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Fixing Technology
- Attachment (Birdhouse)
- Fixing element (Screw/Plug/Anchor) and
- Substrate/building material (tree trunk/anchorage)
must fit to each other
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Fixing Technology
Selection of anchors
General Issue:
If Anchorages,
„the failure of which would comprise the stability of works, cause risk to
human life and / or lead to conciderable economic consequences “,
then anchors have to be used, which have an approval / assessment for those applications.
ETAG 001, Annex C, or MBO § 3
... in masonry
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Fixing Technology
Approvals/Assessments
SXRL 8, 10 und 14
First question:
We need a satisfied
customer!
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Fixing Technology
Examples
for not satisfied customers
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Fixing Technology
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Fixing Technology
5) Design of anchors
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Fixing Technology
5) Design of anchors
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Fixing Technology
Concrete
is a material containing cement
Masonry
is a composite material made from
stones and mortar
Board elements
are thin-walled plates
made from plasterboard, hard fibres,
plywood etc.
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Fixing Technology
Substrate
Load decreasing
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Fixing Technology
Concrete
Cristal-Needles
in Concrete
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Fixing Technology
Concrete
Standard strength
42
35
28
21
Don’t install an anchor in ETA is valid
14
young concrete from here
7
0
1 8 15 22
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Concrete
Compressive strength
one of the most important properties of concrete!
Test method acc. EC after 28 days either on:
Cylinder or cube
Edge length:
Height: 15 cm
30 cm
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Concrete
C35/45
f ck,cube [N/mm²]
C40/50
C50/60
f ck,cyl [N/mm²]
C 60 / 75 high-strength concrete
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Cracked Concrete
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Fixing Technology
Changing or moving
loads lead to changing
forces and bending
moments
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
First conclusions
Cracks can occur at any time during the lifetime, even after
several years
Changing loads can influence and change the course and the
position of cracks during the building’s life.
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Uncracked concrete
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
9,5 kN
6,2 kN
e. g. FAZ II M10
Theoretical curves
Load displacement curve of
force-controlled anchors M12
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Theoretical expected
curves Load displacement curve of
force-controlled anchors M12
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Cracked concrete
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
• steel break
• pull-out failure
• Member splitting
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Fixing Technology
Masonry
Characteristics:
1)Significantly lower strength than concrete
and therefore more influence on the load
– different compressive strengths
– joints
– cavities in bricks
– temperature
– humidity
– load/burden
– plaster
– …
low loads
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Masonry
Characteristics
2)Significantly larger distances than in concrete
– edge distance
– spacing
depending on the size of the brick
pullout of a brick
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Masonry
Fixing Systems
e. g. FIS V
(a chemical composite anchor for masonry)
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
aerated concrete
(= solid bricks/blocks with air inclusions)
High insulation effect
→low compressive strength due to
many air inclusions
→low loads
→special anchors, e.g. FIS V
aerated concrete
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Masonry
SXS
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
Masonry
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
thin-walled materials,
often with very low strength
no safety-relevant fixings
Plasterboards
Rigips, Knauf, Norgips, Giproc, …
Gypsum fiberboards
Fermacell, Vidiwall, …
Wood panels
Chipboard, OSB, plywood, …
Other
Plastic sheeting, sheet metal,
fiberboards, wallboards, MDF, …
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
DUOTEC
GK
KDH
GK
Green
HM PD
GKM
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1) Substrate
Fixing Technology
5) Design of anchors
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Fixing Technology
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Fixing Technology
SXRL
with approval / assessment for
safety relevant applications
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
2. Steel anchors
FAZ II
with approval / assessment for
safety relevant applications
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Raw Loads:
Melting- UV-
Material material after
point stability after years
costs installation
Polyamid 100 % ca. 220 °C Yes 100 % 100 %
(Nylon)
Polyethylen 50 % 25 %
30 % ca. 110 °C No (losses of
(material is softer)
plasticisers)
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Product features
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Product features
• Anchor doesn’t
have a rim
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
- galvanized (gvz)
Corrosion resistance classes in compliance with stainless steel approval*:
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Steel 5.8
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
360 S:
360 ml Shuttle cartridge
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
static mixer
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Static mixer
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Resin
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Hollow drilling
• Special drill with hollow core; connected to a vacuum cleaner
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Drill bit
Twist drill:
conventional "fixing drill"
also with centering point (pointer), which
facilitates point-accurate drilling
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Drill bit
Refer to:
German Institute for Structural Engineering (2002):
"Information sheet on the characteristic values,
requirements and tests of wall drills with carbide
cutters used for the production of drill holes for
anchoring fasteners"
d1
Mark of
conformity
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Rotary drilling
Drill pictures
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Drill pictures
- SDS-Plus bit
SDS (developed by Bosch)
Special Direct System
- SDS-Max bit
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Drill pictures
- SDS-Plus bit
- SDS-Max bit
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
1) Hit of Reinforcement
< 50 mm 50 mm
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
hef,1 hef
hef,2
2*hef
hef,2 2*hef,1
Pre-stressing and stressing of the anchors only after complete hardening of the mortar
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
h < ¼hef
hef
h ¼hef
1xd0
3xd0
Pre-stressing and stressing of the anchors only after complete hardening of the mortar
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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Fixing Technology
hef tfix
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Anchoring depth
hef
hnom hef
h1: drill hole depth
hnom
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Anchoring depth
The deeper an anchor is placed, the higher is its load bearing capacity
Example:
Bolt anchor FAZ II
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Anchoring depth
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
tfix Statement:
non-bearing layers (e. g. plaster layers) count as part of the useable length!
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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Fixing Technology
s
h
c
Nzul
s ≥ scr,N = 3 hef Nzul
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Simultaneous selection
of smin and cmin is possible N = 3 kN
in some anchor systems N = 3 kN
(e.g. bonded systems)
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
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Fixing Technology
Installation types
Pre-positioned installation
Push-through installation
Stand-off installation
The bending moment of the
anchor must be considered
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Installation types
Pre-positioned installation
The anchor
• is installed before the installation of
the fixture
• is flush with the concrete surface or
sits deeper
Duopower SX
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Installation types
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Installation types
Installation types
Assessment ETA-07/0121:
" The anchor is properly anchored if, after the screw has been fully
screwed in, the anchor sleeve does not turn or it is not possible to slightly
turn the screw more."
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Installation types
FAZ II
e
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
Installation types
Stand-off installation
• Occurrence of bending moments
which affect the anchor adversely
• Additional washers + nuts are required
• Installation
- Step 1: Installation according to ETA
- Step 2: Fasten the attachment on both sides with a nut
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2) Installation and Function
Fixing Technology
5) Structural design
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Fixing Technology
Loads
Loads are
- Forces that occur during installation
- Loads that occur later due to external influences
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3) Type and Direction of Loads
Fixing Technology
N
N
R
Tension Combined tension V
and shear load
V V
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3) Type and Direction of Loads
Fixing Technology
V: Vertical Force
M l V= 2 kN
l= 0,1 m
M= 0,2 kNm
V
The unit of force is kiloNewton-meters [kNm]
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3) Type and Direction of Loads
Fixing Technology
N = ?? kg
F = 80 kg
e1 = 1 m e2 = 0,1 m
F * e1 = N * e2
1
e2 0,1 m
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3) Type and Direction of Loads
Fixing Technology
Load types
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3) Type and Direction of Loads
Fixing Technology
Load types
Dynamic loads
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3) Type and Direction of Loads
Fixing Technology
5) Design of anchors
Friction locking
Through distance- or
torque-controlled spreading
Form locking
Fixing geometry matches
the shape of the substrate
Adhesive bond
A mortar binds the fixing
with the anchor base
Expansioncone
Expansionsleeve
Anchor rod
Friction resistance moves out
Form locking
Threaded flanks
Adhesive bond
• Mortar binds the anchor to the anchoring base
• Load transfer: Shear forces along the circumference
• 2 “contact zones”: Anchor/mortar and mortar/concrete
Apply torque
• Steel failure
Cause:
Anchoring or steel strength is too low for
suspended loads
How to prevent?
• Use a steel part with a larger diameter
• Choose another steel grade (quality
class)
Cause:
Failure of friction or material connection
due to excessive load or wrong installation
How to prevent?
By correctly installing the anchor as per
instructions on the package, e.g.
• cleaning the drill hole
• applying the correct pre-tension using a
torque wrench
Cause:
The substrate is not strong enough
3 hef (too low structural strength)
How to prevent?
hef • increasing the material resistance has
a positive effect:
e. g. C20/25 to C50/60
• Increasing anchoring depth hef
• Choose the edge distance and
spacing as large as possible
Concrete
s
c1 c2
5) Design of anchors
The balance
S d Rd
Sum of external stress
(loads) on the anchor, such as wind,
snow, dead load, ...
The anchor’s
resistance
The balance
S d Rd
Sum of external stress
(action loads) on the anchor,
such as wind, snow, ...
The anchor’s
resistance
Engineer Anchor
producer
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5) Design
Fixing Technology
Calculation methods
Rd
• ETAG 001, Annex C: steel anchors in concrete
Sd Rd
Force
Sk * gF = Sd R d * gF = R k
Sd Rd
Wind, snow, F
ice, dead load,
Sk * g F = S d
...
Static
calculation
gM = 1,5 * 1,0 (high) = 1,5 (formerly: 1,8)
gM = 1,35 (dead load) 1,4 1,2 (medium) = 1.8 (formerly: 2,16)
1,5 (live load) 1,4 (low) = 2.16 (formerly: 2,52)
Installation safety factor
n NSd = NRd
. gL : gM
Load
NRd NRk
max. NSd
max. NSk
Nperm
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5) Design
Fixing Technology
N Rk
zul .N
gL gM
Anchor with
“regular” scattering
:(gL . gM)
N Rk Anchor with
zul .N low variance
gL gM
Anchor with
:(gL . gM) “standard“ variance
:(gL . gM)
Anchor with a
:(gL . gM) large variance
Types of resistance
Definitions
Rk
Characteristic resistance "Rk" (5%-fractils)
divided by gM: Rk
Rd
Design value of resistance "Rd" gM
divided by gF: NRk R
zul.N
Nperm d
Safe design load g L g M g L
permissible load (according to approval)
recommended load (according to manufacturer’s tests)
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5) Design
Fixing Technology
Nrec = Ru/gglobal