8.2 Force Method Using An External Reaction Redundant Force

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8.2 Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force
Let's start with a simple indeterminate system that is only 1° indeterminate. Such a system is shown in Figure 8.1. This system is a beam with a pin support and two roller
supports, giving it four reaction components, but only three equations of equilibrium. We cannot nd the moment diagram for this beam using any of the methods that we have
learned so far.
(/sites/default/ les/images/7-Force-
Method/FM-Force-Superposition.png) Figure 8.1: The Force Method - Using Superposition to Separate out a Redundant Reaction Force Component
The way that we will deal with the beam in Figure 8.1 is to break the problem up into determinate parts (using superposition) and then reconciling those parts with each other
using compatibility. Recall that, from the beam's point of view, there is no real di erence between a load caused by an external force, and a load caused by a reaction force. The
only di erence between the two is that we know that at the reaction force location, the deformation/rotation associated with that reaction component is zero. The reaction
component keeps the structure in place, either by restraining a displacement, or by restraining a rotation. This known displacement rotation at the reaction component location
gives us some additional information about how the structure behaves, beyond what we can tell about the structure from equilibrium alone. For example, in Figure 8.1 the top
diagram shows the beam with the reaction, and the second diagram from the top shows the associated free body diagram for that beam subjected to the given external forces.
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The top diagram gives us additional information that the second diagram (the free body diagram) doesn't: namely, that the beam is restrained from moving vertically at point A,
C, and E. This is a type of compatibility information. This extra compatibility information is not required when we are analysing the shears and moments in a determinate beam;
however, when we are analysing an indeterminate beam, we can put it to use.
To take advantage of this extra compatibility information at the reaction supports, we will divide our free body diagram in Figure 8.1 into two separate systems using
superposition. To start with, we will choose one of the reaction components to be our redundant force. We will treat this reaction component in a special way, by considering
what would happen if the support reaction wasn't there, but we still had the force of that reaction. For the system shown in Figure 8.1, the roller reaction at point C has been
chosen as the redundant force. So, we remove the support, but keep the equivalent reaction force Cy , which we will now call our redundant force (although we don't know the
value of Cy yet). This means that in our analyses, the beam will be allowed to displace at point C. The support reactions at points A and E will remain as they were. For this
beam, by removing the support reaction at C and then treating the equivalent reaction force as an external force, we have changed our 1° indeterminate system into a
determinate system. This new determinate system, without the reaction support associated with the redundant force is called the primary system. Later, we will have a way to
bring the compatibility at C (the fact that there is actually a reaction support there) back into play.
So, without the support at C, and treating the reaction force Cy as if it was an external force, we can divide the full behaviour of the beam into two di erent systems using
superposition as shown in Figure 8.1. One system will have the real external forces P and Q ('external forces without redundant' in the gure), and the other system will have
only the redundant force Cy ('redundant force only' in the gure). Both of these systems will be allowed to de ect at point C, but not at points A and E (the supports at A and E
are still considered to exist). For each system, the forces on it will cause reaction forces at A and E. The superposition of these two systems will give us back the full free body
diagram for the beam, and the sum of the reaction forces for the two systems will give us the total reaction forces for the full beam system.
Why are we doing all of this? Because now we can use the superposition of the deformations of the two separate systems to nd the redundant force (Cy ) which is our true
reaction force at point C in the system. Recall from the previous discussion on superposition (see Chapter 5 (/node/37)) that superposition applies to both forces/moments and
deformations of a structure. So, the deformation of the system with only the external forces (without the redundant force) summed with the deformation of the system with only
the redundant force will equal the full deformation of the real full beam. This is illustrated in Figure 8.2.
Method/FM-Disp-Superposition.png)
Figure 8.2: The Force Method Superposition of Displacements Caused by External forces and the Redundant Reaction Force Component
The top diagram in Figure 8.2 shows the deformation of the full indeterminate beam with the reaction at point C still in place. Of course, we know that the vertical
deformation at point C (ΔC ) is equal to zero, as shown. Once we eliminate the support at C, giving us our primary system, we can apply the two components of the
superimposed system and measure the de ection at point C. For the rst one, we only apply the external reactions P and Q to the primary system. Since the primary system is
determinate, we can easily nd the vertical displacement at point C (ΔC 0 ) using one of the methods from Chapter 5 (/node/37), assuming that we are given the magnitudes of
the forces P and Q . For the second of the superimposed systems, only the redundant force Cy is applied to the primary system with the goal of determining the vertical
displacement that the redundant force causes at point C (ΔC C ). Of course, unlike for P and Q , we don't actually know the value of the redundant force, it is what we are trying
to nd.
Superposition and compatibility together give us one extra piece of information. The two superimposed displacements at point C (ΔC 0 and ΔC C ) must add together to get
the total displacement at point C (ΔC ) in the real beam, which we know must be equal to zero since there is actually a vertical support at that location. This means that:
ΔC = ΔC 0 + ΔC C = 0 (1)
This equation may be called our compatibility condition for this problem.
We can't directly use this compatibility condition to solve for Cy because we don't have a readily available method for calculating the force in a structure that is associated
with a known de ection (all of the methods from Chapter 5 (/node/37) nd the de ection caused by a given force). But, we can nd how much de ection at C (part of ΔC C )
would be caused by each unit or each 1 kN piece of the force Cy . We nd this by applying a unit load at point C in the same direction as the redundant, and then nding the
de ection at C caused by that unit force. This gives us the amount of de ection at C caused by each 0 kN of Cy and is called the exibility coe icient (f C C ). This exibility
coe icient has units of length divided by force (e.g. 0 mm / kN ). So, the total de ection caused by redundant force Cy is equal to:
ΔC C = f C C Cy (2)
where ΔC C is the total de ection of the primary system at point C caused by the redundant force Cy , and f C C is the de ection of the primary system at point C caused by a
single unit load at point C. If we sub equation (2) into equation (1) , then we get:
ΔC 0 + f C C Cy = 0 (3)
and, then we can rearrange to solve for the redundant force Cy :
−ΔC 0
Cy = (4)
fC C
This solution for Cy gives us the exact amount of force necessary at point C to keep point C in place vertically (when the system is subjected to forces P and Q ). So, since Cy
has been the exact right amount of force all along, it doesn't actually matter that we removed the support at C when we started treating the reaction at C as a redundant force
instead of a reaction force. The amount that the beam is pushed downwards by the external forces P and Q is exactly balanced by the amount that the beam is pushed upwards
by the redundant force Cy .
Once we have solved for the reaction force at C (Cy ), we have only three unknowns reaction forces left: Ax , Ay , and Ey (assuming P and Q are known). So, it is a trivial
exercise now to use the three equilibrium equations to solve for these unknowns. From there, once we know all of the reactions, we can draw the shear and moment diagrams.
The choice of Cy as our redundant reaction was somewhat arbitrary. We could also have chosen, Ay or Ey as the redundant force instead; however, Cy is a bit easier
because when the support at C is removed, we are left with a primary system that is a simply supported beam, which is easy to analyse for de ections. We could not have
chosen Ax as a redundant force because the removal of the reaction component Ax would make the resulting primary system unstable, which means that it would be
impossible to analyse to determine de ections.
It is also important to note that for a structure with a xed support, a moment reaction could be chosen to be the redundant force. In this case, the compatibility condition
would relate the rotations at the redundant location instead of the deformations, for example:
θC = θC 0 + θC C = 0
and the exibility coe icient would relate a unit moment to the rotation caused by that moment (units of 0 1/kNm):
θC C = −f C C MC (5)
This same method is also directly applicable to indeterminate frames and trusses, as we will see.
Example
The force method with an external reaction redundant force will be illustrated using the example frame structure shown in Figure 8.3. This simple frame is 1° indeterminate and
has a constant EI for all members.
Method/FM-External-Example-A.png) Figure 8.3: Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force Example
The rst step is to select which reaction component to use as the redundant force. In this case, the easiest one would be the vertical reaction at point C (Cy ). This is because,
once the reaction at C is removed, the primary system is e ectively a cantilever, which is very easy to analyse. Of course Ay and MA would also work as redundants (but not
Cx , because removing it would make the primary system unstable). The resulting primary structure is shown in Figure 8.4.
Method/FM-External-Example-B.png) Figure 8.4: Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force Example - Primary Structure with External Loads
With Cy selected as the redundant force, the compatibility condition for this problem is:
ΔC 0 + ΔC C = 0
where ΔC 0 is the de ection of the primary system at point C due to the external loads only, ΔC C is the de ection of the primary system at C due to the redundant force only,
and 0 is the necessary result of the superposition of the two de ections, which must be zero because in the full indeterminate structure there is a vertical support at C which
restrains the structures vertical de ection at that location.
As with the beam discussed previously, the rst step to nding the redundant force is to nd ΔC 0 , the de ection of the primary structure (primary system) due to the external
loads only (without the redundant force). This structure and the corresponding de ected shape are shown in Figure 8.4. Since this structure is a frame, we cannot use the
moment area method or the conjugate beam method to solve for the de ection ΔC 0 , we must use the virtual work method.
The virtual work analysis of the primary structure with the external load is shown in Figure 8.5. For this virtual work analysis, the real system is the primary structure with the
external load (as shown), and the virtual system is the primary structure with a single vertical unit load at point C (since we are trying to nd the vertical de ection of the real
system at point C). The resulting real shear diagram and real curvature diagram for the real system are shown in the gure right below the real system. The curvature diagram
has the same shape as the moment diagram for this system (not shown), since EI is constant for all of the members. The virtual shear diagram and virtual moment diagram for
the virtual system are also shown.
Method/FM-External-Example-C.png)
Figure 8.5: Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force Example - De ection of the Primary Structure due to External Loads
Using the virtual work methods from Chapter 5 (/node/37) (and using the Product Integration table in Figure 5.22 (/node/43# g:Virtual-Work-Integration-Table) we can nd
the vertical de ection at C:
LM Q L
Wv,i = + [Q a (2Ma + Mb ) + Q b (Ma + 2Mb )]
4 6
2 3 2 3
576 kN m 3124 kN m
Wv,i = − −
EI EI
2 3
−3700 kN m
Wv,i =
EI
Applying the virtual work balance:
Wv,e = Wv,i
2 3
−3700 kN m
(ΔC 0 )(1 kN) =
EI
3
−3700 kNm
ΔC 0 =
EI
Now we have ΔC 0 which is one part of our compatibility condition. Next, we need to nd the e ect of a unit redundant of 1 kN on the de ection of the primary system at
point C (without the external loads). We will also use virtual work for this as shown in Figure 8.6.
Method/FM-External-Example-D.png)
Figure 8.6: Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force Example - De ection of the Primary Structure due to the Unit Redundant Force
For the virtual work analysis shown in Figure 8.6, the real system is the primary structure with a unit redundant force at point C as shown in the gure. It is important to note
that the unit redundant force is not applied as 1 kN like a virtual load, it is unitless (or in units of 0 kN / kN ) because we want to nd the values per kN of applied redundant
force. To nd the de ection at C due to that unit redundant force, we need to create a virtual system with a virtual external unit load at point C (in the same direction as the
redundant). This means that the real and virtual systems for nding the e ect of a unit redundant force are functionally identical as shown in the gure. These real and virtual
systems, while identical to each other, also happen to be identical to the virtual system from Figure 8.5 (which was being used to nd the de ection of the primary system
caused by the external loads on the system without the redundant). So, both the real and virtual system results for the unit redundant analysis in Figure 8.6 may be taken directly
from the previous virtual system from Figure 8.5. This saves some analysis work since the moment diagrams will be the same for all three. The only di erence may be that the
curvature diagram for the real system in Figure 8.6 may be a bit di erent if EI were not constant. The proper units for the real system are also a bit di erent for the unit
redundant analysis because the unit redundant does not have a units (i.e. it is in units of 0 kN / kN as mentioned previously).
Using the virtual work method with these real and virtual systems, we can solve for the exibility coe icient f C C which is the de ection of the primary structure at C due to a
unit redundant force at C (as shown in the top diagram in Figure 8.6):
LM Q L
Wv,i = + [Q a (2Ma + Mb ) + Q b (Ma + 2Mb )]
3 6
2 3 2 3
21.3 kN m 71.7 kN m
Wv,i = +
EI EI
3
93.0 kNm
Wv,i =
EI
Applying the virtual work balance:
Wv,e = Wv,i
3
93.0 kNm
(f C C )(1 kN) =
EI
3
93.0 m
fC C =
EI
Now that we have the exibility coe icient we can revisit our compatibility condition to solve for the magnitude of the redundant force:
ΔC 0 + ΔC C = 0
but ΔC C = f C C (Cy )
−ΔC 0
∴ Cy =
fC C
3
−3700 kNm EI
Cy = − ( )( )
3
EI 93.0 m
Cy = +39.8 kN
Cy = 39.8 kN ↑
Since we assumed that the unit redundant force pointed upwards in our analysis (as shown in Figure 8.6), a positive result for Cy con rms that the reaction actually points
upwards.
After all of this analysis, we have managed to determine the magnitude of the reaction component Cy . Knowing this, there are only three unknown reactions remaining in
the indeterminate system as shown in Figure 8.7, Ax , Ay , and MA . These may be easily found using equilibrium and their values are shown in Figure 8.7. Once the reactions are
all known the shear and moment diagrams may be drawn as shown in the gure.
Method/FM-External-Example-E.png) Figure 8.7: Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force Example - Moment and Shear in the Full Indeterminate Frame
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INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (/STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS)

Chapter 1: Introduction and Review (/Introduction-Review)
Chapter 2: Stability, Determinacy and Reactions (/Stability-Determinacy)
Chapter 3: Analysis of Determinate Trusses (/Analysis-of-Determinate-Trusses)
Chapter 4: Analysis of Determinate Beams and Frames (/Analysis-of-Determinate-Beams-and-Frames)
Chapter 5: De ections of Determinate Structures (/De ections-of-Determinate-Structures)
Chapter 6: In uence Lines (/In uence-Lines)
Chapter 7: Approximate Indeterminate Frame Analysis (/Approximate-Indeterminate-Frame-Analysis)
Chapter 8: The Force Method (/Force-Method)
8.1 Introduction (/Force-Method-Introduction)
8.2 Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force (/Force-Method-using-an-External-Reaction-Redundant-Force)
8.3 Force Method using an Internal Force as the Redundant Force (/Force-Method-using-an-Internal-Force-as-the-Redundant-Force)
8.4 Force Method for Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy (/Force-Method-for-Multiple-Degrees-of-Indeterminacy)
8.5 Force Method for Support Settlements, Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors (/Force-Method-for-Settlements-Temperature-and-Errors)
8.6 Practice Problems (/Chapter-8-Practice-Problems)
Chapter 9: The Slope De ection Method (/Slope-De ection-Method)
Chapter 10: The Moment Distribution Method (/Moment-Distribution-Method)
Chapter 11: Introduction to Matrix Structural Analysis (/Matrix-Structural-Analysis)
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8.2 Force Method using an External Reaction Redundant Force

and, then we can rearrange to solve for the redundant force Cy :

Applying the virtual work balance:

Applying the virtual work balance:

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS (/STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS)

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