Networking

Fundamentals
Network Components

• Define the components of a network

– Network components
• Hardware
• Software
Network Structure
Network Types

• LAN (Local Area Networks)

• MAN (Metropolitan-area Networks)
• WAN (Wide Area Networks)
Local-area Networks (LAN)

• Connection between devices near to each other

Without using central office.

• Some common LAN technologies are:

– Ethernet (10Mbps – 100Mbps – 1Gbps - 10Gbps )
– Token Ring
– FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ) 100Mbps
– ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) up to 40Gbps
Local-area Networks (LAN)
Metropolitan-area Networks (MAN)

• Connection between group of LANs over a small area

within city like Jeddah.
a center office exist between LANs
Wide-area Networks (WAN)

• WAN Connection between group of LANs over a large

area (countries).
also center office exist between
• WAN are designed to:
– Operate over a large geographical area
– Allow access over serial interfaces operating at
lower speeds
– Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
– Connect devices separated over wide, even global
areas
Wide-area Networks (WAN)

• Some common WAN technologies are:

– Modems
– Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
– Frame Relay
– US (T) and Europe (E) Carrier Series – T1, E1, T3, E3
– Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Wide-area Networks (WAN)
Wide-area Networks (WAN)
Wide-area Networks (WAN)
Bandwidth

• Bandwidth is defined as the amount of information

that can flow through a network connection in a given
period of time.
• Why bandwidth is important:
– Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology
(it is finite)
– Bandwidth is not free
– Bandwidth requirement are growing at a rapid rate
– Bandwidth is critical to network performance
Networking Devices
Networking Devices Repeaters

• A Repeater is a network device used to

regenerate a signal.

• Repeaters regenerate analog or digital signals

distorted by transmission loss due to attenuation.

• A repeater does not perform intelligent routing.

Repeater
Networking Devices Hubs

• Hubs concentrate connections.

• In other words, they take a group of hosts and allow

the network to see them as a single unit.

• This is done passively, without any other effect on the

data transmission.

• Active hubs not only concentrate hosts, but they also

regenerate signals.
Networking Devices Bridges

• Bridges convert network transmission data

formats as well as perform basic data transmission
management.

• Bridges provide connections between LANs.

• Bridges also perform a check on the data to

• determine whether it should cross the bridge or

not.

Bridge
Networking Devices
Workgroup Switches

• Workgroup switches add more intelligence to data

transfer management.

• Not only can they determine whether data should remain

on a LAN or not, but they can transfer the data only to
the connection that needs that data.

• Another difference between a bridge and switch is that a

switch does not convert data transmission formats.

Workgroup
Switches
Networking Devices Routers

• Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate

multiple connections, convert data transmission
formats, and manage data transfers.

• They can also connect to a WAN, which allows them

to connect LANs that are separated by great
distances.

Router
Networking Topologies

• Network topology defines the structure of the

network.

• One part of the topology definition is the physical

topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or
media.

• The other part is the logical topology, which defines

how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending
data.
Physical Topologies

• Commonly used physical topologies

Physical Topologies
Physical Topologies Bus

• A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is

terminated at both ends.

• All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.

Physical Topologies Ring

• A ring topology connects one host to the next and the

last host to the first.

• This creates a physical ring of cable.

Ring
Topology
Physical Topologies Star

• A star topology connects all cables to a central point of

concentration.

Star
Topology
Physical Topologies Extended Star

• An extended star topology links individual stars

together by connecting the hubs and/or switches.

• This topology can extend the scope and coverage of

the network.

Extended
Star Topology
Physical Topologies Mesh

• A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much

protection as possible from interruption of service.

• Each host has its own connections to all other hosts.

Mesh
Topology
Bandwidth Analogy
Bandwidth Measurements

• In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth is

bits per second (bps).

• Bandwidth is the measure of how much

information, or bits, can flow from one place to
another in a given amount of time, or seconds.

Most common measurements

Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

• Straight cable

It is used between unlike device (dissimilar devices)

e.g. Hub to PC, Switch to PC, Hub to Router

1 1
12345678 2 2 12345678
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
Attachment Unit Interface

An
An IP
IP address
address needs
needs to
to be
be assigned
assigned to
to this
this interface
interface
and
and it should be in the same network as of theLAN.
it should be in the same network as of the LAN.

E0
Straight Cable
192.168.1.150/24

Straight Cable

1.1 1.2 1.3

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

• Cross cable

It is used between like device (Similar devices)

e.g. Hub to HUB, PC to PC, Switch to Switch, HUB to
Switch, PC to Router

1 1
2 2 12345678
12345678
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
Attachment Unit Interface

E0
192.168.1.150/24
If
If you
you connect
connect Router
Router AUI
AUI to
to
directly
directly toto PC
PC NIC
NIC Card
Card then
then You
You
Cross Cable have to use Cross Cable
have to use Cross Cable

1.1

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24
Crimping of Twisted pair Cable

• Rollover Cable

It is used for connecting Router Console Port to PC

Com Ports or Serial ports.

1 1
2 2 12345678
12345678
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
WLAN Standards – 802.11 (a, b, g)

• 802.11a
- Speed Up to 54 Mbps
- Frequency 5 GHz
- Not compatible with either 802.11b or

• 802.11b
- Speed Up to 11 Mbps
- Frequency 2.4 GHz

• 802.11g
- Speed Up to 54 Mbps
- Frequency 2.4 GHz
- backward compatible with 802.11b
Question
QUESTION 1

Which physical network topology is shown in the

following diagram?

A. Ring
B. Bus
C. Star
D. Mesh

Answer
QUESTION 2

Which physical network topology is shown in the

following diagram?

A. Ring
B. Bus
C. Star
D. Mesh

Answer
QUESTION 3

Which physical network topology is shown in the

following diagram?

A. Single ring
B. Partial mesh
C. Dull ring
D. Full mesh

Answer
QUESTION 4

Which physical network topology is shown in the

following diagram?

A. Single ring
B. Partial mesh
C. Dull ring
D. Full mesh

Answer
QUESTION 5

Which connector does a UTP cable use?

A. MT-RJ
B. SC
C. ST
D. RJ-45

Answer
QUESTION 6

Because of attenuation, the maximum, practical

length of a UTP cable is

A. 10 meters
B. 100 meters
C. 200 meters
D. 500 meters

Answer
QUESTION 7

The total flow of information over a certain time

period on a communications medium measured in
bits per second is called is ...........................

A. Bandwidth
B. Crosstalk
C. Attenuation
D. Electromagnetic interference

Answer
QUESTION 8

Which cable consists of a single copper wire

surrounded by a plastic insulation cover and a braided
copper shield?

A. Coaxial cable
B. UTP
C. STP
D. Category 5 cable

Answer
QUESTION 9

What type of UTP cable would you use to connect

a switch to a router?

A. Coaxial cable
B. Straight-through cable
C. Cross-over cable
D. Thin coax

Answer
QUESTION 10

What type of UTP cable would you use to connect

a PC directly to another PC?

A. Coaxial cable
B. Straight-through cable
C. Cross-over cable
D. Thin coax

Answer
QUESTION 11

If you have a network that is connected through a

hub and experiencing congestion, which of the following
is the best solution to decrease congestion on your network?
A. Install a second hub
B. Replace the hub with a repeater
C. Replace the hub with a switch
D. Replace the hub with a network interface

Answer
QUESTION 12

What is the IEEE standard for Wi-Fi ?

A. 802.1q
B. 802.11b
C. 802.3u
D. 802.3ab

Answer
QUESTION 13

Which IEEE wireless standard uses a 5GHz radio

frequency and is not compatible with other wire-less
standards?

A. 802.11
B. 802.11a
C. 802.11b
D. 802.11g

Answer
QUESTION 14

Which cable pin out is shown in the following

diagram?

A. Thin coax cable

B. Thick coax cable
C. Straight-through cable
D. Cross-over cable

Answer
QUESTION 15

Which cable pin out is shown in the following

diagram?

A. Thin coax cable

B. Thick coax cable
C. Straight-through cable
D. Cross-over cable

Answer
QUESTION 16

Which of the following are wireless technologies?

(Choose the 3 best answers).

A. Fast Ethernet
B. Bluetooth
C. Infrared
D. Wi-fi

Answer
THE END