Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.89
A diesel engine has an inlet at 95 kPa, 300 K and a compression ratio of 20:1. The
combustion releases 1300 kJ/kg. Find the temperature after combustion using cold
air properties.

Solution:
Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs.6.24-25
T2 = T1(v1 / v2)k-1 = 300 × 200.4 = 994.3 K
Combustion at constant P which is the maximum pressure
2w3 = P (v3 - v2)

2q3 = u3 - u2 + 2w3 = h3 - h2 = Cpo(T3 - T2)

T3 = T2 + 2q3 / Cpo = 994.3 + 1300 /1.004 = 2289 K

P T
3
2 3 P
s 2 4
s 4
v
1 v 1
s

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.90
A diesel engine has a state before compression of 95 kPa, 290 K, and a peak
pressure of 6000 kPa, a maximum temperature of 2400 K. Find the volumetric
compression ratio and the thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Standard Diesel cycle and we will use cold air properties.
Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs.6.24-25:
k
(P2/P1) = (v1/v2) = CR1.4
1/k 1/1.4
CR = v1/v2 = (P2/P1) = (6000/95) = 19.32
k-1/k 0.2857
T2 = T1(P2/P1) = 290 × (6000/95) = 947.9 K
Combustion and expansion volumes
v3 = v2 × T3/T2 = v1 T3/(T2 × CR) ; v4 = v1
Expansion process, isentropic from Eq.6.23
k-1 k-1
T4 = T3 (v3/v4) = T3 [T3/ (CR × T2)]
0.4
= 2400 K × [ 2400/(19.32 × 947.9) ] = 1064.6 K
Efficiency from Eq.10.13
1 T4 - T1 1 1064.6 – 290
η = 1 – k T - T = 1 – 1.4 2400 – 947.9 = 0.619
3 2

P T

2 3 3
s P
4
2
s 4
v
1 v 1
s

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.91
Find the cycle efficiency and mean effective pressure for the cycle in Problem
10.89

Solution:
Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs.6.24-25
T2 = T1(v1 / v2)k-1 = 300 × 200.4 = 994.3 K
Combustion at constant P which is the maximum pressure
2w3 = P (v3 - v2)

2q3 = u3 - u2 + 2w3 = h3 - h2 = Cpo(T3 - T2)

T3 = T2 + 2q3 / Cpo = 994.3 + 1300 /1.004 = 2289 K

Combustion and expansion volumes

v3 = v2 × T3/T2 = v1 T3/(T2 × CR) ; v4 = v1
Expansion process, isentropic from Eq.6.23
k-1 k-1
T4 = T3 (v3/v4) = T3 [T3/ (CR × T2)]
0.4
= 2289 × [ 2289/(20 × 994.3) ] = 964 K
Efficiency from Eq.10.13
1 T4 - T1 1 964 – 300
η = 1 – k T - T = 1 – 1.4 2289 – 994.3 = 0.634
3 2

wnet = η qH = 0.634 × 1300 = 824.2 kJ/kg

v1 = RT1/P1 = 0.9063 m3/kg

wnet wnet
Pmeff = v =
max – vmin v1 – v1/CR
824.2 kJ/kg
= 0.9063 (1 – 1/20) = 957 kPa
m3/kg

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.92
The cut off ratio is the ratio of v3/v2, see Fig. 10.18, which is the expansion while
combustion occurs at constant pressure. Determine this ratio for the cycle in
Problem 10.89.
Solution:
Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs.6.24-25
T2 = T1(v1 / v2)k-1 = 300 × 200.4 = 994.3 K
Combustion at constant P2 = P3 which is the maximum pressure
2w3 = P (v3 - v2)
2q3 = u3 - u2 + 2w3 = h3 - h2 = Cpo(T3 - T2)
T3 = T2 + 2q3 / Cpo = 994.3 + 1300 /1.004 = 2289 K
Cut-off ratio: v3 / v2 = T3 /T2 = 2289 / 994.3 = 2.302

P T
3
2 3 P
s 2 4
s 4
v
1 v 1
s

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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.93
A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 20:1 with an inlet of 95 kPa, 290 K,
state 1, with volume 0.5 L. The maximum cycle temperature is 1800 K. Find the
maximum pressure, the net specific work, the cut off ratio, see problem 10.92, and
the thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs. 6.24-25
T2 = T1(v1 / v2)k-1 = 290 × 200.4 = 961 K
P2 = 95 × (20) 1.4 = 6297.5 kPa ;
v2 = v1/20 = RT1/(20 P1) = 0.043805 m3/kg
-1w2 = u2 - u1 ≈ Cvo( T2 - T1) = 0.717 (961 - 290) = 481.1 kJ/kg
Combustion at constant P which is the maximum pressure
P3 = P2 = 6298 kPa ;
v3 = v2 T3 /T2 = 0.043805 × 1800/961 = 0.08205 m3/kg
Cut-off ratio: v3 / v2 = T3 /T2 = 1800 / 961 = 1.873
2w3 = P (v3 - v2) = 6298 × (0.08215 - 0.043805) = 241.5 kJ/kg
2q3 = u3 - u2 + 2w3 = h3 - h2 = Cpo(T3 - T2)
= 1.004(1800 - 961) = 842.4 kJ/kg
Expansion process (isentropic) from Eq.6.24
T4 = T3( v3 / v4)0.4 = 1800 (0.08205 / 0.8761) 0.4 = 698 K
3w4 = u3 - u4 ≈ Cvo(T3 - T4) = 0.717 (1800 - 698) = 790.1 kJ/kg
Cycle net work and efficiency
wnet = 2w3 + 3w4 + 1w2 = 241.5 + 790.1 - 481.1 = 550.5 kJ/kg
η = wnet / qH = 550.5/ 842.4 = 0.653

P T
3
2 3 P
s 2 4
s 4
v
1 v 1
s

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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.94
A diesel engine has a bore of 0.1 m, a stroke of 0.11 m and a compression ratio of
19:1 running at 2000 RPM (revolutions per minute). Each cycle takes two
revolutions and has a mean effective pressure of 1400 kPa. With a total of 6
cylinders find the engine power in kW and horsepower, hp.
Solution:
Work from mean effective pressure, Eq.10.9.
wnet
Pmeff = v => wnet = Pmeff (vmax - vmin)
max – vmin
The displacement is
∆V = πBore2 × 0.25 × S = π × 0.12 × 0.25 × 0.11 = 0.000864 m3
Work per cylinder per power stroke, Eq.10.10
W = Pmeff(Vmax - Vmin) = 1400 × 0.000864 kPa m3 = 1.2096 kJ/cycle
Only every second revolution has a power stroke so we can find the power, see
also Eq.10.11
.
W = W × Ncyl × RPM × 0.5 (cycles / min)×(min / 60 s)×(kJ / cycle)
= 1.2096 × 6 × 2000 × 0.5 × (1/60) = 121 kW = 162 hp

The conversion factor from kW to hp is from Table A.1 under power.

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.95
A super charger is used for a two stroke 10 L diesel engine so intake is 200 kPa,
320 K and the cycle has compression ratio of 18:1 and mean effective pressure of
830 kPa. The engine is 10 L running at 200 RPM find the power output.

Solution:
The power is from Eq.10.11
.
W = m wnet × Ncyl × RPM × 1/60
= m Pmeff (v1 – v2) × Ncyl × RPM/60 = Pmeff Vdispl RPM/60
= 830 kPa × 0.010 m3 × 200 (rev/min) / 60 (s/min) = 27.7 kW

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.97
At the beginning of compression in a diesel cycle T = 300 K, P = 200 kPa and
after combustion (heat addition) is complete T = 1500 K and P = 7.0 MPa. Find
the compression ratio, the thermal efficiency and the mean effective pressure.
Solution:
Standard Diesel cycle. See P-v and T-s diagrams for state numbers.
Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs.6.24-8.25
P2 = P3 = 7000 kPa => v1 / v2 = (P2/P1)1/ k = (7000 / 200)0.7143 = 12.67
T2 = T1(P2 / P1)(k-1) / k = 300 K (7000 / 200) 0.2857= 828.4 K
Expansion process (isentropic) first get the volume ratios
v3 / v2 = T3 / T2 = 1500 / 828.4 = 1.81
v4 / v3 = v1 / v3 = (v1 / v2)( v2 / v3) = 12.67 / 1.81 = 7
The exhaust temperature follows from Eq.6.24
T4 = T3(v3 / v4)k-1 = 1500 K (1 / 7) 0.4 = 688.7 K
qL = Cvo(T4 - T1) = 0.717 kJ/kg-K (688.7 - 300) K = 278.5 kJ/kg
qH = h3 - h2 ≈ Cpo(T3 - T2) = 1.004 kJ/kg-K (1500 - 828.4) K = 674 kJ/kg
Overall performance
η = 1 - qL / qH = 1- 278.5 / 674 = 0.587
wnet = qnet = qH - qL = 674 - 278.5 = 395.5 kJ/kg
vmax = v1 = R T1 / P1 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K ×300 K/ 200 kPa = 0.4305 m3/kg
vmin = vmax / (v1 / v2) = 0.4305 / 12.67 = 0.034 m3/kg
wnet
Pmeff = v = 395.5 / (0.4305 - 0.034) = 997 kPa
max – vmin

P T
3
2 3 P
s 2 4
s 4
v
1 v 1
s

Remark: This is a too low compression ratio for a practical diesel cycle.

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 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.99
A diesel engine has air before compression at 280 K, 85 kPa. The highest
temperature is 2200 K and the highest pressure is 6 MPa. Find the volumetric
compression ratio and the mean effective pressure using cold air properties at 300
K.
Solution:
k k
Compression (P2/P1) = (v1/v2) = CR
1/k 1/1.4
CR = v1/v2 = (P2/P1) = (6000/85) = 20.92
k-1/k 0.2857
T2 = T1(P2/P1) = 280 × (6000/85) = 944.8 K
Combustion. Highest temperature is after combustion.
h2 = CP(T3 –T 2) = 1.004 kJ/kg-K (2200 – 944.8) K = 1260.2 kJ/kg
Expansion (v4 = CR × v2 and P2 = P3)
k-1 k-1 k-1
T4 = T3 (v3/v4) = T3 [v3 / (CR × v2)] = T3 [ T3/ (CR × T2) ]
0.4
= 2200 K × (2200/20.92 × 944.8) = 914.2 K
qL = u4 - u1 = CV( T4 - T1) = 0.717 kJ/kg-K (914.2 – 280) K = 454.7 kJ/kg
v1 = RT1/P1 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K × 280 K/85 kPa = 0.9454 m3/kg
Displacement and mep from net work
v1 - v2 = v1- v1/CR = v1[1 – (1/CR)] = 0.9002 m3/kg
Pmeff = wnet/(v1 – v2) = (qH - qL)/( v1 - v2)
= (1260.2 – 454.7)/0.9002 = 894.8 kPa

P T

2 3 3
s P
4
2
s 4
v
1 v 1
s

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testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 Borgnakke and Sonntag

10.100
Consider an ideal air-standard diesel cycle in which the state before the
compression process is 95 kPa, 290 K, and the compression ratio is 20. Find the
thermal efficiency for a maximum temperature of 2000 K
Solution:
Diesel cycle: P1 = 95 kPa, T1 = 290 K, CR = v1/v2 = 20,

v1 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K × 290 K/95 kPa = 0.8761 m3/kg = v4 = CR v2,

Compression process (isentropic) from Eqs.6.24-25
T2 = T1(v1 / v2)k-1 = 290 K × 200.4 = 961.2 K
Combustion at constant P which is the maximum pressure
0.8761 2000
v3 = v2 T3 /T2 = 20 m3/kg × 961.2 = 0.09115 m3/kg

Expansion process (isentropic) from Eq.6.24

T4 = T3( v3 / v4)0.4 = 2000 K (0.09115 / 0.8761) 0.4 = 808.9 K
Cycle net work and efficiency
T4 - T1 808.9 - 290
ηTH = 1 - k(T - T ) = 1 - 1.4 (2000 - 961.2) = 0.643
3 2

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