PHARMACEUTICAL DRYING TECHNIQUES

 Bound water:It exert pressure less than pure water at same temperature.
 Unbound water:It exert equal pressure.These are present in voids.So in non
hygroscopic material all liquid is unbound water.
Substances having bound water also called hygroscopic material.
In hygroscopic material unbound water is excess of water than EMC.
 EMC(Equilibrium moisture content):Amount of water exert vapour pressure
equal to vapour pressure of surrounding.
 Non porous insoluble solid hav EMC equl to zero.
 For fibrous and colloidal organic materials have high EMC.
 Porous materials have high and variable EMC.
 At air of zero humidity all materials have EMC zero.
 As temperature of air increases EMC decreases.
 Free moisture content:Amount of water free to evaporate.
 FMC=total water-EMC
 At 100% relative humidity EMC is minimum moisture content.
 % Moisture content = Weight of water in sample / Weight of dry sample
 % Loss on drying (LOD) = Weight of water in sample / Weight of wet sample
 Drying rate:weight of water/time.weight of dry solid.

EQUIPMENTS
Tray dryer Drum Fluidized dryer Pneumatic dryer Vacuum dryer
dryer
Principle Forced Heated Hot air is passed Fluid to be dried Vacuum is applied,
convection hollow at high pressure atomized in fine pressure is lowered so that
heating to metal and granules are droplets and water boils at lower
remove the drum lifted from passed from temperature.
moisture dipped in bottom and moving stream
solution to suspended,this of hot gas to
be dried. condition called dried the fluid.
fluidized
state.The hot
gas dry the
granules.
Uses For sticky Solutions, For granules. Thermolabile,hy Thermolabile,hygroscopic
materials,past slury,susp groscopic or orwhen solvent is valuable or
es,, granular ension. chemically toxic.
mass,part of unstable
equipments. compound.
Some 1)batch 1)not 1)batch or 1)continuous 1)Batch process.
importan process. suitable continuous. type. 2)Danger of overheating
t points. 2)no attrition. for salts of 2)Attrition is 2)suitable for
less possible. drying of
solubility 3)Powder sterilized
develop charge product.
during drying.
4)PLUG FLOW
DRYER:variant
of it having
different
compartment for
fluidization.