Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
OF STAGNANT WATER
A PROJECT STUDY
Presented to the
College of Engineering
In Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Course
By:
March 2019
i
Republic of the Philippines
WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
APPROVAL SHEET
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Accepted and Approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researchers would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our
instructor, Dr. Corazon C. Corbal, for her exemplary guidance and constant encouragement
We also express our heartfelt thanks to our family especially our parents who always
believe in us. This study wouldn’t have been a success if not for their assistance, understanding,
encouragement and for being an inspiration that made us push through this project.
To the Sales Family, who are very welcoming and accommodating when we needed a place
where we could gather to work on our research paper, we are grateful to them. If not for their
To everyone who in one way or another made this study a successful one, we may not be
able to mention each of them individually, we express our earnest thanks to all of them.
Above all, the researchers would like to praise and thank God for the guidance and wisdom
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ABSTRACT
The development of porous concrete, for example a pervious concrete blocks, mainly
focuses on increasing the porosity than the strength due to many advantages can be gained when
having higher porosity. Consideration to the environmental problem has been a concern recently,
therefore utilization of a construction material such as a pervious concrete blocks has been
spreading widely. The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of pervious concrete blocks
in reducing the depth of stagnant water caused by precipitation. Its specific objective is to develop
a mixture of pervious concrete blocks capable enough to absorb run off water. These concrete
blocks are made up of water, coarse aggregate and cement only. In this way, the pervious concrete
blocks prevent rainwater from being stagnant and contributes in other environmental issues. The
procedure is to mix up a proportion of water, coarse aggregates and cement and mold it to a desired
size capable of percolating rainwater through it. One purpose of this study is to provide an
alternative solution for flooding and stagnant water along areas such as sidewalk, light traffic roads
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete
flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly
through, thereby reducing the run off from a site and allowing groundwater recharge
(WIKIPEDIA).
Typically, pervious concrete has little or no fine aggregate and has just enough
cementitious paste to coat the coarse aggregate particles while preserving the interconnectivity of
the voids. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,
concrete, mainly consists of normal Portland cement, coarse aggregate, and water. In normal
concrete the fine aggregates typically falls in the voids between the coarse aggregates. In pervious
concrete one aggregate is non-existent or present in very small amounts (<10% by weight of the
total aggregate). Also, there is insufficient paste to ll % the remaining voids, so pervious concrete
has a porosity anywhere from 15 to 35% but most frequently about 20%. Aggregate grading used
in pervious concrete are typically either single-sized coarse aggregate or grading 3/4 and 3/8 in
(between 19 and 9.5 mm). A wide aggregate grading is to be avoided as that will reduce the void
content of the pervious concrete. Pervious concrete can be made without chemical admixtures but
it is not uncommon to and several types of chemical admixtures added to impudence the
performance favorably. Since pervious concrete has a low workability, it is important to maintain
it to provide sufficient working time at the jobsite. Therefore, retarding admixtures or hydration
2
stabilizing admixtures are useful. Viscosity enhancing agents are also beneficial as they can help
add more water without causing paste d rain down and hence can improve workability.
Pervious concrete has slowly entered its way to the construction industry. Over the past
years, industries have become aware of its impact and environmental benefits after being
constructed. After seeing and evaluating its effects, more and more construction firms have
developed and practiced the utilization of pervious concrete for traffic roads as well as areas that
Why build pervious concrete pavement? Primarily, the adoption of pervious concrete for
road construction and any other related structure is to reduce runoff water in any given site. It has
helped minimize the level or depth of stagnant water in roads and in parking lots. In addition,
pervious concrete pavements can make traffic roads less slippery during rainy season because of
Although pervious concrete pavement usually has lesser strength but it has been proven
effective in reducing the depth of stagnant water. Moreover, it contributes to a sustainable water
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to test the effectiveness of pervious concrete blocks in reducing the depth
of stagnant water.
1. develop a PCB mix that can absorb stagnant water in concrete pavement
3. assess the PCB mixes and compare which mixture is the most effective
4
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Some terminologies that are going to be frequently used are listed below for the better
Cement- is one of the most important building materials, is a binding agent that sets and hardens
Coarse aggregate- is the portion of the concrete which is made up of the larger stones embedded
in the mix.
Concrete blocks- in its most basic form, is a concrete made from cement, aggregate, sand, water
Effectiveness- the degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted
Infiltration- is a measure of the rate at which a particular material is able to absorb rain water.
Permeability- the ability of a substance to allow another substance to pass through it, especially
the ability of the porous rocks, sediment, or soil to transmit fluid through pores and cracks.
Pervious Concrete- refers to a conventional type of concrete that has an ability to absorb water.
Porosity - is the open spaces between grains or trap in grains in a micro structure-the presence of
Rainfall data- refers to the arithmetically averaged total amount of precipitation recorded during
Run-off- is precipitation that did not get absorbed into the soil, or did not evaporate, in there for,
made its way from the ground surface into places that water collect.
Stagnant water- is standing water that has been seating without moving for a significant amount
of time.
Storm-water- is a surface water in abnormal quantity resulting from heavy falls of rain or snow.
This study directly involves the stagnant water in areas like sidewalks or walkways,
highways, parking areas etc. This study suggests an alternative solution to stagnant water by the
use of pervious concrete. The researchers will design a proportion of aggregates for a pervious
concrete blocks that will effectively reduce the depth of stagnant water. The researchers will
investigate the water absorbed through the use of porous concrete blocks. The data obtained during
the period of investigation will be utilized to measure the effectiveness of the designed concrete
blocks. In addition, this study does not necessarily focus on the compressive strength of the
pervious concrete blocks but solely on its ability to absorb water. Thus, it is only limited to the
1. The Community
The study will help the community in solving problems in or related to stagnant
2. The Researchers
This study will help the researchers to widen their knowledge in studying the
pervious concrete and testing its effectiveness in absorption and will help them
answer their questions and find the solutions regarding stagnant water in parking
areas.
This study will help the engineering industry in developing the traditional or
improve its effectiveness and provide convenience and safety to the public.
4. The Students
This study will help the students in their future researches and can be their
reference.
CHAPTER 2
RELATED LITERATURE
Pervious concrete (PC) has gained renewed interest in the past decade due to its positive
environmental impacts. Extensive research employing a variety of strategies has been conducted
to improve the overall performance of (PC). Numerous literature has been published. With the
advances in high performance pervious (HPPC), widespread application of this material has been
made possible. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice research and
application of PC. Emphasis has been laid on the pore system characterisation (PSC) and its
influence on the mechanical, hydraulic and acoustical properties of PC. Among the various
applications of PC, this reviews focuses on its application as a sustainable pavement construction
Pervious concrete is a Porous material, which is a mixture of cement, gravels, with water.
Since the nature of it is porous, it allows the water to percolate down from it. Its tendency to allow
water and air to pass through it, make it important in solving many environmental issues and
building issues. Pervious concrete can also be used in pedestrian walkways, greenhouse, residential
streets and parking area. It has great importance and application in sustainable construction and
low impact development techniques which is used by builders to maintain and protect water
this work is to improve compressive strength at which the strength achieves better permeability.
The design mix is prepared for M25 consisting of 53 grade cement. Two different size of coarse
aggregate which are passing through 25mm I.S. sieve size and retained on 16mm I.S. sieve as S.I.
and aggregates passing through 10mm and retained on 6mm Named as S2 were taken for this work
river sand and Robo sand were selected as fine aggregate and which ratio maintained as 0.35 in
all the cases. The design mix is develop with constant percentage of coarse aggregate and altering
the proportions of coarse aggregate with simultaneous addition of percentages of river sand and
Robo sand in the concrete. From the experimental results, it is found that the compressive strength
and permeability is satisfactory at adding of 5% Robo sand as a fine aggregate and combination of
80% S1 and 20% S2 as coarse aggregate in the Pervious concrete. (“Study on Strength
Porous concrete as one of concrete family have the same composition as conventional
concrete consisting of cement, water, and aggregate, with the exceptions that the fine aggregate
typically is reduced or even omitted entirely, and the size distribution of coarse aggregate is kept
narrow grading.
Recently, the raising for consideration to the environmental and sustainable management
are noticeable and promote on utilizing porous concrete, This concrete can be a successful means
having a lower strength, the porous concrete with higher porosity is useful for many applications,
such as permeable pavement, purifying water, heat reducer and sound absorber. Porous concrete
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has been widely applied for rain stormwater and has been successfully used for filtering the water
and reducing pollutant loads. (“Enhancing the performance of porous concrete y utilizing the
The adverse impacts of urban development on natural water courses and associated infrastructure
have been well documented. These impacts stem from the loss of natural infiltration, evaporation,
and transpiration as pervious vegetated areas are replaced with impervious surfaces such as
buildings and paved surfaces. As less rainwater infiltrates the ground or returns to the air through
evaporation and transpiration, termed evapotranspiration, more rainwater flows over the pavement
surface, carrying with it a variety of pollutants that ultimately contaminate the ecosystem.
Additionally, the higher runoff volumes result in the erosion of stream channels, flooding, and
unfavourable effects inherent to conventional urban development practices. One such BMP for
stormwater management is pervious concrete pavement (PCP). Pervious concrete can be used in a
pavement materials such as asphalt and concrete, pervious concrete offers the added benefit that it
pavement. Pervious concrete must therefore simultaneously meet corresponding hydrological and
practices, are becoming an ever increasing means to effectively manage the adverse impacts that
11
urban development imposes on both stormwater quantity and quality. (“Sustainable Design of
Pervious Concrete Pavement Systems”, 2016, August 1, Angela Hager Ph.D., P.E., Stephan
METHODOLOGY
This chapter shall discuss the research methods available for the study and what is applicable for
it to use in response to the statement of the problem in Chapter 1 which is Effectiveness of Pervious
Likewise, this chapter presents the various procedures and strategies in identifying sources
for needed information on the analysis and evaluation on the effectiveness of Pervious concrete in
TIMELINE
Dec. 18, 2018 The researchers washed the coarse aggregates to eliminate dirt that may
cause failure on the design mixture. Afterwards, the aggregates were left
to dry under the sun’s ray. Then, the researcher prepared to ready the rest
of the materials.
12”x12”x2.5” of the PCB by the use of plywood and tie bar. After finishing
Dec 21, 2018 After letting the PCB dry for a day, the researchers cured for about 28 days
Jan. 6, 2019 The researchers constructed an aquarium-like-model wherein the PCB will
be placed for the presentation. This model will be used to demonstrate the
Jan. 7, 2019 The researchers tested the workability of the designed pervious concrete
blocks.
DATA COLLECTION
As we all know, Pervious concrete has slowly entered its way to the construction industry.
Over the past years, industries have become aware of its impact and environmental benefits after
being constructed. After seeing and evaluating its effects, more and more construction firms have
developed and practiced the utilization of pervious concrete for traffic roads as well as parking
areas.
The group discussed and gathered data from all possible related literature on how effective
the Pervious Concrete in Reducing Stagnant water. The group also gathered a rainfall data through
data’s provided by the PAGASA and the group conducted an experiment by gathering data through
DATA COLLECTION
The researchers gathered data on how much water precipitation are there annually with the
help of an international and local weather Meteorological Agency namely World Weather Online
and our very own The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration
World Weather Online is dedicated to providing global weather forecast and weather
content for websites, businesses and the travel industry. We have a passion for the weather, climate
and the environment and want to share what we love with as many people as we can in a practical
way.
According to the World Weather online the following data are gathered starting from
AVERAGE RAINFALL
(MM)
Precipitaion (mm)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 15
Data Gathered
Data shows that starting from June of 2018 up to November of 2018 are expected to have
April 2018 9
the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) agency of the Republic of the
Philippines mandated to provide protection against natural calamities and to insure the safety, well-
being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by
astronomy and other geophysical sciences. Created on December 8, 1972 by reorganizing the
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Weather Bureau, PAGASA now serves as one of the Scientific and Technological Services
According to PAGASA the chart shows similarly gathered data in December 2018 by the
World Weather online which has a precipitation rate between 100 – 200 mm of water.
555555555555555555555555555555555555
The members develop a balanced design for the Pervious Concrete by maximizing the
voids of the said concrete without losing its compressive strength. Two factors determine the
design thickness of pervious pavements. First is the hydraulic properties, such as infiltration rate
and volume of voids, and the mechanical properties, such as strength and stiffness
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As with regular pavements subgrade testing such as particle size analysis, soil testing and
classification, and standard or modified proctor test should be conducted. The group prepares a
miniature environment that copies the actual situation of a parking lot with a standard concrete
pavement and a pervious concrete pavement comparing the effectiveness of the pervious concrete
The group evaluates the effectiveness of the designed concrete in reducing the stagnant
water in the parking lot areas. The designed concrete must complete all test including how much
water reduced during the test compared to the typical concrete design and calculating the
Infiltration Rate of Pervious concrete by measuring the amount of water infiltrated at a given
amount of time. A low infiltrating reading on a new pervious concrete pavement suggest paste
DOCUMNETATION
Attached here are photos taken during the process of creation of the designed miniature.
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The researchers while working on the model to be used for the workability of the designed PCB
PROTOTYPE MINIATURE
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1. TESTING OF AGGREGATES
the researchers acquire some sample for the Specific Gravity and absorption of Coarse Aggregates.
Coarse Aggregate
1. Pass about 5 kg. of the sample through a 3/8 in. sieve; reject portion passing.
2. Wash portion retained to remove dust or other coating in soak and water at 20 ºC for 24
hrs.
3. Remove sample from water and wipe all visible films of water with an absorbent cloth.
Solutions
W1
Sp.Gravity
W1 W2
5020
Sp.Gravity
5020 2450
5020
Sp.Gravity
5020 520
Sp.Gravity 1.953 1.115 3.07
W Wo
Absorption 1 100%
W o
5020 4863
Absorption 100%
4863
Absorption 3.22%
2. DESIGN MIX
The Researchers are required to design their mix in order to come up an effective
design for the Pervious Concrete. The researchers used the following data for the said
design:
Water 12 11 13
Cement 6 4 5
Below is the tabulation of data and results gathered during the performance of permeability test:
TIME OF SETTLEMENT
PROPORTION OF
Design Mix 1 Cement 12% 57.23 sec 53.4 sec 52. 21 sec
Water 6%
Design Mix 2 Cement 11% 54.74 sec 50.85 sec 51.13 sec
Water 4%
Design Mix 3 Cement 13% 58.87 sec 59.72 sec 60.03 sec
Water 5%
As the data shown from the table above, “design mix 2” has the fastest time to percolate water
through its structure as compared to the other two design mixtures because it has greater
percentage of coarse aggregates. The higher the percentage of coarse aggregates the faster the
3. RESULTS
After performing the permeability test, the researchers gathered the data obtained.
Velocity=
= 2.34 m/s
Q = total discharge
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Q = 0.0076 m3/s
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY
This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of pervious concrete blocks in reducing
the depth of stagnant water and to determine whether the pervious concrete blocks can be a good
This research evaluated the permeability of the designed pervious concrete blocks and
permeability test, data needed were gathered to prove its effectiveness. The data gathered were
used to solve the intake of water through the pervious concrete blocks.
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CONCLUSION
We concluded that in this study, the PCB have the higher absorption rate than the typical
concrete. The higher the percentage of the voids the faster will the water will pass thru.
The researchers concluded that the design of PCB is way better in absorbing the stagnant
water than the typical concrete block. Thus, the PCB is an effective alternative in the reduction of
run-off or stagnant water. Given its ability to penetrate water through its structure, water is able to
replenish in its natural cycle; therefore, helping in ground water recharge. In addition, the
researcher have proven that the pervious concrete block is capable of infiltrating dirt and suspended
RECOMMENDATION
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This study is highly recommended to all specifically to the construction industry, engineering
firms, engineers and others who are engaged in the same field. Utilization of pervious concrete
blocks on sidewalks and light traffic roads among others will surely benefit the public. The
pervious concrete blocks which is the main subject of this study will help in the reduction of runoff
water providing an alternative means to the growing concern of flood related issues in the society.
In addition, pervious concrete blocks do not alter the natural cycle of water because it is able to
permeate water through its structure thereby helping in groundwater recharge. Thus, water from
These pervious concrete blocks are commendably useful in different areas such as sidewalks, open
walkways, parking areas, bike lanes, highways and light traffic roads.
When a sidewalk or open walkway is made of pervious concrete blocks, stagnant water is
mitigated, providing a more convenient path walk to the public. Likewise, if a light traffic road is
made of pervious concrete blocks, rainwater drains faster making pavements less slippery and help
REFERENCES
https://www.quoia.com
https://civiltoday.com
https://www.sciencedaily.com
http://www/corrosionpedia.com
https://www.eschooltoday.com
https://www.ehow.com
www.acpa.org
http://scholarcommons.scu.edu
http://en.m.wikipedia.org
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LESTER C. LOTERONO
PERSONAL DETAILS
NATIONALITY: Filipino
EMAIL: dexstermale@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR EDUCATION
JAY C. SALES
PERSONAL DETAILS
NATIONALITY: Filipino
EMAIL: salesjay3@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR EDUCATION
NATIONALITY: Filipino
EMAIL: darwindave123@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR EDUCATION
NATIONALITY: Filipino
EMAIL: john.balgos.jb@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR EDUCATION
JEFF M. SIGUE
PERSONAL DETAILS
NATIONALITY: Filipino
EMAIL: jeffsiguemonares@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR EDUCATION
Page
ABSTRACT --------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction ----------------------------------------------------- 1
Objectives ----------------------------------------------------- 2
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 12
Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------- 12
iv
CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF
REFERENCES 22
Summary --------------------------------------------- 22
Conclusion --------------------------------------------- 23
Recommendation --------------------------------------------- 24
References --------------------------------------------- 25
APPENDIXES --------------------------------------------- 27
Documentation ------------------------------------------------ 28