Friction General PDF

7.
1 Friction: Basic Applications

7.1 Friction: Basic Applications Example 1, page 1 of 2
1. The uniform ladder is 2-m long and makes an angle of = 60
with the floor. If the wall at B is smooth and the coefficient of
static friction at A is A = 0.3, determine if the ladder can remain B
in the position shown.
Mass of ladder = 10 kg
2 No friction force is
1 Free-body diagram
present because the
wall is smooth. A
NB B 1m
3 Because the ladder is 6 Equations of equilibrium:
uniform, the weight
(2 m)(sin 60°) = 1.732 m + Fx = 0: NB fA = 0
acts through the center.
1m
A Fy = 0: NA 98.1 N = 0
+
Weight = mg
2
= (10 kg)(9.81 m/s )
60° fA
+
= 98.1 N MA = 0: (98.1 N)(0.5 m) NB(1.732 m) = 0
NA 4 Impending motion 7 Results of solving the above

5 The friction force must equations of equilibrium:
be drawn in a direction
opposing the NA = 98.1 N
(1 m)(cos 60°) = 0.5 m impending motion.
NB = 28.3 N
f A = 28.3 N
8 Compute the maximum possible friction force that
the surfaces can develop at point A.
f A-max A NA = (0.3)(98.1 N) = 29.4 N
To determine whether or not the ladder will stay in

the original position, the friction force found from the
equilibrium equations, f A = 28.3 N, must be
compared with the maximum force that the surfaces
at A can develop:
f A-max = 29.4 N
Since
f A = 28.3 N < 29.4 N = f A-max
the surfaces are able to develop enough friction force

and the ladder will stay in equilibrium.
2. The uniform ladder is 2-m long and the wall at B
is smooth. If the coefficient of static friction at A is
A = 0.2, determine the smallest angle for which
the ladder can remain in the position shown.
2 No friction force is
1 Free-body diagram present because the
B wall is smooth.
Mass of ladder = 10 kg
NB
1m
(2 m) sin
1m
A
Weight = mg
= (10 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
= 98.1 N fA
5 Equations of equilibrium:
+ Fx = 0: NB fA = 0 (1) NA 3 Impending motion
Fy = 0: NA 98.1 N = 0 (2)
+
4 The friction force

MA = 0: (98.1 N)(1 m) cos NB(2 m) sin =0 (3)
+
(1 m) cos must be drawn in a

direction opposing the
motion.
6 Three equations, but four unknowns: NB, f A, NA, and
An additional equation is needed.
7 The fourth equation comes from the condition of 8 Using f A = 19.62 N in Eq. 1 gives
impending slip at point A, because if slip is just about to
occur, then the friction force, f A, is at its maximum value, NB = f A
which is ANA:
= 19.62 N
fA f A-max A NA = (0.2)NA (4)
Using NB = 19.62 N in Eq. 3 gives
Three of the four equations are linear but the moment
equation, Eq. 3, is nonlinear because cos and sin (98.1 N) cos (19.62 N)(2) sin =0
appear.
Dividing through by cos and rearranging gives
MA = 0: (98.1 N)(1m) cos
+
- NB(2 m) sin = 0 (Eq. 3 repeated) sin = 98.1 = 2.5

cos (19.62)(2)
The easiest way to solve these equations is to use the
general equation solver on a calculator. Alternatively, Replacing the left-hand side of this equation by tan
manipulate the equations as follows. gives
First note that Eq. 2 implies that tan = 2.5
NA = 98.1 N which implies
Then using this value for NA in Eq. 4 gives 68.2 Ans.
f A = NA
= (0.2)(98.1 N)
= 19.62 N
3. The uniform ladder is 2-m long. The
coefficient of static friction at A is A = 0.6 and
at B is B = 0.4. Determine the smallest angle, ,
for which the ladder can remain in the position
shown. 3 Friction force, f B, is
1 Free-body diagram present and opposes
the possible motion.
B
NB
Mass of ladder = 10 kg 1m
2 Impending
motion
fB (2 m) sin
1m
Weight = mg
A = (10 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
= 98.1 N fA
NA 4 Friction force
+ Fx = 0: NB fA = 0 (1) opposes the
(1 m) cos possible motion.
Fy = 0: NA + f B 98.1 N = 0 (2)
+
(2 m) cos
+
MA = 0: (98.1 N)(1 m) cos f B(2 m) cos

NB(2 m) sin = 0 (3)
6 Three equilibrium equations but five unknowns: NA,

NB, f A, f B, and two more equations are needed.
7 The two additional equations come from the condition of
impending slip at points A and B, because if slip is just about
to occur, then the friction forces, f A and f B, are at their
maximum values, ANA and NB
fA f A-max A NA = 0.6NA (4)
fB f B-max BNB = 0.4NB (5)
Four of the five equations are linear but the moment equation
Eq. 3 is nonlinear (sin and cos are present). To solve these
equations, use the general equation solver on your calculator or
manipulate the equation algebraically and use a trig identity
such as tan = sin /cos .
Results of solving the five equations (three equilibrium and

two friction equations) given above:
NA = 79.1 N
NB = 47.5 N
f A = 47.5 N
f B = 19.0 N
= 32.3° Ans.
4. Four round pegs A, B, C, and D are attached to
the bracket and loosely straddle the vertical pole.
When a 100-N force is applied as shown, the
bracket rotates slightly and friction forces
develop between pegs B, C, and the pole. If the
coefficient of static friction between the pegs and
the pole is determine the smallest value of
for which the bracket will support the load.
Neglect the effect of the rotation of the bracket
on the distances shown. 1 Movement of bracket exaggerated for clarity
100 N
Peg D loses contact with the pole Bracket rotates a
50 mm small amount
100 N
D B
100 mm
D B
C A
300 mm
C A
Peg A loses contact with the pole

2 Free-body diagram 4 The friction forces, f B and f C,
resist the motion by pushing the
bracket up.
P = 100 N
B 6 As the bracket inclines slightly, the pegs at A and D

NB lose contact with the pole. That is why no forces
3 Impending appear at A and D on the free-body diagram.
motion of fB 100 mm
bracket NC
C
5 The normal forces, + Fx = 0: NB NC = 0 (1)
fC NB and NC, are
directed from the Fy = 0: f B + f C 100 N = 0 (2)
+
300 mm 50 mm pole to the pegs .
MC = 0: (100 N)(300 mm) + f B(50 mm)
+
NB(100 mm) = 0 (3)
8 There are only three equations of equilibrium but four
unknowns (f B, NB, f C, and NC), so at least one more
equation is needed. The additional equation comes from the
condition of impending slip at B, but if the bracket is going
to slip at B, it will also slip at C. So we have two additional
equations and one additional unknown, :
f B = f B-max NB (4)
f C = f C-max NC (5)
Solving Eqs. 1-5 gives the results below (Note that Eqs. 4
and 5 are nonlinear because multiplies NB and NC):
f B = 50 N
NB = 325 N
f C = 50 N
NC = 325 N
= 0.154 Ans.
5. Arm ABC acts as a brake on the wheel. The 1 Free-body diagram of
coefficient of static friction at B is B = 0.4.
wheel.
Determine the largest moment M that can act on the
wheel without causing it to slip.
2 Impending motion
C 100 N M of point on outer
Radius = 200 mm
surface of wheel
M 300 mm Ox O NB
O
B 3 The friction force f B
400 mm Oy fB opposes the motion.
A
200 mm
200 mm 4 Equation of moment equilibrium for the wheel

(Since we were not asked to compute the reactions
Ox and Oy, we do not need to write the
force-equilibrium equations.):
MO = 0: f B(200 mm) M=0 (1)
+
5 Free-body diagram of arm ABC.
6 The sense of the friction fB 100 N

force on the brake can be
determined by Newton's 300 mm
Third Law (equal and Ay
opposite to the force on NB
the wheel). 400 mm
A
Ax
200 mm
7 Equation of moment equilibrium for the brake (Since we

were not asked to compute the reactions Ax and Ay, we do
not need to write the force-equilibrium equations.):
MA = 0: f B(200 mm) NB(400 mm) 8 The third equation follows from the condition
+
+ (100 N)(300 mm + 400 mm) = 0 (2) that slip impends at B:
Thus far we have two equations but three unknowns (M, f fB f B-max BNB = 0.4NB (3)
B, and NB), so another equation is needed.
Solving Eqs. 1-3 simultaneously yields
f B = 87.5 N
NB = 218.8 N
M = 17 500 N·mm = 17.5 N·m Ans.

6. The uniform block is initially at rest when a 10-lb
force is applied. The coefficient of static friction
between the block and the plane is = 0.6.
Determine if the block will move.
1 ft
10 lb
20 lb
(weight)
2 ft
A
1 Free-body diagram 4 Free-body diagram showing resultant forces
1 ft 10 lb
10 lb
20 lb
2 ft
20 lb
fd 5 The resultant of the

distributed force f d is f. A B
f
A B 0.5 ft x
N
3 The distributed friction force f d
opposes possible slip to the 6 The resultant of the distributed force
right; the distributed normal Nd is N. Because Nd opposes possible
force Nd opposes possible tipping of the block, it is not uniform
tipping of the block. but is greater near the right-hand side
Nd
2 As the block is pushed to the right by the 10-lb force, the floor opposes the of the base of the block to balance the
possible motion by providing a distributed reaction force. The component of tendency to tip. Thus the resultant N
this reaction force parallel to the floor is the distributed friction force f d, and does not act at the middle of the base
the component normal to the floor is the distributed normal force Nd. but instead acts at some unknown
distance, x, from the middle.
+ Fx = 0: 10 lb f=0
Fy = 0: N 20 lb = 0
+
MA = 0: (20 lb)(0.5 ft) (10 lb)(2 ft) + N(0.5 ft + x) = 0

+
8 Solving these equations gives
f = 10 lb
N = 20 lb
x = 1 ft
9 These are the values required if the system is to

stay in equilibrium, that is, not move. To
determine if the system can produce the 10-lb
friction force f required to keep the system in
equilibrium, we have to compare f with the
maximum possible value of the friction force:
f max N = (0.6)(20 lb) = 12 lb
Because f = 10 lb is less than the 12 lb maximum

possible force, the surfaces can develop enough
force to balance forces in the x direction (thus the
block will not slide to the right).
10 lb
10 We next consider whether or not the block will tip.

20 lb Recall that solving the equilibrium equations gave the result
x = 1 ft. That is, to maintain equilibrium, the normal force
N must act at the location shown, 0.5 ft to the right of the
block. But this is impossible because N is the normal force
from the ground acting up on the block; the farthest N can
act is at the right hand corner, B. Thus the block will tip
because N cannot act far enough to the right to prevent it.
A B N (impossible location
f because outside the base of
the block)
0.5 ft 0.5 ft
x = 1 ft
7. The uniform block is initially at rest when the force P
is applied. The coefficient of static friction between the
block and the plane is = 0.6. Determine the minimum
value of P that will cause the block to move.
1 ft
20 lb
(weight)
2 ft
A B
1 Free-body diagram 3 Free-body diagram showing resultant forces
P
1 ft
20 lb
2 ft
20 lb
fd 4 The resultant of the

distributed force f d is f. A B
f
A B 0.5 ft x
N
5 The resultant of the distributed force Nd

is N. Because Nd opposes possible
tipping of the block, it is not uniform
Nd but is greater near the right-hand side of
the base of the block to balance the
2 As the block is pushed to the right by the force P, the floor opposes the tendency to tip. Thus the resultant N
possible motion by providing a distributed reaction force. The component does not act at the middle of the base
of this reaction force parallel to the floor is the distributed friction force, f d, but instead acts at some unknown
and the component normal to the floor is the distributed normal force Nd. distance, x, from the middle.
+ 9 Case 1: Sliding
Fx = 0: P f=0 (1)
Fy = 0: N 20 lb = 0 (2)
+
1 ft
MA = 0: (20 lb)(0.5 ft) P(2 ft)
+
+ N(0.5 ft + x) = 0 (3)
P
7 Three equations but four unknowns (P, f, N and x),
so one more equation is needed.
8 The fourth equation comes from considering

possible impending motion. There are two cases to
consider: sliding and tipping.
20 lb
(weight)
A B
10 Case 2: Tipping 11 We have to analyze each case separately. Let's (arbitrarily)
choose Case 1 first. If sliding impends, then
P f = f max N = 0.6N (4)
12 Solving Eqs. 1-4 simultaneously gives
P = 12 lb
N = 20 lb
20 lb
(weight) f = 12 lb
x = 1.2 ft
A B
13 Free body diagram for Case 1 (Sliding impends)
P = 12 lb
14 But this diagram shows that the only way the equilibrium
equations for Case 1 can be satisfied is if the normal force N
lies to the right of the block (x = 1.2 ft). Since this is
impossible, the Case 1 assumption that sliding impends must
be incorrect.
20 lb
A B
N = 20 lb
f = 12 lb
0.5 ft
x = 1.2 ft
15 Free body diagram for Case 2 (Tipping impends)
0.5 ft 0.5 ft
P 16 Since the block is just about to tip, it loses contact with the
floor except at the corner B, where the normal force N is
concentrated. Since N acts at the corner, we know
x = 0.5 ft (5)
20 lb Solving the equilibrium equations, Eqs. 1, 2, and 3,

simultaneously with Eq. 5 gives
f = 5 lb
N = 20 lb
P = 5 lb Ans.
B Since there were only two possibilities, sliding and tipping, and
A we eliminated sliding, we know that the above result P = 5 lb is
correct. However, we can also check our work by verifying
f that the friction force f is less than the maximum possible
x N
value:
f = 5 lb < f max N = (0.6)(20 lb) = 12 lb. (OK)

8. The cylinder is initially at rest when a horizontal
force P is applied. The coefficients of static friction
at A and B are A = 0.3 and B = 0.6. Determine
the minimum value of P that will cause the cylinder
to move.
Radius = 0.2 m
P
1 Free-body diagram
B
0.3 m
20 kg Weight = mg
= (20 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
A = 196.2 N 2 Possible motion of
point B on cylinder.
P Force P tends to
rotate the cylinder
NB clockwise.
B
0.3 m
fB 0.2 m
A
fA
3 The friction force from
5 The friction force from the floor the wall opposes the
NA motion of point B on
opposes the motion of point A on
the cylinder. the cylinder.
4 Possible motion of point A.

6 Equilibrium equations 7 We have to analyze each case separately. Let's
(arbitrarily) choose Case 1 first. Thus if the cylinder
+ Fx = 0: P + f A NB = 0 (1) is about to slip about its center, then slip impends
simultaneously at points A and B, so
Fy = 0: 196.2 N + f B + NA = 0 (2)
+
f A = f A-max A NA = 0.3NA (4)

MA = 0: f B(0.2 m) + NB(0.2 m) P(0.3 m) = 0 (3)
+
f B = f B-max BNB = 0.6NB (5)

There are three equations and five unknowns (P, f A, NA, f B, NB),
so two more equations are needed. The two additional equations Solving Eqs. 1-5 simultaneously gives
come from considering possible impending motion. There are
two cases to consider: P = 554 N
Case 1 Case 2 f A = 34.6 N

The cylinder spins The cylinder rolls up the
f B = 312 N
about its center. wall without slipping.
NA = 115 N
NB = 519 N
B B A negative normal force, NA, is impossible (The
floor can't pull down on the cylinder), so the
A assumption of slip at both A and B must be wrong.
A
8 Next consider Case 2 the cylinder is about to roll up the wall. Thus
the cylinder is about to lose contact with the floor at point A, and so
the friction and normal forces there are zero:
fA = 0 (6)
NA = 0 (7)
Solving the equilibrium equations, Eqs. 1, 2, and 3, simultaneously

with Eqs. 6 and 7 gives
fA = 0
NA = 0
f B = 196 N
NB = 392 N
P = 392 N Ans.
Since there were only two possibilities, spinning about the cylinder
center or rolling up the wall, and we eliminated spinning, the above
result P = 392 N must be correct. However, we can also check our
work by comparing the friction force, f B, with the maximum possible
value:
f B = 196 N < f B-max BNB = (0.6)(392 N) = 235 N (OK)

9. The small block B rests on top of the large block A. The
coefficients of static friction are shown in the figure.
Determine the smallest value of applied force P that will
keep block A from sliding down the inclined plane.
Frictionless
pulley
Cord
B = 0.3
= 0.2
B
A
10 kg
60 kg
P
30°
1 Free-body diagram of block B
Weight = mg
= (10 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
= 98.1 N
Tension in cord, T y
3 The numerical value of
4 Impending motion of B will be calculated later.
block B relative to
block A (If block A
moves down the plane,
block B must move up P
the plane.) fB
N 30° 2 It's convenient to use an inclined
Normal force B xy coordinate system.
from block A x
5 The friction force from block A opposes the
impending motion of block B up the incline.
6 Equations of equilibrium for block B. We assume that the blocks will

not tip because they are much longer than they are high; thus no
moment equation is needed (Since no dimensions are given, we could
not write a moment equation even if we wanted to).
+
Fx =0: P T + f B + (98.1 N) sin =0 (1)
Fy = 0: NB (98.1 N) cos =0 (2)

+
7 Geometry
= 90° 60° = 30° 8 Free-body diagram of block A
y
13 Weight = mg
= (60 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
= 588.6 N
60° [Weight of block A alone (Note
10 Friction force from block B opposes that the weight of block B is not
motion of block A. included because block B is not
part of this free-body. The effect
30° of the weight of block B is
30° = 30° transmitted through the normal
y force, NB.)]
x T
fB
NB
A
9 Impending motion
fA
of block A relative
to block B.
12 Friction force from
inclined plane opposes
NA
motion of block A.
Normal force from 30°
inclined plane x
11 Impending motion of block A

relative to inclined plane.
14 Equilibrium equations for block A Free body diagram of block A repeated
+ = 30°
Fx =0: (588.6 N) sin 30° fA fB T=0 (3)
fB y
T 588.6 N
+ Fy = 0: (588.6 N) cos 30° + NA NB = 0 (4) NB
fA A
Four equations in six unknowns (T, P, f A, NA, f B, NB). Two
more equations come from the condition of impending sliding
between the blocks and between block A and the plane:
fA f A-max A NA = 0.2NA (5)

NA
fB f B-max BNB = 0.3NB (6) 30°
Solving Eqs. 1-6 simultaneously gives x
f A = 119 N
NA = 595 N
f B = 25 N
NB = 85 N
T = 150 N
P = 75 N Ans.
10. The three blocks are stationary when the force P is applied. The
coefficients of static friction for each pair of surfaces are given in the
figure. Determine the smallest value of P for which motion will
occur. The blocks are sufficiently long that tipping will not occur.
P 10 kg A AB = 0.8
10 kg B BC = 0.3
10 kg C C = 0.15
1 Free-body diagram of block A

Weight = mg
= (10 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
= 98.1 N 4 Equilibrium equations for block A:
+ Fx = 0: P f AB = 0 (1)
P A
f AB + Fy = 0: NAB 98.1 N = 0
2 Impending motion of The last equation gives

NAB block A relative to B
NAB = 98.1 N (2)
3 Friction opposes the motion
5 Free-body diagram of block B
NAB = 98.1 N
8 Impending motion of block B 9 Friction force opposes
relative to block A (An observer relative motion
on A would see B moving in this f AB
direction.)
B
f BC 6 Impending motion of
block B relative to C
Weight = 98.1 N
NBC 7 Friction force opposes
relative motion
10 Equilibrium equations for block B:
+ Fx = 0: f AB f BC = 0 (3)
Fy = 0: 98.1 N 98.1 N + NBC = 0

+
The last equation gives
NBC = 196.2 N (4)

11 Free-body diagram of block C
14 Impending motion of block C NBC = 196.2 N

relative to block B (An observer 15 Friction force opposes
on B would see C moving in this relative motion
direction.) f BC
C
12 Impending motion of
fC
block C relative to
Weight = 98.1 N floor
NC 13 Friction force opposes
relative motion
16 Equilibrium equations for block C:
+ Fx = 0: f BC fC = 0 (5)
Fy = 0: 98.1 N 196.2 N + NC = 0
+
The last equation gives
NC = 294.3 N (6)
17 We now have six equilibrium equations but seven 18 The seventh equation comes from the condition of
unknowns (P, f AB, NAB, f BC, NBC, f C, NC), so another impending slip. We have to consider three cases:
equation is needed.
Case 1
Impending
A motion
B
Stationary
C
Case 2
A
Impending motion: blocks A and B move together
B
C Stationary
Case 3
Impending
A
motion: blocks
B A, B and C
move together
C
19 Analyze each case separately.
22 For block B, Eq. 3 is
f AB f BC = 0
20 Case 1
A So for equilibrium,
B f BC = f AB
Stationary
C = 78.5 N
Let's compare this with the maximum possible friction

21 Slip impends so force:
f AB = f AB-max by Eq. 2 f BC-max BCNBC
= (0.3)(196.2 N) = 58.9 N (8)

ABNAB = (0.8)(98.1 N) = 78.5 N (7)
We have to check to see if the surfaces of contact between So the surfaces can develop only 58.9 N while 78.5 N
blocks B and C develop enough friction force to keep block B are needed for equilibrium. Thus block B will move,
stationary. contrary to our assumption for Case 1.
Impending
23 Case 2
motion 25 For block C, Eq. 5 is
A together
f BC fC = 0
B
C Stationary So for equilibrium,
f C = f BC
24 Slip impends so = 58.9 N
f BC = f BC-max Compare this with the maximum possible friction force
by Eq. 8 f C-max CNC

by Eq. 6
= 58.9 N = (0.15)(294.3 N) = 44.1 N (9)
We have to check to see if the surfaces of contact between So the surfaces can develop only 44.1 N while
block C and the ground develop enough friction force to 58.9 N are needed for equilibrium. Thus block C will
keep block C stationary. move, contrary to our assumption for Case 2.
26 Case 3 28 Eq. 5 gives f BC:
Impending
A f BC fC = 0
motion together
B
Thus
C
f BC = f C by Eq. 10
= 44.1 N (11)
27 Slip impends so
and so
f C = f C-max = 44.1 N (10) by Eq. 8
by Eq. 9 44.1 N = f BC < f BC-max = 58.9 N (OK)
We don't have to check that the surfaces of contact Eq. 3 gives f AB:
between blocks A and B and between B and C develop
enough friction to keep A and B in equilibrium, since there f AB f BC = 0
were only three cases of possible motion, and we showed
that the first two cases were impossible. Nonetheless, we Thus
can verify that our work is correct by showing that the
friction forces acting between A and B and between B and f AB = f BC
C are less than their maximum possible values.
= 44.1 N (12)
and so
by Eq. 7
44.1 N = f AB < f AB-max = 78.5 N (OK)

29 Thus the surfaces of contact between blocks A 32 Answer: No matter what the impending motion is,
and B and between B and C can develop there are only seven unknown forces (f AB, NAB, f BC, NBC,
enough friction to keep blocks A, B, and C f C, NC, and P). Since these seven unknowns must
moving together as a unit. satisfy the six equations of equilibrium, the unknowns
can be chosen to satisfy only one additional equation
a friction equation. In the unlikely event that the
30 Finally, we can calculate P from Eq. 1: masses and 's just happen to have values such that the
seven forces simultaneously satisfy the six equilibrium
P f AB = 0 equations and two friction equations, then one of the
eight equations must be redundant.
or, by Eq. 12
Applying this reasoning to Case 4, we see that if forces
exist that satisfy Case 4's equations, then these forces
P = f AB = 44.1 N Ans. must be identical to the forces satisfying the equations
for Case 1 (slip between A and B) and Case 2 (slip
31 Why didn't we consider a case like this? between B and C). Since solving Case 4 would give
the same answer as solving Case 1 (or Case 2), we
Case 4 don't have to consider Case 4. A similar argument can
be made for other possible motions.
A Impending motion of A relative to B
B Impending motion of B relative to C
C Stationary
11. The two cylinders shown are initially at rest when
horizontal forces of magnitude P/2 are applied to the ends
of the axle in the lower cylinder. The coefficients of
static friction for each pair of surfaces are given in the
figure. Determine the largest value of P that can be
applied without moving the cylinders up the inclined
plane.
P/2
Radius of each cylinder = 300 mm

B = 0.4 C = 0.5
Mass of each cylinder = 50 kg
B C
A
A = 0.6
P/2
25°
5 Impending motion of point C on lower
1 Free-body diagram of lower cylinder cylinder relative to upper cylinder (An
observer on the upper cylinder would
y
see this motion as the lower cylinder
moves).
NC
3 Weight = mg
= (50 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
C = 490.5 N
6 The friction force from f C
the upper cylinder P 4 The numerical values of and will be
opposes the relative O
calculated later.
motion of point C on the
lower cylinder.
fA
A
25°
Radius = 300 mm x
8 The friction force from the NA 2 It is convenient to use an
plane opposes the motion inclined xy coordinate-system.
7 Impending motion of point A on
of point A on the cylinder. cylinder. The x component of
the applied force, P cos , is
pushing the cylinder up the
plane.
9 Equilibrium equations for cylinder: Free-body diagram of lower cylinder repeated
+ Fx = 0: (490.5 N) sin P cos + f A + NC = 0 (1) y
Fy = 0: 90.5 N) cos P sin + f C + NA = 0 (2)

+
NC 490.5 N
MO = 0: f A(300 mm) f C(300 mm) = 0 (3)
+
C
fC
P
10 Geometry O
y
= 90° 65° 25°
= 25° fA A
x
65° Radius = 300 mm

NA
= 25°
25° x
11 Free-body diagram of upper cylinder
y Weight = 490.5 N
Radius = 300 mm
= 25° 13 The friction force from the lower

cylinder opposes the relative
motion of point C on the upper
P cylinder.
O fC
.
C
NC
fB
B x
12 Impending motion of point C on upper

15 The friction force
NB cylinder relative to lower cylinder (An
from the plane
observer on the lower cylinder would
opposes the motion
see this motion as the upper cylinder
up the plane.
14 Impending motion of point B as moves).
normal force NC pushes the
upper cylinder up the plane.
16 Equilibrium equations Free-body diagram of upper cylinder repeated
+
y
Fx = 0: (490.5 N) sin 25° + f B NC = 0 (4)
Fy = 0: (490.5 N) cos 25° f C + NB = 0 (5)

+
25°
490.5 N
MO' = 0: f B(300 mm) f C(300 mm) = 0 (6)
+
P fC
17 Thus far we have six equation but seven unknowns (P, f A, NA, O
f B, NB, f C, NC), so another equation is needed.
C NC
The seventh equation comes from the condition of impending
slip. We have to consider only two cases: fB B x
1. slip occurs at point B (and simultaneously rolling Radius = 300 mm

occurs about points A and C).
NB
2. slip occurs at point C (and simultaneously rolling
occurs about points A and B).
Slip at point A will be discussed later.

18 Case 1
Before motion
O'
B C
O
After motion
A
O'
B
20 Slip O Displacement of point O
C
(Point O moves up the plane)
For impending slip at B, A
f B = f B-max BNB = 0.4NB (7)
19 Rolling without slipping (The radial

line OA on the lower cylinder
rotates through the same angle, , as
the radial line O'C on the upper
cylinder.)
21 Solving Eqs. 1-7 simultaneously gives
f A = 296 N NA = 618 N
f B = 296 N NB = 741 N
f C = 296 N NC = 504 N
P = 1111 N
22 We must check that the surfaces at A and C can provide enough friction
force to prevent slip and allow rolling:
fA 296 f A-max A NA = (0.6)(618 N) = 371 N (OK)
f C-max CNC = (0.5)(504 N) = 252 N (Not enough! We need

f C = 296 N for equilibrium.)
So the assumption of impending slip at B is wrong.

23 Case 2 (Slip at C, rolling at A

and B)
Before motion
O'
B C
O
After motion
A
O' C
O Displacement
25 Rolling without B
of point O
slipping
A
26 Slip
24 Rolling without
For impending slip at C, slipping
f C = f C-max CNC = 0.5NC (8)

27 Solving the six equilibrium equations, Eqs. 1-6, plus Eq. 8 29 What about slip occurring at point A only? Well if the
yields lower cylinder moves, then the upper cylinder must also
move. But the only way that the upper cylinder can move
f A = 207 N NA = 624 N is if either 1) it slips at point B, or 2) it slips at point C.
Thus the case of slip impending at point A alone is
f B = 207 N NB = 652 N impossible and does not have to be considered.
f C = 207 N NC = 415 N What about simultaneous slip at A and B? Answer: we

have already found values of the seven unknowns in the
P = 915 N Ans. problem that satisfy the six equilibrium equations and the
equation for slip at B. In the unlikely case that the seven
28 The above answers must be correct since we eliminated values happen to satisfy an eighth equation (slip at A), then
the only other possible case where slip impends. But we that equation must be redundant, and the solution for the
can check our results by verifying that the friction forces eight equations is the same as we have already found for
at A and B are less than their maximum possible values. the seven equations.
f A = 207 N f A-max A NA = (0.6)(624 N) An analogous statement can be made for the case of
simultaneous slip at A and C.
= 374 N (OK)
f B = 207 N f B-max BNB = (0.4)(652 N)
= 261 N (OK)

Friction General PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Friction General PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

7.

1 Friction: Basic Applications

NA 4 Impending motion 7 Results of solving the above

f A-max A NA = (0.3)(98.1 N) = 29.4 N

To determine whether or not the ladder will stay in

f A = 28.3 N < 29.4 N = f A-max

the surfaces are able to develop enough friction force

4 The friction force

(1 m) cos must be drawn in a

- NB(2 m) sin = 0 (Eq. 3 repeated) sin = 98.1 = 2.5

First note that Eq. 2 implies that tan = 2.5

NA = 98.1 N which implies

Then using this value for NA in Eq. 4 gives 68.2 Ans.

MA = 0: (98.1 N)(1 m) cos f B(2 m) cos

6 Three equilibrium equations but five unknowns: NA,

fA f A-max A NA = 0.6NA (4)

fB f B-max BNB = 0.4NB (5)

Results of solving the five equations (three equilibrium and

Peg A loses contact with the pole

B 6 As the bracket inclines slightly, the pegs at A and D

200 mm 4 Equation of moment equilibrium for the wheel

MO = 0: f B(200 mm) M=0 (1)

6 The sense of the friction fB 100 N

7 Equation of moment equilibrium for the brake (Since we

+ (100 N)(300 mm + 400 mm) = 0 (2) that slip impends at B:

M = 17 500 N·mm = 17.5 N·m Ans.

fd 5 The resultant of the

MA = 0: (20 lb)(0.5 ft) (10 lb)(2 ft) + N(0.5 ft + x) = 0

8 Solving these equations gives

9 These are the values required if the system is to

f max N = (0.6)(20 lb) = 12 lb

Because f = 10 lb is less than the 12 lb maximum

10 We next consider whether or not the block will tip.

fd 4 The resultant of the

5 The resultant of the distributed force Nd

8 The fourth equation comes from considering

12 Solving Eqs. 1-4 simultaneously gives

20 lb Solving the equilibrium equations, Eqs. 1, 2, and 3,

f = 5 lb < f max N = (0.6)(20 lb) = 12 lb. (OK)

4 Possible motion of point A.

f A = f A-max A NA = 0.3NA (4)

f B = f B-max BNB = 0.6NB (5)

Case 1 Case 2 f A = 34.6 N

Solving the equilibrium equations, Eqs. 1, 2, and 3, simultaneously

f B = 196 N < f B-max BNB = (0.6)(392 N) = 235 N (OK)

6 Equations of equilibrium for block B. We assume that the blocks will

Fy = 0: NB (98.1 N) cos =0 (2)

11 Impending motion of block A

fA f A-max A NA = 0.2NA (5)

1 Free-body diagram of block A

2 Impending motion of The last equation gives

5 Free-body diagram of block B

10 Equilibrium equations for block B:

Fy = 0: 98.1 N 98.1 N + NBC = 0

The last equation gives

NBC = 196.2 N (4)

14 Impending motion of block C NBC = 196.2 N

16 Equilibrium equations for block C:

The last equation gives

Let's compare this with the maximum possible friction

f AB = f AB-max by Eq. 2 f BC-max BCNBC

= (0.3)(196.2 N) = 58.9 N (8)

24 Slip impends so = 58.9 N