EEE 1 Meeting 2

Circuit Elements
KCL, KVL
Circuit Simplification
 Electric Circuit

An interconnec*on of electric elements through

which current is made to flow. A circuit is intended to
perform a specified func*on.

(Electrons flow back to their ini*al posi*on when
allowed to move through the circuit elements.)
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 Circuit Elements

Two Basic Types of Elements

1.  Passive element – always consumes power
ix
Passive Element x

+ vx –

2.  Ac*ve element – capable of delivering power

iy
Active Element y

+ vy –

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 Resistance
v
•  RESISTOR – passive circuit
element whose voltage across
R
it is directly propor*onal to
the current through it
i
v = i・R : Ohm’s Law
i
•  R – resistance +
•  Unit of measure: ohm (Ω) v R
•  Used to model energy −
dissipa*on in the form of heat circuit symbol
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 Resistance
Power dissipated:
P = VI = I2R = V2/R waQs (W)

Conductance:
G = 1/R mhos ( ) or siemens (S);
Ω Ω

I = GV amps (A)

Example: If R=100 Ω
1.  Find the voltage and power dissipated if the current
is 0.5A
2.  Find the current, conductance and power dissipated
if the voltage is 2V
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 Sources

•  Ac*ve Element
•  Independent Sources
•  Voltage Source
•  Current Source
•  Dependent Sources
•  Controlled Voltage Source
•  Voltage Controlled
•  Current Controlled
•  Controlled Current Source
•  Voltage Controlled
•  Current Controlled

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 Independent Voltage Source

•  Ac*ve circuit element

•  Voltage independent of current passing through it
•  Current depends only on what is connected to it
v

Vs +
VS IS VS IS
i
Independent DC Voltage Source −
v

+
t VS IS

Independent AC Voltage Source

−
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 Independent Current Source

•  Ac*ve circuit element

•  Current supplied independent of voltage across it
•  Voltage depends only on what is connected to it
i
+
Is VS IS
v −
Independent DC Current Source
i
+
t vS iS
−
Independent AC Current Source
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 Valid or Invalid Circuits?

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 Dependent (Controlled) Sources

•  The source quan*ty (voltage or current) is

determined by a voltage or current exis*ng in
some other part of the circuit

Voltage is controlling Current is controlling

quan7ty. quan7ty.
Voltage-Controlled Current-Controlled
Voltage
Voltage Source Voltage Source
Source
(VCVS) (CCVS)
Voltage-Controlled Current-Controlled
Current Current Source
Current Source
Source
(VCCS) (CCCS)

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 + + +
Vx k1Vx Vx k2Vx
− −
−

VCVS VCCS

Ix + k3Ix Ix k4Ix
−

CCVS CCCS

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 Valid or Invalid Circuits?

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 Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)

•  The algebraic sum of all currents directed away

from a node is zero
•  Based on the law of conserva*on of charge
•  Node: Point of interconnec*on between two or
more elements

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 KCL
∑ currents entering = ∑ currents leaving

i2
i2 + i3 = i1 + i4
i1 i3
i4

Same current throughout a branch

i1 i1

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 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

•  The algebraic sum of the voltage drops taken in a

specified direc*on around a closed path is zero
•  Based on the law of conserva*on of energy
•  The closed path is called a loop or mesh
•  Path which starts and ends at the same node
without passing through any intermediate node
more than once

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 KVL

∑ Voltage source = ∑ Voltage drops in a loop

+ V1 −
+ +
VS V2
− −
+ V3 −

VS = V1 + V2 + V3

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 Single Loop Circuit

•  Use KVL to solve for the system response

•  Know quan**es as usually the sources and
resistances

R1

+
VS I R2
−

R3

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 Single Loop Circuit

•  Using KVL: -Vs + VR1 + VR2 + VR3 = 0

•  Note the voltage drops across the resistors
•  If Vs = 10V, R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 5Ω, R3 = 1Ω, what is the
current I?
•  Use Ohm’s Law and subs*tute values into the KVL
equa*on. Note we have only one current passing
through all the components.

-10 + I(2Ω) + I(5Ω) + I(1Ω) = 0

I = 10 / 8Ω
I = 1.25 A
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 Single Node Circuit

•  Actually 2 nodes but one node is considered a

reference node
•  Use KCL to solve for the system response
•  Known quan**es usually the sources and
resistances
A

+
I1 I2 I3
IS V=VAB
R1 R2 R3
−
B
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 Single Node Circuit

•  Using KCL at node A: IS = I1 + I2 + I3

•  If IS =10 A, R1=2Ω, R2=5Ω, R3=1Ω, what is the
voltage across nodes A and B?
•  Use Ohm’s Law and subs*tute values into the KCL
equa*on. Note, there is only one voltage across all
resistors

10 A = V/2 + V/5 + V/1

V = 5.88 V

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 Circuit Simplification

•  Used to simplify circuit analysis

•  Performed when interested in few unknows in the
circuit
•  Technique is to simplify the circuit while
preserving the unknown quan*ty to be
determined
•  2 techniques to be ini*ally presented
•  Resistance combina*ons
•  Source combina*ons

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 Resistances in Series
R1 R2 …… RN Req

+ v1 − + v2 − + vN − + V −
i + i

V V

Applying KVL:
V = v1 + v2 + ….. + vN
V = R1i + R2i +….. + RNi
V = (R1 + R2 +….. + RN)i = Reqi
Therefore: Req = R1 + R2 +….. + RN
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 Resistances in Parallel

+ i1 i2 iN +
i i
V R1 R2 RN V Req
− −

Applying KCL:
i = i1 + i2 + ….. + iN
i = V/R1 + V/R2 + … + V/R3
i = V(1/R1 + 1/R2 … + 1/RN) = V/Req
Therefore: 1/Req = (1/R1 + 1/R2 +… + 1/RN)
or Req = 1 / [1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/RN)]

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 Sources in Series

Voltage Sources: vab = v1 − v2 + ….. + vN

a b

+ v1 − − v2 + + vN −

Current Sources: Valid only if i1= i2= … = iN= iAB

a b

i1 i2 iN

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 Sources in Parallel
Voltage Sources: Valid only if v1 = v2 = … = vN

+ + + +
v1 v2 v3 …vN
− − − −

Current Sources: i = i1 + i2 – i3

i1 i2 i3 i

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End