. To approach, to
Stella, m
(fem. 1 decl.). star. A draw near. 3. To occur, to sug-
Stblligeb, era, erum (adi. from gest itself. 4. To come after, to
8TELLA and gero). Bcaring follow.
stars, starry. SUBJECTU8, A, UM (part. frOIU 8UB-
Stbllio, 6ni8 (masc. 3 decl.). A jicio). Placed under, set un-
1.
lizard. A
peculiar kind, having der, subject to. 2. Applied to.
the back variegated with spots SUBJICIO, JICEBE, JECI, JBCTUM (a.
like stars. v. 3 conj. from sub and jacio).
Stebcus, 5bis (neut. 3 decl.). 1 . To lay under, to put under, to
Dung, manure. subject. 2. Tosubstitute
StBRNO, 8TERNERE, 8TB AVI, 8TB A- SUBLRVO, ABE. AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
tum (a. v. 3 conj.). 1. To strew, conj. from sub and levo). 1
to spread. 2. To overthrow, to To lift, to raise, to hold up. 2
lay low. To lighten, to lessen. 3. To aid %
Stipbs, itis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. A to help, to succour.

stake fixed in the ground. 2. A SUBSCRIBO, 8CRIBERE, 8CRIP8I,
a trunk, a thick branch.
log, 8CRIPTUM (a. v. 3 conj. from su»
Stomachus, i (masc. 2 decl.). 1. and scbibo). To write beneath
The guUct, the ozsophagus. 2. oi under, to subscnbe.
The stomach. SUBSEQUOR, SEQUI, SECUTU8 8UM
Stramen, Inis (neut. 3 decl. from (dep. v. 3 conj. firom sub and 8E-
stebno). Anything strewn on quob). To follow after, to come
the ground, straw. after, to succeed.
Stbepitus, us (masc. 4 decl. from Subteb (prep. with accusative and
btbbpo). Noise } dtn, tumult. ablative). Beneath, under.
30* 353
Digitized by Google
SLP SUU
[lii, e (atlj.).
it, SubtiU, haughty. Tarquinius Superbut,
ihm, Jine, small, sUndcr. Tarquin thc Proud.
SUBTBAHO, TBAHKRK, TKAZI, TRAC- Supbrcilium, ii (neut. 2 decl.).
tom (a. v. 3 conj. from sub and 1. An cyebrow. 2. Prt su-
tk k ho). To subtract, to draw or pcrctliousness, haughtinlss.
take from under. Supkrficies, ei (fem. 5 dec». from
SuCCEDO, CKDKRK, CKBSI, CKSSUM supkr and facies). A. surfacc,
(ncut. v. 3 conj from sub and a superficics.
ckdo). 1. To
succecd, to follow. Superior, or, us (adj. comparative
2. To dravo near, to approach. of 8Uperus). Higher.
Succkssor, oris (masc. 3 decl. SUPERO, ARE, AVI, A.TUM (a. V. 1
from succkdo). A sueccssor. conj. from super). To overcome,
Sccckssus, us (maac. 4 decl. from to conqucr, to surmount.
buccbdo). Succcss, good for- Supplex, plicis (adj.). Suppliant,
tune. humblc, cntreating.
Scccdsut, a, um (adj. from suc- Supra (prep. with the accusative).
CUt). Fuil of juicc,juicy, muist, Abovc, beyond, &c.
sappy. Supremus, a, um (adj. superlative
Succukro, currkrb, curri, cur- of superus). Highest, supremc.
scm (neut. v. 3 conj. from sub Surdus, a, um (adj.). Dcaf.
and cubbo). To run to onc's Surgo, surgere, surrexi, sur-
atd, to succour, to hclp. rectum (neut. v. 3 conj.). To
Suoor, oris (matc. 3 decl.). Per- arise, tospring up, to grow.
spiration, swcat. SurripTo, ripere, ripui, reptum
SukcIa, jk (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). (a. v. 3 conj. from sifa and ra-
Swedcn. pio). To take away sccrctly, to
Suevi, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. steal, to filch.
masc). Thc Suevi, a German Sursum (adv.). Upward, on high,
nation. up.
Sui (pron.). Of himself of herself, Sus, suis (masc. and fem. 3 decl.).
of &c.
itself, A hog, a sow, a boar.
Sulphur or Sulfur, uris (neut. 3 SUSCIPIO, CIPERE, CEPI, CEPTUM (a.
decl.). Sulphur. v. 3 conj. from sub and capio).
Sum, essk, fui (irreg. v.). To be, To takc up, to undcrtakc, to en-
to czist, &.c. gagt in. jft
Summus, a, um (adi. superlative of SUSCITO, A.RE, AVI, A^B^. V. I
buperus). Highest, uppermost y

conj.). To arousc^^^tlite, to
topmost, very high, &c. stir up.
Sumptus or Sumtus, us (masc. 4 Su8PEctus, a, um (part. from sus-
decl. from sumo). Expense, cost t
picio). Suspected.
chargc. Suspectu8, us (masc.4 decl. from
Sumtus, us, vid. SUMPTU8. 8U8Picio). A looking upward.
Supbllex, pellectilis (fem. 3 Suspicio, onis (fem. 3 decl.). Sus-
decl.). Houschold furniture, an picion, mistrust.
of furnilure, moveablcs.
arttcle Sustento, are, avi, atum (a. v. I
Super (prep. with accusative and conj. frequentative from sustin-
ablative). Abovc, bcyond, &c. eo). To sustain, to uphold, to
Super caenam, at supper^, liter- support.
ally over supper. Sustineo, tinere, tinui, tentum
Superbio, ire, ivi, itum (neut. v. (a. v. 2 conj. from sub and ten-
4 conj. from superbus). To bc eo). To sustain, to support.
proud, to act proudly, to boast Suus, a, um (pron. adj.). Onc^M
proudly. oton, its own, particular, propert
Superbus, a, um (adj.). Proud, peculiaf, favourable.
35i
, u.u t
.
TAU TER
Mount TauruSy an extensive
T. mountain range in Asia.
TIbula, (fem. 1 decL).
je A Tectum, i (neut. 2 decl. from te-
board, a plank. Tabula picta, a go). 1. A covering. 2. A roof.
ptcture, with picta sometimes 3. A house a dwelling.
f
understood. Tegumentum, i (neut. 2 decl. from

TIceo, err, ui, itum (neut. v. 2 tego). A
covering.
conj )..
To become sUent, to hold Tellus, uris (fem. 3 decl.).. The
one's peace, to be silent. Taceo, earth.
properly, is to become silent after Tellus, uris (prop. n. 3 decl.
having spoken, and sileo to re- fem. ). The goddess of the earth,
main siient after having been so Tellus.
previously. Telum, i (neut. 2 decL). A weap-
TlciTus, a, um (verbal adj. from on, a dart, a missile. Any weap-
taceo). Silent. on of attack.
TIcitus, i (prop. n. 2 d«cl. masc.). Temo, onis (masc. 3 decl.). The
Tacitus. pole of a chariot, the bcam of a
Tactus, a, um (verbal adj. from plough, the draught-tree.
tango). Touched, affected. Temperantia, (fem. 1 dec. m
Tactus, us (masc. 4 decl. from from temperans). Continence,
tango). Touch, the sense of self-control, moderation, temper-
touch. ance.
Talpa, m
(masc. and fem. more Trmperatus, a, um (verbal adj.
commohly the former, 1 decl.). from tbmpero). Tempered, mod-
A mote. erated, restratned, mixed.
Tam So,somuch.
(adv.). Tempe8Tas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
TlMEN(conjc). Notwithstanding, tempus). 1. A particular time,
yet, nevertheless, however. time. 2. A storm, a tempest.
Tamesis, is (masc. 3 decl.). The Templum, i (neut. 2 decL). A
Thames. temple.
TImetsi (conjc. from tamen and Tempus, 6ri8 (neut. 3 decl.).
etsi). Though, although. Time. It differs from tempestas
Tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum in denoting time generally.
(a. v. 3 conj.). To touch. Tempus, oris (neut. 3 decl.). One
Tanquam (adv.). As if, as, as it of the templcs of the head. Tem-
were. pora, The temples.
TantIlus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. Tenebr^, arum (fem/ 1 decl.
masc.). Tantalus. wants the singular). Darkness,
Tantum (adv.). 1. So much, to obscurity, gloom.
such a degree. 2. Only, alone. Teneo, tenere, tbnui, tentum
Tantus, a, um (adj.). So great, (a. v. 2 conj.). To hold, to keep
so much so important.
% firm, to retain.
TIpes, etis (masc. 3 decl.). Ta- Tener, rra, ERUM(adj-). Tendeiy
pestry. soft, phant, yielding.
Tarandus, i (ma8C. 2 decl.). A Tenuis, is, e (adj.). 1. Thin,
reindeer. stender, fine. 2. Weak, feeble.
Tardus, a, um (adj.). SLow, inert, Tenus (prep. with ablative, and
lazy, dull. . placed generally after its case).
Tarquinius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. Asfar as, up lo, down to.
masc). Tarquinius. Vid. Su- Ter (numeral ady.). Thrice, three

PBRBU8. times.
Taurus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A TERB/mus, n (prop. n. 2 decl.
bulL masc). Terence.
Taurus, i (prop. n. 2 detl. masc). Tbrgum, i (neut. 2 decL). The
355
Digitized by Google
THE TON
back, wbetber of raan or beaat, a 1 wants the singular)
decl.
back of any object. Thermopyla.
Terni, k (distnbutive numeral, Thersites, &
(prop. n. 1 decl
from ti ). Three each, by threes. masc). Thcrsites.
TeRO, TERERS, TRIVI, TRITUM (a. Thes8alia, m (prop. n. 1 decL
\ t. 3 conj.). To rub, to wear fem.). Thcssaly.
a\cay, to consumc, to bruise. Thetis, idisor idos (prop. n. 3
Terra, m (fem. 1 decl.). Thc decl. fem.). Thetis.
earth. Thoraz, acis (masc. 3 decl.). 1.
Terribilis, is, e (verbai adj. from The breast, the chcst, thc thorax.
trrrko). Tcrrxblc, fcarful, Jor- 2. A breastplate, a corslet.
midable. Thracia, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.;.
Terror, oris (masc. 3 decl.). Thrace.
Terror, frighi, alarm. Thronus, i (masc. 2 decl ). A
Tkrtio (adv. from trrtiub). The throne.
third ttme, for the third timc, a Thus, thuris, vid. Tus.
third ttme. Tihkkis. is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc).
Tkrtius, a,um (numeral adj. from The Tiber. It also occurs in the
tkr). Third. following forms, Tibris, is, and
Tkstamkntum, i (neut. 2 decl. from Thvbris, idis or idos.
tkstor). A tcstament, a wiU. Tiberius, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.
Ttsns, 18 (masc and fem.). A masc). Tiberius.
witness. Tibullu8, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl.
Tkstor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 masc). Tibullus.
conj.). To teslify, to bear wit- TiciNus, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
ness to, to show, to declare. 2. Thc Ticinus, a river of Italy,
To declare solemnly, to conjure, now the Tesino.
to invoke. TiGRis, is and 1DI8 or ioos (masc.
Tkstudo, inis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. and fem. 3 decl.). tiger, a A
A tortoise. 2. A tortoisc-shcll. tigress.
3. A lyre. 4. A
testudo in mil- TilIa, m (fem. 1 decl.). A lin-
itary language, when
the soldiers den-tree.
advanced to attack the walls with Timeo, erb, ui (a. v. 2 conj.). To
their shields locked over their fear.
heads like the shell of a tor- Timidu8, a, um (adj. from timeo).
toise. Timid, fearful.
Teter, tra, trum (adj.). Foul, Timolbon, 6ni8 (prop. n. 3 decl.
offensive, noisomc, disgusting, masc ). Timoleon.
.
shocking. Titan, anI8 (masc. 3 decl.). A

Teucer, cri (prop. n. 2 decl. Titan.
masc). Teucer, half brother of Titus, 1 (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
Ajax. Titus.
Thalbs, lis and letis (prop. n. 3 Toga, m (fem. 1 decl.). A toga,
decl. masc). Thales, a celebra- an outer robe or gown, of a wbite
ted philosopher. colour, worn by the Romans.
Theatrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A TOLERO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1
theatre. conj.). To endure, to bear, to
Thebê, arum (prop. n. 1 decl. svjfer.
fem.). Thebes. TONDEO, TONDERE, TOTONDl, TON-
Thebanu8, a, um (adj.). Theban. sum (a. v. 2 conj.). To shear,
As a noun, a Theban. to cut, to shave.
Thbmi8t6cle8, is (prop. n. 3 decl. Tonitru (neut. 4 decl. indeclinable
ma8c). Themistocles. in the singular ; in the plural ton-
THERMoPYLiE, ARUM (prOD. H. fem. itrua). Thunder.
356
TRA TRI
Tono, t5nare, tonui (neut. v. 1 TrbbTa, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.).
conj.). To thunder. The Trcbioy a river of northern
T0N8OR, oeis (masc. 3 decl. from Italy, where Hannibal gained one
tondso). A barber. of his victories over the Romans.
Torques, is (masc. and fem. 3 It falls into the Po near Placen-
decL). A chain worn round the tia or Placenza.
neck, and made of twisted work, Trecentesimus, a, um (numeral
a collar. adj. from trbcenti). The three
Torridus, a, um (adj. from tor- hundredth.
reo). Dry t parched, dried up. Trecenti, je, a (numeral adj. from
Tot (indeclinable adj.) So many. TRE8 and centum). Three hun-
Totidem (adv. from tot and idkm ). dred.
As many, just so many. Trbmor, obis (masc. 3 decl.). •
T6tie8 (adv. from tot). So often. tremblingt a tremour.

Totus, a, um (adj.). The whole, Tres, tres, tbia (numeral adj.).
all together, entire t total. Three.
Trabs, trabis (fem. 3 decl.). A Tbbvibi, obum (prop. n. 2 decl.
beam, a rafter, a piece of wood. masc.). The Treviri, a people
TbadTtus, a, um (part. from tra- - of Belgic Gaul. Their ancient
do). Deltvered up, given up t capital is now Treves.
surrendered, handed over. Tribuo, uebb, ui, utum (a. v. 3
Trado, tbadbbb, tradTdi, tba- conj.). To give t assign, grant,
dTtum (a. v. 3 conj. from tbans to bestow, to attribute.
and do). To deliver, to give Triceni, m, a (distributive numer-
over, to surrendcr, to consign. aJ adj. from triginta). Thirty
Tragicus, a, um (adj.). Tragie. each, by thirties.
Tbagcedia, m (fem. 1 decl.). A Tricesimus, a, um, or Trigesimus
tragedy, tragedy. (numeral adj. rrom triginta).
Tbajanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. The thirtieih.
masc ) .
Trajan
. . TricTe8 (numeral adv. from tri-
Tbames, Ttis (masc. 3 decl.). A ginta). Thirty times,
cross-way, a cross-road, a by- Tbiduum, 1 (neut. 2 decl. from
path, a path. TBBs and dies). The space of
Tbans (prep. with accusative). three days, three days. Properly
Across, beyond, over. an adjective, with spatium under-
Tbansduco, ducebe, duxi, duc- stood.
tum (a. v. 3 conj. from tbans Triginta (indeclinable numeral
and duco). To lead over t to car- Thirty.
adj,).
ry over to convey across, to lead
%
Tbiplez, plTcis (adj. from tres
through, to transport. and plica). Triple t threefold.
Transbo, ire, ivi, itum (irreg. v. Triplo (ablative neuter of trip-
from trans and eo). To go or lus). Three times.
pass over or beyondy to cross Triplus, a, um (adj.). Thrice as
over. much t
three times.
Transfero, fbrbe, tuli, latum Triticum, i (neut. 2 deci.). Wheat.
(irreg. v. from tbans and fero). Triton, 5nis (prop. n. 3 decl.
To bring or cairy over, to trans- masc). Triton, a sea-god. Also
fer, to remove from one place to a common noun, signifying a tri-
another. ton. The tritons were the attend-
Transujo, Ioerb, egi, actum (a. ants upon the cars of the sea-
v. from trans and ago). 1. To deities, and blew on shells. Tri-
drive ihrough, to pierce. 2. To ton himself was the attendant on
accomplish, to perform, to con- Neptune and Amphitrite.
clude, to transact. TrTumpho, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
357
Digitized by Google
TUT UND
conj.). To trtumph, to cetebrate
\
conj. from tusor). To protect
a triumph. to defend.
Trumphus, i (masc. 3 decl.). A Tutus, a, um (verbal adj. from tu-
trtumpk. eor ). Safe, protected.
Troja (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). Tuus, a, um (pronominal adj. from
Truy. tu). Thy, thine.
Trojanus, a, i'M (adj. from Tro- Tydides, je (prop- n. 1 decl.
ja). Trojan. masc). Tydidcs, a patronymic
Tkucido, are, avi, Itum (a. v. 1 appellation for Diomedes, vvho
conj). To butcker, to siaughter, was tht son of Tydeus.
to kill cruclly, to cut to pxcccs, to Tvndarus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
massacrc. masc). Tyndarus.
Tkuncus, (masc. 2 dccl.).
i Tke Tvrannis, idis or idos (fem. 3
trunh of a trcc, thc trunk of a decl. from tyrannus). Tyranny.
human body without the limbs. Tvrannus, i (masc. 2 decl.). A
Truncis, a, um (adj.). Maimcd, tyrant.
rnufdatcd, dxsmcmbcrcd, dcpriccd
of.
U.
Tu (pron). Thou. Ubi (adv.). Where,inwhichplact,
Tuhkr, kris (neut. 3 decl.). A m what placc.
tumour, a bump, a swclhng. Ubique (adv.). Everywhere.
Tpkok, ttkri, tuitus or tutus Ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum
mm (dop. v. 2 conj). 1. To (dcp. v. 3 conj.). To punish,
hchold, to gaze upon, to look to avenge, to take vengcance upon.
stcadfastly, to look carefully to a Ulcus, cerib (neut. 3 decl.). An
ihing. 2. To protcct, to takc tdcer, a sore.
care. of, to dcfcnd, to prcservc. Ullus, a, um (adj.). Any, any
Tulipa, m (fem. 1 decl.). tu- A one.
i,
P . Ulpianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc).
Tum (adv.). Thcn, thercupon. Ulpian.
Tumidus, a, um (adj. from tumeo). Ultkrior, oris (adj. comparative
Swollcn, swclltng, tumid, protu- degTce). Farthcr, beyond.
hcrant. Ultimus, a, um (adj. superlative
Tumui.tus, us (masc. 4 decl. from degree). Farthest, farthcrmost,
tumeo). A tumult, commolion, utmost.
uproar. Ultra (prep. with accusative).
Tunc (adv.). Thcn, at that timc. Bcyond, on the farthcr side of,
Turca, yii (nmsc. 1 decl.). A past.
Turk. Ulula, m
(fem. 1 decl.). An owl.
Turpis, is, e
Foul, dis-
(adj.). Ulysses, is (prop. n. 3 decl.
gracrful, jilthy, loatfisomc, ugiy. ma8c). Ulysscs.
Turkis, is (fcm. 3 decl.). A tower. Umbra, m
(fem. 1 decl.). A shad-
Turtur, uris (masc. 3 decl.). A ow, a shade.
turtlc, a turtlc-dovc. Unanimus, a, um (adj. from unus
Tus or Thus, uris (neut. 3 decl.). and animus). Of one mind, in
Incensc, frankincensc. complete accordance with each
Tusci, orum (prop. n. 2 decl. othcr.
masc). Thc Elrurians or Tus- Uncia, je (fem. 1 decl.). 1. An
cans. ouncc. 2. The twclfth part of
Tutf. (compound pron. from tu and any whole.
'hc strengthening suffix te). Unda, je (fem. 1 decl.). Watcr.
Thou fhysrlf. Undecim (indeclinable numeral
Tuto (adv\ from tutus). Safciy. adj.). Elcvcn.
Tutor, ari, a t f fUM (dop. v. 1 !
,
Undkcimus. a, um (numeral adjec-
:<5S
un VAS
Uve from undecim). The elev- Utilis, 18, e (verbal adj. from
enth. utor). Useful, advantageous.
Undenonagebimus, a, um (numeral Utilitas, Iti8 (fem. 3 decl. from
adj. from undenonaginta). The utilis). Utility, advantage.
eighty-ninth. Utinam (adv.). / wish that, would
Undetriointa (indeclinable nu- that, oh that
meral adj.). Twenty-nine. Utor, uti, usus sum (dep. v. 3
Undeyiginti (indeclinable numeral conj.). To use, to make use of,
adj.). Nineteen. to enjoy.
Undiqub (adv.). From all sides, Utrinqub (adv.). On both sides.
from every quarter, on all sides. Utrum (adv.). Whether.
Unguis, is (masc. 3 decl). nail A Uva, m (fem. 1 decl.). A grape.
of the finger or toe, a claw, a Uxor, oris (fem. 3 decl.). A
talon. wife.
Ungula, m (fem. 1 decl. from un-
gui8). A hoof. V.
Unio, onis (masc. 3 decl. from Vacca, m (fem. 1 cow.
decl.). A
unus). 1. Unity, the number Vm (interj.) ! Wo !
alas !
one. 2. A pearl. Vagor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. I
UN1VER8U8, A, UM (adj. from UNU8 conj.). To wander, to rove, to
and VER8US). The whole, unir stray, to move up and down.
versal, the whole taken at once. Valde (adv.). Greatly, very, ex-
Unquam (adv.). Ever, at any ceedingly.
time. Valb (imperative of valeo). Fare-
Unus, a, um (numeral adj.). One, well.
single, alone. Valbo, ere, itum (neut. v. 2
ut,
Unusquisque, unaquaque, onum- conj.). To
be well, to enjoy good
quodque, &c. (compound pron. health, to be strong, to be powcr-
from unus and quisque). Ev- ful.
ery, every one. Valetudo, inis (fem. 3 decl. from
Urania, je (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.). valbo). Health, whether good
Urania, the muse of astronomy. or bad.
UrbInus, a, um (adj. from urbs). Validus, a, um (adj. from valeo).
1. 0/
or belonging to the city. Sound, in sound health, strong,
2. Polite, refined, courteous. powerful.
Urbs, urbis (fem. 3 decl.). city. A Vallis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A valley.
Ursus, i (masc. 2 decl.). bear. A Vanitas, ati8 (fem. 3 decl. from
Urus, i (masc. 2 decl.). wild A vanus). Emptiness, vainness.
ox, a buffalo. Vannus, i (fem.). A corn-fan.
Usque (adv.). 1. Even, as far as. Vapor, oris (masc. 3 decl.). An
2. Continually, vncessantly, al- exhalation, vapour, steam.
ways. Vapulo, are, avi, atum (neutral
Ut As, like as, just
(adv.). as, passive v. 1 conj.). To be beat-
even as, how, when. en, to be whipped, to be chastised.
Ut (conjc). That, in order that. Varietas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
Uter, tra, trum (pronominal adj.). variU8). Divcrsity, variety.
Which of the two, whether of the Vario, are, avi, atum (a. v. 1
two. conj.). To diversify, to varie-
Uri As. Same as ut.
(adv.). gatc, to vary, to change.
Uticensis, ls, e (adj. from Utica). Varius, a, um (adj.). Variovs
Of Utica. An appellation given diffcrent, diversified, variegated.
to the younger Cato, from his Vas, vadis (masc. 3 decl.). A
ending his existence at Ulica by surety, bail.
his own hand. Vas, vasis (neut. 3 decl.). A vase,
359
Digitized by Google
VEN VER
« vestcl. In the plural, vasa, (onj.). To hunt, to chasc, to
OBUM. pursue.
Vabtus, a, um (adj.). I. V<u/, Vbntriculus, (masc. 2 decl. dim-
i
spacwus, amplc. 2. Witwfc, un- inutive from venter). A ven-

peopled, dcserted. tricle, the stomach. Primitive
Vathinor, ari, atub sum (dep. v. meaning, a little stomach.
1 from vatbs and cano).
conj. Vbntus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Wind,
To prophesy, to predict, to divine. a wind.
Vb (conjc). Or. Always placed Venus, eri8 (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.).
at the end of a word as a suffiz. Venus.
Vectigal, alis (neut. 3 decl. from Venustas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
vbho). Duty on goods, cUc, Venub). Elcgance, gracc, lovc-
impost. In tne plural, taxcs, rcv- liness.
enuc, duties, customs, &c, rnZ>- Ver, veris (neut. 3 decl.). Thc
ff. spring.
Vehementbb (adv.). Vchcmcnt- Verber, eri8 (neut. 3 decl.). A
ly, extremely, cagcrly, warmly. lash, a scourge.
Comparative vbhbmentius, su- Verbum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A
perlative vbhembntissime. word, an expression.
Veii, orum (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). VeREOR, VERERI, VERITU8 8UM
Ve\i, an ancient city of Etruria, (dep. v. 2 conj ). To dread, to
not far from Rome. fear, to rcgard with reverential
Vel (conjc). Or, eithtr. awe.
Velocitas, atis (fem. 3 decl. Veroo, vergere, versi (neut. v.
from velox). Vclocity, swift- 3 conj. perfect rarely found). 1.
ncss, speed, quickncss. To inclinc, to bend, to look to-
Velox, ocis (adj.). Fleet, swift, wards. 2. To pour out.
quick, rapid. Veritas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from
Velut or Veluti (adv.). As y
likc verus). Truth, vcrity.
as. Vermis, is (masc. 2 decl.). A
Venatio, onis (fem. 3 decl. from worm.
venor). A hunting y
the chase. Vero Certainly, truly, tn-
(adv.).
Venator, oris (masc 3 from decl. dccd. often appears as an ad-
It
venor). A huntcr, a huntsman. versative adverb, but.
Vknatus, us (masc. 4 decl. from Verres, is (prop. n. 3 decl. masc).
venor). A hunting a chasing. y
Vcrres.
Vendo, vendere, vendidi, ven- Versicolor, 6ri8 (adj. from ver
ditum (a. v. 3 conj.). To scll, to and color). Changeablc of
to vend. colour, changing its huc, varie-
Venenatus, a, um (verbal adj. from gatcd.
vbneno). Poisoncd, envcnomed. Versor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1
Venenum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Poi- conj ). 1. To frequcnt, to hc fre-
son. Primitive meaning, a drug qucntly in a pla.ce. 2. To bc con-
or medicine. vcrsant with, to be oftcn engaged
Veneror, ari, atus sum (dep. v. in, to be cmploycd in.
I conj.). To vcnerate, to rever- Versus, us (masc 4 decl. from
ence, to adore, to worship. verto). A verse.
Venia, m
(fem. 1 decl.). Pardon, Ver8Us (prep. with accusative, and
indulgencc, pcrmission, lcave, li- commonly following ita case).
cense. Towards.
Venio, venire, veni, ventum Vertebra, je (fcm. I decl. from
(neut. v. 4 conj.). To come, to verto). A
vertcbra, one of the
arrivc. joints of the spine.
V"rnor, ari, atus sum (dep. v. 1 Vkrtex, ic!8 (masc. 3 decl. from
4 nr,o
, ATUTJT»
Digitiz©
VES . vie
terto). A
a summtt, a
top, Vbstio, ibe, ivi, itum (a. v. 4
height. Primitive meaning, a conj.). To clothe, to cover.
point or txtrcmity on which any- Vestis, 18 (fem. 3 decl.). gar- A
thing revolves. Hence arises ment, a vestment.
also another frequent meaning of Vbstitus, a, um (part. from ves-
a whirlpool, a vorlex. tio). Clad, arrayed, clothcd.
Verto, vertere, vebti, versum Vestbas, atis (adj. from vester).
(a. v. 3 conj.). To turn, to turn Of your country, of your party,
round, to direct another way. ofyour family, &c.
Veru (neut. indeclinable 4 decl.). Vbsuviu8, ii (prop. n. 2 decl.
1. A spit. 2. A thin tapcring masc). Vesuvius, a mountain
spcar. near Naples.
Verum (adv.). 1. Truly, just so, Vbtus, eris (adj.). Old, ancient,
cxactly so. 2. More frequently of long standing. Comparative
adversative, but, however. veterior, superlative veterri-
VerumtXmbn or Veruntamen mus).
(adv.). But, howcver, ncverthe- Vetustas, atis (fem. 3 dccl. from
less, notwithslanding. vetus). 1. Antiquity, ancient-
Vbrus, a, um (adj.). Truc, real, ness. 2. Length of timc.

sincere. Via, m (fem. 1 decl.). A way, a
Vervex, ecis (masc. 3 decl.). 1. path.
A wether, a wcthcr-shcep. 2. A Viator, oris (masc 3 decl. from
dull fellow, a blockhead. via). A travcller, a wayfaring
Vespasianus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. man.
raasc). Vespasian. Vibex, icis (fem. 3 decl.). The
Vesper, eris (masc. 3 decl.). Thc mark of a stripe or blow, a weal.
cvcning star, evening. Viceni, je, a (distributive numeral
Vbspera, m (fem. 1 decl.). Even- from viointi). Twenty each, by
ing. twentics.
Vespbre or Vesperi (ablative of Vicesimus or Vigesimus (numeral
vesper). In the evcning. adjective, from viginti). The
Vesperus, i (masc. 2 decl.). Same twentieth.
meaning as vesper. Vicies (numeral adv.). Twenty
Vespertilio, onis (masc. 3 decl.). timcs.
A bat. Vicissitudo, inis (fem. 3 decl.)
Vespbrtinus, a, um (adj. from ves- Change, vicissitudc.
per). 0/ evening, in the even- Victor, oris (masc 3 decl. from
ing, evening's. vinco). A victor, a conqueror.
Vespillo, onis (masc. 3 decl. from Victoria, 2E (fem. 1 decl. from vic-
vesper). One who carries out tor). Victory.
dcad bodies at dark, an interrer, Victoria, m (prop. n. I dccl. fem ).
a a sexton.
bier-bcarcr, Victoria.
^kstalis, is, e (adj. from Vbsta). Victrix, icis (feminine adj.). She
Of Vcsta, Vcstal. Virgo Ves- that is victorious, victoricu*.
talis, a Vestal virgin. Victus, us (masc 4 decl. from
Vebtbr, tra, tbum (pronominal vivo). Food, sustcnance, the
adj.). Your, yours. mcans of existcncc.
Vbstigium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A Victus, a, um (part. from vinco).
print of a foot, a footstep, a traek, Conquered, ovcrcome.
a trace. Vidso, videre, vidi, visum (a. v.
Vkstimentum, i (neut. 2 decl. 2 conj.). To sce, to pcrccive.
from vestio). A garment, a VlDKOR, VlDKRt, VISUS SUM (passive
vcstment, an articlc of cloth- of video). To appcar, to be seen.
uig. Vi(iii.ATUs, a, um (verbal adj. frora
31 801
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VOL
viqilo). Sptnt in watchtng, bowel ot entrail. The plural is
spent without sUep. more common, viscera, vu.
VioiNTt (indeclinable numeral). VlSO, VISERE, visi, visum (a. 3 .
Twenty. conj.). Tovisit.
Vilis, i3, e (adj.). VUe, worthless, Visus, us (masc. 4 decl. from vid-
chcap, of Itttle value. eo). Sight.
VlNCO, VINCERE, vici, victum (a. Vita, jb (fem. 1 decl.). Life, ex~
v. 3. conj.). To conqucr, to istence.
overeome. Yi (prop. n. 2 decl. Vitellius,
Vinculum, 2 decl. from
1 (neut. VitelLius. masc).
vincio). A bond,a ckain, a fct~ ViTis, is (fem. 3 decl.). A vine.
ter. Vitium, ii (neut. 2 decl.). A viee,
Vindbx, icis (masc and fem. 3 a failing, a fault.
decl.). 1 An avenger, a redress- VlTO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 COnj.).
.
cr.of grievanccs. 2. An assert- To avoid, to shun.

or, a defendcr. Vitreus, a, um (adj. from vitrum).
Vindicia, m
(fem. 1 decl. more Of glass, glassy.
commonly found in the plural). Vitrum, i (neut. 2 decl.). Glass.
A cUum. Vitra ocularia, spcctaeles, glasscs
Vindobona, jb (prop. n. 1 decl. for the eycs.
fem.). Vicnna. Vituperator, obis (masc. 3 decl.
Vinum, i (neut. 2 decl). Winc. from vitupero). A defamcr^ a
Viola, m (fem. 1 decl.). Aviolct. revilcr.
Vipera, m (fem. 1 decl.). A vi- VItupbbo, are, avi, atum (a v. 1
per. conj ). To defame, to abuse, to
Vir, vibi (masc. 2 decl.). A man, revilc.
a hcro. Vivo, vIvebb, vixi, victum (neut.
VirgilTus, ii (prop. n. 2 decl. v. 3 conj.). To live.
masc). Virgil. Vivus, a, um (adj.). Alive, living.
Virgo, iNis^fem. 3 decl.). Avir- Vix (adv.). Scarcely, hardly.
gt W maiden.
^ CL Voco, are, atum (a. v. 1 conj.).
A.vi,
Viridis, is, e (adj.). Green, ver~ To call, to summon, to invite, to

danl. name.
Virilis, i8, e (adj. from vir). Of Volatus, us (masc 4 decl. from
or belonging to a man, manly. volo, are). The act of flying,
Viritim (ady. from vir). Manby flying.
-
man. '
V6LITO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (neut. V.
Virtus, utis (fem. 3 decl.). 1. 1 conj. frequentative from volo,
Encrgy. 2. Talent, merit. 3. are). To fly up and aown, to
Virtue. flutter about, to fly about, to warn*
Vikus, i (neut. 2 flecl.). 1. Juice, Volo, are, avi, atum (neut. v. 1
moisture. 2. Venom, poison. conj.). To fly,
3. Arank or fetid smell. VOLO, VELLE, VOLUI (irreg. V.). To
V is, is (fem. 3 decl. the nominative, be willing, to loish.
accusative, and ablative are alone Volucer, cri8, CRB (adj. from
used in thc singular. In the volo, are). Swift, flying, flcct^
plliral,VIRES, VIRIUM, VIRIBUS, wingcd, rapid.
&c, regular).isForce, vig- Volucris, is (raasc and fem. 3
our, strcngth. In the plural, 1. decl. properly an adjective). A
Strength,bodily powers. 2. Re- bird, a winged creature, anything
sources, mcans. that flies.
Viscum, (neut. 2 decL).
i 1. The Voluntas, ati8 (fem. 3 decl. from
mislletoe. 2. Birdlime. volo, vellb). Will, inclination,
Viscus, eris (neut. 3 decL). A wish.
362
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VUL ZAM
Voluptas, atis (fem. 3 decl.). Vulnus, rris (neut. 3 decl.). A
Pleasure, joy, delight. wound.
Vombr, irois (masc. 3 decl.). A Vulpes, is (fem. 3 decl). A fox.
ploughshare. Vultur, uris (masc. 3 decL). A
Vox, vdcis (fem. 3 decl.). A
voice, vulture.
an accent. Vultus, us (masc. 4 decl. from
Vulcanus, i (prop. n. 2 decl. volo, vrllr). The look, the
masc). Vulcan. countenance.
Vulgaris, is, s (a^j. from vulgus).
Vulgary common, mean, ordinary. X.
Vulgo (adv.). Commonly, gener- Xerxes, is (prop. n. 3 decl.
ally. masc). Xerxes.
VULGO, ARE, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 Xenophon, onti8 (prop. n. 3 decl.
conj.). To make common, to masc). Xenophon.
spread abroad.
Vulgus, i (masc. and neut. more Z.
commonly the latter, 2 decl.). Zingiber, BBRis (neut. 3 decl.).
The common veople, the populace, Gringer.
the vulgar, the lower orders, the Zama, m (prop. n. 1 decl. fem.)
tnultilude» Zama.
363
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WORDS OMITTED IN THE FOREGOING DICTIONARY
AQU CON
A. conj.). To call, to send for, to
AccIpio, cIpere, CKPl, cbptum (a. summon.
v. 3 conj. from ad and capio). Assyp.ii, orum (prop. n. 2 decl.).
To receive, to take, to obtain. The Assyrians, inhabitants of
AccIpitbr, pitris (masc. 3 decl.). Assyria, a country of Asia.
1 . A bird of prey ; a general Attius, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Atlius.
name for all birds of prey which
have hooked beaks and claws. B.
2. Generally, a hawk.
ACCUSO, 8ABB, 8ATI, 8ATUM (a. V. 1 Bellicus, a, um (adj. from bel-
conj. from ad and causa). To lum). Warlike, qf or belonging
accuse, to arraign, to blamc. to war.
Êacides, m(patronymic fromÊA-

C.
cus masc. 1 decl.). Son, or dc-
;
sccndant qf ASacus. Calepio, fieri, factus (v. 3 conj.

jEgyptius, a, um (adj.). Egyp- as passive to calefacio). To
tian. —Êoyptii, the Egyptians. be made hot t to be warmed.
iEoRdTUs, a, um (adj). Sicky Capitolium, i (neut. 2 decl.). The
weakj discased. Capitolj a celebrated temple of
iEsopus, i (prop. n. masc. 2 decl.). Rome on the Tarpeian
Jupiter at
JEsop, a celebrated fabulist, who Rock.
is supposed to have lived about Carthaginiensis, b (adj. from
620 B.C. Carthago). Carthaginian
Aonu8, i (masc. 2 decl.). A lamb. Carthaoinienses, the Cartha-
A limbntum, i (neut. 2 decl. ). Nu- ginians.
triment, food, victuals. avi, Itum (a. v. I
Celo, are,
Altbruteb, alterautra, alter- conj.). To concealy to hide.
umutrum (from alter and utbr, Cervix, icis (fem. 3 decl.). The
both being declined). The one nape of the neck, the neck.
or the other, one or other of two. Cicero, onis (prop. n. 3 decL).
Amphibium, i (neut. 2 decl ). An Ciccro, a celebrated Koman ora-
amphibious animal. born at Arpinum, B.C. 107.
tor,
Antea (adv.). Before, former- Cinctus, a, um (part. from cingo).
ly. Girdedy surrounded.
Apennninus, i (raasc. 2 dccl. ; CiRCUM(prep.withaccus.). About,
properly an adj. with mons under- round about.
stood). The Apennine range ; Clavus, i (masc. 2 decL). A nail,
the Apennines, a chain of mount- a tiller.
ains in Italy. Comburo, rerb, bussi, bustum (a.
Aper, apri (masc. 2 decl.). A v. 3 conj. from con and uro).
unld boart a boar. To bum up f to consume with fire.
Aquilo, onis (raasc. 3 decl.) The Conscientia, m
*(fem. 1 decL).
northeast wind. Conscience.
Akcesso, bre, sivi, situm (a. v. 3 Contendo,
derb, di, sum and TUM
Digitized by
FAS LON
(a. v. 3 conj. from con and tbn- conj.). To loaihe 9 to abhor9 to
do). To itrain, to contend, to disdain.
vie urith. Faustulus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.).
Faustulus, the shepherd who
D. found Romulus and Remus.
Dedo, brb, didi, ditum (a. v. 3 Faustos, a, um (adj.). Lucky9
from db and do).
conj. To sub- prosperous.
mit to yield 9 to gwe up.
}
Fio, fibri, factus (used as passive
• Defero, fbrrb, tuli, latum (a. v. to facio). To be made or done 9
3 conj. from db and fero). To to become.
carry from one place to another9 Fossa, m (fem. 1 decl.). A ditch.
to qffer, to devolve. Frbno, arb, avi, atum (a. v. 1
Defunotus, a, um (part from de- conj. from frênum, a bridle).
fungor). Dead. To bridle, to curb.
Dbmdm (adv.). At length, certain-
ly.
G.
Diffebo, ferre, distSli, dIlatum Gallina, (fem. 1 decl.). A hen. m
(a. v. 3 conj. from dis, apart9 and Grbgatim (adv. from QREj.,ahcrd).
fero, to carry). To put asun- In herds.
der to put qff 9 to defer.
9
I.
DlSPLICEO, ERE, CUI, CITUM (nCUt.
v. 2 conj. from dis and plXceo, Indicus, a, um (adj.). huUan 9 of
to please). To disphase9 to dis- India.
like. Infectus, a, um (adj. from in, not,
DlSSIPO, ARR, AVI, ATUM (a. V. 1 and factus, done). Not done,
conj.). To scatter 9 to dissipate. undone, unaccomplished.
Infirmus, a, um (adj. from in, not9
E. and firmus, firm). Fecble, weak.
Edoceo, brb, cui, ctum (a. v. 2 Inhumanitas, atis (fem. 3 deci.).
conj. from b, thoroughly and do- 9 Inhumanity, cruelty.
ceo, to teach). To instruct care- Innocens, tis (adj. from in, not y
fully t to ieach thoroughly. and nocbns, hurting). Harm-

Ennius, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). En- less 9 innocent.
nius, an ancient Latin poet, born Josephus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Jo-
. at Rudiae, in Calabria. seph.
Ecropeus, a, um (adj. from Euro- Irrito, arb, avi, atum (a. v. I
pa). European. conj.). To provoke 9 to irritate.
Eva, m (prop. n. 1 decl.). Eve. Jocor, ari, atus (dep. v. 1 conj.).
Exoptatus, a, um (part. from ex- To speak in jest t to jest.
opto). Greatly desired, earnest- Jubar, aris (neut. 3 decl.). The
ly longed for, desirable. beam of the sun.
Exorior, iri, ortus (v. dep. 4 Juno, onis (prop. n. 3 decl. fem.).
conj. from ex and orior, to rise). Juno.
To rise /rom, to spring up, to JilVO, ARB, JUVI, JUTUM (a. V. 1
arise. conj.). To aid, to assist.

fixdsus, a, um (part. adj. from bx-
6di).Hatingf hateful. L.
GlPECTO, ARB, AVI, ATUM (a. V. Leda, je (fem. 1 decl). Leda.
from ex and specto). To look Levita8, ati8 (fem. 3 decl. from
for, to v>ait> to hope for. lbvi8, smooth). Smoothness.
Lima, m(fem. 1 decl.). file. A
F LlNQUO, BRE, LIQUI, LICTUM (a. V.
Falx, ci8 (fem. 3 decl.). A scythe f
3 conj.). To leavc, to abandon.
a sickle. Longitudo, dinis (fem. 3 decl. from
Fastidio, irb, :vi, itum (a. v. 4 LONGus, long.) Iteneth.
Zi2 . 365
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PAR SEM
Luoo, iftx, dsi, Osom (a. v. 8 conj.). Pblvis, (fem. 3 decl.). -4 fasin.
is
TopUy.
I
n
Pentas, /r
adis (fem.
41
3 ™ r
decl. from
Greek vevre, five). pentaa\ A
the numbcr five.
Manlios, i (prop. n.2 decl.). Jfan- Pbrcus8us, a, um (part. from per-
/tu#. cotio, to strikc). Struck, slain,
Mkcdm (for cum mb). Wt*A me. astonished, affected.
MkmobabIlis. b (adj. from memoro, Peregrinus, a, um (adj. from per-
to reUte). Worthy of being re- eore, abroad) . Foreign, strange,
latcd, memorable, rcmarkable.
Mossos, us (mssc. 4 decl. from PeRFBRO, PBRRE, TOXl, LATUM (a.
mordbo, to bitc). A biU, a sting. v. 3 conj. from pbb, through, and
MusIca, m
(fem. 1 deci.). Music. FBbo, to carry). To carry
through, to bear patiently, to cn-
N.
dure.
Natio, onis (fem. 8 decl.). A na-
PerutTlis, b (sdj. from peb, intens.,
txon.
and utilis, useful). Very use-
Navius, i (prop. n. 2 decL). Na-
ful.
vius.
Phalbbbus, eos (3 syllables, prop.
NftOO, ARB, AYI, ATUM (ft. V. 1 CODj ).
n, 3 decl.). Phalcreus.
To deny9 to refuse. Phidias, m (prop. n. 1 decl. masc.).
Nequeo, Itum (neut. v. 4
iftft, ivi,
Phidias.
conj. from nkc, not, snd QUBO, to Pilus, i (masc. 2 decL). Hair.
be able). To be unable, cannot. Platmm, abum (prop. n. 1 decL
Nilus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). The fem). Plata\a\.
NUe. Pontus, i (raasc. 2 decl.). Pon-
Nosoo, iBB, NOVI, notum (a. V. 3
a country of Asia Minor.
tus,
conj.) To learn, to become ac-
Prêeo, Ire, Ivi, itum (from prje,
quaintcd with ; in the tenses
before, and bo, to go). To go
iorraed from tbe perfect, to know.
before, to lead the way.
Nox, ctis (fem. 3 decl.). Night. PftdDious, a, um (adj.). Prodigal9
O. wasteful, exlravagant, liberal.
Pbofundus, a, um (adj.). Deep,
OBSTO, ARE, STITI, 8TITUM aud 8TA-
higK profound.
tum (a. y. 1 conj. from ob,
PUTO, ARB, AYI, ATUM (ft. V. 1 COnj.).
against, and sto, to stand). To
stand against, to oppose, to ob-
To think, to consider, to sup-
pose.
struct.
OcoYdbns, tis (properly a part. of
oocido, to go down, but used as a
Quatuor (num. adj.). Four.
noun with sol understood). The
Quintus, a, um (num. adj. ord.).
west ; i. e., the quarter where
the sun goes dovm.
The fifth.
QUISQUIS, QXJMQVMf QUIDQUID Or
Odobatus, us (masc. 4 decl.). The
quicquid (pron.). Whoever,
sense of smelling, smell.
whatever.
Oltnthius, a, um (adj. from Olyn-
thus, a town of Thrace). Olyn- S.
thian; Olyntiiii, the Olyn-
Sapibntbb (adv. from sapibns)
Wisely.
P. Scientia, m (fem. 1 decl. from
pAROi«, arum (fem. plur. 1 decl.). Knowledge, science.
scio).
T/te Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Sbcum (for cum sb). With himself9
Atropos. with themselves.
Partior, u
h i TU9 (d ep> v. 4 conj.). Semiramis, idis (prop. n. 3 decL).
ro divtde, to share.
8emiramis 9 queen of Assyria.
366
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TEC
Seko (adv.). Late, lattly. Tego, erb, xi, otum (a. v. 3 conj.).
Sociktas, atis (fem. 3 decl. from To cover, to protect.
socius, an ally). AUiance, com- TXBRBO, KRB, BUI, RITUM (a. V. 3
P*ny> friendship. conj.). Toterrify y tomakeafraid%
Spatiosus, a, um (adj. from bpa- to alarm.
tium, space). Spacious, roomy. Thbophbastus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.
Spbctaculum, i (neut. 2 decl. from masc). Theophrastusy a Gre-
specto, to behold). A spectacle, cian philosopher.
a sight, a public show. Tullius, i (prop. n. 2 decl. masc.).
Spkratus, a, um (adj. from spbro, Tullius, one of the names of Ci-

to hope). Hoped or looked for, coro, marking the gens or clan
expected. to which he belonged.
Stapia, m (fem. 1 decl). A stir- Tf rus, i (prop. n. 2 decl.). Tyre%
rup. a celebrated city of Phcenicia.
SUSPENDO, ERE, DI, 8UM (a. V. 3
V.
conj.). To suspend.
Symb5lum, i (neut. 2 decl.). A Vxto, Ibb, ui, itum (a. v. 1 conj.).
symbol, a token. To forhid t to prohibit.
SvRACusiE, arum (fem. 1 decl. Vktustus, a, um (adj. from vbtus,
plur.). Syracuse, a celebrated old). Old ancient.
t
city of Sicily. Usus, us (masc. 4 decl. from utob 9

Ststema, atis (neut. 3 decL). A to use). Use.
system.
Z.
T. Zona, m (fem. 1 decl.). A girdU,
Tbcum (for cum tb). With thee. a zone.
367
THB BND.
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LIBRARY OF THE

Miss Esther F. Greene

FIRST LATIN LESSONS,

THE XOST IMFORTANT PART8 OF THB

GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE,

WITH APPROPRIATI EXERCISE8 IN TEE TRANB-

THE USB OF BEGINNERS.

CHARLES ANTHON, LL.D.,

8AT-PROFESSOR OF THR ORRRK ARD LATIR LANOUAOES IN COLUMBlA COLLIOB,

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the yew 1838, by

REV. WILLIAM C. LARRABEE, A.M.,

RECOMMENDED HIMSELF TO THE FRIENDS OF LITERATURB

BY HI8 TALENT8 AND TIRTUES,

AND ESPECIALLY BY HIS UNTIRING LABOUR8 IN THE

CAUSE OF SOUND EDUCATION,

18 RESFECTFULLY AND SINCERB Y DEDICATEDw

The object of the present work is to make the jpong

from time to time commit to memory, and which re-

gation of verbs. The advantages which this system

atory to his entering on the Secand Part. This Second

based upon the excellent work of Zumpt, as it appears

of the volume has been made as complete as possible,

Columbia CoUege, New-York, i

Exercises on the Active Voicc, First Conjugation . 151-155

Second Conjugation, Active Voice 168-171

be expressed in Latin. The smaller y occurs merely in

III. The reason of no capital

place ; but it still continued to be employed in a few words,

n. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.

III. The diphthongs ei, oi, ui, occur, however, only in a

few words, chiefly interj/ctions, as hci, eia, oiei, hui, and

as they commonly are in verse. The diphthong ei was

for omnes, artes.

III. DIVISION OF CONSONANTS.

called liquids, from the ease with which, in pronunciation,

labials, palatals, and dentals.

IV. PARTS OF SPEECH.

the remaining four admit of no inflection.

noun, adjective, pronoun, and ^articiple are declined, and

V? There are two numbers, namely, the Singular and

IH. The following general rules, regulating the different

and es of the first, and in some nouns of the second, is

like the nominative; but in the plural the vocative

4. The genitive plural ends always in um, and hence we

5. The dative plural has the same termination as the ab-

II. Those nouns of this declension that end in a are of

Gen. Gen. drum.

Acc. am. Acc. as.

Abl. d. Abl. ts.

IV. Some feminine nouns have abus in the dative and

ending in abus serves to distinguish them from their cor-

Dea, a goddess. 1 S 8 Deu8 > a god.

Nata, a daughter. Natus, a son.

IX. Nouns in es are declined as follows :

^&CC. Comet-en, a comet.

Acc Comet-as, comets.

X. In the same way are to be declined such proper

Ab. Epitom-is, withyfrom, in, or by epitomes.

Xlf. In the same way are to be declined such propei

VIII. EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION.

titia est virtus, " Justice is a virtue ;" Cicero vocatur

pecunia sed in sapientid, " riches consist not in money,

Est He, she, or it is.