Drillworks Training Software

Drillworks® Software Pro
Training Manual
Predict and Geostress - Version 12.5
© 2009 Halliburton
Part No. 220035 Rev. B July 2009

© 2009 Halliburton
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Predict ......................................... 1-1

Purpose and Scope ....................................................................................................................... 1-1
Conventions ..................................................................................................................... 1-1
Basic Pressure Analysis Procedure............................................................................................. 1-3

Sequence of Events .......................................................................................................... 1-3
Chapter 2: Setting Up a New Project ..................................... 2-1

Creating a Project......................................................................................................................... 2-1
Creating a New Well........................................................................................................ 2-2
Creating a Wellbore ......................................................................................................... 2-3
Setting Up Tracks and Views .......................................................................................... 2-6
Introducing the Project Explorer...................................................................................... 2-6
Managing the Toolbars .................................................................................................... 2-8
Chapter 3: Importing Data ..................................................... 3-1

Importing Well Survey Data ........................................................................................................ 3-1
Importing Other Well Data .............................................................................................. 3-5
Importing Data from a Spreadsheet by Copy and Paste ................................................ 3-10
Displaying the Datasets on Tracks................................................................................. 3-13
Chapter 4: Picking Shale Intervals ........................................ 4-1

Changing the Track Vertical Scale............................................................................................... 4-1
Creating the Shale Base Line...................................................................................................... 4-3
Drawing the Shale Base Line....................................................................................................... 4-5
Chapter 5: Transferring Shale Intervals................................ 5-1

Analyzing Shale Points on Resistivity......................................................................................... 5-1
Displaying the Shale Points from Resistivity .................................................................. 5-4
Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual 1

Table of Contents
Analyzing Shale Points on DT (Sonic)........................................................................................ 5-6

Displaying the Shale Points from DT .............................................................................. 5-7
Chapter 6: Making the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset 6-1

Applying a Filter .......................................................................................................................... 6-1
Displaying the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset ....................................................... 6-4
Chapter 7: Developing the Overburden Gradient (OBG) ..... 7-1

Making the Shallow RHOB Dataset ............................................................................................ 7-1
Making the Composite RHOB Dataset........................................................................................ 7-4

Displaying the Composite RHOB Dataset....................................................................... 7-6
Calculating the OBG.................................................................................................................... 7-8

Displaying the OBG....................................................................................................... 7-10
Chapter 8: Developing the Normal Compaction Trend......... 8-1

Normal Compaction Trend Using Resistivity.............................................................................. 8-1
Normal Compaction Trend Using Sonic...................................................................................... 8-4

Displaying the Normal Compaction Trend from Sonic................................................... 8-7
Making a Composite Dataset Using Sonic ................................................................................. 8-8

Displaying the Composite Dataset................................................................................. 8-10
Chapter 9: Performing the Pore Pressure Analysis .............. 9-1

Analyzing Pore Pressure Using Bowers' Sonic Method.............................................................. 9-1
Displaying the Pore Pressure from Sonic ........................................................................ 9-3
Changing the Parameters with Edit Special..................................................................... 9-4
Analyzing Pore Pressure Using Eaton's Resistivity Method ...................................................... 9-6

Displaying Pore Pressure from Resistivity ...................................................................... 9-8
Adjusting the NCT with Interactive Computing.............................................................. 9-9
Chapter 10: Performing the Fracture Gradient Analysis ... 10-1
2 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Table of Contents
Analyzing the Fracture Gradient................................................................................................ 10-1

Displaying the Fracture Gradient Curve ........................................................................ 10-4
Chapter 11: Performing a Safe Seal Analysis ..................... 11-1

Getting Started ........................................................................................................................... 11-1
Import the TARGET Well ............................................................................................. 11-2
Import the Safe Seal Tutorial......................................................................................... 11-3
Creating the Input Datasets for Safe Seal Estimation.................................................... 11-4
Determining Structural Data .......................................................................................... 11-5
Determining Centroid Position ...................................................................................... 11-5
Basic Properties ............................................................................................................. 11-5
Computing a Safe Seal Dataset...................................................................................... 11-6
Evaluating the Safe Seal Dataset ................................................................................... 11-6
Calibrating the Safe Seal Dataset................................................................................... 11-6
Understanding the Centroid Concept........................................................................................ 11-7

Estimating the Centroid Location .................................................................................. 11-8
Exploring the Project ..................................................................................................... 11-9
Making the Safe Seal Dataset ................................................................................................. 11-10

Displaying the Safe Seal Dataset ................................................................................. 11-15
Interpreting the Results ........................................................................................................... 11-17
Using the Safe Seal Component ............................................................................................. 11-18

Using the Component Display ..................................................................................... 11-18
Changing the Inputs and Observing the Results .......................................................... 11-20
Conclusions............................................................................................................................. 11-23
Chapter 12: Introduction to Geostress ................................. 12-1

Purpose and Scope ..................................................................................................................... 12-1
Conventions ................................................................................................................... 12-1
Chapter 13: Geostress Analysis Overview............................ 13-1

Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis.............................................................................................. 13-1
Shear Failure Gradient ................................................................................................... 13-2
Specifying Rock Strength Parameters ........................................................................... 13-2
Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis..................................................................................... 13-3

Table of Contents
Well Orientation ............................................................................................................ 13-3

Failure Criteria ............................................................................................................... 13-3
Stress Distribution.......................................................................................................... 13-4
Safe Operating ............................................................................................................... 13-4
Strength Analysis ........................................................................................................... 13-4
Chapter 14: Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis..................... 14-1

Shear Failure Gradient Analysis ............................................................................................... 14-2
Displaying the Results ................................................................................................. 14-13
Creating and Editing Rock Strengths in Lithology Columns ................................................. 14-19

Creating a Lithology Column ...................................................................................... 14-19
Editing a Lithology Column ........................................................................................ 14-23
Displaying the Lithology Column ............................................................................... 14-24
Chapter 15: Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis.............. 15-1

The Component Windows ......................................................................................................... 15-1
Wellbore Orientation Component............................................................................................. 15-2

Creating a Well Orientation View ................................................................................. 15-2
Basic Input Panel ........................................................................................................... 15-3
Rock Strength Input Panel ............................................................................................. 15-4
Advanced Input Panel .................................................................................................... 15-5
Plotting Area .................................................................................................................. 15-6
Failure Criteria Component ...................................................................................................... 15-9

Creating a Failure Criteria View.................................................................................... 15-9
Basic Input Panel ......................................................................................................... 15-10
Rock Strength Input Panel ........................................................................................... 15-12
Advanced Input Panel .................................................................................................. 15-12
Plotting Area ................................................................................................................ 15-13
Stress Distribution Component ............................................................................................... 15-16

Creating a Stress Distribution View ............................................................................ 15-16
Plotting Area ................................................................................................................ 15-20
Safe Operating Mud Weight Component ............................................................................... 15-23

Creating a Safe Operating View .................................................................................. 15-23
Rock Strength Input Panel ........................................................................................... 15-26

Table of Contents

Plotting Area ................................................................................................................ 15-28
Strength Analysis Component ................................................................................................ 15-32

Creating a Strength Analysis View.............................................................................. 15-32
The Plotting Area......................................................................................................... 15-36
Chapter A: Using the Drillworks Help System ......................A-1

Navigating the Drillworks Help System ..................................................................................... A-1
Using the Contents Panel ................................................................................................ A-2
Using the Help Topics Menu .......................................................................................... A-3
Interacting with the Help System............................................................................................... A-5

Adding Comments to Topics .......................................................................................... A-5
Adding Ratings to Topics ............................................................................................... A-6
Chapter C: Terminology .........................................................C-1
Chapter D: Reference ............................................................ D-1

Naming Conventions .................................................................................................................. D-1
Suggested Line Groups and Dataset Names ................................................................... D-1
Sample Dataset Names ................................................................................................... D-2
Sample Line Group Names............................................................................................. D-2
Suggested Abbreviations for Dataset Names.................................................................. D-3
Conversions ................................................................................................................................ D-8
Program Terminology and Components.................................................................................... D-9

Table of Contents

Chapter 1
Introduction to Predict
Thank you for choosing Drillworks® Predict software, the leading system for geopressure
analysis. Predict software is a user-driven system that allows you to determine the overburden
stress, pore pressure and fracture gradient easily and quickly for both existing and proposed wells.
This part contains the basic information you need to know before starting the exercise.
Purpose and Scope
This exercise is designed to help you get started with Predict software
by allowing you to go through an example project, step by step.
Conventions
Document conventions explain how the exercise was written using

standards and special ways of writing or representing text.
Typographical
The following typographical conventions are used in this document:
• Menu selections on the toolbar are written as: To print, select File
> Print on the menu bar. File is the top level of the menu (located
on the toolbar); ">" is used to separate the next level; print is the
next level of the menu (located under the menu selection).
• Terminology used in Predict software and explanations of

acronyms or abbreviations are capitalized. For example, OBG
stands for Overburden Gradient. See the “Suggested
Abbreviations for Dataset Names” on page D-3 for further details.
• All keyboard keys, menu items, windows/dialog box titles, labels

found in windows/dialog boxes, components of the program, and
buttons are capitalized to help distinguish the text.
• Data entered in the program are shown in this format.
Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual 1-1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Predict
If you are viewing the exercise in pdf format, the cross-reference text is
a hyperlink: For example, click on “Sequence of Events” on page 1-3 to
view that topic.
For information on adding comments to the topics see “Basic Pressure

Analysis Procedure” on page 1-3.
Graphical
The following icons represent different types of information:
Represents something important, a warning or precaution that needs to

be taken.
Is a helpful tip you can use.
Means that it is a self-test which allows you to stop and do some steps
on your own.
1-2 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Basic Pressure Analysis Procedure
To perform a pore pressure analysis using the Predict application, you

can follow this general sequence of steps as a guideline. As you gain
more experience, you will discover that there are several alternatives to
performing many of the steps covered in this exercise. Note that the
sequence is slightly different when working in real time. For the purpose
of completing this exercise, we will use this sequence.
Sequence of Events
This outline is important as it is the order and basic guide from which
you will generally perform your pore pressure analysis.
Setting Up a New Project
In this step, you create a new project, wells and wellbores. Tracks and
Views are explained and the Project Explorer is introduced.
Importing Data (not Real Time)
You will learn to import log data and survey data in text format to create
datasets. Data can also be copied and pasted from another application,
such as a spreadsheet, or keyed in manually. Thereafter, you can display
the data on any appropriate track in any selected view.
Picking Shale Intervals on the Lithology Curve
On the Lithology curve (i.e., GR), you determine the depth intervals
where the shales are located by drawing shale base lines.
Transferring Shale Intervals to Porosity-Indicating Datasets
Based on the shale intervals selected on the lithology curve, you select
the corresponding values in the shale intervals of the porosity-indicating
dataset (i.e., RES and / or DT).
Making the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset
At this stage, you connect and "smooth out" the shale intervals in the
porosity-indicating dataset by applying a filter to the raw shale values in
the shale intervals. The result is a smoothed or refined porosity-
indicating dataset.

Developing the Overburden Gradient (OBG)
In this step, you calculate the Overburden Gradient (OBG). This

requires that you either have a RHOB (some type of density dataset) or
be able to synthesize a RHOB dataset. In this exercise, estimates of
shallow data are merged with deeper wireline log data to create a
composite dataset. The OBG is then calculated using this composite
density dataset.
Developing a Normal Compaction Trend
In this step, you develop a Normal Compaction Trend by manually

drawing the line on the track based on resistivity data. You also develop
a Normal Compaction Trend Using Bowers' Sonic method.
Performing Pore Pressure Analysis
After completing the previous steps, you can finally analyze pore
pressure. In this exercise, we will calculate pore pressure using Bowers'
Sonic method and calibrate or modify the results to match available
measured data. You will also use Eaton's resistivity method, which is
then calibrated to achieve a closer match with known measured data.
Performing Fracture Gradient Analysis
In addition to analyzing pore pressure, you can also perform a fracture

gradient analysis. You can either use the methods already included in
the program (i.e., Eaton, Matthews and Kelly, Breckels and Van
Eekelen, or Daines methods), a UDM (User-Defined Method), or UDP
(User-Defined Program). In this exercise, we will calculate the fracture
gradient using Eaton.
Performing a Compartment Analysis
An additional step in a geopressure analysis is to estimate sand pressures

within a shale sequence. In this step, you use two wells to estimate the
lateral changes in pressure with a sand as a function of depth, assuming
the sand is continuous and highly permeable relative to the surrounding
shales. This step uses the Drillworks® Safe Seal software.

Chapter 2
Setting Up a New Project
In this step you create a project, a well and wellbore. Views and Tracks are explained and the
Project Explorer is introduced.
Creating a Project
1. Select Project > Create on the menubar or click on the toolbar.

The Step 1: Project General Information dialog box appears.
2. Enter information to name your project, a description and your

name as analyst. Select the default depth unit. For this exercise,
choose Feet.
It is important that you select the appropriate unit option for Units (Feet
or Meters). This option sets the measurement unit and cannot be reset
after the creation of the project.
3. Click Finish. The new project automatically opens.
Note: The Next button on the Create a Project dialog box takes you to dialog
boxes to set boundaries and add notes. These are not needed for the exercise.
To open an existing project: Select Project > Open from the menubar.
Select the project from the Project list and click OK.

Chapter 2: Setting Up a New Project
Creating a New Well
When you create a new project you are automatically given the option
to create a new well. In this exercise the Create a Well dialog displays
after the Project is created.
Otherwise you can select Well > Create from the menubar or click New
Well on the toolbar.
1. For the source well in this exercise, specify None as we are going
to create this well "from scratch".
2. Click Next.
3. In the Step 2: Collect Well General Information dialog box enter

the following information:
Note: The well name, unique well identifier and depth information is mandatory,
but the other information is optional. The Elevation field is used for onshore wells.
A long, detailed and complete description field for projects and datasets can be
incredibly useful for anyone who looks at the project in the future.

4. In the Step 3: Collect Well Information dialog, enter the following

information:
5. Click Finish. The Next button takes you to an optional geology

entry dialog box not needed for this exercise.
Creating a Wellbore
A well can have one or more wellbores. When you create a new well,
you will be prompted to create the associated wellbore. Click Yes.
You can create the wellbore later by selecting Wellbore > Create from
the menubar.

On the Step 1 - Specify Data Source dialog enter the following

information:
Because we are creating the wellbore as the second part of creating a

new well, the Select a Target well section shows the Existing Well
ANALOGUE as the target for the new wellbore. If you were creating a
wellbore for previously created well in a project, you would use the
drop-down list to select the well.
1. Select None as the source wellbore for this exercise as we are

creating this well and wellbore “from scratch”. You have the
options to use a template wellbore, or copy an existing wellbore and
its data when creating a wellbore. See the Drillworks® Help files
for more information.
2. Select check box to Automatically create views. You can choose

how to name the views; in this exercise make sure Well (Wellbore)
name - View name is selected.
3. Click Next.
4. In the Step 2 - Collect Wellbore Information dialog enter a name

for the wellbore. In this exercise we will name the wellbore the
same as the well, but in other projects you might name an
additional wellbore SideTrack1.

5. The autogenerated Unique wellbore identifier is a subset of the

main well. You may change that to any scheme you prefer; in this
exercise add an "a" after the underbar (123-456-780_a).
6. Enter the other wellbore information according to the dialog

graphic.
7. Click Finish. The wellbore is created.
To Verify the Properties of Your Project
Select Project > Properties from the menubar. This information is

read-only.
• On the Wells tab, the well ANALOGUE is listed with the Water
Depth (WD) and the ID and the Country.
• On the Wellbore tab you can view the information listed in the
Step 2 dialog above.
• The Views tab lists the shipped default views.

Setting Up Tracks and Views
Predict data is displayed on tracks. Up to 8 tracks can be part of a named

View. Predict ships with a default set of views, but you may create your
own.
Refer to the Drillworks® Help files for detailed instructions for creating
views. Views are selected from the drop-down list on the toolbar or from
the Display tab of the Project Explorer.
Introducing the Project Explorer
The Project Explorer displays the hierarchical structure of wells,

wellbores and associated datasets and views for a selected project in a
pane at the left of the Predict window.
To Move the Project Explorer
The Project Explorer can be moved and docked against the left, right,
top or bottom of the screen.
1. Click on the title bar and drag the Project Explorer to a new
location. If the displayed Project Explorer is not docked against the
edges of the screen, double-click the title bar to return the Project
Explorer to the last docked position.
2. The Project Explorer pane can be resized by dragging the vertical

bar separating the Project Explorer from the Views.
To Toggle the Project Explorer
1. Select View > Project Explorer from the menubar.
2. The directory tree appears/disappears on the left side of the Predict

window.

3. Select View > Project Explorer and clear the check mark to turn
off the Project Explorer or click the X at the top of the pane.
To Change the Display of the Project Explorer
1. Click the Data tab at the bottom of the pane to display Wells in your
project and the associated datasets. Expand the listings by clicking
the plus sign to the left of the well name to list the wellbores. Click
the plus sign again to expand the wellbore listing.
2. Click the Display tab at the bottom of the pane to see folders for
Track Views, Cross Plots, Well Paths, Anaseis Views and Other
Views. Click the plus sign to the left of the folder name to expand
the listings of Views and show which datasets are displayed on
those views.
3. Right-click on a name to access a pop-up menu. Properties dialogs

and editing features are available for datasets, wellbores, wells and
some views.

To Drag and Drop Datasets from the Project Explorer to a Track
1. Select the dataset you want to display.
2. Hold down the left-mouse button and drag to the appropriate track.
3. Release the mouse button and the dataset is displayed.
To Save Your Work at Any Time
Select Project > Save from the menubar or click on the toolbar.
Managing the Toolbars
New with Drillworks® version 12 is the ability to move and reconfigure

the toolbars.
Predict toolbars are now in four sections that can be moved, stacked,
docked or even placed on the Predict track display.
• The menubar - File, Well, Wellbore, etc.
• The Data Store toolbar - click the icon to change data stores; click
the down arrow to verify connections.
• The Main toolbar - click the familiar icons to create or analyze

data.
• The Application/Realtime toolbar - Use the icons to launch other

Drillworks® products or start a realtime session.
To Rearrange the Toolbars in Predict
1. Hold cursor over the double separator bar at the left end of any
toolbar.
2. Press down on the mouse button and hold.
3. Move the toolbar to a new location.
4. Release mouse button.

Toolbars and the menubar may be stacked in any order, reconfigured or

even docked at the bottom or side of the Project Explorer pane.
To toggle the toolbars off or on select View > Toolbars from the
menubar. The menubar can not be turned off.
Return to “Setting Up a New Project” on page 2-1.
Proceed to “Importing Data” on page 3-1


Chapter 3
Importing Data
You can import well survey and logging data directly into Predict. The data can either use LAS 2.0
format, ASCII, LIS, DEX or the OpenSpirit environment. It is also possible to copy and paste data
from another application into a Predict data grid or key in data manually. The data can then be
displayed, calculated, and analyzed using Predict software.
New with Drillworks® 12.5 is the ability to for Pressworks to connect to EDM and OpenWorks
databases with the appropriate licenses/connectors. You may then import selected data from those
databases into Predict. Some data may be exported back to EDM and/or OpenWorks. See the
Drillworks® Help files or contact Landmark Sales for more information.
Importing Well Survey Data
In this section, you import a space-delimited well survey file which is

used to establish the MD to TVD relationship.
1. Select Wellbore > Import Survey Data from the menubar. The
Well Survey Import Step 1 dialog displays.
2. Select the external file option and click Next.

Chapter 3: Importing Data
3. On the Step 2: Select Source file dialog click Browse.
4. Navigate through Windows folders and files to the Predict Tutorial

folder, which is usually located in:
C:\ProgramFiles\Drillworks\Samples\Predict Tutorial
5. Open the Predict Tutorial folder where the data for this exercise is
stored.
6. Select file type Survey file (*.*) and highlight the Analogue Well
Survey Data.asc file to import.
7. Click Open. The file is now shown in the shaded area of the Step 2
dialog.

8. Click Next. The Step 3 - Select Well and Format dialog displays.
9. Select the ANALOGUE well from the well list box on the left.
10. Select the ANALOGUE wellbore.
11. Choose the Space delimited header option.
12. Choose the Kelly Bushing level for the Depth Reference.
13. Select the depth unit to match the survey file. Predict will
automatically make any necessary conversion to match the project
depth units. In this exercise, choose feet.
14. In this exercise, the import file uses '.' or dot for the Decimal point
symbol.
Note: As other files may use the ',' comma, it is important to verify this parameter.

15. Click Next and the Step 4: Map Measured Depth and Column
dialog box displays.
16. For the import option, select the Measured depth (MD), true
vertical depth (TVD), inclination and azimuth. Use the drop-down
lists to map to a MD, Inclination, Azimuth and TVD channel as
shown above.
17. Click Finish.
The survey file is imported and the TVD will be calculated.

To verify that the import was successful, select Wellbore > Properties
from the menubar. Select the ANALOGUE well and wellbore and view
the Survey tab of the Wellbore Properties dialog box.
Click Close when you are finished viewing the properties.
Importing Other Well Data

In this section, you import other well data from ASC files to create
datasets.
1. Select Data > Import from the menubar. The Step 1 - Select a Data
source dialog box displays.

2. Choose the external file source and click Browse.
3. Navigate through Windows folders and files to the Samples folder

(C:\ProgramFiles\Drillworks\Samples\) and open the Predict
Tutorial folder.
4. In the Predict Tutorial folder, you should find Analogue Well All
Data.asc. Select the file and click Open.
5. Click Next on the Step 1 dialog box.
6. The Import Datasets Step 2: Specify Import Options dialog box

displays.

7. Make sure the well you created is selected, in this case

ANALOGUE.
8. Select the wellbore ANALOGUE.
9. Choose As is for the Depth level. This means imported datasets

will have the same depth intervals as the original file.
10. In this exercise, you will create new datasets. Note the other
options allowed when importing data for future reference.
11. Click Next and the Step 3: Specify Input Data Settings and Select
Input Channels dialog box displays.
12. In this part, select Depth from the drop-down list for the depth
channel entry.
13. The Channels' list corresponds to the headings of the columns of

data in the file we are importing. Check all the channels except
Depth (which was specified separately above).
14. Select the depth unit in feet.
15. Choose Source in TVD: no conversion in the Depth Conversion

Options section.
16. Select Kelly Bushing Reference for the Depth Reference option.
17. Choose '.' dot or ',' comma, depending on the format of the text file
that is being imported. In this exercise the import file uses '.' dot.

18. Click Next and the Step 4: Map an Input Data Channel to a New or
Existing Dataset dialog box displays.
The program will go through the channels (or column headers of your
data file) of the imported data and allow you to verify that the datatypes
match.
19. If the channel name is the same as the datatype name, then the
default datatype will be highlighted in the Datatype list box for
each channel. Make sure that the value in the Dataset Name field
has the desired datatype in the Datatype list box. If not, select the
appropriate datatype for the dataset.
20. If the channel name is not the same as the datatype name, the
default datatype will be Unknown and you will then need to select
the correct datatype for that channel in the Datatype list box.
Note: It is important you verify the datatypes otherwise the calculations,

scales, and attributes in the analyses will not be correct. If UNK-Unknown is
displayed in the Datatypes list box, select the one that fits the Dataset Name in
the Datatypes list box.
21. Accept the default colors, line styles and weight for each dataset
for this exercise. The display attributes of the dataset can be
changed when using Predict software for your own projects.
22. In the Unit drop-down list box, select the Unit for the dataset, if
required. The RES dataset may need units chosen. Choose ohmm
from the drop-down list.

23. Click Next. The program will go through all the datasets one by
one until all the datasets have been verified.
24. Repeat steps 19 to 23 until complete. At the last dataset

(RHOB_wl), the Finish button appears on the lower part of the
dialog box. Click Finish.
To View the Properties of Datasets After They Have Been Created
• Select Data > Dataset Properties from the menubar. The Dataset
Properties dialog box appears.
• Select the dataset in the list box at the left and view its properties
to the right. The Parameters tab lists method of creation, date
created and modified, and other useful information.
• View the other tabs and click Close when you are finished.

Importing Data from a Spreadsheet by Copy and Paste
Predict does not limit the user to importing data to create datasets. You
may also input data manually or copy and paste data from a spreadsheet
application.
Navigate through Windows to the Samples folder:
C:\ProgramFiles\Drillworks\Samples\Predict Tutorial (depending on

your installation). Find the file called LOT and MDT Data.xls and
double-click to open.
1. On the menubar, select Data > Create a Dataset. The Create a

Dataset Step 1: Specify a Data Source dialog box displays.
2. Select None as the data source as we will create a dataset "from

scratch".

3. Click Next. The Step 2: New Dataset Target Location dialog box
displays.
4. Select the ANALOGUE well and wellbore.
5. Click Next.
6. The Step 3 - Collect New Dataset Information dialog displays.
7. Name the dataset LOT_ppg.

8. Enter an optional description. Remember, a long, detailed and

complete description can be incredibly useful for anyone who
looks at the project in the future.
9. The Index type is True Vertical Depth.
10. Leave the Depth Reference Kelly Bushing as is.
11. Select the LOT - Leak off test as the datatype, and ppg as the unit.
12. Make sure the line width is set at 1.
13. Click the Symbol button to change the default display attribute
from an open square to a solid blue square.
14. Check the box next to Has Text Column to include an extra
column for entering notes at particular values. The notes can be
displayed on the track.
15. Click Finish and the Edit Datasets dialog box displays.
16. From the LOT and MDT Data.xls file, copy the cells displaying
depth and values (not the headings) for the LOT data.

17. Go back to the Edit Datasets dialog box and right-click on the first
cell in the Depth column of the data grid. Choose Paste from the
pop-up menu to paste the information into the data grid.
Note:
Hover the cursor over the buttons across the top of the data grid to display tooltips.
These functions can be used to edit any data displayed in the data grid. When you
created the dataset, the extra column labeled Description is the result of checking
the box labeled "has text column". It is useful for entering notes at particular
depths or values that can be displayed on the track.
18. Click Apply to save the data and OK to close the dialog box.
19. Repeat the steps 1 to 18 as described above to create a dataset

named MDT_ppg from the data in the spreadsheet LOT and MDT
Data.xls. Choose ppg as the datatype and change the display
attributes to show a black diamond. On completion, you should
have a new dataset with the following parameters:
The name, datatype and units are listed in the graphic above. Be sure to
include the Has Text Column option in the Step 2 dialog box.
Displaying the Datasets on Tracks
As you can see on your screen, there is no data displayed. The next step
is to display the data (or datasets) on the track.

1. Make sure that ANALOGUE (ANALOGUE)-Input Data is

shown in the View drop-down list on the top of your screen.
2. Right-click over the left most track. A pop-up Track menu

appears.
3. From the pop-up Track menu, select Add Datasets. The Add
Datasets to Track dialog box appears.
4. In the Select a Well list box, make sure ANALOGUE is selected.
5. Choose the ANALOGUE wellbore as well.
6. In the Select Datasets list box, select GR_wl (Gamma ray wireline
data)
7. Click Apply and then Close. Notice that the GR curve appears on
the track. You may have to scroll down the track to see the part of
the curve that contains data.
Now add the RHOB_wl dataset to the second track from the left, the
RES wireline dataset (RES_wl) to the third track and the two DT (Sonic)
datasets to the fourth track using the procedure in steps 2 to 7.
To Drag and Drop Datasets from the Project Explorer to the Tracks
1. Select the dataset you want to display.
2. Hold down the left-mouse button and drag to the appropriate track.

3. Release the mouse button and the dataset is displayed.
Return to “Setting Up a New Project” on page 2-1
Continue to “Picking Shale Intervals” on page 4-1


Chapter 4
Picking Shale Intervals
In this step, you will select the shale intervals using a Lithology curve (i.e., SP or GR datatype).
These shale intervals are then used to determine corresponding readings in the shale intervals on
the porosity-indicating dataset. The porosity-indicating values in the shale intervals will later be
smoothed and used to predict pore pressures in another exercise step.
In this exercise, we will use the GR curve and draw the shale base lines. The shale base lines are
created from a Line Group.
Changing the Track Vertical Scale
Before drawing the shale base lines, it may be helpful to adjust the
vertical scale of the track in order to see more detail. Make sure the View
Input Data is selected from the drop-down list on the toolbar.
To change the vertical scale of the tracks, right-click on any track and
select Track Properties from the pop-up menu. The Track Properties

Chapter 4: Picking Shale Intervals
On the Track tab, change the vertical scale value from to 2500 ft per
inch to increase the detail in the track views.
Click Apply and OK. This will change the vertical scale for all the
tracks shown in this View.
You can also use the + and - keys on your keyboard to change the track's
vertical scale.

Creating the Shale Base Line
Shale base lines are made by creating a Line Group in Predict software.
A Line Group is basically a group of lines that is associated with a
particular dataset and can be named for future use. You can also make
Line Groups for your own purpose, such as making a marker on the
curve.
Make sure your view is Input Data.
1. Right-click on the track displaying the Gamma Ray wireline dataset

(the first track). Click in the track area, not on the curve. A pop-up
menu appears.
2. Select Line Group > Create from the Track menu. The Create a
Line Group dialog box appears. Select the dataset with which the
new Line Group will be associated with, in this case, the GR_wl
dataset.
3. Enter GR Shale Lines as the Line Group name and accept the
default display attributes (color, line style and width).
4. Click OK.

5. Notice a floating Editing toolbar for creating the Line Group

appears on the track. Keep this toolbar active as we draw the shale
base lines.
Note: In the floating Editing toolbar for the specified Line Group, notice the tool-
tips when you hold your cursor over the buttons. The Add option, represented by
the Plus sign, is selected. This means you can add lines to the curve. As you are
creating a Line Group at this point, some of the editing functions may be grayed
out.
Functions Available on the Editing Toolbar
Add line
Delete line
Move endpoint
Translate (shift entire line left or right)
Use Least Square interpolation
Interactive Computing
Undo last action
Save all and exit
Undo all and exit
Help

Drawing the Shale Base Line
Based on geological principles, draw your shale base lines according to

where shale can be found.
1. Click the Add icon on the floating Editing toobar to start

drawing the shale base line.
2. On the GR curve in the first track, use your cursor to click and
drag lines over the parts of the curve where possible shale intervals
can be found.
3. Continue drawing the shale base lines until you reach the bottom
of your curve. Use the RES and DT curves in the other tracks to
help guide you in picking shale points.
4. Click the Save and Exit icon on the floating Editing toolbar
after you finish drawing the shale base lines. The Line Group
created is named GR Shale lines.

To Change Track Display Widths
An easy way to change the track widths is to click and drag the vertical
separator bars to the desired position.
To Change Track Horizontal Scale
Right-click on the track you want to change. Select Dataset Properties

from the pop-up menu. On the Display tab, change the minimum and/or
maximum values in the Display Range section. Select the check box for
Apply the range to all datasets with the same unit.
Return to “Importing Data” on page 3-1
Proceed to “Transferring Shale Intervals” on page 5-1.

Chapter 5
Transferring Shale Intervals
At this stage, we are going to analyze the shale base lines by applying the shale intervals to a
porosity-indicating dataset. A porosity-indicating dataset is a dataset that responds to porosity
changes. This will then be used for making our shale-filtered or "shale points" dataset.
First, we will determine the corresponding values on the porosity-indicating dataset for the shale
intervals. We can perform this on any porosity-indicating dataset. In this exercise we will first use
the RES (Resistivity) and then use the same procedure on the DT (Sonic).
Analyzing Shale Points on Resistivity
Since we already drew the shale base lines, we will now plot the shale
points according to where we placed those shale base lines.
1. Select Analyze > Shale Point from the menubar. The Shale Point
Analysis Step 1: Select a Method dialog box displays. Keep the
option Use a line group selected as is.

Chapter 5: Transferring Shale Intervals
2. Click Next. The Step 2: Select a Well dialog box displays.
3. Select the well ANALOGUE.
4. Select the wellbore ANALOGUE.
5. Click Next. The Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog

displays.
6. In the Select a lithology dataset list box, choose GR wl.

To See Datasets Which Use a Specific Datatype(s)
• Click Filter. The Datatypes Filter dialog box appears.
• Select the datatype(s) on the left and click Add. The datatypes
move to the Selected Datatypes list box.
• Click OK. Notice that the list displays datasets that use the
specific datatype. For example, selecting the TEMP datatype
shows all temperature datasets using this datatype.
7. Based on the curve chosen in the Lithology list box, the Line
Group you created earlier should be listed in the Select a line
group list box. Select GR Shale lines.
8. In the Select a porosity dataset list box, select RES wl. If it is not
listed, click Filter and add the RES datatype.
9. Keep the Points are larger than those on RLG (Reference Line
Group) option as the Shale Point Pick Criteria and click Next. The
Step 4: Collect New Dataset Information dialog displays.
10. The system will automatically name the new dataset based on the
source datasets and method used. In this case, accept the name
SHPT RES_wl, which represents the shale points on the RES
curve.
11. In the optional Description field, type Shale points on RES curve.

12. Choose True Vertical depth from the Index type drop-down list.
13. Change the appearance of the display attributes to the color Black
and the symbol to a black outlined white square. This is how the
shale points will appear on the RES wl curve.
14. Click Finish. The SHPT RES_wl dataset is created.
Suggested Naming Conventions
Dataset names should represent the type of data in the dataset that will
be made from the analysis. Use the naming conventions described in
“Suggested Line Groups and Dataset Names” on page D-1.
To View or Change Dataset Properties
Select Data > Dataset Properties from the menubar.
Displaying the Shale Points from Resistivity
You return to the main screen, but no data is shown in the Input Data
view. This is because you have to display it in the desired track.
1. In the track where the RES wl curve was placed (the third track
from the left), right-click anywhere except on the curve. The pop-
up Track menu appears.
2. Select Add Last Dataset from the menu. Notice that the RES
curve now shows white points in the areas to the right of where
you placed your shale base lines (see the Lithology curve).
Click the arrow in the Legend area at the bottom of the Track to cycle
through the datasets on an individual track. You can check the name,
color and units of new datasets.
Instead of adding datasets from the pop-up track menus, you can
highlight the dataset in the Project Explorer list and drag the dataset to
the selected track.

The next illustration shows the Input Data View with the SHPT RES_wl
dataset added. Note the cycling arrow in the Legend and the information
displayed about each dataset.
To Change the Vertical Scale of the Tracks
Right-click on a track and select Track Properties from the pop-up

menu. The Track Properties dialog box displays. Change the vertical
scale value and click Apply and OK.

Analyzing Shale Points on DT (Sonic)
Pore pressure can also be calculated using sonic. In that situation, use
the same procedure as outlined above, but use the Sonic as the porosity-
indicating dataset instead of the Resistivity (RES). We can use the same
Line group (GR Shale lines) to discriminate the shale from the non-shale
intervals on the Sonic dataset.
1. Choose Analyze > Shale Point from the menubar. The Shale Point
Analysis Step 1: Select a Method dialog box appears.
2. Keep the option Use a line group selected as is. Click Next.
3. The Step 2: Select a Well dialog box appears. Make sure the
selected well and wellbore is ANALOGUE and click Next. The
Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog appears.
4. In the Select a Lithology list box, choose GR wl.
5. Based on the Lithology curve chosen in the Lithology list box, the
Line Group you created earlier should be listed. Select GR Shale
lines.

6. In the Select a porosity-indicating dataset, select DT wl. Use the

Filter button to add the DT datatype if you do not see the DT
datasets in your list.
7. Keep the Points are larger than those on RLG (Reference Line
Group) option as the Shale Point Pick Criteria and click Next.
8. The Step 4: Collect New Dataset Information dialog appears.
source datasets and method. Accept the default name SHPT
DT_wl, which represents the shale points on the DT curve.
10. In the optional Description field, type Shale points on sonic.
11. Select the True vertical depth from the drop-down list as the Index
type.
12. You can change the color and symbol. To be consistent, you can
change the color to Black and the Symbol to an open square.
13. Click Finish. The SHPT DT_wl dataset is created in the system.
Displaying the Shale Points from DT
1. In the track where the DT curve was placed (the fourth track from
the left), right-click anywhere except on the curve. The pop-up
Track menu appears.
2. Select Add Last Dataset from the menu. Notice that the DT curve
now shows white points in the areas to the right of where you
placed your shale base lines (compare to the Lithology curve).

These shale points are the readings from the porosity-indicating datasets
that are from shale zones. We have eliminated all non-shale readings
and have new datasets for shales only.
Return to “Picking Shale Intervals” on page 4-1
Continue to “Making the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset” on

page 6-1

Chapter 6
Making the Refined Porosity-
Indicating Dataset
When you apply a filter to the raw shale points, you create a new filtered (for noise) porosity-
indicating dataset that will have a line connecting all the points. This new refined porosity-
indicating dataset will be used in the pore pressure prediction. First we will create the filtered
dataset based on Resistivity and then create a filtered dataset based on Sonic or DT.
Applying a Filter
We will use a boxcar filter to create the refined porosity-indicating

dataset. Depending on the number of filter points you choose, it can be
more or less smooth. In general, the larger the specified number of filter
points, the smoother the resulting dataset becomes.
1. Select Data > MWA Filter from the menubar. The Filter a Dataset
Step 1: Select a Method dialog box appears.

Chapter 6: Making the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset
2. Choose the Shrink Boxcar (equal weight) option and click Next.
The Step 2: Collect Input Information dialog box appears.
3. In the Input Well drop-down list box, make sure ANALOGUE is

selected.
4. Choose the wellbore ANALOGUE.
5. In the Input Dataset list box, select SHPT RES_wl.
6. In the Number of Filter Points field, type 51. The filter will be
applied to the shale points you picked from the dataset SHPT on
RES. The number specified as the filter size must be odd.
7. Enter 150 in the window field. A rule of thumb for the filter
window size is 3 times the filter number.
8. You may select the check box to generate a standard deviation

dataset; we will skip that step in the exercise.

9. Click Next. The Step 3: Collect New Dataset Information dialog

box appears.
10. The system will name the new dataset automatically based on the
source datasets and method. In this case, accept the default name
SHPT RES_wl f51. This name represents Porosity-indicating data
on the RES curve.
11. In the optional Description field, type filtered shale points on

resistivity or a description that will identify this dataset.
12. In the Datatype list box, select RES - Resistivity.
13. Keep the selection in the Unit list box (ohmm) and change Display
Attributes to a more visible color such as Blue.
14. Click Finish. The SHPT RES_wl f51 dataset is created in the
system. You return to the main screen.

Displaying the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset
After creating the porosity-indicating dataset (SHPT RES_wl f51), you

now can display it on the appropriate track.
1. In the track displaying the RES data, right-click anywhere except

on the curve. The pop-up Track menu appears.
2. Choose Add Last Dataset from the Track menu. The track
displays the last dataset you created, which was the Porosity-
indicating dataset (SHPT RES_wl f51).
Repeat the steps above to create SHPT DT wlf51 using DT_wl as the
porosity-indicating dataset instead of the RES. Use the same shrink
boxcar filter with 51 filter points and window size of 150. Select us/ft as
the units and change the display attributes of the new dataset to Red for
clarity. Display the new dataset on the fourth track from the left with the
other DT datasets. Your new filtered datasets should look like this:

To Change the Vertical Scale of the Track
In order to see the entire curve, you can adjust the vertical scale of the
tracks. Right-click on a track (not on a curve) and choose Track
Properties from the pop-up menu. The Track Properties dialog box
displays. Enter a new value for the vertical scale.
To Change the Line Weight of a Dataset
You may want to change the line weight of the new filtered dataset to
make it more visible. Right click on the track and select Dataset
Properties from the pop-up menu. Select the dataset you wish to change
from the list at the left. On the Display tab, you can change the line style
to a heavier line. Click Apply and Close.
Return to “Transferring Shale Intervals” on page 5-1
Continue to “Developing the Overburden Gradient (OBG)” on page 7-1.


Chapter 7
Developing the Overburden
Gradient (OBG)
In this step, we will calculate the Overburden Gradient (OBG). This requires that you either have
an existing RHOB (some type of density dataset) or be able to synthesize a RHOB dataset. This
step is crucial since the pore pressure and fracture gradient calculations require an OBG.
Often it is necessary to combine deep data from a wireline source with other data to get the best
overburden results. Here we will use a correlation based on cores taken from near the mudline for
near mudline densities with the deeper data available from an RHOB log. We will make a
composite dataset in the Predict software and then calculate the OBG.
Making the Shallow RHOB Dataset
1. Choose Analyze > Density from the menubar. The Density

Analysis Step 1: Select a Method dialog box displays.

Chapter 7: Developing the Overburden Gradient (OBG)
2. Choose the Miller Method and click Next. The Step 2: Select a
Well dialog box displays.
3. Choose the correct well and wellbore, ANALOGUE from the lists.
Click Next. The Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog box
displays.

4. Choose the Near sediment source option.

You can accept defaults listed for porosity and density parameters
as they were empirically derived from data collected from
deepwater Gulf of Mexico locations. The bottom depth (1500 feet)
corresponds to the deepest depth relative to the mudline at which
the calculation will be performed. Note that in this step we will
ultimately only use the upper 1000 feet of this data.
displays.
source datasets and method. Accept RHOB miller as the dataset
name.
7. Enter an optional description. Descriptions can be helpful in the

future.
8. Choose the True vertical depth from the drop-down list as the
Index type.
9. The Display attributes can be changed if desired. For this exercise,

select the bright pink color.
10. Change the units to g/cc.
11. Click Finish. The dataset is created.

Make sure the View selected is the Input Data view. Right-click on the
track displaying the RHOB wireline data and select Add Last Dataset
from the pop-up track menu. You will have to scroll up the track to see
the dataset as this calculation is in shallow depth.
Making the Composite RHOB Dataset
1. For the next step, we need to know the depth at the mudline. Choose
Well > Properties from the menubar. The Well Properties dialog
box displays. Select the General tab. Take note of the water depth
for this well is 4279.
2. Choose Wellbore > Properties. The air gap for this wellbore is 86
feet.
3. Subtracting the air gap from the water depth we can conclude a
RKB of 4365 feet for mudline depth.
Note: Predict software is going to make a depth-based linear interpolation to cover

the interval between shallow data and the deeper data. Therefore, it is necessary to
examine the deeper dataset and select an appropriate splice point.
4. Expand the track's vertical scale to one inch per 100 foot intervals
(Right-click on the track, select Track Properties to access the
dialog box to adjust the vertical scale).
5. Scroll down and visually examine the start of the RHOB wireline
data to pick a splice point that ignores the data extremes. A good
point would be 11710 feet. To verify this, hold your mouse cursor
over the curve and read the coordinates in the status bar at the
bottom right of the screen.

6. Select Data > Composite from the menubar. The Create a Dataset
from Multiple Datasets dialog box displays.
7. Make sure the both the well and wellbore ANALOGUE is

selected.

8. Enter RHOB composite as the name for the dataset to be created.
9. The datatype is RHOB-Density.
10. The unit is g/cc.
11. Click Change next to the Display attributes field. Select the bright
pink color and a line weight of 2.
12. The source dataset section may list blank fields. Click Filter to
display the Datatype Filter dialog box. First, remove the All. Then,
select the RHOB datatype and click Add to display only the
RHOB datatypes. Click OK when you are done.
13. Returning to the Create a Dataset from Multiple Datasets dialog

box, select RHOB Miller dataset as the first part of the composite
dataset. In the From Depth field enter 4365 (mudline depth) and in
the To Depth field enter 5365 (1000 feet below mudline depth).
14. Select the RHOB wl dataset as the second part of the composite
dataset. In the From Depth field enter the splice point value,
11710. In the To Depth field, enter 20500, which is a point below
the last data depth point.
15. Click OK to create the composite dataset.
Displaying the Composite RHOB Dataset
1. On the RHOB track in Input Data view, right-click and choose

Add Last Dataset from the Track menu to display the RHOB
composite dataset.
2. You can remove the RHOB wl and RHOB near ml datasets and
leave only the composite dataset on the track. Right-click on the
track and select Remove Datasets from the pop-up Track menu.
3. From the Remove Datasets dialog box, check the datasets you
want to remove from the track display and click OK.
Note: This action only removes the datasets from the display and not from the
project.

Change the vertical scale back to 4000 ft intervals to see the results.

Calculating the OBG
1. Choose Analyze > OBG from the menubar. The Analyze OBG
Step 1: Select a Method dialog box displays.
2. Select the Bulk density option and click Next. The Step 2: Select a
Well dialog box displays.

3. Make sure the well and wellbore ANALOGUE is selected. Click

Next. The Step 3: Collect Parameters dialog displays.
4. Select the RHOB composite dataset as the bulk density log.
5. The Start depth is 4365 or the mudline depth.
Note:
Missing values will be linearly interpolated between the value at the mudline and
the value at the specified top of valid data.
6. Accept the default values for the water density and density at
mudline.

displays.

source datasets and method. Accept OBG rhob as the dataset name
and enter an optional description.
9. The Unit is ppg.
10. You can change the display attributes of the new dataset, but it will
be easier to follow the exercise if you accept the default color.
11. Click Finish. The OBG rhob dataset is calculated.
Displaying the OBG

After performing the analysis, you can then display the OBG. On the
toolbar, use the drop-down list to display the eight standard views.
Choose the view named Resistivity PPFG. We will use these tracks to
display the pore pressure and fracture gradient curves calculated from
Resistivity data later in the exercise.
Right-click on the linear track at the right of the view. From the pop-up
Track menu, choose Add Datasets. From the Add Datasets dialog box,
check the OBG rhob dataset that was just created. Click Apply and
Close. The dataset displays on the track.
Continue to “Developing the Normal Compaction Trend” on page 8-1

Chapter 8
Developing the Normal
Compaction Trend
Predict software offers numerous methods to develop the Normal Compaction Trend depending on
what data is available. In this exercise, first we will draw the normal compaction trend manually
using Resistivity. Next, we will calculate a normal compaction trend using Bowers' Sonic method.
Either of these methods can be used to predict pore pressures.
Last, we will merge the DT check shot data and the DT filtered shale points to create a composite
dataset to cover the entire well interval. This will also be used in pore pressure prediction in the
next section.
Normal Compaction Trend Using Resistivity
Typically, with Resistivity data we can draw the normal compaction

trend manually. Select the Resistivity PPFG view from the drop-down
list on the toolbar. This is the view where we added the OBG dataset in
the last step.
1. First, we need to add the relevant datasets to the tracks in this view:
• Right-click on the first track and choose Add Datasets from the
pop-up Track menu. The Add Datasets dialog box displays.
• Select the ANALOGUE well.
• Select the ANALOGUE wellbore.
• Choose the GR wl dataset and click Apply and then Close.
• Right-click again on the Gamma Ray dataset displayed on the

track and choose Line Groups > Add from the track menu. The
Add Line Groups to Track dialog box displays.
• Choose the Shale points line group (GR shale lines) and click
OK.

Chapter 8: Developing the Normal Compaction Trend
• In the middle track, add the Resistivity datasets: RES_wl, SHPT

RES_wl and SHPT RES_wl f51. Click Apply and Close.
• In the middle track, click on the arrow button in the Legend to

list the SHPT RES_wl f51 dataset as the active dataset.
Now we can draw the Normal Compaction Trend. Right-click on the

middle track and select Line Group > Create on the Track menu. The
Create a Line Group dialog box displays.
2. Select the SHPT RES_wl f51 dataset in the list box. This will
associate the Line Group you will create with the filtered shale
points dataset.
3. Name the Line Group RES_nct and change the Display Attributes
to a black, heavy line.
4. Click OK.
5. The Line Group Editing toolbar displays.
Note:
This is the same Editing toolbar used in drawing the shale base lines in “Drawing
the Shale Base Line” on page 4-5. If the toolbar shows disabled functions at any
time, click on the track to reset.
6. Click to start drawing the line group. Position the cursor at

the start point and hold down the left mouse button to draw a line.
Release the mouse button to stop.

7. Start at the top of the normally pressured interval and follow the
slope to below the base of the interval. Continue the line using the
same slope.
8. The Editing toolbar allows you to fine tune the position of the line.
Select the move end point button and adjust as needed. The
Undo Last button may be useful as you adjust the Line
Group.
9. When you are satisfied with the line, click Save and Exit to
save the Line Group. The Editing toolbar disappears.
Your track should look something like the following:

Normal Compaction Trend Using Sonic
Select the Sonic PPFG view from the drop-down list.
1. We need to add the relevant datasets to the tracks in this view.
• Right-click on the first track and choose Add Datasets from the
pop-up track menu. The Add Datasets dialog box displays.
• Choose the GR_wl dataset and click Apply and Close.
• Right-click again on the track displaying the Gamma Ray

dataset and choose Line Group > Add from the pop-up track
menu. The Add Line Groups to Track dialog box displays.
• Choose the Shale points line group (GR shale lines) and click
OK.
2. On the second track, right-click on the track and select Add

Datasets from the track menu. From the Add Datasets to Track
dialog box, choose the DT_chk, DT_wl, SHPT DT_wl and the
SHPT DT_ f51 datasets. Click Apply and Close.
3. On the third track, you can add the OBG rhob dataset by the same
procedure outlined above.
4. For clarity, we can change the DT_chk dataset to another color.

Click the arrow in the Legend area of the middle track until
DT_chk displays as the active dataset.
To Change the Dataset Display Attributes:
• Right-click on the DT_chk dataset on the track (a good place is in

the shallow intervals where other datasets do not overlap) and
select Properties from the track menu. The Dataset Properties
dialog box for DT_chk displays.
• On the Display tab, change the Display Attributes color to yellow

and make the line thicker.
• Click Apply and then OK to close the dialog box. Notice the
DT_chk dataset reflects the changes.

5. Select Analyze > Normal Compaction Trend from the menubar.

The Compaction Trend Analysis Step 1: Select a Method dialog
box displays.
6. Choose the Bowers sonic method and click Next.
7. Make sure both the ANALOGUE well and wellbore are selected.

8. Click Next. The Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog box

displays.
9. The default values for the constants can be used. For Parameter A
make sure the value is 14.2 and for Parameter B use 0.724.
10. Notice the start depth is the mudline depth 4365 and make sure the
normal pore pressure gradient value is 8.75 ppg.
11. Choose the Use dataset option for the OBG and select the OBG
rhob dataset in the list box.
12. Click Next The Step 4: Collect New Dataset Information dialog
appears.

of DT trend Bowers.
14. Enter an optional description.
15. Choose True Vertical Depth as the Index type from the drop-down
list.
16. Change the display attributes to Black and choose a heavier line
style.
17. The unit is us/ft or microsecond per foot.
18. Click Finish. The dataset is created.
Displaying the Normal Compaction Trend from Sonic
1. Right-click on the middle track and select Add Last Dataset from
the pop-up track menu. The DT trend Bowers dataset you just
created displays.
2. To view the Normal Compaction Trend and other DT datasets

more clearly, change the vertical and horizontal scales in the
middle track. You have changed the vertical scale in previous
steps. See “Changing the Track Vertical Scale” on page 4-1 for
details.
To change the horizontal scale, right-click on the track and choose

Dataset Properties from the Track menu. The Dataset Properties
• On the Display tab, change the display range of the left value to 40
and change the right value to 300. Click Apply and OK.
• Changing one dataset will change the display range for all the
datasets on a semi-log track.
Note:
In a semi-log track (where the horizontal scale is logarithmic and the vertical scale
is linear) the datasets all have to have the same scale. In a linear track, each dataset
can have its own independent scale.

Making a Composite Dataset Using Sonic
In this example, we have checkshot data that has been converted to

interval DT in the shallow interval and wireline DT data in the deeper
interval. We want to combine the shallow checkshot with the deeper
smoothed shale DT to form a single composite DT dataset for analysis.
1. Choose the Sonic PPFG view from the drop-down list on the tool
bar.
2. Change the vertical scale on the view so you can see the depth
where the wireline dataset, the check shot dataset and the filtered
shale point datasets all start and stop. Hold your mouse cursor over
the end points and check the status bar in the lower right of the
screen to read the depths.
3. Select Data > Composite from the menubar. The Create a Dataset
from Multiple Datasets dialog box displays.
4. Make sure both the well and wellbore name ANALOGUE are
displayed in the name fields.
5. Name the new dataset DT Merged SHPT and Chk shot.
6. The datatype is DT - Acoustic.
7. The unit is us/ft.

8. Click Change to change the display attributes to bright pink and

make the line weight thicker.
9. In the source datasets section, click Filter and select DT to display

only DT datatypes.
10. In the first source dataset field, select the DT_chk dataset and
enter 4365 (mudline depth) as the From Depth. In the To Depth
field, enter 10850 (the start of the filtered shale points dataset,
SHPT DT_wl f51).
11. In the second source dataset field, select SHPT DT_wl f51, the
filtered dataset, and enter 10850 as the Start Depth and enter
19050 in the To Depth field (end of the filtered shale points
dataset).
12. In the third source dataset field, select the DT_chk dataset and
enter 19050 as the Start Depth. The To Depth should equal or
exceed the bottom depth of the DT_chk dataset. In this case, we
used 20000.
13. Click OK. The composite or merged dataset is created.

Displaying the Composite Dataset
Right-click on the middle track of the Sonic PPFG view and select
Add Last Dataset from the Track menu to display the composite
dataset.
Return to “Developing the Overburden Gradient (OBG)” on page 7-1
Continue to “Performing the Pore Pressure Analysis” on page 9-1.

Chapter 9
Performing the Pore Pressure
Analysis
After completing the previous analyses, you can now analyze pore pressure. You can either use the
methods already included in the program (i.e., Eaton, Bowers, Miller, or Equivalent Depth), a
UDM (User-Defined Method), or UDP (User-Defined Program). In this exercise we will first use
Bowers’ Sonic method and then use an Eaton method.
Analyzing Pore Pressure Using Bowers' Sonic

Method
1. Select Analyze > Pore Pressure Gradient from the menubar. The
Pore Pressure Gradient Step 1: Select a Method dialog box
displays.
2. Choose the Bowers Sonic method and click Next. The Step 2:
Select a Well dialog displays.
3. Make sure the ANALOGUE well and wellbore are selected and
click Next.The Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog
appears.

Chapter 9: Performing the Pore Pressure Analysis
4. Select From a compaction trend dataset as the Trend input

option. Use the drop-down list to select the DT Trend Bowers
dataset.
5. For the sonic dataset, select the DT Merged SHPT and Chk Shot
dataset. Use the Filter button to display only the DT datasets if
necessary.
6. Enter the mudline depth for the Start depth (4365).
7. For the unloading inputs section, assume no secondary pressuring

(unloading). Therefore, the defaults will show a depth deeper than
the deepest data, preventing unloading from affecting the
calculations. This behavior is the default - if you do wish for
unloading to affect the calculations, then edit the value to reflect
the depth at which unloading begins.

displays.
9. The system will automatically name the new dataset based on

source datasets and/or methods. In this case, accept the default
name.
11. The default Index type is True Vertical Depth.

12. Change the display attributes to the color Green and make the line
style heavier.
13. The unit for the new dataset is ppg.
14. The depth interval should be set to 5. This is the interval for
establishing new data points.
15. Click Finish.
Displaying the Pore Pressure from Sonic
1. Choose the Sonic PPFG view from the toolbar drop-down list.
2. Right-click on the third track from the left where you have already
displayed the OGB dataset. Choose Add Datasets from the Track
menu.
3. The Add Datasets to the Track dialog box displays. Add the PP dt
Bowers dataset you just made. Also add the MDT ppg and LOT
ppg datasets. These are the datasets you made earlier by pasting
data from a spreadsheet.
When displaying dataset on a track, use the Next or Arrow button to

cycle through the datasets on the track. Check that the horizontal scale

of each dataset is the same. If not, right-click on the track and choose
Dataset Properties from the Track menu to change the display range of
the datasets.
Changing the Parameters with Edit Special
The Normal Compaction Trend dataset may be edited on the track. In

the middle track of the Sonic PPFG view, right-click on dataset DT
trend Bowers and choose Edit Special from the Track menu. The Edit
Special dialog box for the selected dataset displays.
Note:
Any of the above parameters may be edited in this dialog box. It may be useful to
edit the Normal Compaction Trend curve to improve the calibration of the model.
1. A and B are compaction constants, which normally must be

calibrated for each specific area. We can change these constants by
moving the sliders or entering in new values. The curve will change
and any results that depend on that curve will also change.
2. Change A to 10.
3. Change B to 0.78.
4. Click Apply and observe the change to the Normal Compaction

Trend and the Pore Pressure dataset. Take notice there is an Undo
All button on this dialog.
5. Click OK to close the dialog box.

Notice the change to the Normal Compaction Trend and the Pore
Pressure after the editing procedure.

Analyzing Pore Pressure Using Eaton's Resistivity

Method
1. Select Analyze > Pore Pressure Gradient from the menubar. The
Pore Pressure Gradient Step 1: Select a Method dialog box
displays.
2. Choose the Eaton Resistivity method and click Next. The Step 2:
Select a Well dialog box displays.
3. Make sure the well and wellbore ANALOGUE are selected and
click Next. The Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog
displays.
4. Click Filter and select the RES datatype. Choose SHPT RES_wl
f51 as the porosity trend dataset.
5. In the normal trend option section, choose Use a line group and
make sure the RES nct is selected in the list box.
6. Accept the defaults shown for the normal pore pressure (8.75 ppg)
and use the constant for the the Eaton exponent (1.2).

7. In the Overburden gradient option, select Use dataset and make

sure the OBG rhob is selected in the list box. Click Next. The Step
4: Collect New Dataset Information dialog displays.
8. The system will name the new dataset based on the source datasets
and/or methods. In this case, accept the default name of PP res
e1.2.
10. Accept the default Index type, True vertical depth.
11. Change the display attributes. Change the color to Red and make
the line style heavier.
12. The unit of the new dataset is ppg.
13. Leave the depth interval at 5.
14. Click Finish.

Displaying Pore Pressure from Resistivity
1. Choose the Resistivity PPFG view from the drop-down list on the
toolbar.
2. Right-click on the third track from the left track and choose Add
Datasets from the Track menu. The Add Datasets to the Track
3. Make sure both the ANALOGUE well and wellbore are selected.
4. Add the PP res e1.2 dataset you just made. Also add the MDT ppg
and LOT ppg datasets.
5. Click Apply and Close.

Adjusting the NCT with Interactive Computing
You can calibrate the resistivity pore pressure based on the MDTs to
adjust the results of the model to what has actually been measured.
Right-click on the line group for the Normal Compaction Trend in the
middle track. Select Edit from the pop-up Track menu. The Editing
toolbar appears.
Note: To review the Editing Toolbar functions, see “” on page 4-4
1. Click Interactive to toggle interactive computing on.

Interactive computing changes will affect datasets based on the
dataset you change.
2. Click Move End Point .
3. On the track displaying the Normal Compaction Trend line, select

the end of the line, and hold down the left mouse button and move
the line.
4. Observe the Pore Pressure dataset (PP res e1.2) in relation to the
MDT dataset in the right track.
5. When you are satisfied with the results, click Save in the
floating Editing toolbar.

Continue to “Performing the Fracture Gradient Analysis” on page 10-1

Chapter 10
Performing the Fracture Gradient
Analysis
In addition to analyzing pore pressure, you can also perform a fracture gradient analysis. You can
either use the methods already included in the program (i.e., Eaton, Matthews and Kelly, Breckels
and Van Eekelen, or Daines methods), a UDM (User-Defined Method), or UDP (User-Defined
Program).
Analyzing the Fracture Gradient
In this exercise, we will use Poisson's Ratio appropriate for an Eaton-

type fracture gradient analysis for the Gulf of Mexico (where our well is
located) found in the Library.
1. Select Analyze > Fracture Gradient from the menubar. The

Fracture Gradient Analysis Step 1: Select a Method dialog box
appears.

Chapter 10: Performing the Fracture Gradient Analysis
2. Select the Eaton option and click Next. The Step 2: Select a Well
dialog box appears.
3. In the Well Name and Wellbore Name list boxes, make sure that
ANALOGUE is selected.
4. Click Next. The Step 3: Collect Parameter Information dialog

displays.
5. In the PP Dataset list box, choose PP dt Bowers.

6. For the Overburden Gradient, choose the Dataset option and select
the OBG rhob dataset from the list.
7. In the Poisson Ratio Dataset section choose the Use a constant

option and enter a value of 0.4.
Note:
This Poisson ratio was chosen based on Eaton's Poisson Ratio for this area and
depth. The ANALOGUE well is located in the Gulf of Mexico, so therefore, this
ratio was selected.
8. Click the Next. The Step 4: Collect New Dataset Information

dialog appears.
FG Eaton.
10. Choose True Vertical Depth from the drop-down list for the Index
type.
11. Accept the default display attributes and make sure the unit is ppg.
12. Click Finish. The FG_Eaton dataset is created in the system. You
return to the main screen.

Displaying the Fracture Gradient Curve
After performing the analysis, you can now display the Fracture
Gradient curve on the Sonic PPFG view, in the far right track.
1. In the last track, right-click anywhere except for on a curve. The

pop-up Track menu appears.
2. Select Add Last Dataset. The Fracture Gradient curve appears on

the track.
Return to “Performing the Pore Pressure Analysis” on page 9-1
Continue to “Performing a Safe Seal Analysis” on page 11-1

Chapter 11
Performing a Safe Seal Analysis
Drillworks® Safe Seal software is a method of estimating sand pressures within a shale sequence.
The analysis uses two wells to estimate the lateral changes in pressure with a sand as a function of
depth, assuming the sand is continuous and highly permeable relative to the surrounding shales.
The analysis consists of two parts.
1. Predict software is used to create the datasets to estimate the pressure at various positions
in the sand due to transmitted water pressure and/or hydrocarbon buoyancy. The
calculations are done based on pressure/volume/temperature considerations using
temperature as a function of depth and water/gas/oil densities at standard temperature and
pressure.
2. Drillworks® Safe Seal software is then used to compare the force transmitted up the
reservoir from the centroid and by buoyancy with the fracture pressure of the seal at the
crestal location. This comparison can determine the ability of the seal to contain
hydrocarbons or even transmitted water pressure without seal failure by fracture.
Getting Started
If you are continuing the Predict exercise you will need to import a
second well to perform the Safe Seal analysis.

Chapter 11: Performing a Safe Seal Analysis
Import the TARGET Well
1. Select Well > Import from the menubar. The Select a Well Source
dialog displays.
2. Choose From an Exported well directory location option and click

Next.
Note: You can import wells from both EDM and OpenWorks databases if you
have Pressworks and the appropriate connectors. See Landmark Sales for details
3. Browse to:
C:\Program Files\Drillworks\Samples\Safe Seal

Tutorial\well3.wel.
4. Click Open.
5. Notice the TARGET well is selected in the list box. This dialog is
used to setup merge rules should you import a well with the same
name. In this exercise, accept the Merge rule and click Next.
6. The last dialog shows a summary. Click Finish and the well is
imported to your Predict Tutorial project.

This step of the exercise will use the ANALOGUE well as the Centroid
well with the previously created datasets and the new TARGET well as
the Crest well.
If you are starting the Safe Seal analysis at this point, you will need to
import the entire project so the exercise datasets are available to
continue the analysis.
Import the Safe Seal Tutorial
1. Select Project > Import from the menubar. The Step 1 - Select a
Project dialog displays.
2. Select a Drillworks data store option and click Next.
Note: You can import wells from both EDM and OpenWorks databases if you
have Pressworks and the appropriate connectors. See Landmark Sales for details.
3. Click Browse. The Add Data Store dialog displays.
4. Make sure the Drillworks binary file is selected and click Change
and navigate to:
C:\Program Files\Drillworks12.5\Samples\Safe Seal Tutorial

5. Click OK.
6. The Add Data Store dialog shows the data store location where the
source project is stored. Click OK.
7. You return to the Import a Project Step 1 dialog.
8. Select the Safe Seal Tutorial Project in the list box and click Next.
9. In the Target project information section, accept the default project

name and click Next.
10. A import summary is displayed. Click Finish and the project is

imported.
This imported project contains both the ANALOGUE and TARGET

well and all the datasets needed to start the analysis.
Creating the Input Datasets for Safe Seal Estimation
The analysis uses two wells:
• The well designated the Crest Well represents either the highest
position on the structure for seal failure estimation or a drilling
location for kick estimation. In this exercise, we will use the
TARGET well.
• The well designated the Centroid Well represents the location

where sand and its underlying shale are in pressure equilibrium. In
this exercise we will use the ANALOGUE well.
Prior to running the Safe Seal analysis you must have created the
following datasets:
• A fracture gradient for Crest well. In this exercise the dataset is

provided.
• A pore pressure gradient for the Centroid well. In this exercise

step, we will use the pore pressure gradient dataset previously
created for the ANALOGUE well.

• A temperature gradient - In this exercise, we will use a dataset

named Temperature Profile. This dataset is provided.
Note:
If you are starting the analysis from the imported Safe Seal Tutorial project, the
datasets listed above are provided.
These datasets should represent the shale pressures at a variety of lateral/

depth positions along the bottom of the sand of interest and the shale
fracture pressure along the top of the sand. Ideally, these datasets are
your best interpretation of pressure conditions from at least two, and
hopefully, more wells. In this exercise, you will use datasets that
represent the best interpretations.
Determining Structural Data
You will also need to have determined several geological/geochemical

pieces of information. These have been provided for you in the exercise,
but in a real life project these estimates are derived from a variety of
sources:
• depth to the crest of the structure

• depth to the gas-oil and oil-water contacts
Determining Centroid Position
To perform a Safe Seal analysis you need to estimate the position of the
centroid. See “Understanding the Centroid Concept” on page 11-7 for a
discussion of this very important component of the analysis.
Basic Properties
Additionally, you will need to know some basic properties:
• specific gravity of the gas relative to air at 1, or the c1-c4 light gas
fractions
• oil density relative to water at 1, or its API Gravity
• density of water
These can be user-supplied values or calculated by the system. See

“Conversions” on page D-8 for charts you can use.

Computing a Safe Seal Dataset
Using Predict software’s familiar analytical engine, you will make a

Safe Seal dataset for the Crest well from inputs including fracture
pressure and depth of the Crest well, the pore pressure and centroid
depth at the Centroid well, the temperature and the depths of the gas-oil
and oil-water interfaces plus density values.
Evaluating the Safe Seal Dataset
Once the Safe Seal dataset has been made, you can compare this curve
on the Predict track to the OBG, fracture gradient, pore pressure and
other known well data. In this exercise, you will observe the curves in
both ppg and psi.
Calibrating the Safe Seal Dataset
Using the Safe Seal Component, you can fine-tune or calibrate the Safe
Seal dataset. Small adjustments to depth estimates of the centroid
position or crest depth can be graphically displayed.

Understanding the Centroid Concept
Drillworks® Safe Seal analysis estimates pore pressure in sands through

a combination of geologic information and well-derived pore and
fracture pressure analysis in shales. The concept of a centroid is central
to performing this analysis.
The centroid is defined as that point in a dipping sand where the pore
pressure in the surrounding shale is equal to that of the enclosed sand,
resulting in equilibrium or no flow.
The pore pressure gradient in the sand is near hydrostatic because the
sand is vert permeable. The sand pressure will be greater than the shale
pressure if contacted above the centroid, which may manifest as an
unexpected kick.
Conversely, the sand pressure will be lower than the shale pressure if
encountered below the centroid, which could explain a reduced fracture
gradient as experienced by fluid loss.
Drillworks® Safe Seal also takes into consideration the buoyancy of

hydrocarbons in the hydrostatic column.

Estimating the Centroid Location
Analysis starts with making an idealized cross section showing the

location of the sand of interest in vertical depth and horizontal breadth.
The decision that needs to be made is: What is the lateral extent of sand
pressure continuity?
Refer to the diagram below to consider the following:
The sand structure is indicated by the blue areas. There are several
possibilities to consider. The fault (represented by the black diagonal
line) could be
1. sealing and represent the effective bottom of the sand pressure

system
2. a conduit for pressure from a deeper system
3. representing a continuous flow and pressure across the fault

resulting in the sand pressure system extending further down dip.
The above hypotheses are judgment calls and should be worked out with
the company geologist.
Once the sand pressure system is defined, the centroid is usually located
near mid-depth of the sand. This rule of thumb is modified for geometric
effects as shown below:
It should be apparent that the position of the centroid is subject to

interpretation and should be estimated as a most likely minimum and
maximum depth.

Exploring the Project
This project contains typical datasets that would be found in a

Drillworks® project and consists of two theoretical wells.
Crestal Well - the TARGET Well
This well represents either the highest position on the structure for seal
failure estimation or the well being drilled for kick estimation. The
fracture pressure at this depth and location is estimated from seismic
and/or projection from nearby wells. In this exercise, for the purposes of
kick estimation, the crestal well or TARGET well is the well that is
being drilled.
Centroid Well - the ANALOGUE Well
This well is a theoretical well that is directly under the sand at all depths.
It represents all pore pressures within the shales and the location, depth
and pore pressure are theoretical.
The centroid pore pressure dataset (in this exercise PP dt Bowers)

represents the shale pore pressure adjacent to the sand of interest over a
range of depths and/or locations. Usually, a range of hypotheses are
analyzed, but in this exercise only one dataset is used for illustration.
It is as if a well were directionally drilled just below the sand. Since

wells are not commonly available near the centroid, the shale pore
pressure estimates are generally derived from seismic and/or projections
from nearby wells. These are then projected laterally or along the dip of
the sand. The best estimate is derived from Drillworks® Presage
analysis.

Making the Safe Seal Dataset
1. From the menubar, select Analyze > Safe Seal. Alternately, you
can click on the toolbar. The Seal Failure Analysis Step 1 -
Select a Crest Well dialog box displays.
2. Select the well that represents the crestal or drilling location. This
well should have a fracture pressure dataset at the crest of the
structure. In this exercise, choose the TARGET well and wellbore
and click Next.The Step 2 - Collect Parameter Information dialog
displays
3. The names of the selected Crest well and wellbore (TARGET) are
shown in the shaded fields.
4. In the Crest FP (fracture pressure) field, datasets of the FG or FRp

datatype are automatically displayed in the list. For this exercise,
choose the FG Mathews and Kelly dataset.
5. Enter a Crest depth of 15000 ft.
6. The Crest Fracture Pressure value displays in the Crest FP field

with a value corresponding to the depth chosen in Step 5. The units
correspond to the source dataset. This value can be overwritten if
desired. For this exercise, accept the value shown.

7. On the right side of the dialog, choose the Centroid well and
wellbore (ANALOGUE) from the drop-down lists. This well
contains the dataset reflecting the pore pressure near the centroid
of the structure.
8. When you choose a Centroid well, the available pore pressure

datasets (datatype PP or PFp) are displayed in the Centroid PP
field. For this exercise, choose the PP dt Bowers dataset.
9. Enter the Centroid depth of 19000.
10. A Centroid Pore Pressure value displays in the Centroid PP field

with a value corresponding to the depth chosen in Step 9. The units
correspond to the source dataset. This value can be overwritten if
desired. For this exercise, accept the value as shown.
The bottom half of the dialog is used to input values relating to the
gas-oil-water depth, density and to associate a temperature dataset
with the calculation.

11. In the event that you have additional information about the
hydrocarbon makeup, you can calculate the actual gas specific
gravity using the Specific Gravity Calculator. Click Calculate.
The Calculate Gas Specific Gravity dialog displays.
12. Choose the Use gas composition option and enter the following
values:
• C1 (methane) as 0.8
• C2 (ethane) 0.1
• C3 (propane) 0.05
• n-C4 (normal butane) 0.05
The sum (which must be equal to 1).
13. Click Calculate to perform the calculation and to test your results.
If you are satisfied with the calculation, click OK and the result is
transferred to the Safe Seal Analysis dialog.
Note:
The results from the Specific Gas Calculator will change the gas-oil and oil-water
contact point depths in the Step 2 dialog. For this reason, you should use the Cal-
culate feature before entering the contact point depths.
14. Enter the Gas-Oil depth. This value must be deeper or equal to the
Crest depth and equal or less than the Centroid depth. In this
exercise, enter 16500.

15. Enter the Oil-Water depth. This value must be deeper or equal to
the Gas/Oil depth and equal or less than the Centroid depth. In this
exercise, enter 17500.
16. Select the Temperature Profile dataset from the drop-down list in
the Temperature section.
17. Enter 0.85 for the Oil density value (relative to water at 1) and
select g/cc as the units.
Note:
In your own projects, you can click API to convert to a specific gravity value.
18. For this exercise, enter 1.0 as the water density and sg as the unit.
19. The final inputs should look like the following:

20. Click Next. The Step 3 - Collect New Dataset Information dialog
displays.
21. Enter a dataset name and optional description. In this exercise,

accept the default dataset name of TARGET_ANALOGUE
safeseal.
Note:
The system will name the new dataset in the following convention: Crestal well
name Centroid well name Safeseal. This may be changed.
22. Choose the Index type True Vertical Depth from the drop-down
list.
23. Note that the Safe Seal dataset is a PP datatype.
24. The color is set by the program, but you can change the line weight
to a thicker, heavier line.
25. The units for the new dataset are ppg.
26. In the depth interval field, enter 15. The will produce a dataset
with values at the specified interval.
27. Click Finish.

Displaying the Safe Seal Dataset
Choose the TARGET Safe Seal Analysis view from the drop-down list
on the toolbar. The view shows two tracks. Both display the Fracture
gradient dataset, but the left track is in units ppg and the right track is in
units psi.
Keep in mind we estimated the Crest FG at 15,000 and the Centroid PP

at 19000. Change the vertical scale of the tracks to 2000 ft per inch.
Displaying the Datasets in ppg
1. In the left track, right-click and choose Add Last Dataset from the
pop-up menu. The TARGET_ANALOGUE_safeseal dataset
displays in ppg units.
2. Add the FG Matthews and Kelly and OBG rhob datasets for the
TARGET well if they are not displayed. Also add the PP dt
Bowers from the ANALOGUE well. The units should be in ppg.
Displaying the Datasets in psi
1. In the right track, right-click and choose Add Last Dataset from the
pop-up menu. The TARGET_ANALOGUE_safeseal dataset
appears.
2. Add the FG Matthew and Kelly and OBG rhob for the TARGET
well if they are not displayed. Add the PP dt Bowers dataset from
the ANALOGUE well. The units should be psi. If not, right click
on the track and choose Dataset Properties from the pop-up menu.
Change the unit to psi for each of the datasets. Click Apply, then
Close.

You are now displaying the same dataset in two different formats for
comparison purposes.

Interpreting the Results
Note that the Safe Seal curve is composed of 3 colors.
• The red segment represents the pressures which are gas driven.
• The green segment represents the pressures from the oil buoyancy
part of the centroid.
• The blue represents the water segment of the pressure gradient.
Observe where the centroid pressures exceed the FG (blue) curve at

approximately 15,300 ft. This is the location where the seal would have
been breached causing the trap to fail.
Look further down the track to the depth 16,500. If the seal holds and
the prospective well is drilled to penetrate the sand to this depth, a kick
of ~1.5 ppg may be experienced if the mud weight is not sufficient to
control the excess pressures in the sand.
Also, since the sand pressure is within 1 ppg of the FG, consideration
must be given to the tight window between the kick and the losses.
From the menubar, select the view called Safe Seal from the drop-down
list on the toolbar. The Seal Failure Component window displays.

Using the Safe Seal Component
The panel on the left lists the datasets and input values used to calculate
the Safe Seal dataset. Changing these values will dynamically change
the display results shown on the right. Since we have already determined
the seal would have been breached, the graphic panel on the right is
blank.
To View the Safe Seal Graph
In the input panel on the left, make sure the Crest well and wellbore is
the TARGET well and wellbore, and the Centroid well and wellbore is
the ANALOGUE well and wellbore. Change the Crest depth from
15000 to 15500 and click Apply. The Safe Seal dataset is displayed in
the graph at the right.
In all Drillworks® component windows, the shaded fields to the right of

input fields display the value of the input or dataset at the particular
depth specified by the analysis. If the shaded field is blank, this indicates
the dataset's depth interval and the depth specified do not intersect. In
this Component, the Maximum Gas-Water depth and Maximum Oil-
Water depth values for this dataset and input are shown at the bottom of
the Input Panel.
Using the Component Display
The panel on the right displays the results in graph form. This display
shows all possible combinations of hydrocarbon and water columns that
could exist above the centroid resulting from the density conditions and
centroid pressures input to the Safe Seal component.
The upper diagram on the right shows depth on the vertical axis and
percent gas of total hydrocarbons on the horizontal axis. The colors
represent:
• gas leg - red
• oil leg - green
• water leg above the centroid - blue

All oil (0% gas) is shown to the left side and all gas (0%oil) is shown to
the right. Note that the horizontal axis is non-linear, resulting in the
straight line between the two extremes.
The lower diagram displays the same information but with column
height as the vertical axis and a linearized gas percentage horizontal
axis. Note that the linearization has resulted in curved interfaces for the
gas-oil and oil-water contacts. The degree of curvature is a function of
the three fluid densities.
The cursor is active for both diagrams and will the display the depth and
% gas values in the status bar at the bottom of the window.
On starting the analysis after changing the Crest Depth to 15500, your
window should look like this:
From the analysis of the Safe Seal dataset made in the previous step, you
can see the input datasets, depths of interest and corresponding pressures
at those depths.
Note:
Changes to the inputs in the Safe Seal Component not only change the display, but
changes the original values in the Safe Seal dataset. This is not important for the
exercise, but is important in real life projects.

Changing the Inputs and Observing the Results
For this analysis, you can change the inputs as instructed without having
to repeatedly regenerate the Safe Seal dataset.
1. Change the Crest depth to 16000 and click Apply.
The display on the right changes dramatically to reflect an increased

possible hydrocarbon column.
2. Change Crest depth back to 15500 and change the Centroid depth
to 18800. Click Apply.
3. The display on the right changes dramatically to reflect an even

longer hydrocarbon column.
Changing the gas-oil or oil-water depths does not affect the display. This
is because the display is graphically representing all possible contact
points based on the ratio of gas to oil. However, changing any of the
specific gravities will affect the display.

4. The Component window should look like this:
Furthermore, if you raise the crest too high, the failure criteria are met
and a “Seal Broken” message will inform you that the viability of the
seal has been compromised.
5. Enter 13000 as the Crest depth and click Apply.

6. The Seal broken note appears.

Conclusions
Drillworks® Safe Seal is a rapid method of estimating kick pressures

and fractured/unfractured seal conditions. It allows the user to examine
the consequences of alternate possibilities of many factors that are not
known precisely but can be estimated by geologic reasoning and
experience in the area. It should not be thought of a providing THE
answer, but rather sequences of risked possibilities.
Congratulations! You have reached the end of the exercise.
Return to “Performing the Fracture Gradient Analysis” on page 10-1.


Chapter 12
Introduction to Geostress
Thank you for choosing Drillworks® Geostress software, the wellbore stability program that is
fully integrated with Drillworks® Predict. In directional and abnormally-pressured wells, borehole
instability is a critical problem. The drilling costs associated with wellbore instabilities can be
decreased significantly if problems are anticipated. Geostress software is a tool designed to help
drilling engineers plan mud programs and/or wellbore trajectories to minimize any surprises
associated with instabilities.
Geostress software calculates the minimum mud weights required to maintain a stable wellbore
given information about in situ stress conditions (vertical and horizontal stresses and the pore
pressure), the wellbore trajectory, and relevant rock strength parameters. It can also be used to
estimate stress conditions and/or rock strengths from existing well performance data.
Purpose and Scope
This exercise is designed to help you get started with Drillworks®

Geostress software by allowing you to explore a case study through the
various analyses functions.
Conventions
Document conventions explain how the exercise was written using

standards and special ways of writing or representing text.
Typographical
The following typographical conventions are used in this document:
Menu selections on the toolbar are written as: To print, select File >
Print on the menubar.
File is the top level of the menu (located on the menubar); ">" is used to
separate the next level; Print is the next level of the menu (located under
the menu selection).

Chapter 12: Introduction to Geostress
Terminology used in Drillworks® Geostress software and explanations

of acronyms or abbreviations are capitalized. For example, OBG stands
for Overburden Gradient. You can also refer to “Terminology” on
page C-1 for other definitions.
All keyboard keys, menu items, windows/dialog box titles, labels found
in windows/dialog boxes, components of the program, and buttons are
capitalized to help distinguish the text.
User input entered in the program is shown in this format.
Graphical
The following icons represent different types of information:
Represents something important, a warning or precaution that

needs to be taken.
Is a helpful tip you can use.
Means that it is a self test which allows you to stop and do some
steps on your own.

Chapter 13
Geostress Analysis Overview
The example discussed in the exercise is from a generic deepwater well. Data is provided as a
sample project in Drillworks Predict and in Drillworks Geostress software. The following modes
and analyses may be performed to develop wellbore stability profiles as needed. Some calculations
may require data developed in previous analyses.
See also
“Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis” on page 13-1.
“Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis” on page 13-3.
Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis
Geostress analyses assume datasets for overburden gradient, pore

pressure and fracture gradient (assumed to be minimum stress in this
example) have been developed in the Predict application. The basic
wellbore stability analysis is run from Predict software.
To Import the Geostress Tutorial Project
Open Predict software and select Project > Import from the menubar.
Step 1 - Specify Source Project Location
1. Choose the Drillworks data store option and click Next.
Note: You can import projects from EDM and OpenWorks if you have
Pressworks and the appropriate connectors. See Landmark Sales for details
2. On the Step 2 dialog,click the Browse button to access the Add

Data Store dialog.
3. On the Add Data Store dialog make sure the binary file data store
is selected as the data store type.
4. Click Change to navigate through Windows folders and files to

the Project folder, which is usually located in C:\Program
Files\Drillworks12.5\Samples\Projects

Chapter 13: Geostress Analysis Overview
5. Select the Geostress Tutorial sub-folder from the displayed list

and click OK.
6. Click OK on the Add Data Store dialog.
7. The project is shown in the list box of the Step 1 dialog. Select the
Geostress Tutorial and click Next.
Step 2 - Specify Import Options
8. Enter Geostress Tutorial for the name of the project and accept the
default import options. See Drillworks Help files for more
information on setting import options.
9. A summary of the import will display; click Finish and the project
is imported.
An overview of the available analyses follows:
Shear Failure Gradient
Minimum mud weight required to prevent wellbore shear failures (Shear

Failure Gradient (SFG) versus depth is calculated along the entire length
of the wellbore. This calculation can be made in realtime or in a post-
drill analysis. The training guide uses a post-drill case.
See “Shear Failure Gradient Analysis” on page 14-2.
Specifying Rock Strength Parameters
In this training exercise we will use two methods to estimate rock

strengths:
• sonic to rock strength correlations
• a lithology column dataset
A lithology column dataset includes geological, lithological, and

strength data, and are one option for specifying rock strengths needed in
a Geostress analysis.
See “Creating and Editing Rock Strengths in Lithology Columns” on

page 14-19.

Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis
To begin, open the Predict software and from the menubar choose
Project > Open and select the Geostress Tutorial project to load the
required log, survey and related well data for the training exercise. See
“To Import the Geostress Tutorial Project” on page 13-1 for instructions
if the project is not listed.
Begin the Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis by selecting Analyze

> Geostress. Note that the Drilling/Monitoring Mode must be run at
least once prior to performing all analyses available in the Design/
Analysis Mode.
An overview of the five Design/Analysis Components follows:
Well Orientation
Calculations assess the dependence of Shear Failure Gradient (SFG) on

well orientation at a fixed depth.
See “Wellbore Orientation Component” on page 15-2.
Failure Criteria
Calculations show how the shear stress (maximum shear stress for the
Mohr-Coulomb criterion, octahedral shear stress for Drucker-Prager
and Stassi-d’Alia criteria and Lade shear stress for the Modified Lade
criterion varies around the circumference of one-half of the wellbore,
not just at the critical point, when wellbore pressure is at shear failure
gradient (minimum mud weight required to prevent shear failure) and
some user-specified increment from that value. This function allows the
analyst to check the solution's sensitivity to variations in mud weight.
These calculations are performed at a fixed depth.
See “Failure Criteria Component” on page 15-9.

Stress Distribution
Calculations show how the various wellbore stresses vary around the
circumference of one-half of the wellbore (the other half is the same) at
a fixed depth. The wellbore mud pressure may be varied. This
component allows the analyst to determine the most likely location for
wellbore failures to assist in calibration of rock strengths and in situ
stresses and to identify the effect of changes in wellbore pressure and the
various wellbore stresses.
See “Stress Distribution Component” on page 15-16.
Safe Operating
Summarizes the results of Predict and Geostress analyses to show the

range of safe operating mud weights that can be used to exceed the pore
pressure and shear failure gradient, whichever is the greatest, and which
is less than the minimum stress. These calculations are performed at a
fixed depth.
See “Safe Operating Mud Weight Component” on page 15-23.
Strength Analysis
Calculations of the critical shear stress (maximum shear stress for the
Mohr-Coulomb criterion, octahedral shear stress for Drucker-Prager
and Stassi-d’Alia criteria and Lade stress for the Modified Lade
criterion) over a specified depth range given the in situ stress conditions
and a mud weight. This allows the analyst to determine empirically the
effective strength of a rock formation that experienced wellbore
instability. This information can then be used in analyses of subsequent
development wells in the same field.
This assumes that the user has constrained the maximum horizontal
stress magnitude and azimuth. Otherwise, this component can also be
used to assess or constrain the value of this stress.
See “Strength Analysis Component” on page 15-32.

Chapter 14
Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis
This analysis is accessed from the regular Predict software window.
Choose Project > Open and select the Geostress Tutorial project to load the required log, survey
and related well data for the training exercise. Note that the data in this project has already been
"prepared" for use in Geostress software. Normally, you would work in the Predict application first
before working in with Geostress software. This training exercise uses the same well and data that
was used in the Predict training.
If you need the project see “To Import the Geostress Tutorial Project” on page 13-1.
The following analyses are available and discussed in this section:

• Choose Analyze > Shear Failure Stress Gradient to activate the shear failure analysis
and determine the minimum mud weight required to prevent shear failure based on
different failure criteria. See “Shear Failure Gradient Analysis” on page 14-2.
• Choose Data > Create Lithology Column to create and edit rock strengths in Lithology
Columns for formations and develop lithology datasets to use with the Advanced
Wellbore Stability Analysis. See “Creating and Editing Rock Strengths in Lithology
Columns” on page 14-19.
• Wellbore stability in realtime analysis is accessed from the regular Predict software
window. See the Drillworks® Help files for further information.

Chapter 14: Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis
Shear Failure Gradient Analysis
First, you must calculate a Shear Failure Stress Gradient in the Predict
application.
To Perform a Shear Failure Gradient Analysis
1. From the Predict software menubar, select Analyze > Shear

Failure Stress Gradient. The Step 1 - Select a Method dialog box
displays.
2. Choose the Use Mohr-Coulomb failure condition option.

3. Click Next. The Step 2 - Select a Well dialog box displays.
4. Select the well and wellbore ANALOGUE.
5. Click Next. The Step 3 - Collect Survey Parameters Information

6. In the Inclination and Azimuth section, select the Use Well's

Survey Data option. Well inclination and azimuth data can be
defined from either a well survey file or assumed constant values.

7. Click Next. The Step 4 - Collect Parameter Information dialog box

displays.
The minimum mud weight required to prevent shear failure versus depth
along the well path is calculated based on the defined input parameters.
This dialog box is used to define all analyses input variables.
8. Choose the datasets:
• In the Overburden Gradient (OBG) dataset drop-down list,

select OBG rhob.
• In the Pore Pressure (PP) Gradient dataset drop-down list, select

PP dt Bowers.
• In the Minimum. Horizontal. Stress Gradient (ShG) Dataset

drop-down list, select FG MK K0 Sh. This is a Matthews and
Kelly method fracture gradient dataset calibrated to minimum
stress measurements from Leak Off Tests (LOTs).
Note:
If the dataset is not found in the list, make sure that the correct datasets are filtered
for the drop-down list. Click Filter and choose the correct datatype (e.g., OBG
datatype). This displays all datasets using the selected datatype.
9. In the Maximum Horizontal Stress Gradient (SHG) Option section

choose the formula option.
• Select SHG = ShG + tf* (OBG - ShG).
• Specify the horizontal stress increment factor tf as 0.5.

10. Select the check box the create an SHG dataset.
11. In the Max. Horizontal Stress Azimuth field, select 0. The azimuth
is defined as the direction of the maximum horizontal stress
relative to true North, i.e., 0 is North-South, 90 is East-West.
12. Click Advanced Settings.
13. In the Poisson’s ratio settings section:
• For this exercise, choose Use Constant. The rock's drained

Poisson's ratio is the default of 0.25, which is appropriate for
most shales.
Note:
This value is unrelated to the pseudo-Poisson's ratios published by Eaton.
• Other options include using a dataset for the Poisson's ratio.

14. In the Near Wellbore PP settings section:
• Choose the Equal to far field pore pressure option for this
exercise. This is the default setting and assumes there are no
chemical or hydraulically induced changes in the near wellbore
pressure.
• Chemical effects - Use this option to account for near wellbore

stress changes induced by differences in the mud and pore fluid
salinity. You can specify Biot’s effective stress coefficient
directly (alpha) or add values of Kb and Ks to calculate. You can
specify the value for Delta P directly (select the appropriate
pressure unit) or add values to account for mud and pore fluid
activities (AwDF and AwS) and the membrane efficiency (q).
With this option, you will need to specify a temperature value
and unit.
• Hydraulic communication effects - Use this option in cases

where the near wellbore formation pressures are higher than the
far field pore pressure due to invasion of drilling mud in the near
wellbore formation. You can specify Biot’s effective stress
coefficient directly (alpha) or add values of Kb and Ks to
calculate.
15. Allowable breakout (degrees) option defaults to 0 and means that

the Geostress application will calculate the minimum mud weight
to prevent zero amount of shear failure on either side of the
wellbore wall.
16. In the Other settings section:
• Make shear failure stress value no less than PP Value check

box is unchecked by default. If left blank, the minimum shear
failure stress required to prevent shear failure will be recorded
even if it is less than the pore pressure. In this exercise, leave the
box unchecked.
17. Click OK to close the Advanced Settings dialog box.

18. Click Next on the Step 4 - Collect Parameter Information dialog

box. The Step 5 - Collect Strength Parameter Information dialog
box displays.
19. Select the Use a correlation dataset option. This will require
additional inputs.
20. Accept the default values of 1 for the Friction Angle and Cohesion
Strength calibration factors.
Note:
The strength calibration factors provide a means of adjusting the selected strength
values (defined by the chosen option) by a constant ratio to calibrate to local con-
ditions. Calibration factors less than one reduce the defined or predicted strength
and vice versa.

21. Click Next. The Step 6 - Collect Correlation Information dialog

box appears.
22. In the Options section select Apply a single correlation to both

sand and shale for this exercise.
23. In the Inputs section, select Lal’s law from the drop-down list.
24. Select the DT Merged SHPTs and Chk Shot dataset from the
drop-down list for the sonic/velocity dataset.
25. Other options include applying a single correlation to shale only

and using a lithology discriminating dataset. You can apply
different correlation laws to shale and sand and use shale and sand
baselines to discriminate.
26. Select the check box to create rock mechanical property datasets.
Later steps will create the Friction Angle and Cohesive Strength
datasets.

27. Click Next. The Step 7 - Collect New SHG Dataset Information
28. The first dataset to name is the Shear Failure Gradient dataset.The
system will automatically name a new dataset based on the source
datasets and/or method used. In this case, accept the default name
of SFG Mohr-Coulomb.
29. You can enter an optional description.
30. Choose True vertical depth from the drop-down list in the Index
type section.
31. In the Display Attributes section, click on the drop-down arrow at

the color button and select a maroon (dark red) color from the
color picker. Accept the default line style but make it a heavier
line.
32. The Depth Interval field is used for establishing datapoint intervals
in the new dataset. Leave this value set at 5.
33. Keep the default Units set at ppg.

34. Click Next. The Step 8 - Collect New SHG Dataset Information
dialog displays.
35. This dialog displays in response to the selection to Create a SHG

dataset in step 10. The system will name the dataset based on the
source datasets and/or method used. In this case, SHG from ShG
and OBG. Accept the default name.
37. Select True vertical depth from the drop-down list for the Index
type.
38. For this exercise, accept the default color and line style for the
display attributes, but make the line weight heavier.
39. Select the unit, ppg.
40. Accept the default interval of 5.

41. Click Next and the Step 9 - Collect New FA Dataset Information
42. This dialog is in response to the selection to create a Friction

Angle dataset in step 26. The system will name the dataset based
on the source dataset and/or method used. In this case, FA from
DT. Accept the name for this exercise.
44. Select True vertical depth from the drop-down list as the Index
type.
45. Accept the default display attributes or change the color and line
style.

46. Click Next. The Step 10 - Collect New CS Dataset Information

47. This dialog is in response to the selection to create a Cohesive

Strength dataset in step 26. The system will name the dataset based
on source dataset and/or method used. In this case, the name is CS
from DT. Accept the name.
49. Select True vertical depth from the drop-down list in the Index
type section.
50. Change the display color to Yellow and make the line weight
heavier.
51. Change the units to psi.
52. Click Finish. You can now display the results of the shear failure
analysis on Predict tracks.
Note:
The rock mechanical property datasets (the FA and CS datasets) created in this
analysis will be used in the Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis section of the
exercise.

Displaying the Results
To Display the Results
1. Make sure the Geostress PPFG SFG view has been selected from
the drop-down list on the toolbar. Your view should show the
gamma ray wireline dataset in the first track, acoustical datasets in
the third track and the overburden, pore pressure, LOTs and MDTs
in the fifth track. These are the datasets created in the Predict
Tutorial.
The other tracks will be used later in the exercise.
2. Right-click on the fourth track from the left.

3. From the pop-up menu, choose Add Datasets. The Add Datasets to
the Track dialog box displays.
4. Make sure the ANALOGUE well and wellbore is selected. Scroll

down to select the CS from DT and the FA from DT datasets.
5. Click Apply and then Close. The two datasets are displayed on the
track.
Note:
You can drag and drop datasets from the Project Explorer to a track. Toggle the
Project Explorer on (View > Project Explorer) from the Drillworks® Predict
software menubar. Click on the Data tab to display the wells in your project.
Expand the well listing by clicking on the plus sign and select a dataset from the
list. Hold down the left mouse button and drag the dataset to the desired track.

6. Now we will change the display range for the datasets. Right-click
on the track and select Dataset Properties from the pop-up menu.
7. The Dataset Properties dialog box displays. Select the CS from DT

(ANALOGUE) dataset first and verify the display range is 0 -
2000.
8. Select the FA from DT (ANALOGUE) dataset and change the

display range to 0 - 50.
9. Click Apply and Close. The scale is changed for the FA dataset.
10. The datasets made in the original Predict tutorial are displayed on
the fifth track from the left. We will add the Shear Failure Gradient
datasets made in the first part of this exercise together with the
calibrated Fracture Gradient dataset, and a MW and Casing dataset
for reference.
11. Right-click on the fifth track and select Add Datasets from the
pop-up menu. The Add Datasets to Track dialog box displays.
12. Make sure the ANALOGUE well is selected. Choose the CSG,
FG MK K0 Sh, (if not displayed) MW, SFG Mohr-Coloumb, and
SHG from ShG and OBG datasets from the list.
13. Click Apply and Close.

14. Right-click on the track and select Dataset Properties from the
pop-up menu.
15. In the Dataset Properties dialog box, verify the display range of the
displayed datasets. All should have a display range of 8 - 18.
16. The Overburden Gradient is shown in Pink, Fracture Gradient in

Blue, Pore Pressure Gradient in Green, Shear Failure Gradient
(SFG) in Maroon (dark red), Maximum Horizontal Stress Gradient
(SHG) and MW in Brown-Green, LOTs in Blue Squares, and
MDTs in Black Diamonds.
As the last step in displaying the results, we will add datasets to the sixth
track.
17. Right-click on the sixth (the farthest right track). Select Add
Datasets from the pop-up menu. The Add Datasets to Track dialog
box displays.
18. Make sure the ANALOGUE well and wellbore is selected.
19. Select the BS (bit size) and Caliper datasets and click Apply, then
Close.
20. The datasets are displayed on the track. Right-click on the track
and select Dataset Properties from the pop-up menu.

21. Change the display range for both datasets to 5 - 15.
Now, we will add shading to better see the comparison between the bit
size and caliper.
22. Right-click on the sixth track with the BS and Caliper datasets.
Select Shade Datasets from the pop-up menu. The Shade Datasets
23. Click on the button (Add Rows). The Dataset Shading dialog
box displays.
24. Select the BS dataset for Dataset A and the Caliper dataset for
Dataset B.
25. Select red for the shading pattern and specify the Between A and
B option.
26. Click OK to close the Shading Datasets dialog box.
27. Click Close on the Shade Datasets dialog box. The shading is
applied.

The Geostress PPFG SFG view should look like this:
Experiment with viewing the datasets created in the Shear Failure

Analysis.

Creating and Editing Rock Strengths in Lithology

Columns
One of the enhanced features of Drillworks® is the ability to associate

rock strength parameters with a lithology or a depth range within a
lithology column dataset. In this part of the exercise, you will create a
lithology column dataset to use in the Geostress software component
analyses.
The rock strength parameters are cohesion (C), friction angle (FA),
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and tensile strength (TS). Note
that even though the UCS and TS can be related to Cohesion and FA,
they are treated as independent parameters.
When you specify Geostress software to use a lithology column dataset

in order to derive rock strengths, the application assumes that the
specified rock strength parameters are constant over any particular
lithology's depth interval.
Creating a Lithology Column
1. Select Data > Create a Lithology Column from the Predict

software menubar. The Step 1 - Input General Information dialog
box displays.

2. Make sure the well and wellbore is ANALOGUE.
3. In the Name field, enter Rock Strength. The description field is

optional.
4. The Bottom depth is taken from the Well Properties information.

If it is blank, enter 19800 in the field.
5. Enter a Top and Bottom Age in million of years for the entire
lithology column. In this exercise, enter 0.01 for the Top and 5 for
the Bottom.
6. Enter the two way time, if available. In this exercise, you can leave
it blank.
7. The Depth reference can be changed. Select Mean Sea Level.
Note:
Predict software allows the user to create system Geological Ages and System For-
mation Groups that can be copied to a new lithology column. See the System Man-
ager section of the Drillworks® Help files for details of creating system defaults.
In this exercise, these features are not used.
8. Click Next. The Step 2 - Input Formation Record Information


9. Enter the data for a formation specifying the top depth, geological
age and choosing a display lithology using the yellow-shaded data
in the table below:
Note:
To choose a lithology, specify KSI as the source. For your own projects you can
specify a different lithology which is stored in the data store.
Geological
Unconfined
Formation Top Age in Friction Cohesive Tensile
Lithology Compressive
Name Depth million of Angle Strength Strength
Strength
years
Upper Shale 4668 0.01 yellow light 25.00 200.00 100.00 800.00
Middle 8000 0.9 grey 20.00 200.00 0.0 1000.00

Shale medium
Weak Shale 14000 2.0 orange light 20.00 150.00 0.0 1000.00
Lower Shale 16000 2.5 grey green 25.00 300.00 100.00 700.00
10. When the data entry is complete for a formation, click Add and the
data is added to the named dataset in the Lithology Column dialog
box. The FA, CS, TS and UCS values will be added in the next
step.
11. Repeat this process for as many formations as required.
Note:
Formations may be added in any order, but may not overlap. See the Drillworks®
Help files for more information on changing lithology and age information (i.e. the
appearance or naming of the lithologies).

12. Click Next and the Step 3 - Input Lithology Record Information
13. Select a lithology in the list box and enter the values for the
Friction Angle, Cohesive Strength, Tensile Strength and
Unconfined Strength according to the chart above.
14. Click Update to enter the information.
Note:
You can scroll to the right to see the columns that are hidden. Click on the column
header to sort by that column’s data values.
15. Select another record and repeat steps 13 and 14 until all records
have been updated with the rock strength data. Click Update after
each record is changed.
16. Click Finish. The Next button displays dialog boxes that are used
to define Geological Ages and Formations units and are not used
in this exercise.

Editing a Lithology Column
If you find that you need to edit or correct the formation in the lithology
column, you can follow this procedure.
1. Select Data > Edit a Lithology Column from the Predict software
menubar to display the Select a Dataset dialog box.
2. Choose the ANALOGUE well and wellbore and Rock Strength

dataset and click OK. The Edit a Lithology Column dialog box
displays.

3. The Lithology tab allows you to change the display color, top
depth and /or the rock strength parameters. Select a record, change
the desired parameters and click Update.
4. After making any changes, click Apply and then OK to close the
dialog.
Displaying the Lithology Column
1. Right-click in the second track from the left and choose Add
Datasets from the pop-up menu. The Add Datasets to Track dialog
box appears.
Note:
Lithology Column datasets are indicated by a tri-color icon to distinguish them
from other datasets.
2. Select the ANALOGUE from the well and wellbore list and scroll
down to find the check box for Rock Strength in the Select
Datasets list box.

3. Click Apply and then Close. The Lithology Column is displayed

on the track.
Note:
You can drag and drop datasets from the Project Explorer to a track. Toggle the
Project Explorer on (View > Project Explorer) from the Predict software
menubar. On the Data tab, select a dataset and hold down the left mouse button
while dragging to the desired track.
In this exercise, the lithology is shown on a separate track. If you display

the lithology on the same track as other datasets, there may be an
overlap. This can be adjusted.

To Change the Display Properties
1. Right-click on a formation of the lithology column and choose

Properties from the pop-up menu. The Lithology Column
Properties dialog box displays.
2. The Display tab controls the starting position of the Lithology

Column display on the track. You can adjust the position of the
Lithology Column as well as the text labels.
3. After making changes, click Apply and the display is adjusted

accordingly.
Experiment with changing the Lithology Column display properties and

observe the changes on a Track.
Continue to “Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis” on page 15-1.

Chapter 15
Advanced Wellbore Stability
Analysis
To start the Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis mode of the Geostress application, choose
Analyze > Geostress from the Predict software menubar.
One of the five Advanced Wellbore Stability Component windows will appear. From the Geostress
software menubar, choose Analyze to see the menu for the five components.
The Component Windows
Each component has an input panel on the left side for analysis. The
right side displays the results graphically. Windows may be resized by
grabbing a side or corner of the window with the left mouse button
depressed and moving to the desired size.
Panes within the windows may be resized. Place the cursor over a pane
you want to adjust. The cursor turns into a line with arrows on each end.
Press the left mouse button and drag left or right. The pane maintains the
new settings until you change them.
Note:
For clarity in this exercise the Project Explorer pane has been turned off. To toggle
the Project Explorer choose View > Project Explorer from the menubar.
See also
“Wellbore Orientation Component” on page 15-2

“Failure Criteria Component” on page 15-9
“Stress Distribution Component” on page 15-16
“Safe Operating Mud Weight Component” on page 15-23
“Strength Analysis Component” on page 15-32

Chapter 15: Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis
Wellbore Orientation Component
Choose Analyze > Well Orientation on the menubar or click on

the toolbar.
Calculations in this window assess the dependence of Shear Failure

Gradient on well orientation at a fixed depth. There are two parts to the
window:
• Input Panel (to the left of the window). This panel has 3 tabs.
• Plotting Area (to the right of the window).
Creating a Well Orientation View
Make sure that you have opened the project in the Geostress application.
If the project is open, the Project name is in the title bar. If not, select
Project > Open from the Geostress software menubar and choose the
Geostress Tutorial from the Open a Project dialog list box.
Before performing the calculations, you must create a view and

associate that view with a well in your project.
1. Select View > Create from the menubar. The Create a Geostress
View dialog appears.
2. Use the drop-down list to select the well and wellbore. For this
exercise be sure the ANALOGUE well and wellbore is selected.
3. The type of Geostress view is shown in the shaded field.
4. Enter the name for the Geostress view. In this instance, enter
Modified-Lade 14000.

5. Click OK. The name of the view is shown in the drop-down list on
the component tool bar. The system will add the name of the well
the view is associated with.
Basic Input Panel
Data required for the calculations are specified in the panel at the left.
1. The display screen on the right will show no data until you create a
view and associate the view with a well. See “Creating a Well
Orientation View” on page 15-2 for details.
2. Adjust the depth to an appropriate depth where sufficient data is

available to calculate a shear failure gradient. Notice the Depth of
the view you created is set at 0. Enter 14000 in the Depth field and
make sure that TVD is selected. Notice that the display on the right
updates according to the data that you enter.
3. In the Method drop-down list, verify that Modified Lade is

selected.
Note:
If the Recalculate box is checked, any changes made to the input panel will be
shown on the plotting area as entered. If left blank, check the Recalculate box
when all variables are entered to view the new plot.
4. The name of the well and wellbore (ANALOGUE) is shown in the

shaded field.
5. From the Output Unit drop-down list, select ppg.
6. In the OBG drop-down list, make sure that OBG rhob is selected.
Note:
To the right of each selected dataset is a shaded field. The value shown is at the
selected depth and unit. Select the check box next to the dataset name if you want
to adjust the values. Once the check box is selected, the fields can be edited.
7. In the PP drop-down list, make sure that PP dt Bowers is selected.
8. In the Min. Horiz. Stress drop-down list, make sure that FG MK

K0 Sh is selected.

Maximum Horizontal Stress Option
1. The maximum horizontal stress can be determined from
• a dataset
• a formula
In this exercise, we use a calculation from OBG and the minimum

horizontal stress:
2. Choose SHG = ShG + tf* (OBG - ShG) formula from the drop-
down list.
3. Specify an horizontal stress increment factor (tf) of 0.5.
4. The maximum horizontal stress azimuth is required. Use 0 for this

exercise.
5. Click the Rock Strength tab at the bottom of the Input panel.
Rock Strength Input Panel
1. The rock shear strength parameters can be determined from
• rock strength correlation laws
• user-supplied strength datasets appropriate to the selected failure

criterion
• constant values appropriate to the selected failure criterion
• a formation column dataset
In this exercise, we use constant values:

2. Choose constant values option and enter 25 for the Friction Angle.
3. Enter a value for the Cohesive strength of 200 psi.
4. Accept the default values of 1 for the Friction Angle and Cohesion
Strength Calibration factors.
5. Click Advanced Settings tab.

Advanced Input Panel
The Advanced Input Panel allows specification of the near wellbore

pore pressure settings, Poisson's ratio, and breakout angle.
1. In the Near wellbore PP settings section the following options are

available:
• Equal to far field pore pressure. This is the default setting and
assumes there is no pressure communication between the
wellbore mud pressure and the near wellbore formation
pressure.
• Chemical effects. Use this option to account for near wellbore

directly (alpha) or add values of Kb and Ks. You can specify the
value for Delta P directly (select the appropriate pressure unit)
or add values to account for mud and pore fluid activities (AwDF
and AwS) and the membrane efficiency (q). With this option,
you will need to specify a temperature value and unit.
• Hydraulic communication effects. Use this option in cases where

the near wellbore formation pressures are higher than the far
field pore pressure due to invasion of drilling mud in the near
coefficient directly (alpha) or add values of Kb and Ks.
For this exercise, choose the default setting of Equal to far field pore
pressure.
2. In the Poisson's ratio field, keep the default at 0.25, which is

suitable for most shales. You also have the option of specifying a
dataset for Poisson's ratio.
Note:
3. In the Allowable breakout (degrees) section
• Enter 0 for the constant.
• Leave the Make shear failure stress value no less than Pore
Pressure value unchecked.

Plotting Area
The results are plotted in what is termed a "lower hemisphere plot" by

structural geologists. Wellbore orientation is shown by a single point on
this plot; its azimuth is plotted from 0° to 360° around the circumference
while its inclination is defined along any radial line from 0° to 90°.
• The scale is determined by the system or specified by the user. In

this case, let the system decide. To change the scale, right-click the
plotting area and choose Properties from the pop-up menu. On the
Properties dialog, chose the View tab to change the scale.
• The arrows on the outer circle indicate the direction of the

maximum and minimum horizontal stress.
• Shear Failure Gradient at any point is defined by the color

contours.
The current inclination and azimuth location is shown on the plotting

area as a black diamond. To toggle this display, select or deselect the
Show current inclination and azimuth location check box at the bottom
of the Basic input panel.

Click the Basic tab to access the Multiple Views feature. Select the
check box and choose a parameter (other than Depth) from the drop-
down list.
Change the failure conditions, vary the depth and observe the changes
to the plot.
Saving the View
Each case (the data input and the diagram) that is investigated can be
saved as a view. As the datasets used with each Advanced Wellbore
Stability Analysis option are stored in the Predict project, changing the
design parameters and values result in a different visual plot that can be
saved and recalled by name.
1. First, select View > Save from the menubar or click on the
toolbar. This saves the parameters and values that compose the
view.
2. To save the view under a different name, select Create > View
from the menubar. Enter a new name for the view and click OK.
Displaying the View
Select the desired component by clicking one of the icons on the tool bar
or from the Analyze section of the menubar.
In the upper part of the window, select the view name in the drop-down
menu on the Geostress software toolbar and press Enter.
You may also select View > Open from the menubar and select a view
to open from the dialog.
Deleting the View
To delete a view, select View > Delete from the menubar. Select one or
more views to delete from the Delete View dialog.

Changing the Display
1. Select the desired component by clicking one of the icons on the

tool bar or from the Analyze section of the menubar.
2. Choose either View > Properties from the menubar or right-click

on the plotting area and choose Properties from the pop-up menu
to access the Properties dialog box.
3. In the dialog box, choose the Well Orientation tab to change the
color scale.
4. Use double buffer may be checked if using a low-resolution

monitor to improve the graphics appearance.
5. The Decreased scale bar toggles the color scale on the left of the
lower hemisphere plot.
6. Change the Color Scale option to Green, Red, Blue.
7. The Display tab allows you to change the font choice and size for
the labels, as well as change the grid style on the plot. Leave the
options as they are.
8. The View tab shows the name of the current view and allows you
to change the scale of the plotted results.
9. Click Apply to activate any changes. Click OK to close the dialog

box.
Back to the top of “Wellbore Orientation Component” on page 15-2.
Back to “The Component Windows” on page 15-1.

Failure Criteria Component
Choose Analyze > Failure Criteria from the menu or click on the
toolbar.
Analysis results show the wellbore shear stress relative to the rock's
failure criterion at each point around one-half of the wellbore wall when
the mud weight equals
• a shear failure gradient
• the mud weight used
• an absolute mud weight value
• some specified increment (+ or -) from the shear failure gradient.
• There are two parts to the window:
• Input Panel (to the left of the window)
• Plotting Area (to the right of the window)
Creating a Failure Criteria View


Stassi-dAlia 13000.
the component tool bar. The system will add the well name.
Basic Input Panel
1. The display screen will show no data in it until you create a view
and associate the view with a well. See “Creating a Failure Criteria
View” on page 15-9 for details.
2. Adjust the depth to an appropriate value. In the Depth field of the

Basic input panel, enter 13000 and note that the ANALOGUE well
is shown in the shaded field and TVD is selected. Notice that the
display on the right updates according to the data that you enter.
Note:
3. In the Method drop-down list, select Stassi d' Alia.
4. From the Output Unit drop-down list, select psi.

K0 Sh is selected.

Inclination and Azimuth Section
1. The Inclination and Azimuth can be determined from:
• survey data
• constants
2. In this exercise choose the Use survey data option.
Reference Mud Weight Option
1. The reference mud weight can be determined from:
• the value in a specific dataset
• an absolute value
• an increment
2. In this exercise choose to specify an increment and enter -1 and

select ppg as the unit.
1. The maximum horizontal stress can be determined from:
• a dataset
• a formula

horizontal stress:
2. Choose SHG = tf* (OBG - ShG).

exercise.
5. Click the Rock Strength tab.

1. The rock shear strength parameters can be determined from:
• user supplied strength datasets appropriate to the selected failure

criterion
2. Select the Constant option and enter constant values for the UC
strength of 1000 psi.
3. Enter a Tensile strength of 200 psi.
4. Accept the default value of 1 for the UC Strength and Tensile

5. Click the Advanced tab.
The Advanced Settings panel allows specification of near wellbore pore

pressure settings, the Poisson's ratio, and breakout angle.
1. In the Near Wellbore PP Settings section:
pressure.

directly (alpha a) or add values of Kb and Ks. You can specify
the value for P directly (select the appropriate pressure unit) or
add values to account for mud and pore fluid activites (AwDF


Choose the default setting of Equal to far field pore pressure.

suitable for most shales. You have the option to choose a Predict
dataset for the Poisson's ratio.
Note:
3. In the Allowable breakout (degrees) section, set the Constant to 0.
4. Leave the check box for Make shear failure stress value no less
than Pore Pressure unchecked for this exercise.
Plotting Area
The default results plotted assume that the wellbore pressure equals the
minimum required to prevent wellbore shear failure (Shear Failure
Gradient) for the defined in situ stresses, pore pressures and rock
strengths.

Stress states which occur above the failure envelope indicate that the
wellbore has failed in 'shear'. Stress states below the failure envelope
have not failed in shear.
Change the mud weight increment to see how wellbore stresses change
with small mud weight changes. Also change the failure criterion, vary
the depth and other parameters and observe the changes to the plot.
Saving the View
view.

Displaying the View
In the upper part of the window, select the name in the drop-down menu
on the menubar and press Enter.
Or select View > Open from the menubar. On the Open a View dialog,
select the view you want to display and click OK.


3. In the dialog box, choose the Failure Criteria tab.
4. For the Failure Criteria Curve color, change it to Black.
5. Shading is shown on the Plotting Screen via the Use Shading

check box.
Note:
Selecting the Shading option here also applies shading to the Strength Analysis
display.
options as they are for this exercise.
8. Click Apply to accept the changes, and OK to close the dialog

box.
Back to the top of “Failure Criteria Component” on page 15-9.

Stress Distribution Component
Choose Analyze > Stress Distribution or click on the Geostress

application toolbar.
The Stress Distribution Component allows the analyst to see how the
various wellbore stresses change around the wellbore circumference and
assess the angular extent of a potential failed zone. The plot displays a
variety of different stresses at the upper half of the wellbore wall as a
function of angular position (stresses on the lower half of the wellbore
are the same). The "zero" angular position is at the most extreme left
when looking down the wellbore.
There are two parts to the window:
Creating a Stress Distribution View

2. Use the drop-down list to select the well. For this exercise be sure
the ANALOGUE well and wellbore are selected.

Stress Dist 14000.
Basic Input Panel
Data required for the calculations are specified in the panels at the left.
1. The display screen will show no data in it until you adjust the depth
to an appropriate value. The ANALOGUE well is shown in the
shaded field. Enter 14000 in the Depth field and make sure TVD is
selected. Notice that the right hand display updates according to the
data that you enter.
Note:
2. From the Output Unit drop-down list, select psi.
5. In the Min. Horz. Stress drop-down list, make sure that FG MK K0

Sh is selected.
Note:
In all the Component Windows the shaded fields to the right of the selected data-
sets or parameters display the value at the selected depth. To change these values,
select the check box next to the dataset name and then adjust the numbers with the
spinner controls.

• survey data
• constants
2. In this exercise choose the Use survey data option.
Mud Weight Option
1. The mud weight option can be set by:
• a dataset
• a specific value
2. For this exercise, select the Use Dataset option.
3. Choose MW from the drop-down list. This is the Mud Weight

analysis used to drill the well. The dataset has been provided as
part of the exercise.
• a dataset
• a formula

horizontal stress:
2. Choose SHG = ShG tf* (OBG - ShG) from the drop-down list.

exercise.
5. Select the check box for showing the breakout location.

6. Enter 60 for the angular extent of the breakout. This is how much
angular extent of the wellbore is broken out. This information was
interpreted from bore hole image data and is used as a calibration
for stress correction.
7. Enter 30 for the angular location of the breakout. This is the

angular location on the wellbore wall of the center of the breakout.
Notice the shaded area of the breakout on the Plotting Area.
8. Increase the value of the maximum horizontal stress azimuth and

watch the Maximum Tangential Stress curve (shown in Red) on
the plot until the peak is centered in the shaded breakout area.
The Advanced panel allows specification of near wellbore pore pressure

settings, the Poisson's ratio, and breakout angle.
pressure.


For this exercise, choose the default setting of Equal to far field
pore pressure.


suitable for most shales. You also have the option of specifying a
dataset for Poisson's ratio.
Note:
3. In the Other setting section:
• Enter 0 for the breakout angle.
• Leave the Make shear failure stress value no less than Pore
Pressure value unchecked.
Plotting Area
The axial, circumferential and radial stresses are the normal stresses
associated with the local cylindrical coordinate system defined by the
wellbore. The radial stress is a principal stress in all cases. Both the axial
and circumferential stresses act tangential to the wellbore wall.

Change the Mud Weight values, vary the depth and other parameters
and observe the changes to the plot.
Saving the View
view.
Displaying the View


3. In the dialog box, choose the Stress Distribution tab to change the
color scale.
4. For the Mean color, change it to Gray.

5. Change the line width to 5 if you need more clarity.
options as they are.
8. Click Apply and then OK to close the dialog.
Back to top of “Stress Distribution Component” on page 15-16.

Safe Operating Mud Weight Component
Choose Analyze > Safe Operating on the menubar, or click on the

toolbar.
This is the plot of the safe operating mud weight window (the range of
mud weights that will either exceed the pore pressure or Shear Failure
Gradient, whichever is greater, and be less than the minimum stress).
These calculations are performed at a fixed depth. There are two parts to
the window:
Creating a Safe Operating View
Make sure that you have opened the exercise project in the Geostress
application. If the project is open, the Project name is in the title bar. If
not, select Project > Open from the Geostress software menubar and
choose the Geostress tutorial from the Open a Project dialog list box.

exercise be sure the ANALOGUE well/wellbore is selected.

4. Enter the name for the Geostress view. In this instance, enter DP
16000.
the component tool bar. The system will add the name of the well.
Basic Input Panel
Data required for the calculations are specified in the panel at the left
1. The screen will show no data in it until you adjust the depth to an
appropriate value. The ANALOGUE well/wellbore is shown in the
shaded field. Enter 16000 in the Depth field and make sure TVD is
selected. 
The display updates according to the data that you enter during the
following steps.
Note:
2. From the Method drop-down list, select Drucker-Prager.
3. From the Output Unit drop-down list, select ppg.
4. From the OBG drop-down list, make sure that OBG rhob is
selected.
Note:
sets or parameters display the value at the selected depth. When a velocity dataset
is used to calculate the strength properties, the calculated results are shown in the
shaded fields normally used to show the Friction Angle and the Cohesive Strength.
To change these values, select the box next to the dataset name and adjust the num-
bers.

Minimum Horizontal Stress Option
1. The minimum horizontal stress can be determined from ShG or FG

dataset calibrated to minimum horizontal stress and either:
• a value at the current depth
• a minimum value from a previous casing point
2. In this exercise, choose the FG MK K0 Sh dataset and the Use

minimum value from previous casing point option.
3. Enter 15000 as the value.
4. Enter 15000 for the minimum value depth and 14.45 for the Value.
• a dataset
• a formula

horizontal stress:
2. Choose SHG = ShG + k * (OBG - ShG) from the drop-down list.
3. Specify an horizontal stress increment factor of 0.5.

exercise.
1. The maximum principal horizontal stress can be determined from

either:
• survey data
• constants
2. Choose the Use survey data option.

3. Select the check box to Show stress/strength ratio information.
4. The Show more information check box can be selected to show

values on the plotting area for selected datasets. In this exercise,
select the check box and the MW dataset. Notice the Mud Weight
value is shown on the Plotting Area.
5. To better observe the data, right-click on the Plotting Area and

choose Properties from the pop-up menu.
6. On the View tab select the Specify option in the Scale section.
7. Enter 12 for the Min X value and 16 for the Max X value and click
Apply and OK. Notice the display changes in the Plotting Area.
8. For now skip the section for 3D view. We will come back to this
section when viewing the results.
9. Click the Rock Strength tab.
1. The rock shear strength parameters can be determined from:
• user supplied strength datasets appropriate to the selected failure

criterion

2. Choose constant values for the Friction Angle of 25.
3. Choose a Cohesive strength of 200 psi.
4. Accept the default value of 1 for the Friction Angle and Cohesion


pressure.



suitable for most shales. You may also choose a dataset for the
Poisson's ratio.
Note:
3. Select the Make shear failure stress no less than pore pressure
checkbox.

Plotting Area
Calculations in the window investigate the value of the maximum shear

stress measure divided by rock strength as a function of mud weight, as
shown by the blue line on the plot. Shear failures do not occur when this
ratio is less than one; and if shear failure were the only criterion for a
stable wellbore, any mud weight that produced a ratio less than one
would be a "safe" mud weight.
However, mud weights are limited at the upper bound by the value of
the minimum horizontal stress as shown by the vertical black line.
Sometimes the minimum mud weight will be limited by the pore
pressure as shown on the on the view by the black line at 12.66 ppg.
Regardless, the safe operating mud weight range is shown by the

vertical shaded band that is limited at the higher mud weight by the
minimum stress and at the lower mud weight by either the pore pressure
or the case when the stress to strength ratio is less than one, i.e the shear
failure pressure.
Change the Failure criteria, vary the depth and other parameters and
observe the changes to the plot.

Viewing the Results in 3D
1. Click the Basic tab at the bottom of the Input Panels.
2. Select the 3D view check box. Notice the Plotting Area shows No
data is available. You must enter an End Depth to display the 3D
view.
3. Enter an End depth of 17000 near the top of the Panel.
4. The Safe Operating display is now shown as a 3D cube.
5. Use the slider located at the bottom of the panel to zoom in on the
cube.
6. You can rotate the 3D view by clicking on the display and moving
the cursor in any direction.
7. Use the Slide buttons in the desired plane to move the opening in
the direction of the specified plane.
8. Use the Span buttons in the desired plane to move the openings
closer together or further apart
9. Clear the check box labeled 1 to remove half of the cube display
and observe the interior of the cube.

Saving the View
saved as a view. As the datasets used with each Design Analysis Option
are stored in the Predict project, changing the design parameters and
values result in a different visual plot that can be saved and recalled by
name.
view.

Displaying the View


on the plotting area and choose Properties to access the Properties
dialog box.
3. In the dialog box, choose the Safe Operating tab.
4. For the Safe Zone color, change it to Green.
the labels, as well as change the grid style on the plot (if
applicable).
7. Click Apply and then OK.
Back to the top of “Safe Operating Mud Weight Component” on

page 15-23.
Back “The Component Windows” on page 15-1.

Strength Analysis Component
Choose Analyze > Strength Analysis from the Geostress software

menubar or click on the toolbar.
This option allows the analyst to use well performance data (that is, mud
weights and depth ranges where failures occurred) to back-calculate the
effective rock strength of a specified depth interval. There are two parts
to the window:
• 2- tabbed Input Panel (to the left of the window)
Creating a Strength Analysis View


4. Enter the name for the Geostress view. In this instance, enter SdA-
14000-16000.

Basic Input Panel
1. The screen will show no data in it until you adjust the depth to an
appropriate value. The well and wellbore ANALOGUE are shown
in the shaded fields. In the Start and End Depth fields, enter 14000
and 16000 respectively (we are assuming that well failures
occurred over this depth range). Notice that the right hand display
updates according to the data that you enter.
Note:
2. From the Method drop-down list, select Stassi d'Alia.
3. From the Stress Unit drop-down list, select psi.

K0 Sh is selected.
Note:
sets or parameters display the value at the selected depth.
• survey data
• constants
2. Choose the Use survey data option.

Mud Weight Option
1. The mud weight option can be set by:
• a dataset
• a specific value
2. Select the Use Dataset option.
3. Choose the MW dataset from the drop-down list.
• a dataset
• a formula

horizontal stress:
2. Choose SHG = ShG + tf * (OBG - ShG) from the drop-down list.

exercise.
Rock Strength Display Properties
1. In the UC Strength field, enter 1450 psi.
2. In the Tensile Strength field, enter 0 psi.
3. Accept the default values of 1 for the UC Strength and Tensile



pressure.



suitable for most shales. You may also choose a dataset for the
Poisson's ratio.
Note:
3. In the Allowable breakout (degrees) section, select the Use

Constant option and enter 0.
Select the Make shear failure stress no less than pore pressure
checkbox.

The Plotting Area
The exercise calculations illustrated in this case assume the

ANALOGUE well experienced wellbore instabilities over a depth range
of 14000 to 16000 ft when the mud weight was 12.89 to 12.97 ppg. The
red data points in the upper right of the view are the calculated wellbore
stress conditions over that depth interval for the given input parameters.
The black parabolic line (for the Stassi-d'Alia failure criterion) is a plot
of the failure criterion for the input UCS and TS. The objective is to
change the rock strength parameters until the wellbore stress conditions
intercept the failure criterion over the depth interval where failure
occurred. The failure criterion line changes automatically each time the
analyst changes the shear strength parameters.
Change the shear strength values, the failure conditions, vary the depth
and other parameters and observe the changes to the plot.

Saving the View
saved as a view. As the datasets used with each Design Analysis Option
are stored in the Predict project, changing the design parameters and
values result in a different visual plot that can be saved and recalled by
name.
view.
Displaying the View
In the upper part of the window, highlight the name in the drop-down
menu on the menubar and press Enter.



3. In the dialog box, choose the Strength Analysis tab.
4. For the Failure Criteria Curve color, change it to Blue.
5. The Use Shading option applies to both the Strength Analysis

Component and the Failure Criteria Component. For example, if
you turned on Shading in an earlier exercise, the option will apply
in this component as well.
the labels, as well as change the grid style on the plot. The Show
Grid option can be enabled only if Use Shading is turned off.
8. Click Apply and then OK.
Back to the top of “Strength Analysis Component” on page 15-32.



Chapter A
Using the Drillworks Help System
The Help System is activated from any Help button on the dialog boxes or from clicking Help >
Drillworks Help on the menubar of any product. You may also press F1 to access the Help System.
Users can rate topics and send feedback to the authors of the Drillworks® Help System by leaving
comments. Please note that all comments are moderated and will appear usually within 1 - 2
business days.
Navigating the Drillworks Help System
The system is displayed in a window with 3 parts.
• Help System toolbar across the top - Use these tools to Show/Hide
the Contents pane, move Back and Forward in displayed topics
and to access Print functions.
• Left pane shows Table of Contents and 3 other tabs - see “Using
the Contents Panel” on page A-2.
• Topic window with toolbar - “Using the Help Topics Menu” on

page A-3.
All panes are resizable.
Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual A-1

Chapter A: Using the Drillworks Help System
Using the Contents Panel
Each Help window has a Table of Contents on the left. Click the plus
sign beside any topic to expand the listings. Double-click a topic to
display in the Help panel at the right.
There are 4 tabs across the top of the left pane.
Contents
Lists the Table of Contents. Click the plus sign to the left of the topic
name to expand the listing. Click the topic title to display the topic at the
right. As you move through the help system the name of the displayed
topic is highlighted in gray on the Table of Contents.
Index
Type in the keyword to find; select a topic and click Display.
Search
Type in the keyword to find and click List Topics; select a topic and
click Display. Use the Advanced functions at the bottom of the page to
refine your search.
Favorites
Display the topic you want to add to your Favorites. The name will
appear in the field at the bottom. Click Add. You may highlight topics
in your Favorite list to Display or Remove.
A-2 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Using the Help Topics Menu
At the top of the Help topic displayed on the right is a new toolbar:
Button/Section Description
Click to open Ratings dialog. For details of rating a topic see

“Adding Ratings to Topics” on page A-6
Expand all - some topics are condensed and can be expanded

by clicking on subheadings. See “Using the Contents Panel”
on page A-2 as an example of a topic that can be expanded/
collapsed. This feature will expand all of the condensed topics
for viewing or printing.
Collapse all - click this to collapse all expanded topics.
Accesses the Print dialog to print the selected topic or the

topic and its subheadings.
Quick Search text box - enter a keyword search on the dis-

played topic only. Results are highlighted.
Remove Highlighting on Quick Search key words
Back / Forward to previously displayed topic
Stop - use to stop Quick Search function
Refresh - refreshes the window so the very latest community-

wide comments are displayed.

Button/Section Description
Home - go to default page of Help or Tutorial.
Go to Recent Comments - displays a list of the recently added

comments (24 hours from the time it was entered).
See also “Navigating the Drillworks Help System” on page A-1.

Interacting with the Help System
Community-wide comments have been enabled for the Help System.

You are not required to register to add a comment but all comments are
moderated by Landmark and will appear on the topics within 1-2
business days.
All users will be able to read/add comments and ratings as long as they
have an internet connection. You may choose any user name and are not
required to enter your email address.
Adding Comments to Topics
At the bottom of each topic is the Comment area. Previous comments

are displayed; click the bold comment title to expand the text.
To Add a Comment to a Topic
1. Open the topic.
2. To add comment, click to access the Add Comment dialog.

Enter user name and subject line. Add your comment and click
Submit. You may cancel the comment without submitting if you
change your mind.
3. To reply to a specific comment click to access the Reply to

Comment dialog. Enter a name and subject line. Add your
comment and click Submit. The original comment is shown for
reference.
As there is a time-lag between submitting comments and the review/

acceptance process, you may have to click to see new comments.

Adding Ratings to Topics
1. Open the topic.
2. In the toolbar directly above the topic, click the ratings button
.
3. In the Topic Ratings popup, click on the stars to provide a rating

for the topic (giving the topic anywhere from one to five stars).
4. You may also enter an author-only comment in the area below.

The comments are not published but are helpful for the help
authors.
5. Click Submit.

Chapter C
Terminology
This list briefly describes terms and concepts used in Drillworks®
software.
Term Description
cohesion (C) Cohesion (C) is the intercept on the shear stress axis of a straight-line Mohr-
Coulomb envelope. In physics, cohesion is described as ‘the force that holds
together molecules or like particles within a substance’. Since it is easier to make
the grains slide path each other than to crush them, when rocks fail in compression
they fail in shear as result of inter-granular slip. Resistance to shear is shear strength
- due to a combination of cohesion and friction between rock grains.
dataset A collection of any set of points referenced by a depth value and a data value that is
either imported into the system, created through analysis, or created manually by
the user. It can also be associated with Line Groups and annotations.
dataset attribute Describes how the dataset appears regarding the type of line, symbol, or color.
Drillworks® Presage A Landmark software tool that deals with a set of related geological, petrophysical
and drilling data incorporated into a common pressure evolution framework in basin
time scale. The Drillworks® Presage Project comprises these data plus the set of
calibrated basin model parameters providing pore pressure prediction at any point
inside the calibration area.
Drillworks® Predict A Landmark software tool designed to predict pore pressures and fracture gradients
using a variety of types of data. Drillworks® Predict is fully integrated with
Drillworks® Presage and Geostress and uses the same database.
Drillworks® ConnectML™ A Landmark software tool that manages the real-time WITS input and output
streams for use with Drillworks® Predict.
effective stress A defined stress, which is defined in terms of the total stress and pore pressure, that
makes computations simpler by removing the pore pressure from the governing
equations. Examples, the Terzaghi effective stress,  = s – p for models of shear
and tensile failure; the Biot effective stress,  = s – p for models that are
concerned with volume changes,  is defined in terms of rock moduli properties.
elastic behavior or model Material behavior or models that are 3-D generalizations of the 1-D mechanical
behavior of a spring. Simple model of a solid in which the solid’s shape and internal
stresses are always the same for the same set of applied loads. A linear elastic model
is one in which all stresses and strains are linearly related.
equilibrium The fundamental concept in mechanics that the sum of all forces acting on a body
is zero.
failure criteria A combination of effective (Terzaghi) stresses that define the ultimate strength of a
material. Also called Failure Conditions or Yield Conditions. These are attempts to
generalize the strength behavior of rocks measured in simple laboratory tests to
complex 3-D conditions in the real world. The different criteria with different
names (e.g. Mohr-Coulomb, Drucker-Prager, Stassi d’Alia, Lade) use slightly
different ways of generalizing these conditions.
Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual C-1

Chapter C: Terminology
Term Description
friction angle (FA) The general Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is given by:
 = Co +  1 tan 
where  is the internal friction angle. Friction angle describes how a rock’s peak
strength increases with additional confining pressure. Friction angle is related to the
Mohr-Coulomb parameter, coefficient of internal friction by  = tan  where 
is the coefficient of internal friction and  is the friction angle.
geological age Time period used in lithology column datasets and can be defined and represented
in Predict with names, bitmap pictures, and colors.
hoop stress A term for the tangential wellbore stress in the case of a vertical well. This stress
acts tangentially to the wellbore wall and is higher than the in situ stresses because
of stress concentrations that develop due to the presence of a wellbore.
Input panels In each Analysis Component window, the left side displays a series of tabbed Input
Panels. Parameters, datasets, conditions and/or methods are determined by user
input and choices.
lithology column dataset A feature that models the stratigraphical column for a well. It includes lithology
patterns and colors, as well as geological ages and formation names.
menubar The bar at the top of the program that shows the selection of menus for Drillworks®
Predict, i.e., Project, View, Analyze and Help.
Mohr’s circle A geometric construction that represents stress states at rock failure in, for example,
a triaxial laboratory test. For Mohr circles the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters
(Cohesion and Friction Angle) can be determined
Mohr-Coulomb A failure condition method that assumes rock strength is measured by the maximum
shear stress (one-half the difference between the maximum and minimum principal
stresses) and increases linearly with the average of the maximum and minimum
principal stresses
normal stress Stress component that acts perpendicular to a surface.
OBG The abbreviation that represents the overburden gradient.
plastic behavior or model Material behavior where a rock deforms at a constant stress level and does not return
to its original shape as one the stress is reduced.
Plotting Area In each Analysis Component window, the right side displays graphic results of the
analysis.
Poisson’s ratio An elastic property which describes lateral expansion of a body. It affects the
stresses or strains in a material in directions other than the direction of loading.
pop-up menu The menu that appears on screen when you right-click over the track or plotting
area.
project The project function allows you to organize your well data within Drillworks®
Predict. Three types of projects are frequently used:
Pre-drilling well planning projects
Drilling well monitoring projects
Teaching/demonstration projects.
realtime analysis Allows you to make analyses using data that streams while drilling. Datasets in
Drillworks® Predict are updated dynamically (realtime) as data comes in.
scale A system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in

measurement. It is displayed on the tracks and sometimes on Plotting areas, both
vertically and horizontally.
C-2 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Term Description
Shear Failure Gradient Minimum mud weight required to prevent shear failure
(SFG)
shear stress Stress component that acts parallel to a surface. The maximum shear stress equals
one-half of the difference between the maximum and minimum principal stresses.
Stassi-d’Alia Failure Condition method that assumes rock strength is measured by the root mean
square of differences between the three principal stresses (the octahedral shear
stress). The strength increases with the square-root of the mean effective stress.
stress The generalization of the forces acting on individual particles to the internal forces
acting throughout a continuous body.
stress invariants Specific values or combinations of stress components that do not change when the
coordinate system changes, e.g. principal stresses, octahedral shear stress.
stress ratio Defined by the abbreviation ko is the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical effective
stress.Sometimes called the matrix stress ratio.
tectonics Loading condition in which lateral loads are actively applied to a sediment (in
contrast to the ‘normal’ condition where lateral loads develop passively because of
constraints against lateral deformations). Tectonics can be caused by globally
continental drift forces or locally by salt bodies or down-slope movements.
toolbar A “shortcut” bar that contains buttons to open certain dialog boxes in order for you
to perform a selected function.
total stress The fundamental stress that controls equilibrium
track An area on Drillworks® Predict’s screen that displays datasets, annotations,

lithology columns and/or Line Groups and consists of a track name, width,
horizontal scale type, and vertical scale.
triaxial strain Rock mechanics test in which a cylindrical rock sample is tested where the radial
stress (confining pressure), axial stress, and pore pressure is controlled
independently.
TS Abbreviation for Tensile Strength
UCS Abbreviation for Unconfined Compressive Strength
uniaxial strain Terminology for condition in which strains occur only in one direction (typically
vertical).
views Cases investigated in the Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis Mode of

Drillworks® Geostress can be named and saved for future retrieval as Views.
Drillworks® Predict Track Views display a customized screen that can show a
maximum of eight tracks. Also used to display a 3D representation of the well path
trajectory in Well Path View. Datasets can be compared in the Cross Plot View.
workhardening or Material behavior where increasing stresses are needed to deform a rock but the
strainhardening behavior or rock does not return to its original shape once the stress is reduced.
model
Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual C-3

C-4 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Chapter D
Reference
Naming Conventions
It is important that you use a consistent naming scheme when working

with Drillworks® software. Having a descriptive and standard name for
datasets minimizes confusion and disorganization. We suggest that you
use the method of making datasets or Line Group names in the manner
described in this section.
Suggested Line Groups and Dataset Names
The following dataset names are our suggestions and will be the
nomenclature used in the exercise session. The value of a consistent
naming system becomes apparent as you progress in Drillworks
software. Also, you can export data into a user-defined template based
on dataset names. Your company may have a standard naming
convention you can adapt to Drillworks software.
Points to remember:
• The system will suggest a name for a new dataset based on
datatype, source datasets and/or methods used in the creation. This
name may be changed.
• A good scheme is to use the datatype (in all capital letters) as the
first part of the dataset name, and (lower case) modifiers for the
subsequent part to explain the source or purpose.
• When choosing a dataset name, make sure that it describes what
the dataset is. You may choose any dataset name you wish,
however, make sure that you can recognize and recall the name at
a later time.
• A long, detailed and complete description can be incredibly useful
for anyone who looks at the project in the future. This can be very
important when projects are stored in shared data stores.
• When entering a dataset name, you can separate words and
abbreviations with spaces (e.g., SHPT res). This can help keep the
Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual D-1

Chapter D: Reference
dataset names standard, which is an ultimate goal. Underbars as

separators are also allowed.
• Avoid using commas or slashes except when giving a depth range,
e.g., "5500-6000" as the dataset name.
Sample Dataset Names
This list shows how datasets can be named:
Dataset Name Description
DT rt Sonic Delta Time (LWD), porosity dataset
GR rt Gamma Ray (LWD)
OBG_rhob_gdnr Overburden Gradient derived from Sonic RHOB using the Gardner Equation
OBG_rhob_ppg Overburden Gradient derived from RHOB in ppg
PP dt e3 bwrs Pore pressure trend calculated from Sonic Delta Time using Bowers’ Curved Nor-
mal Compaction Trend and Eaton’s method with exponent of 3.0
PP res e1.2 Pore pressure calculated using Eaton’s method with exponent of 1.2
PT DT f31 Porosity trend through sonic DT shale points using 31 point Box Car smoothing fil-
ter
PT RES TC f31 Porosity trend through temperature corrected RES shal points with 31 point Box
Car smoothing filter
RES dp Resitivity Deep (attenuation) or ILD & add rt, i.e. RES_dp_rt, porosity dataset
RES sh Resistivity shallow phase, porosity dataset
RHOB gdnr RHOB derived from Gardner equation
SHPT dt set curve, REW or DT
SHPT res Shale points transferred to Shale Porosity/Compaction data
Sample Line Group Names
This list shows how Line Groups can be named:
Line Group Name Description
GR shale base Used for Shale base lines

GR shale base 1
GR shale base 2
Shale base line
D-2 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Line Group Name Description
RES nct Used for making the Normal Compaction Trend curves used with the Porosity
DT nct bwrs Trend datasets
DT nct
Suggested Abbreviations for Dataset Names
Sorted by Abbreviation.
Primary Names Description
AZI Azimuth
BIT Bit record
BS Bit size line for caliper comparison
BWRS Bower’s
C1 Chromatograph gas, Methane
C2 Chromatograph gas, Ethane
C3 Chromatograph gas, Buthane
C4i Chromatograph gas, iso-Propane
C4n Chromatograph gas, n-Propane
C5i Chromatograph gas, iso-Pentane
C5n Chromatograph gas, n-Pentane
CAL Caliper
CAL1 Caliper, axis 1
CAL2 Caliper, axis 2
CAV Cavings record
CSG Casing shoes
DENB Bulk Density
DENC Cuttings Density
DP Deep (Attenuation)
DT Sonic Delta T
DXC Corrected Drilling Exponent
ECD Effective Circulating Density
FG Fracture Gradient

FIT Formation Integrity Test
FP Formation Pressure
GAS Total Gas
GAS peak Gas peaks, e.g., connection, trip wiper trip, pumpoff gases
GR Gamma Ray
GR mg1 MWD Gamma Ray 1
GR mg1c MWD Gamma Ray 1 corrected
GR mg2 MWD Gamma Ray 2
GR mg2c MWD Gamma Ray 2 corrected
INC Inclination
KICK Symbol showing mud weight at time of kick
LITH Lithology
LOT Leak off Test
MDT Pressure points from modular dynamics test tool
MW in Mud Weight In
MW out Mud Weight Out
OBG rhob Overburden Gradient
OBP rhob Overburden Pressure
PEF Photo-electric effect
POR Porosity
POR mpo1 MWD Porosity 1
POR mpo2 MWD Porosity 2
PP Formation Pressure
PP est Estimated Pore Pressure (at or above the present drilled

depth)
PP pred Predicted Pore Pressure
PP psi Formation Pressure gradient
RES Resistivity
RES deep Deep (Attenuation)
RES ild Induction Log Deep
RES mr1 MWD Resistivity 1

RES mr1c MWD Resistivity 1 corrected
RES mr2 MWD Resistivity 2
RES mr2c MWD Resistivity 2 corrected
RES nct Normal Compaction Trend
RFT Pressure Points from repeat formation tool
RHOB Bulk Density
RHOB gdnr from Gardner's equation
RHOB lwd MWD Formation Density
ROP Rate of Penetration
SEIS Seismic Velocity
SHPT res (or dt) Shale Points
SP Spontaneous Potential
SPP Standpipe Pressure
TEMP Temperature Data
TQ Torque
TOPS Stratigraphy/formation tops
TWT Two-way travel time
VEL seis Formation Interval Velocity
Sorted by Description:
Description Primary Name
Azimuth AZI
Bit record BIT
Bit size line for caliper comparison BS
Bowers BWRS
Bulk Density RHOB
Caliper CAL
Caliper, axis 1 CAL1
Caliper, axis 2 CAL2
Casing shoes CSG
Cavings record CAV

Chromatograph gas, Buthane C3
Chromatograph gas, Ethane C2
Chromatograph gas, iso-Pentane C5i
Chromatograph gas, iso-Propane C4i
Chromatograph gas, Methane C1
Chromatograph gas, n-Pentane C5n
Chromatograph gas, n-Propane C4n
Corrected Drilling Exponent DXC
Cuttings Density DENC
Deep (Attenuation) RES deep
Effective Circulating Density ECD
Estimated Pore Pressure (at or above the present drilled PP est

depth)
Formation Integrity Test FIT
Formation Interval Velocity VEL seis
Formation Pressure PP
Formation Pressure Gradient PP psi
Fracture Gradient FG
Fracture Pressure FP
From Gardner’s Equation RHOB gdnr
Gamma Ray GR
Gas peaks, e.g., connection, trip wiper trip, pumpoff gases GAS peak
Inclination INC
Induction Log Deep RES ild
Leak off Test LOT
Lithology LITH
Mud Weight In MW in
Mud Weight Out MW out
MWD Formation Density RHOB lwd
MWD Gamma Ray 1 GR mg1
MWD Gamma Ray 1 Corrected GR mg1c

MWD Gamma Ray 2 GR mg2
MWD Gamma Ray 2 Corrected GR mg2c
MWD Porosity 1 POR mpo1
MWD Porosity 2 POR mpo2
MWD Resistivity 1 RES mr1
MWD Resistivity 1 Corrected RES mr1c
MWD Resistivity 2 RES mr2
MWD Resistivity 2 Corrected RES mr2c
Normal Compaction Trend line RES nct
Overburden Gradient OBG rhob
Overburden Pressure OBP rhob
Photo-Electric Effect PEF
Pore Pressure PP res
Porosity POR
Predicted Pore Pressure PP pred
Pressure points from modular dynamics test tool MDT
Pressure points from repeat formation tester RFT
Rate of Penetration ROP
Resistivity RES
Seismic Velocity SEIS
Shale Points SHPT res (or dt)
Sonic Delta T DT
Spontaneous Potential SP
Standpipe Pressure SPP
Stratigraphy/formation tops TOPS
Symbol showing mud weight at time of kick KICK
Temperature Data TEMP
Torque TQ
Total Gas GAS
Two-way travel time TWT

Conversions
Conversions
PSI/ft to PPG multiply by 19.25
PPG to SGwater divide by 8.33
PSI/ft to SGwater multiply by 2.31
SGwater to SGair divide by 0.00122
Conversions (Density to Gradient)
Water density 1.00 gm/cc = 0.433 psi/ft
Air density 0.00122 gm/cc = 0.0052 psi/ft

Program Terminology and Components
This list briefly describes terms used in Drillworks® software..
Term Description
active dataset The dataset that is currently enabled on the track. This is very important when you
create a new Line Group or want to edit a dataset on the track since the active
dataset is what the Line Group will be based on or the dataset you are editing.
annotation A text box field that can be placed on the track for the purpose of adding a com-
ment or note.
cross plot A plot that depicts the comparison of two datasets using depth as the common
dominator. This allows you to ascertain relationships between datasets.
curve The line representation of the data (or dataset) plotted in the log or on Predict’s
track.
dataset A collection of data that is either imported into the system, created through analy-
sis, or created manually by the user. There are four types of datasets in Predict:
dataset, lithology column, overlay and polygon. The most commonly used and
imported is the discrete dataset, also called just “dataset”.
datatype Helps to identify what kind of data is in the dataset and assigns the default setting,
display attributes, unit and physical properties for the dataset. It is usually repre-
sented as an abbreviation (e.g., RES = resistivity).
display attributes Describes how the selected Line Groups or datasets appear regarding the type of
line, symbol, or color.
Drillworks® Presage A Landmark software tool that deals with a set of related geological, petrophysi-
cal and drilling data incorporated into a common pressure evolution framework in
basin time scale. The Presage Project comprises these data plus the set of cali-
brated basin model parameters providing pore pressure prediction at any point
inside the calibration area.
Drillworks® Geostress A Landmark software tool that allows identification of wellbore stability issues
prior to drilling and to perform realtime wellbore analysis while drilling is under-
way.
Drillworks® ConnectML™ A Landmark software tool that manages the real-time WITS input and output
streams for use with Predict.
Filter button In some dialog boxes where you must select a dataset, the Filter button is avail-
able so that you can display dataset(s) that use a selected datatype.
geological age Time period used in lithology column datasets and can be defined and represented
in Predict with names, bitmap pictures, and colors.
Legend An explanatory list of the dataset(s), scale, and datatype(s) that appear on the
track. The Legend appears at the bottom.

Term Description
Line Group Line Group is a line or collection of lines representing or associated to a dataset.
Originally called a Reference Line Group or RLG.
lithology column A feature that models the stratigraphical column for a well. It includes lithology
patterns and colors, as well as geological ages and formation names.
menubar The bar at the top of the program that shows the selection of menus for Predict,
i.e., Project, Well, Data, View, Analyze, Tools, MD/TVD, Presage, Help.
OBG The abbreviation that represents the overburden gradient.
polygon dataset Are geometrically shaped and can be used to mark or shade tracks in order to
enhance something on display. The other primary purpose for making polygons is
to build lithology columns in different shapes other than rectangular since you can
freely create the shape of the polygon. The polygon may have up to 50 vertices.
pop-up menu The menu that appears on screen when you right-click over the track area.
project The project function allows you to organize your well data within the Predict
database. Three types of projects are frequently used:
Pre-drilling well planning projects
Drilling well monitoring projects
Teaching/demonstration projects.
realtime analysis Allows you to make analyses using data that streams while drilling. Datasets in
Predict are updated dynamically (real-time) as data comes in.
scale A system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in mea-
surement. It is displayed on the tracks, both vertically and horizontally.
status bar The bottom bar of the Predict program that displays the current coordinates
(based on the vertical and horizontal scales) of where the cursor is placed on the
track.
toolbar A “shortcut” bar that contains buttons to open certain dialog boxes in order for
you to perform a selected function.
track An area on Predict’s screen that displays data and/or Line Groups and consists of
a track name, width, horizontal scale type, and vertical scale.
UDM A program that provides you with an easier, flexible way to create your own anal-
ysis programs using a few lines of code that work well for equations and relation-
ships which can be described in a simple "if, then, else" structure. It also has
implicit looping handled by the system. It is also a user-specific program that can
be added to the Predict system and used to compute datasets using other methods
and types of data.
UDP A more complex model or program that provides you with a powerful, flexible
way to create your own analysis programs. It uses a BASIC-type programming
language and allows the user to control loops and step sizes. The UDP requires a
basic understanding of programming, while the UDM is easier to use and under-
stand for someone without a programming background.
unit group A group of units that measure the same type of data, but can be in different units,
e.g., a temperature unit group has degrees Celsius unit and degrees Fahrenheit
unit.

Term Description
view Track View displays a customized screen that can show a maximum of eight
tracks. Also used to display a 3D representation of the well path trajectory in Well
Path View. Datasets can be compared in the Cross Plot View. A View can then be
named and saved for future retrieval and use.
The following picture illustrates the names used for the program’s
components.
The Project Explorer and 3 tracks. Tooltips are available for all the
buttons on the toolbar across the top of the screen.


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Drillworks® Software Pro

Part No. 220035 Rev. B July 2009

Halliburton | Landmark Software & Services

Chapter 1: Introduction to Predict ......................................... 1-1

Basic Pressure Analysis Procedure............................................................................................. 1-3

Chapter 2: Setting Up a New Project ..................................... 2-1

Chapter 3: Importing Data ..................................................... 3-1

Chapter 4: Picking Shale Intervals ........................................ 4-1

Creating the Shale Base Line...................................................................................................... 4-3

Drawing the Shale Base Line....................................................................................................... 4-5

Chapter 5: Transferring Shale Intervals................................ 5-1

Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual 1

Analyzing Shale Points on DT (Sonic)........................................................................................ 5-6

Chapter 6: Making the Refined Porosity-Indicating Dataset 6-1

Chapter 7: Developing the Overburden Gradient (OBG) ..... 7-1

Making the Composite RHOB Dataset........................................................................................ 7-4

Calculating the OBG.................................................................................................................... 7-8

Chapter 8: Developing the Normal Compaction Trend......... 8-1

Normal Compaction Trend Using Sonic...................................................................................... 8-4

Making a Composite Dataset Using Sonic ................................................................................. 8-8

Chapter 9: Performing the Pore Pressure Analysis .............. 9-1

Analyzing Pore Pressure Using Eaton's Resistivity Method ...................................................... 9-6

Chapter 10: Performing the Fracture Gradient Analysis ... 10-1

2 Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual Landmark®

Analyzing the Fracture Gradient................................................................................................ 10-1

Chapter 11: Performing a Safe Seal Analysis ..................... 11-1

Understanding the Centroid Concept........................................................................................ 11-7

Making the Safe Seal Dataset ................................................................................................. 11-10

Interpreting the Results ........................................................................................................... 11-17

Using the Safe Seal Component ............................................................................................. 11-18

Chapter 12: Introduction to Geostress ................................. 12-1

Chapter 13: Geostress Analysis Overview............................ 13-1

Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis..................................................................................... 13-3

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Well Orientation ............................................................................................................ 13-3

Chapter 14: Basic Wellbore Stability Analysis..................... 14-1

Creating and Editing Rock Strengths in Lithology Columns ................................................. 14-19

Chapter 15: Advanced Wellbore Stability Analysis.............. 15-1

Wellbore Orientation Component............................................................................................. 15-2

Failure Criteria Component ...................................................................................................... 15-9

Stress Distribution Component ............................................................................................... 15-16

Safe Operating Mud Weight Component ............................................................................... 15-23

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Advanced Input Panel .................................................................................................. 15-27

Strength Analysis Component ................................................................................................ 15-32

Chapter A: Using the Drillworks Help System ......................A-1

Interacting with the Help System............................................................................................... A-5

Chapter C: Terminology .........................................................C-1

Chapter D: Reference ............................................................ D-1

Conversions ................................................................................................................................ D-8

Program Terminology and Components.................................................................................... D-9

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Purpose and Scope

Document conventions explain how the exercise was written using

The following typographical conventions are used in this document:

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• Data entered in the program are shown in this format.

Landmark® Drillworks® Software Pro Training Manual 1-1

For information on adding comments to the topics see “Basic Pressure

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