Basi

cnet
wor
k-abi
ebdr
agx.
me
By
:abi
ebdr
agx.
me

Itseemswehav etobecomeawar eofanewpr oblem thati

sst ar
ti
ngt oinvadeourmoder n,
i
ndustrialsoci
ety,
thatbei
ngt heprobl
em ofoverst i
mulati
on.TheI nter
netisanexcell
entt ool
butwehav etorememberthatthemi ndisthemostv aluabl
etool i
magi nabl
e.Somewoul dargue
thatspiri
torsouli
sofequal ormor ei
mportance,Iam notdisagreeingwi t
hthesepeople.The
pointthatIam att
emptingtoputforwardfordiscussionist
hatalthought heInt
erneti
san
excell
entnewmedi um thatcanaffectnear
lyal
l aspectsofli
feinaposi ti
veway,li
keallthingsin
exist
encei tt
oohasashadowsi de.Overst
imulationofthemi ndsisahugecl oudinthebl uesky
ofconsciousness.

networ ki
sagr oupofcomput ers,pr
int
ers,andotherdevi
cest hatar econnectedtogetherwith
cables.Thesharingofdataandr esources.I
nformati
ontravel
sov erthecables,al
lowi
ngnet work
userst oexchangedocument s&dat awitheachother,pr
inttot hesamepr inter
s,andgenerall
y
shareanyhar dwareorsof t
war ethatisconnectedtothenetwor k.Eachcomput er,
pri
nter,
or
otherperipher
aldevicethatisconnect edtothenetworkiscalledanode.Net workscanhav e
tens,thousands,orevenmi l
li
onsofnodes.

Cabl
i
ng:

Thet womostpopulart
ypesofnet
wor kcabl
i
ngar etwi
sted-
pair(
alsoknownas10BaseT)and
thi
ncoax( al
soknownas10Base2).10BaseTcabli
nglooksli
keordinar
ytel
ephonewir
e,except
thatithas8wir
esinsi
deinst
eadof4.Thincoaxlooksli
kethecoppercoaxi
alcabl
ingt
hat'
s
oftenusedtoconnectaVCRtoaTVset .

Net
wor
kAdapt
er:

Anet workcomput erisconnect edtot henetworkcabli

ngwi thanet wor kinterf
acecar d, (
also
cal
leda" NIC","
nick",ornet workadapt er)
.SomeNI Csar einstall
edi nsi
deofacomput er:t
hePC
i
sopenedupandanet workcar displuggeddirectl
yintooneoft hecomput er
'sinternal
expansionslots.286, 386, andmany486comput ershave16- bitsl
ot s,
soa16- bitNICi sneeded.
Fastercomput ers,li
kehi gh-speed486sandPent i
ums, ,caraudahmembuatwor dcountof ten
have32- bi
t,orPCIsl ots.ThesePCsr equir
e32-bitNICstoachi evet hefastestnet working
speedspossi bl
ef orspeed- crit
ical
appl i
cati
onsli
kedeskt opv i
deo, multi
medi a,publishing,and
databases.Andi facomput erisgoingtobeusedwi t
haFastEt hernetnetwor k,i
twi ll
needa
net
wor
kadapt
ert
hatsuppor
ts100Mbpsdat
aspeedsaswel
l
.

Hubs

Thelastpieceoft henetworki
ngpuzzleiscall
edahub.Ahubi sabloggerboxthatisusedt o
gathergroupsofPCst oget
heratacentrall
ocati
onwith10BaseTcabl i
ng.Ifyou'
renetworkinga
smallgroupofcomput erst
ogether,
youmaybeabl etogetbywi thahub, some10BaseTcabl es,
andahandf ulofnetworkadapt
ers.Lar
gernetworksoftenuseat hi
ncoax" backbone"that
connectsar owof10BaseThubst oget
her.Eachhub,i
nt urn,
mayconnectahandf ulof
comput ertogetherusi
ng10BaseTcabl i
ng,whichal
lowsy outobuil
dnet worksoftens,hundreds,
orthousandsofnodes.

Likenet
workcar
ds,
hubsar
eav
ail
abl
einbot
hst
andar
d(10Mbps)andFastEt
her
net(
100Mbps)
versi
ons.

LANs(
Local
AreaNet
wor
ks)

Anet workisanycoll
ecti
onofindependentcomputersthatcommuni cat
ewi t
honeanot herov er
ashar ednetworkmedium.LANsar enetworksusual
lyconfinedtoageogr aphicarea,suchasa
si
nglebui l
dingoracoll
egecampus.LANscanbesmal l,li
nkingasf ewasthreecomput ers,but
oft
enl inkhundr
edsofcomput ersusedbythousandsofpeopl e.Thedevelopmentofst andard
networ ki
ngprotocol
sandmedi ahasresul
tedinworl
dwi depr ol
i
ferati
onofLANst hroughout
businessandeducat i
onalor
ganizat
ions.

WANs(
WideAr
eaNet
wor
ks)

Oftenanet wor
kislocatedinmul t
iplephysicalplaces.Wi dear eanetwor kingcombi nesmul t
iple
LANst hataregeographi
call
ysepar ate.Thisisaccompl i
shedbyconnect ingthedi f
ferentLANs
usingservi
cessuchasdedi catedleasedphonel i
nes, dial
-upphonel i
nes( bot
hsy nchronousand
asynchronous)
,satell
i
teli
nks,anddat apacketcar r
ierservices.Wideareanet wor ki
ngcanbeas
simpleasamodem andr emoteaccessser verforempl oyeestodialinto,oritcanbeas
compl exashundredsofbranchof fi
cesgl oball
ylinkedusingspeci alroutingprotocolsandf i
lter
s
tomi nimi
zetheexpenseofsendi ngdat asentov erv astdistances.
I
nter
net

TheInt
erneti
sasy st
em ofl
inkednet
worksthatareworl
dwi
dei nscopeandf aci
l
itat
edat
a
communicati
onservi
cessuchasremotelogi
n,fi
letr
ansf
er,
electr
onicmail
,theWor l
dWideWeb
andnewsgroups.

Wi t
ht hemeteor i
criseindemandf orconnecti
vi
ty,theInter
nethasbecomeacommuni cat
ions
highwayf ormill
ionsofuser s.TheInt
ernetwasinit
ial
lyrest
rict
edtomili
taryandacademic
i
nst i
tuti
ons,butnowi tisaf ul
l-
fl
edgedconduitforanyandal lf
ormsofinformati
onand
commer ce.I
nternetwebsitesnowpr ovi
depersonal,educati
onal,
pol
it
icalandeconomic
resourcestoev erycorneroftheplanet.

I
ntr
anet

Withtheadvancementsmadeinbr owser-basedsoftwarefortheInt
ernet
,manypriv
ate
organi
zati
onsareimpl
ementingintranet
s.Ani ntr
anetisapriv
atenetworkut
ili
zi
ngInternet-
type
tool
s,butavai
labl
eonl
ywithi
nt hatorgani
zation.Forlar
georganizat
ions,
anintr
anetprovidesan
easyaccessmodet ocor
porateinformati
onf oremployees.

Et
her
net

Ethernetist hemostpopul arphy sical l

ayerLANt echnologyi nuset oday .OtherLANt y pes
i
ncludeTokenRi ng, FastEt hernet,FiberDistri
butedDat aInterf
ace( FDDI ),Asy nchronous
TransferMode( ATM)andLocal Talk.Etherneti
spopul arbecausei tstr
ikesagoodbal ance
betweenspeed, costandeaseofi nstall
ati
on.Thesebenef i
ts,combi nedwi thwi deaccept ancein
thecomput ermar ketplaceandt heabi l
it
yt osupportvi
rtuall
yal lpopularnet wor kprotocol s,
makeEt hernetani dealnetwor kingt echnologyformostcomput eruserst oday .TheI nstit
utefor
Elect
ricalandEl ect ronicEngi neers( I
EEE)def i
nestheEt hernetst andardasI EEESt andar d802.3.
Thisstandar ddef inesr ulesforconf i
guringanEthernetnet workaswel lasspeci fyi
nghow
element sinanEt her netnetwor kinteractwi t
honeanot her.Byadher i
ngt ot heI EEEst andard,
networ kequi pmentandnet wor kpr otocolscancommuni cateef fi
cientl
y.

Pr
otocol
s
Networkpr otocolsarestandardsthatal
lowcomput erstocommuni cate.Apr ot
ocol defineshow
comput ersidentif
yoneanot heronanetwor k,theformt hatthedatashoul dtakeint ransit
, and
howt hi
si nformationisprocessedonceitreachesi t
sfinaldestinat
ion.Protocolsalsodef ine
proceduresf orhandlingl
ostordamagedt r
ansmi ssi
onsor" packets."TCP/ I
P( f
orUNI X,
WindowsNT, Windows95andot herpl
atforms) ,
IPX(forNov ellNetWar e)
,DECnet(f or
networkingDi gi
talEquipmentCorp.comput ers),Appl
eTalk(forMaci ntoshcomput er s),
and
NetBIOS/ NetBEUI( f
orLANManagerandWi ndowsNTnet wor ks)emawdewi arethemai nty pes
ofnetwor kprotocolsinuset oday
.

Althougheachnet workprotocolisdi
ff
erent,theyal
lsharethesamephy si
calcabli
ng.This
commonmet hodofaccessingthephy si
calnetworkall
owsmul ti
pleprot
ocol
st opeaceful
ly
coexi stoverthenetworkmedi a,andall
owst hebuil
derofanet workt
ousecommonhar dware
forav ar
iet
yofpr otocol
s.Thisconceptisknownas" protocoli
ndependence,
"whichmeanst hat
dev icesthatarecompat i
bleatthephysicalanddatali
nkl ay
ersall
owtheusertorunmany
dif
f erentprot
ocolsov ert
hesamemedi um.

Topol
ogi
es

Anet workt opologyi sthegeometri

carrangementofnodesandcabl elinksinaLAN, andisused
i
nt wogener alconfigurati
ons:
busandst ar.Thesetwotopologi esdefinehownodesar e
connectedt ooneanot her.Anodeisanact iv
edev i
ceconnectedt othenet work,suchasa
comput erorapr i
nter.Anodecanal sobeapi eceofnetworkingequi pmentsuchasahub,
switchorar outer
.Aot wbosbustopologyconsistsofnodeslinkedt ogetherinaser i
eswi th
eachnodeconnect edt oalongcableorbus.Manynodescant api nt
ot hebusandbegi n
communi cationwithal lot
hernodesont hatcabl
esegment .Abr eakany whereinthecabl ewil
l
usuallycauset heent ir
esegmentt obeinoperableunti
lthebreaki srepaired.Examplesofbus
topologyinclude10BASE2and10BASE5.

10BASE-TEthernetandFastEt hernetuseast art opol

ogy,i
nwhi chaccessiscontroll
edbya
centr
alcomputer.Generall
yacomput erislocatedatoneendoft hesegment ,
andt heotherend
i
st er
minat
edincent r
allocationwithahub.BecauseUTPi softenruninconjuncti
onwi th
tel
ephonecabli
ng,thi
scent rall
ocationcanbeat el
ephoneclosetorotherareawher eiti
s
conveni
enttoconnecttheUTPsegmentt oabackbone.Thepr i
maryadv ant
ageoft histypeof
networki
sreli
abil
it
y,forifoneoft hese'point
-to-point
'segmentshasabr eak,itwi
llonlyaffect
thetwonodesont hatli
nk.Ot hercomput erusersont henetworkcontinuetooperateasi fthat
segmentwerenonexi st
ent.

Peer
-t
o-PeerNet
wor
ks
Apeer-
to-
peernetworkal
l
owstwoormor ePCst opoolthei
rresourcestogether.I
ncara
menguncifol
derdiwi
ndowsdivi
dual
resourcesl
ikedi
skdr i
ves,CD-ROM driv
es, andeven
pr
int
ersaretr
ansfor
medintoshar
ed,col
lect
iver
esourcesthatareaccessibl
ef r
om everyPC.

Unli
keclient-
servernetworks,wher enetworkinformationi sstoredonacent r
ali
zedfil
eserver
PCandmadeav ail
abletotens, hundreds,orthousandscl i
entPCs, t
hei nformationstor
ed
acrosspeer-t
o-peernetwor ksisuniquelydecent r
ali
zed.Becausepeer -to-peerPCshav ethei
r
ownhar ddiskdrivesthatar eaccessiblebyallcomput ers,eachPCact sasbot hacli
ent
(i
nformationrequestor)andaser v
er(infor
mat i
onpr ovider).Apeer -
to-peernetworkcanbebui l
t
wit
hei t
her10BaseTcabl i
ngandahuborwi that hincoaxbackbone.10BaseTi sbestforsmall
workgroupsof16orf eweruser sthatdon'tspanl ongdistances, orforwor kgroupsthathave
oneormor eport
ablecomput ersthatmaybedi sconnectedf rom thenet workf r
om ti
met oti
me.

Aft
erthenet
workinghardwarehasbeeninst
all
ed,apeer
-t
o-peernet
worksoftwarepackage
mustbeinst
all
edontoallofthePCs.Suchapackageall
owsinformati
ontobet r
ansferr
edback
andfort
hbetweenthePCs,harddisks,
andotherdevi
ceswhenusersrequestit
.Popularpeer
-t
o-
peerNOSsoftwar
eincludes

MostNOSsal l
oweachpeer -to-
peerusert odetermi newhichr esour ceswi ll
beav ai
l
abl eforuse
byotheruser s.Specifi
char d&f loppydiskdrives,direct
oriesorf i
les,printers,andot her
resourcescanbeat t
achedordet achedf r
om thenet workv i
asof t
war e.Whenoneuser '
sdi sk
hasbeenconf i
guredsot hatiti
s" sharabl
e",
itwillusuallyappearasanewdr i
vetot heot her
users.Inotherwor ds,i
fuserAhasanAandCdr i
v eonhi scomput er,anduserBconf igureshis
enti
reCdr i
v easshar able,userAwi l
lsuddenlyhav eanA, C, andDdr ive(userA' sDdr ivei s
actuall
yuserB' sCdr i
ve).Directoriesworkinasi milarfashion.IfuserAhasanA&Cdr i
v e,and
userBconf igureshis"C:WI NDOWS"and" C:DOS"di rectori
esasshar able,userAmaysuddenl y
haveanA, C, D,andE

dr
ive(
userA'
sDi
suserB'
sC:
WINDOWS,
andEi
suserB'
sC:
DOS)
.Di
dyougetal
loft
hat
?

Sowhat '
sthesoluti
on?Wel l
,l
ikeallthi
ngsinli
fesol
uti
onsareoftenmoresi mpl
ethanwecould
everhav ehopedf or
.Wej usthavetokeepourey esopentograsptheanswer st
hatare
presentedtousasoppor t
unit
iesev ery
day.Makeanotewheny ouarefeel
ingboggeddownand
ti
redandt hinkabouthowmuchi nformationyouhavetr
iedtocomputeinthatmoment .Giv
e
yourselfti
mel i
mitsandadesi gnatednumberofsearchesanddownloadsf oraday.Youcan
l
ear ntotakemor ebreaksandf i
ndanecdot al
meanst osif
tthr
oughtheinf
or mati
on,oreven
blockoutal lt
hestimuli
inthatbreakper i
od.
Gar
deni
ng,medi
tat
ion,
str
etches,br
eat
hingexer
cises,
tai
chi
,yoga,cooki
ng,spor
ts,
musi
c..
.al
l
oft
hesear
eopti
onstoundertakewhenyouwanttogetawayfrom thenoi
seoftoomany
'
voi
ces

Becausedri
vescanbeeasilyshar
edbetweenpeer-to-
peerPCs,appl
i
cat
ionsonlyneedtobe
i
nstal
ledononecomput er
--
nottwoorthree.I
fusershaveonecopyofMicrosof
tWor d,
for
example,
itcanbeinst
all
edonuserA'scomput er
--
andstil
lusedbyuse.

Ed:htt
ps:
//www.abi
ebdr
agx
.me/
2018/
03/
car
a-mengambi
l
-scr
eenshot
-pada-
windows7-
8-10-
tanpa-
sof
tware.
html