ASSIGNMENT-2

A. Property manipulation of steels with variation in %C-Fracture Toughness vs. Yield

Strength.

1. Cast Iron

100
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50

20

10

10 20 50 100
Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)

2. High Carbon steel

100
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50

20

10

10 20 50 100 200
Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)
 3. Medium Carbon Steel
100
Carbon steel, AISI 1040, as rolled

80

Carbon steel, AISI 1340, tempered at 205°C & oil quenched

60
Fracture toughness (MPa.m^0.5)

40

20

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Yield strength (elastic limit) (MPa)

4. Low Carbon Steel

100
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50

20

10

10 20 50 100
Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)
5. Very Low Carbon Steels

100

80

60
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

40

20

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)

EXPLAINATION:
Fracture Toughness is a property which resists fracture propagation.
Yield strength is a measure of the stress that a metal can withstand before deformation and a
metal with higher yield strength can withstand higher stress values without yielding.
The value of fracture toughness and yield strength for a metal depends highly on the amount
of carbon content it carries. As the amount of carbon content increases in a metal it becomes
more brittle and less resistant to withstanding fracture propagation. Also with carbon content
strength and hardenability increases.
As the carbon content is high in Cast Iron it is brittle and shows low fracture toughness and
yielding strength and as we go to lower carbon content the resistance to fracture propagation
increases as the steel becomes ductile. In very low carbon steel the steel become very soft its
yielding again becomes low and the fracture toughness also decreases.
B. Property manipulation of steels through processing- Fracture Toughness Vs Yield
Strength.

1. High Carbon Steels

80

70

60

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, tempered at 205°C & oil quenched

Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50

40 Carbon steel, AISI 1080, normalized

Carbon steel, AISI 1080, annealed

30

20

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)

2. Medium Carbon Steels

80

70 Carbon steel, AISI 1030, normalized

60
Carbon steel, AISI 1030, tempered at 205°C & H2O quenched
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50

40

Carbon steel, AISI 1030, annealed

30

20

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)
3. Low Carbon Steels

80

Carbon steel, AISI 1015, normalized

70

60
Fracture toughness (ksi.in^0.5)

50

40

Carbon steel, AISI 1015, annealed

30

20

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Yield strength (elastic limit) (ksi)

EXPLAINATION:
Quenching is the process of cooling heated metal at a very faster rate, mostly used to produce
martensite (by avoiding austenite to pearlite+cementite transformation). By quenching steel,
it becomes highly brittle, hard but it can’t handle creep and impact loading. Quenching is
followed by tempering which soften the metal by releasing the stresses produced by rapid
cooling without sacrificing its hardness. Tempering increases ductility, reduces toughness
and improves life. From above graphs we can see that tempered steel have lower ductility,
higher yielding strength and less fracture toughness than annealed or normalized steel.
Annealing and normalizing offers reduced hardness, higher ductility but the metal becomes
tougher than before due to refined grains. The steel becomes machineable. Hence annealed
normalized steel have negligible higher fracture toughness but the yield strength is lower
than that of quenched or tempered steels.