A

Project Report
On

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for

The Award of Degree of “Bachelor of science” In
Department of Forensic science.

Session: 2016-2019

Submitted To
DR. H.S. GOUR UNIVERSITY SAGAR (M.P.)

Submitted By:
KRISHNANAND PATEL
ENROLL-16P756S0210
ROLL No. 3310267

Under the supervision of

 AFFILIATED TO DHSGU SAGAR (M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that dissertation entitled “THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY IN CRIME PREVENTION” submitted to Dr. H.S. Gour
University Sagar by Krishnanand Patel, is partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of the B.Sc. (forensic science).

The matter embodied is the actual work by Krishnanand Patel and this
work has not been submitted earlier in part or full for the award of any
other degree.

Krishnanand Patel
(B.Sc. 6th sem) Dr. R. Tandan
Dept. of Forensic science Principal (BTIE, Sagar)
B.T.I.E. Sagar (M.P.)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN CRIME PREVENTION” being submitted by Krishnanand
Patel, for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree of B.Sc. (fs) project work of Bachelor of Science in Forensic in 6th
semester to Babulal Tarabai Institute Of Excellence Sagar, (M.P.), is
record of genuine work done by him under my guidance.

Date :

Project Supervisor: -

Dr. R. Tandan
(Department of Forensic science,
BTIE)
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

A Project Report entitled “THE ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY IN CRIME PREVENTION” being submitted by Krishnanand
Patel has been examined by us and is hereby approved for the award of
degree “Bachelor of Science in Forensic science (Department Of Forensic
science)”, for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this
approval that the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any
statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but
approve the dissertation only for the purpose for which it has been
submitted.

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to express my deepest sense of gratitude

and sincere thanks to my highly respected and esteemed guide Dr. R.
Tandan, DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE ,BTIE, Sagar, for their
valuable guidance, encouragement and help for completing this work.
Their useful suggestions for this whole work and co-operative behaviour
are sincerely acknowledged.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. R. Tandan, Principal, BTIE,

Sagar for giving me this opportunity to undertake this project.

I also wish to express my indebtedness to my parents as well as my family

member whose blessings and support always helped me to face the
challenges ahead.

At the end I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my friends and
others who helped me directly or indirectly during this dissertation work.
Also to all the living and non-living resources that helped me in completion
of this project.

Place: BTIE, Sagar KRISHNANAND PATEL

(B.Sc. 6th sem)

B.T.I.E. Sagar (M.P)
 DECLARATION

This project titled “THE ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY IN CRIME PREVENTION” is our work
carried out under the guidance of Dr. R. Tandan,
Department of Forensic science, B.T.I.E. Sagar (M.P.).
This work in the same form or any other form is not
submitted by us or by anyone else for award of any degree.

Krishnanand Patel

(B.Sc. 6th sem)

B.T.I.E. Sagar (M.P)
 Abstract

This project concludes the basic knowledge from the seminar on

“THE ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CRIME
PREVENTION”, held on 8th and 9th of March 2019, in B.T.I.E.
college. Various expertise give detailed information and ideology
on different topics that can help in prevention of crime.
Also concludes the experience from the visit of state forensic
science laboratory (m.p.) sagar.
Content
a) Part 1. Basic introduction: -
Forensic science.
Forensic scientists.

b) Part 2. National conference on the role of forensic

science and technology in crime prevention.
 Summary.
 Detailed description of lectures.

c) Part 3. Visit of SFSL sagar (m.p.).

 Summary.
 Detailed description of SFSL sections.
Part: - 1
Forensic science: - It is an application of scientific
knowledge and methodology to legal problems and
criminal investigations.
The term FORENSIC; related to CRIMNALISTICS,
encompasses almost all field of science, including
anthropology, biology, chemistry, engineering, genetics,
medicine, pathology, physics, odontology, etymology,
entomology and toxicology to aid criminal justice
administration.
The term ‘Forensic’ is derived from the Latin word ‘forensis’
which means belonging to courts of justice or to public
discussion and debate.
‘Forensic science’ would, therefore, mean the science
which is used in the courts of justice.
It can be defined more broadly as that scientific discipline
which is directed to the recognition, identification,
individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence by
the application of the principles and methods of natural
science for the purpose of administration of criminal
justice.
Forensic scientists collect, preserve, and analyze
scientific evidence during the course of an investigation.
While some forensic scientists travel to the scene of the
crime to collect the evidence themselves, others occupy a
laboratory role, performing analysis on objects brought to
them by other individuals.
In addition to their laboratory role, forensic scientists
testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases
and can work for either the prosecution or the defense.
While any field could technically be forensic, certain
sections have developed over time to encompass the
majority of forensically related cases.
Though its origin is basically found to be from ancient of
EGIPCIAN civilization ; evaluating and developing
afterwards with due respect to works of Mathieu J.B. Orfila
; Alphonse Bertillon ; Francis Galton ; Hans Gross ; Edmond
Locard ; Karl Landsteiner ; Calvin Goddard ; Albert Osborn ;
Part: - 2
Summary of: - National conference

→ Detailed lectures of various expertise and scholars of

different field.
→ Interaction of students of B.T.I.E. College, Nagpur
students and Jhansi students with guests.
→ Continue lectures with time to time break for
refreshments and lunch.
→ Lectures of:-
* Mr. D.C. Sagar (IPS) PHQ Bhopal

* Dr. Harsh Sharma (Director) FSL, Sagar

* Dr. N.P. Waghmare (Director) FSL, Goa

* Dr. Adarsh Kumar (AIIMS) Delhi

* Dr. R.K. Sareen (Director) FSL, Aandrapradesh

* Dr. Ranjeet Singh (Director) SIFS, Delhi

* Dr. Aruna Mishra (SFSL), Delhi

* Miss Khushboo Jha FICS, Delhi

* Dr. Anil Singh (SFSL), Sagar

* Dr. Raj Shrivastav (SFSL), Sagar

* Dr. Prashant Bhatt (SFSL), Sagar

 Mr. D.C. Sagar sir
A.D.G.P Technical Services P.H.Q.
Bhopal

Lecture 1:- Role of DNA in Strengthening Conviction.

Highlighted points of the lecture: -
→ Technology helps us to prove that weather a crime is
committed and by whom.
→ connect with the victim and make ourselves as under that
condition at that time.
→ Lectured about Rarest of the Rare Cases (ROR) in which
punishment is compulsory;
 Dharam Deo Yadav v/s S/U.P. (appeal no. 369/2006)
 Machhi singh (1983) │ Bachan singh (1980)
→ Discussed Technical aspects of several cases like:
 Nirbhaya Case Delhi
 Chitrakot Case
 New Zealand Girl Case {solved by using mobile GPS location
; CCTV images of hotel; hotel details}
 Dr. N.P. Waghmare
Director FSL Goa

Lecture 2:- Emerging Trends in Forensic Ballistics and

Techniques.
Highlighted points of the lecture:-
→ Ballistic is the science that deals with the flight
behaviour of the projectile and its projecting instrument.
→ Trends of today ballistic cases are Honour killing,
Celebrity firing, encounters.
→ Positions of the gun.
→ How does it work.
→ Motion of projectile.
→ Ballistic evidence = shooters identification.
→ Explains fire mechanism.
→ GSR --> electric microscope.
→ Entry side of s bullet is smooth; exit side is rough.
→ Classification of firearm and firing projectile.
 Dr. Prashant Bhatt

Asst. Examiner Chemistry Department

SFSL, SAGAR
Lecture 3:- Forensic Toxicology
Highlighted points:-
→ History of poison as vishkanya, neelkanth, etc.
→ Paracelsus said nothing is poison only its dose will.
→ Explain about importance of dose {dva ka hadd se gujar
jana h jeher ho jana}
→ Bhopal gas tragedy (MIC).
→ Classification of poison as natural and artificial (on brief
acc.)
→ Detailed classification of poison [organic, inorganic,
acids, bases, plant, and animal]
→ Effects of quality and quantity of poison.
→ Various factors that affect the action of poison [age,
race, heath, consumption, allergies, atmosphere; etc]
→ Modes of administration of poison.
Skin -> ingestion ->> inhalation ->>> blood stream.
 Dr. Adarsh Kumar
AIIMS Delhi
Department of Forensic Medicine

& Toxicology

Lecture 4:- Role of forensic medicine.

Highlighted points:-
→ Medical aspects of law is forensic medicine or medical
jurisprudence.
→ To save a life is the most priority.
→ vertoxy = virtual autopsy or digital autopsy.
→ We can so much knowledge for skeletal like age, race,
sex, etc. sometimes the cause of death also, but our
traditional culture will not allow to open the craves or
doing post-mortem.
→ Cheiloscopy [ analysis of lip prints ]
→ Gama Hydroxyl Butyrate {GHB} = rape drug.
→ Collection, preservation and keen analysis of viscera.
 Dr. Aruna Mishra
Asst. Director Forensic Psychology Dept.
SFSL Delhi

Lecture 5:- The Role of Forensic Psychology in Crime

Prevention.
Highlighted points:-
→ Instrumental science used as
 Polygraph
 Brain mapping
 Neuron analysis
→ (p-300) = brain mapping test
→ NARCO ANALYSIS TEST – HORSELLY, 1992
→ “NEUROSCIENCE: MOTHER OF NARCO ANALYSIS TEST”
 NARCO TEST –
o The accused is presumed to be innocent.
o No person can be forced against witness itself : Article 22
o Serum : - Sodium Penthol or Sodium Amytal – 3g, Distilled
Water – 3000ml.
o Minors can’t go in Narco Test.
o Hypnotic State in which Test perform.
o Audio + Video + Government hospitality.
 Dr. Harsh Sharma
Director SFSL Sagar

“Silent Witness speak out

Loud at The crime scene”
Lecture 6:- Crime Scene Management.
Highlighted points:-
→ He has been faced more than 4000 cases till there
service course.
→ “Blood never says lie”!! “khoon bolta hai”
→ Science = organised common sense.
→ Lectured about various cases of crime scene
management.
→He focused on the facts and principle of keen
observation of the crime scene. Also made us familiar with
the cases like murder, theft, rape, etc. and their analysis
and conviction.
→ Specialised scientist in minor rape cases.
→ There is no if, no but only truth is the main principle of
Forensic Science.
→ “Vision is the art of seeing things clearly on the scene of
crime”
→ Reconstruction of crime scene, types of blood splatters,
modes of death, basic knowledge about what we are doing;
→ Every case has its KEY in its crime scene, weather we
can find it or ignore it.
→ We should have clear basics of what we are and what is
to be up to.
 Dr. Ranjeet Singh
CEO and co-founder of
Sherlock Institute of Forensic

Science {SIFS}
Lecture 7:- Cyber Forensic.

Points to be highlighted:-
→ “Prevention is better than cure”.
→ Described about cybercrime and cyber forensic.
→ Do not share your account details with anyone and on
any irrelevant website.
→ Do not access fake emails.
→ Some websites send emails with`` dear students ``.
→ Bank frauds, ATM frauds, ID hacking, Account hacking;
etc.
→ Shoulder surfing.
→ Do not save password in mobile phones.
→ Do not use DOB as password.
 Dr. R.K. Sareen
Director SFSL Andra pradesh

Lecture 8:- Forensic Chemistry

Points to be highlighted:-
→ Narcotics = sleep inducing drugs.
→ Classification of drugs.
→ Described about the chief categories of drugs.
→ Importance of TLC, HPLC, Gel Electrophoresis.
→ Heroin has no medicinal use.
→ Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substance; things that
has sleep-inducing properties is Drugs.
E.g: opium, latex, papaver somniferous linn, morphin,
charas, ganja, hashish, hashish oil etc.
→ NDPS Act :- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances
act, 1985, commonly referred to as the NDPS act, is an act of the
parliament of India that prohibits a person to produce /
manufacture / cultivate, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store,
and / or consume any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
 Dr. Raj Shrivastav
SFSL Sagar

Lecture 9:- Forensic Photo Facial Construction Analysis.

Highlighted points:-
→ Explains about what Biometrics and how it’s become
important is now-a-days.
→ Predefined landmarks on human face.
→ Iris details can help in identification.
→ All human faces have different symmetries.
→ Variations in faces [if they are twins or relatives]
→ Differentiates in identification of criminal when they are
twins.
→ By giving examples of frauds in AIPMT exams and in
many big examinations, another person attempts the exam
while the admission is of other alike ones.
→ Expertise are needed for methodology.
→ Automated soft wares are now available for instant
recognition and
identification.
→Image Analysis ---
 Digital Image
Analysis, Facial Identification (Biometric Analysis)
 Digital Image Enhancement, Digital Image
Extrapolation
 Printed Image Analysis, Facial Identification on
Documentation Photos
 Dr. Anil Singh
Director DNA section
SFSL Sagar
“The Technology of the Present and
Future”
Lecture 10:- DNA Fingerprinting.
Highlighted points:-
→ Starting with what is DNA and how its fingerprinting is
done.
→ Tow functions of DNA
 Heredity of information.
 Protein synthesis.
→ Various types of DNA >> chromosomal DNA,
mitochondrial DNA, serum DNA; etc.
→ Basically mitochondrial DNA is comes with
individualisations of mother’s side, but on the basis of new
researches, it can also come from patens side.
→ Like fingerprints, DNA fingerprinting also helps for
individual identification; many cases are solved by only
DNA.
 Miss Khushboo Jha
CEO. Forensic Investigations &
Consultancy services
{FICS}
Lecture 12:- Advancement in Documents Crime.
Highlighted points:-
→ Questioned document:-
 Section 3 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 defines Document as,
“Document” means any matter expressed or described upon
any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by
more than one of those means, intended to be used, or
which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter.

→ Corporate Fraud
 Types of Fraud: - 1. Financial
2. Misappropriation of Assets
3. Corruption
→ Banking Fraud
 Banks lost Rs 41,167 crore to fraud in 2017-18 : RBI
 Rs 7,951 crore fraud unfolds at State Bank of India
during Apr-Dec, key things you should know.
  Punjab National Bank hit by Rs 11,400-crore fraud:
Here’s what we know so
far.
→ Methods of Forgery
 Free hand forgery.
 Traced forgery.
 Forgery by memory.
 Forgery by Impersonation.
→ Printing Scanning &
Photocopy Examination
→ Recovery of latent text from “Thermal Paper”.
→ Advancement in crime method.
Conclusion of seminar: -
The Seminar that were organized in BTIE College with all credit
goes to the Principal Dr. Raju Tandan. Providing a stage to
interact with various expertise and with students of Jhansi,
Nagpur, and Indore.
The Seminar on the Science and Technology in Crime Prevention
has shown as that solving the crimes is not a solution to stop the
criminals but the rigorous punishment is also a must, but we all
should also work as to prevent the society from doing or
provoking the crime.
This workshop is not organized for getting the experience of the
expertise but also for the students who want to make a career in
this field of Forensic Science.
The Illustrations done by the forensic experts and Scientist is a
way more knowledgeable than the theory given in the forensic
books.
All the Lectures are somewhat extra knowledgeable which shows
as the practical point of view but Some Lectures has given a very
great impact on the students which were most appreciated by
the teachers, scholars, ex-students, and forensic students is the
lecture of Sir D C Sagar, Dr. Harsh Sharma.
The seminar organizers, faculty, guests, and the student’s sittings
with lots of patience and empty stomach, with silence.
This seminar turnout a great success for our college and students.
Part: - 3
Summary of visit: - explore of FSL with conducting visit of
different sections.
 General Section (The Case Receipt Unit)
 Ballistic
 Toxicology
 DNA Unit
 Chemistry
 Biology
 Serology
 Physics

With due respect to the case receiving unit it is not much

described so detailed; as information every case related file is
studied for further process to solving the case.
Ballistics is the field of mechanics that deals with the launching, flight,
behaviour, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets, unguided
bombs, rockets, or the like; the science or art of designing and
accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.
A ballistic body is a body with momentum which is free to move, subject
to forces, such as the pressure of gases in a gun or a propulsive nozzle,
by rifling in a barrel, by gravity, or by air drag.

Forensic Ballistics refers the application of ballistics as a science, for

criminal justice system; generally.

The process of examining the characteristics of firearms as well as

any cartridges or bullet left behind at a crime scene. Specialists in this
field are tasked with linking bullets and cartridges to weapons and
weapons to individuals. Obliterated serial numbers can be raised and
recorded in an attempt to find the registered owner of the weapon.
Examiners can also look for fingerprints on the weapon and cartridges,
and then viable prints can be processed through fingerprint databases for
a potential match.
By examining unique striations, or markings, left behind on the bullet as it
passes through the barrel and on the cartridge as it is hit by the firing pin,
individual spent rounds can be linked back to a specific weapon. Known
exemplars taken from a seized weapon can be directly compared to
samples recovered from the scene using a comparison microscope.
Striation images can also be uploaded to any existing national databases.
Furthermore, these markings can be compared to other images in an
attempt to link one weapon to multiple crime scenes. Like all forensic
specialties, forensic firearm examiners are subject to being called to
testify in court as expert witnesses.

On the basis of their individualities and classification they are identified.

 Firearms are briefly classified as: -

Automatic firearm semi-automatic

non-automatic
 Classification of cartridges
Shotgun Bullets
Parts = wads, propellants, lead balls or piece,
cushion, cases (metallic or paper), etc.

 Marks = firing pin, striation, ejector, breach face, riffling, etc.

Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology and
other disciplines such as analytical
chemistry, pharmacology and clinical
chemistry to aid medical or legal investigation of death,
poisoning, and drug use. The primary concern for forensic
toxicology is not the legal outcome of the toxicological
investigation or the technology utilized, but rather the
obtainment and interpretation of results. A toxicological analysis
can be done to various kinds of samples. A forensic
toxicologist must consider the context of an
investigation, in particular any physical symptoms
recorded, and any evidence collected at a crime
scene that may narrow the search, such as pill
bottles, powders, trace residue, and any available
chemicals. Provided with this information and samples with
which to work, the forensic toxicologist must determine which
toxic substances are present, in what concentrations, and the
probable effect of those chemicals on the person.
 Case study
 Poison
 Stupefying drug
 Chemical drug
 Viscera collection, preservation, analysis.
 Sulphas, dhatura, zinc phosphates.
Analysis, detection and identification of chemical
components and their composition.
Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its
subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can
assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime
scene. Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and
instruments to help identify unknown substances. These include high-
performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography. The range of
different methods is important due to the destructive nature of some
instruments and the number of possible unknown substances that can be
found at a scene. Forensic chemists prefer using non-destructive methods
first, to preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods
will produce the best results.

 Analytical instruments
 TLC
 HPLC
 GC
 ADU
 SPECTROMETER
 SPECTROPHOTOMETER
 GENERAL CASES
 Adultery, food products, oils, paints, inks, etc.
Gas chromatograph

ADU (automatic detection apparatus) HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule composed of two chains that
coil around each other to form a double helix carrying
the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning,
and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA
and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and
complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the
four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known
forms of life.
The two DNA strands are also known as polynucleotides as they are
composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides. Each
nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-
containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A]
or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The
nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent
bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the
next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The
nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound
together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G),
with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA.
The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two
groups, pyrimidine and purine. In DNA, the pyrimidine are thymine and
cytosine; the purines are adenine and guanine.

 DNA profiling
 RFLP METHOD
 PCR method
 DNA fingerprinting
Forensic serology is the detection,
identification, classification, and
study of various bodily fluids such
as blood, semen, saliva, urine, breast
milk, vomit, faecal
matter and perspiration, and their relationship to a crime scene.
A forensic serologist may also be involved in DNA
analysis and bloodstain pattern analysis. Serology testing begins
with presumptive tests which gives the analyst an indication that
a specific bodily fluid may be present, but cannot completely
confirm its presence. Following the presumptive tests, are
the confirmatory tests that confirms what the unknown
substance actually is: -
 Blood Detection
 Semen Detection
 Saliva Detection
 Current Research: microRNA
 Electrophoresis ↓

Various analytical instruments

{thermal oven, heater, microscope
etc.}
Forensic biology is the application of biology to associate a
person(s), whether suspect or victim, to a location, an item (or
collection of items), another person (victim or suspect,
respectively). It can be utilized to further investigations for both
criminal and civil cases. Two of the most important factors to be
constantly considered throughout the collection, processing, and
analysis of evidence, are the maintenance of chain of custody as
well as contamination prevention, especially considering the
nature of the majority of biological evidence. Forensic biology is
incorporated into and is a significant aspect of numerous forensic
disciplines, some of which include forensic anthropology, forensic
entomology, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, and
forensic toxicology. When the phrase "forensic biology" is
utilized, it is often regarded as synonymous with DNA analysis of
biological evidence.
Anything which possess some physical properties [shape, size,
mass, volume, lustre etc.] termed as physical object; also any
evidence which is physical in nature is physical evidence.
Thus in this section criminalistics analysis of objects is done on
the basis of their physical properties.
 General cases
 Forgery, accidents, robbery, etc.
 Evidence in common: - glass, tools, tire marks, shoe print,
fingerprints, hair etc.
 Analytical instrument
 ESDA
 Density gradient column
 Microscopes
 Contour matching
ESDA >
Conclusion of visit: -
The visit of SFSL sagar brings the knowledge about the
working and functionality of forensic laboratory and their
correspondent sectors like the police headquarters, etc.
The legal procedure of handling a case and how
sophisticated is the DNA section.
The importance of handling, collection, packaging, and
transportation of evidence and their types.
Also how a scientists helped in solving a case, and brings
justice.

Sincerely thanks to

Dr. RAJU TANDAN

Principal (BTIE, Sagar)