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EFFECTIVENESS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE BLOCKS IN REDUCING THE DEPTH

OF STAGNANT WATER

A PROJECT STUDY

Presented to the

Faculty of Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering

Western Institute of Technology

La Paz, Iloilo City

In Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Course

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Balgos, John Marvic P.


Dema-ala, Darwin Dave R.
Loterono, Lester C.
Sales, Jay C.
Sigue, Jeff M.

March 2019

i
Republic of the Philippines
WESTERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
La Paz, Iloilo City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPROVAL SHEET

This project is entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE BLOCKS IN


REDUCING THE DEPTH OF STAGNANT WATER” prepared and submitted by JOHN
MARVIC P. BALGOS, DARWIN DAVE R. DEMA-ALA, LESTER C. LOTERONO, JAY C.
SALES and JEFF M. SIGUE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE in CIVIL ENGINEERING hereby recommended for the oral examination

CORAZON C. CORBAL, PhD., CE


Adviser

Passed the oral examination on February 15, 2019

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on oral examination with the grade of Passed

DR. GLICERIO D. BENOSA


Chair

ENGR. ERYL C. LAZARTE ENGR. MA. VICTORIA LABISCASE


Member Member

Accepted and Approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

DR. GLICERIO D. BENOSA ENGR. DIEGO A. LOSANTA, PME


Head, CE Department Dean, College of Engineerin

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our

instructor, Dr. Corazon C. Corbal, for her exemplary guidance and constant encouragement

throughout the course of this project.

We also express our heartfelt thanks to our family especially our parents who always

believe in us. This study wouldn’t have been a success if not for their assistance, understanding,

encouragement and for being an inspiration that made us push through this project.

To the Sales Family, who are very welcoming and accommodating when we needed a place

where we could gather to work on our research paper, we are grateful to them. If not for their

genuine support we wouldn’t have made this study possible.

To everyone who in one way or another made this study a successful one, we may not be

able to mention each of them individually, we express our earnest thanks to all of them.

Above all, the researchers would like to praise and thank God for the guidance and wisdom

for this academic endeavor.

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ABSTRACT

The development of porous concrete, for example a pervious concrete blocks, mainly

focuses on increasing the porosity than the strength due to many advantages can be gained when

having higher porosity. Consideration to the environmental problem has been a concern recently,

therefore utilization of a construction material such as a pervious concrete blocks has been

spreading widely. The objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of pervious concrete blocks

in reducing the depth of stagnant water caused by precipitation. Its specific objective is to develop

a mixture of pervious concrete blocks capable enough to absorb run off water. These concrete

blocks are made up of water, coarse aggregate and cement only. In this way, the pervious concrete

blocks prevent rainwater from being stagnant and contributes in other environmental issues. The

procedure is to mix up a proportion of water, coarse aggregates and cement and mold it to a desired

size capable of percolating rainwater through it. One purpose of this study is to provide an

alternative solution for flooding and stagnant water along areas such as sidewalk, light traffic roads

and the likes by using pervious concrete blocks.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete

flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly

through, thereby reducing the run off from a site and allowing groundwater recharge

(WIKIPEDIA).

Typically, pervious concrete has little or no fine aggregate and has just enough

cementitious paste to coat the coarse aggregate particles while preserving the interconnectivity of

the voids. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic,

pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses and contributes to sustainable construction.

Pervious concrete, also known as porous, gap-graded, permeable, or enhanced porosity

concrete, mainly consists of normal Portland cement, coarse aggregate, and water. In normal

concrete the fine aggregates typically falls in the voids between the coarse aggregates. In pervious

concrete one aggregate is non-existent or present in very small amounts (<10% by weight of the

total aggregate). Also, there is insufficient paste to ll % the remaining voids, so pervious concrete

has a porosity anywhere from 15 to 35% but most frequently about 20%. Aggregate grading used

in pervious concrete are typically either single-sized coarse aggregate or grading 3/4 and 3/8 in

(between 19 and 9.5 mm). A wide aggregate grading is to be avoided as that will reduce the void

content of the pervious concrete. Pervious concrete can be made without chemical admixtures but

it is not uncommon to and several types of chemical admixtures added to impudence the

performance favorably. Since pervious concrete has a low workability, it is important to maintain

it to provide sufficient working time at the jobsite. Therefore, retarding admixtures or hydration
2

stabilizing admixtures are useful. Viscosity enhancing agents are also beneficial as they can help

add more water without causing paste d rain down and hence can improve workability.

Pervious concrete has slowly entered its way to the construction industry. Over the past

years, industries have become aware of its impact and environmental benefits after being

constructed. After seeing and evaluating its effects, more and more construction firms have

developed and practiced the utilization of pervious concrete for traffic roads as well as areas that

can only carry light loads.

Why build pervious concrete pavement? Primarily, the adoption of pervious concrete for

road construction and any other related structure is to reduce runoff water in any given site. It has

helped minimize the level or depth of stagnant water in roads and in parking lots. In addition,

pervious concrete pavements can make traffic roads less slippery during rainy season because of

its ability to settle rainwater off, thereby eliminating traffic accidents.

Although pervious concrete pavement usually has lesser strength but it has been proven

effective in reducing the depth of stagnant water. Moreover, it contributes to a sustainable water

quality and water.


3

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to test the effectiveness of pervious concrete blocks in reducing the depth

of stagnant water.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. develop a PCB mix that can absorb stagnant water in concrete pavement

2. test the effectiveness of the designed pervious concrete blocks

3. assess the PCB mixes and compare which mixture is the most effective
4

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Some terminologies that are going to be frequently used are listed below for the better

understanding of the study.

Cement- is one of the most important building materials, is a binding agent that sets and hardens

to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles, etc.

Coarse aggregate- is the portion of the concrete which is made up of the larger stones embedded

in the mix.

Concrete blocks- in its most basic form, is a concrete made from cement, aggregate, sand, water

shaped and moulded into blocks.

Effectiveness- the degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted

problem are solve.

Infiltration- is a measure of the rate at which a particular material is able to absorb rain water.

Permeability- the ability of a substance to allow another substance to pass through it, especially

the ability of the porous rocks, sediment, or soil to transmit fluid through pores and cracks.

Pervious - able to be penetrated.

Pervious Concrete- refers to a conventional type of concrete that has an ability to absorb water.

Porosity - is the open spaces between grains or trap in grains in a micro structure-the presence of

tiny opening or spaces within a material.

-also known as void fraction.


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Rainfall data- refers to the arithmetically averaged total amount of precipitation recorded during

a calendar month or year.

Reduce- refers to the degree or rate of water consolidated.

Run-off- is precipitation that did not get absorbed into the soil, or did not evaporate, in there for,

made its way from the ground surface into places that water collect.

Stagnant water- is standing water that has been seating without moving for a significant amount

of time.

Storm-water- is a surface water in abnormal quantity resulting from heavy falls of rain or snow.

Strength - the capacity to resist force or pressure.


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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study directly involves the stagnant water in areas like sidewalks or walkways,

highways, parking areas etc. This study suggests an alternative solution to stagnant water by the

use of pervious concrete. The researchers will design a proportion of aggregates for a pervious

concrete blocks that will effectively reduce the depth of stagnant water. The researchers will

investigate the water absorbed through the use of porous concrete blocks. The data obtained during

the period of investigation will be utilized to measure the effectiveness of the designed concrete

blocks. In addition, this study does not necessarily focus on the compressive strength of the

pervious concrete blocks but solely on its ability to absorb water. Thus, it is only limited to the

permeability of the pervious concrete blocks.


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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the beneficiaries of the said study:

1. The Community

The study will help the community in solving problems in or related to stagnant

water in parking areas.

2. The Researchers

This study will help the researchers to widen their knowledge in studying the

pervious concrete and testing its effectiveness in absorption and will help them

answer their questions and find the solutions regarding stagnant water in parking

areas.

3. The Engineering Industry

This study will help the engineering industry in developing the traditional or

common practices in constructing parking areas by using pervious concrete to

improve its effectiveness and provide convenience and safety to the public.

4. The Students

This study will help the students in their future researches and can be their

reference.
CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE

Pervious concrete (PC) has gained renewed interest in the past decade due to its positive

environmental impacts. Extensive research employing a variety of strategies has been conducted

to improve the overall performance of (PC). Numerous literature has been published. With the

advances in high performance pervious (HPPC), widespread application of this material has been

made possible. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice research and

application of PC. Emphasis has been laid on the pore system characterisation (PSC) and its

influence on the mechanical, hydraulic and acoustical properties of PC. Among the various

applications of PC, this reviews focuses on its application as a sustainable pavement construction

material. (“Research and application of pervious concrete as a sustainable pavement

material”, 2018 September 20, Rui Zhong)

Pervious concrete is a Porous material, which is a mixture of cement, gravels, with water.

Since the nature of it is porous, it allows the water to percolate down from it. Its tendency to allow

water and air to pass through it, make it important in solving many environmental issues and

building issues. Pervious concrete can also be used in pedestrian walkways, greenhouse, residential

streets and parking area. It has great importance and application in sustainable construction and

low impact development techniques which is used by builders to maintain and protect water

quality. (“Effectiveness of Pervious concrete by Maintaining the Relationship between

Porosity and Strength”, 2016, Himanshu Chaudhary, Sangeeta Dhyani)


9

Pervious concrete is a concrete containing little or no fine aggregate provides direct

drainage of rainwater. Helps to recharge groundwater in pavement applications. The objective of

this work is to improve compressive strength at which the strength achieves better permeability.

The design mix is prepared for M25 consisting of 53 grade cement. Two different size of coarse

aggregate which are passing through 25mm I.S. sieve size and retained on 16mm I.S. sieve as S.I.

and aggregates passing through 10mm and retained on 6mm Named as S2 were taken for this work

river sand and Robo sand were selected as fine aggregate and which ratio maintained as 0.35 in

all the cases. The design mix is develop with constant percentage of coarse aggregate and altering

the proportions of coarse aggregate with simultaneous addition of percentages of river sand and

Robo sand in the concrete. From the experimental results, it is found that the compressive strength

and permeability is satisfactory at adding of 5% Robo sand as a fine aggregate and combination of

80% S1 and 20% S2 as coarse aggregate in the Pervious concrete. (“Study on Strength

Improvement of Pervious Concrete”, 2018, March 1, B.V.R. Murthy and G. Rajeswari)

Porous concrete as one of concrete family have the same composition as conventional

concrete consisting of cement, water, and aggregate, with the exceptions that the fine aggregate

typically is reduced or even omitted entirely, and the size distribution of coarse aggregate is kept

narrow grading.

Recently, the raising for consideration to the environmental and sustainable management

are noticeable and promote on utilizing porous concrete, This concrete can be a successful means

in addressing a number of environmental issues and supporting sustainable development. Despite

having a lower strength, the porous concrete with higher porosity is useful for many applications,

such as permeable pavement, purifying water, heat reducer and sound absorber. Porous concrete
10

has been widely applied for rain stormwater and has been successfully used for filtering the water

and reducing pollutant loads. (“Enhancing the performance of porous concrete y utilizing the

pumice aggregate”, 2015, Hariyadi and Hiroki Tamai)

The adverse impacts of urban development on natural water courses and associated infrastructure

have been well documented. These impacts stem from the loss of natural infiltration, evaporation,

and transpiration as pervious vegetated areas are replaced with impervious surfaces such as

buildings and paved surfaces. As less rainwater infiltrates the ground or returns to the air through

evaporation and transpiration, termed evapotranspiration, more rainwater flows over the pavement

surface, carrying with it a variety of pollutants that ultimately contaminate the ecosystem.

Additionally, the higher runoff volumes result in the erosion of stream channels, flooding, and

damage to stormwater infrastructure.

Stormwater Best Management Practices have emerged as mitigating solutions to the

unfavourable effects inherent to conventional urban development practices. One such BMP for

stormwater management is pervious concrete pavement (PCP). Pervious concrete can be used in a

number of conventional pavement applications. However, when compared with conventional

pavement materials such as asphalt and concrete, pervious concrete offers the added benefit that it

can be designed to function as a stormwater detention system.

A PCP system functions both as a stormwater detention system and as a structural

pavement. Pervious concrete must therefore simultaneously meet corresponding hydrological and

structural performance criteria. Porous pavements, as structural stormwater best management

practices, are becoming an ever increasing means to effectively manage the adverse impacts that
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urban development imposes on both stormwater quantity and quality. (“Sustainable Design of

Pervious Concrete Pavement Systems”, 2016, August 1, Angela Hager Ph.D., P.E., Stephan

Durham Ph.D., P.E., Kevin Rens, Ph.D., P.E.)


CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shall discuss the research methods available for the study and what is applicable for

it to use in response to the statement of the problem in Chapter 1 which is Effectiveness of Pervious

Concrete Blocks in Reducing Stagnant Water in Parking Areas.

Likewise, this chapter presents the various procedures and strategies in identifying sources

for needed information on the analysis and evaluation on the effectiveness of Pervious concrete in

Reducing Stagnant water in parking Areas.

TIMELINE

Dec. 18, 2018 The researchers washed the coarse aggregates to eliminate dirt that may

cause failure on the design mixture. Afterwards, the aggregates were left

to dry under the sun’s ray. Then, the researcher prepared to ready the rest

of the materials.

Dec. 19, 2018 The researchers constructed a formwork with a dimension of

12”x12”x2.5” of the PCB by the use of plywood and tie bar. After finishing

the formwork, the researchers designed the mixture of PCB.


13

Dec 21, 2018 After letting the PCB dry for a day, the researchers cured for about 28 days

as per standard days of curing.

Jan. 6, 2019 The researchers constructed an aquarium-like-model wherein the PCB will

be placed for the presentation. This model will be used to demonstrate the

workability and effectivity of the PCB.

Jan. 7, 2019 The researchers tested the workability of the designed pervious concrete

blocks.

DATA COLLECTION

As we all know, Pervious concrete has slowly entered its way to the construction industry.

Over the past years, industries have become aware of its impact and environmental benefits after

being constructed. After seeing and evaluating its effects, more and more construction firms have

developed and practiced the utilization of pervious concrete for traffic roads as well as parking

areas.

The group discussed and gathered data from all possible related literature on how effective

the Pervious Concrete in Reducing Stagnant water. The group also gathered a rainfall data through

data’s provided by the PAGASA and the group conducted an experiment by gathering data through

measuring the daily precipitation in a given time frame.


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DATA COLLECTION

The researchers gathered data on how much water precipitation are there annually with the

help of an international and local weather Meteorological Agency namely World Weather Online

and our very own The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration

World Weather Online is dedicated to providing global weather forecast and weather

content for websites, businesses and the travel industry. We have a passion for the weather, climate

and the environment and want to share what we love with as many people as we can in a practical

way.

According to the World Weather online the following data are gathered starting from

December 2017 up to December 2018 within Iloilo Area.

AVERAGE RAINFALL
(MM)
Precipitaion (mm)

Average Rainfall (mm)

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 15

Mar- May- Aug- Nov-


Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Apr-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Dec-18
18 18 18 18
Average Rainfall (mm) 150.6 143.4 136 3.1 9 45.3 231.3 348.7 206.5 375.3 125.8 264.2 140

Data Gathered
Data shows that starting from June of 2018 up to November of 2018 are expected to have

a higher precipitation rate since it is the wet season in the Philippines.

MONTH AVERAGE RAINFALL

December 2017 150.6

January 2018 143.4

February 2018 136

March 2018 3.1

April 2018 9

May 2018 45.3

June 2018 231.3

July 2018 348.7

August 2018 206.5

September 2018 375.3

October 2018 125.8

November 2018 263.2

December 2018 140

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration is

the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) agency of the Republic of the

Philippines mandated to provide protection against natural calamities and to insure the safety, well-

being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by

undertaking scientific and technological services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology,

astronomy and other geophysical sciences. Created on December 8, 1972 by reorganizing the
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Weather Bureau, PAGASA now serves as one of the Scientific and Technological Services

Institutes of the Department of Science and Technology.

According to PAGASA the chart shows similarly gathered data in December 2018 by the

World Weather online which has a precipitation rate between 100 – 200 mm of water.

555555555555555555555555555555555555

DESIGN CONCRETE MIX

The members develop a balanced design for the Pervious Concrete by maximizing the

voids of the said concrete without losing its compressive strength. Two factors determine the

design thickness of pervious pavements. First is the hydraulic properties, such as infiltration rate

and volume of voids, and the mechanical properties, such as strength and stiffness
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TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PERVIOUS CONRETE BLOCKS

As with regular pavements subgrade testing such as particle size analysis, soil testing and

classification, and standard or modified proctor test should be conducted. The group prepares a

miniature environment that copies the actual situation of a parking lot with a standard concrete

pavement and a pervious concrete pavement comparing the effectiveness of the pervious concrete

in reducing stagnant water is most parking areas.


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EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN PERVIOUS CONCRETE BLOCKS

The group evaluates the effectiveness of the designed concrete in reducing the stagnant

water in the parking lot areas. The designed concrete must complete all test including how much

water reduced during the test compared to the typical concrete design and calculating the

Infiltration Rate of Pervious concrete by measuring the amount of water infiltrated at a given

amount of time. A low infiltrating reading on a new pervious concrete pavement suggest paste

sealing during construction due to improper mixture proportions or construction particles.


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DOCUMNETATION

Attached here are photos taken during the process of creation of the designed miniature.
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The researchers while making the formworks for the PC

Typical impervious concrete block


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Pervious Concrete Block

The researchers while working on the model to be used for the workability of the designed PCB

PROTOTYPE MINIATURE
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The researchers tested the permeability of the PCB


32

The researchers tested the PCB on the next trial


CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS

1. TESTING OF AGGREGATES

To determine the acceptability of aggregates by performance of standard methods of test

the researchers acquire some sample for the Specific Gravity and absorption of Coarse Aggregates.

The procedures done for the test are the following.

Coarse Aggregate

1. Pass about 5 kg. of the sample through a 3/8 in. sieve; reject portion passing.

2. Wash portion retained to remove dust or other coating in soak and water at 20 ºC for 24

hrs.

3. Remove sample from water and wipe all visible films of water with an absorbent cloth.

Sample is now in surface dry condition.

4. Weigh surface dry sample in air.

5. Place sample in wire basket and determine weight in water.

6. Dry sample to constant weight.

7. Get oven dry weight

Solutions

Wt. of gravel in air (W₁) = 5020 g

Wt. of gravel in water (W₂) = 2450g and 520g

Wt. of oven-dry gravel (W₀) = 4863 g


20

 W1 
Sp.Gravity   
W1  W2 
 5020 
Sp.Gravity   
 5020  2450 
 5020 
Sp.Gravity   
 5020  520 
Sp.Gravity  1.953  1.115  3.07

W  Wo 
Absorption   1   100%

 W o 

 5020  4863 
Absorption     100%
 4863 
Absorption  3.22%

2. DESIGN MIX

The Researchers are required to design their mix in order to come up an effective

design for the Pervious Concrete. The researchers used the following data for the said

design:

Item Percentage Used


Design Design mix Design mix 3
mix 1 2
Aggregates (Coarse) 82 85 82

Water 12 11 13

Cement 6 4 5

TOTAL 100 100 100


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Below is the tabulation of data and results gathered during the performance of permeability test:
TIME OF SETTLEMENT

PROPORTION OF

Design Type MIXTURES

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Coarse Aggregates 82%

Design Mix 1 Cement 12% 57.23 sec 53.4 sec 52. 21 sec

Water 6%

Coarse Aggregates 85%

Design Mix 2 Cement 11% 54.74 sec 50.85 sec 51.13 sec

Water 4%

Coarse Aggregates 82%

Design Mix 3 Cement 13% 58.87 sec 59.72 sec 60.03 sec

Water 5%

As the data shown from the table above, “design mix 2” has the fastest time to percolate water

through its structure as compared to the other two design mixtures because it has greater

percentage of coarse aggregates. The higher the percentage of coarse aggregates the faster the

water settle through it which means higher porosity of the PCB.


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3. RESULTS

After performing the permeability test, the researchers gathered the data obtained.

Below are the results:

Total Volume= 5 liters = 0.05 m3

Velocity=

= 2.34 m/s

Diameter of each hole = 5.081 x 10-3

Radius of each hole = 2.5405 x 10-3

Area of each hole =

Area of each hole = 2.0276 x 10-5 square meters

Total Area = number of holes x area of each hole

= 16 x 2.2076 x 10-5 square meters

Total Area = 3.24 x 10-4 square meters

Q = total discharge

Q = 3.24 X 10-4 (2.34 m/s)

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Q = 0.0076 m3/s

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY

This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of pervious concrete blocks in reducing

the depth of stagnant water and to determine whether the pervious concrete blocks can be a good

alternative to a conventional concrete.

This research evaluated the permeability of the designed pervious concrete blocks and

compared it to the capacity of a conventional impervious concrete. Upon performing the

permeability test, data needed were gathered to prove its effectiveness. The data gathered were

used to solve the intake of water through the pervious concrete blocks.

24

CONCLUSION
We concluded that in this study, the PCB have the higher absorption rate than the typical

concrete. The higher the percentage of the voids the faster will the water will pass thru.

The researchers concluded that the design of PCB is way better in absorbing the stagnant

water than the typical concrete block. Thus, the PCB is an effective alternative in the reduction of

run-off or stagnant water. Given its ability to penetrate water through its structure, water is able to

replenish in its natural cycle; therefore, helping in ground water recharge. In addition, the

researcher have proven that the pervious concrete block is capable of infiltrating dirt and suspended

particle brought by rain water.

RECOMMENDATION
25

This study is highly recommended to all specifically to the construction industry, engineering

firms, engineers and others who are engaged in the same field. Utilization of pervious concrete

blocks on sidewalks and light traffic roads among others will surely benefit the public. The

pervious concrete blocks which is the main subject of this study will help in the reduction of runoff

water providing an alternative means to the growing concern of flood related issues in the society.

In addition, pervious concrete blocks do not alter the natural cycle of water because it is able to

permeate water through its structure thereby helping in groundwater recharge. Thus, water from

precipitation is able to replenish in its natural course.

These pervious concrete blocks are commendably useful in different areas such as sidewalks, open

walkways, parking areas, bike lanes, highways and light traffic roads.

When a sidewalk or open walkway is made of pervious concrete blocks, stagnant water is

mitigated, providing a more convenient path walk to the public. Likewise, if a light traffic road is

made of pervious concrete blocks, rainwater drains faster making pavements less slippery and help

in reducing traffic accidents especially in rainy seasons.


26

REFERENCES

https://www.quoia.com

https://civiltoday.com

https://www.sciencedaily.com

http://www/corrosionpedia.com

https://www.eschooltoday.com

https://www.ehow.com

www.acpa.org

http://scholarcommons.scu.edu

http://en.m.wikipedia.org
35

LESTER C. LOTERONO
PERSONAL DETAILS

FATHER’S NAME: Buen L. Loterono Sr.

MOTHER’S NAME: Leonidas C. Loterono

ADDRESS: Brgy. Tina-an Norte, Leon, Iloilo

DATE OF BIRTH: October 25, 1997

PLACE OF BIRTH: Lambunao, Iloilo

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

NATIONALITY: Filipino

LANGUAGE: English, Filipino

CONTACT NUMBER: 09202839989

EMAIL: dexstermale@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR EDUCATION

2004-2010 Tina-an Norte Elementary School

2010-2012 Colegio de San Jose

2012-2014 Buga National High School

2014-present Western Institute of Technology


36

JAY C. SALES
PERSONAL DETAILS

FATHER’S NAME: Rogelio C. Sales

MOTHER’S NAME: Asuncion C. Sales

ADDRESS: Brgy. Talacu-an , Leon, Iloilo

DATE OF BIRTH: May 23, 1997

PLACE OF BIRTH: St Paul’s Hospital

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

NATIONALITY: Filipino

LANGUAGE: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon

CONTACT NUMBER: 09177540604

EMAIL: salesjay3@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR EDUCATION

2004-2010 Leon Central Elementary School

2010-2014 St. Catherine Parochial School

2014-present Western Institute of Technology


34

DARWIN DAVE R. DEMA-ALA


PERSONAL DETAILS

FATHER’S NAME: Noel P. Dema-ala

MOTHER’S NAME: Edna R. Dema-ala

ADDRESS: Brgy. Medina, Anilao, Iloilo

DATE OF BIRTH: August 31, 1997

PLACE OF BIRTH: Pototan, Iloilo

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

NATIONALITY: Filipino

LANGUAGE: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon

CONTACT NUMBER: 09301290407

EMAIL: darwindave123@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR EDUCATION

2004-2010 Medina Elementary School

2010-2014 Mater Carmeli School

2014-present Western Institute of Technology


33

JOHN MARVIC P. BALGOS


PERSONAL DETAILS

FATHER’S NAME: Vicente G. Balgos

MOTHER’S NAME: Marites C. Balgos

ADDRESS: Brgy. Cabugao Sur, Pavia, Iloilo

DATE OF BIRTH: April 30, 1997

PLACE OF BIRTH: Puerto Prinsesa, Palawan

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

NATIONALITY: Filipino

LANGUAGE: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon

CONTACT NUMBER: 09983089723

EMAIL: john.balgos.jb@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR EDUCATION

2004-2010 Cabugao Sur Elementary School

2010-2014 Pavia National High School

2014-present Western Institute of Technology


37

JEFF M. SIGUE
PERSONAL DETAILS

FATHER’S NAME: Ernesto Sigue

MOTHER’S NAME: Erlita Sigue

ADDRESS: Brgy. San Rafael, Miagao, Iloilo

DATE OF BIRTH: May 21, 1997

PLACE OF BIRTH: Miagao, Iloilo

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

NATIONALITY: Filipino

LANGUAGE: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a

CONTACT NUMBER: 09477732183

EMAIL: jeffsiguemonares@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

YEAR EDUCATION

2004-2010 San Rafael Elementary School

2010-2014 San Rafael National High School

2014-present Western Institute of Technology


APPENDIX
Table of Contents

Page

TITLE OF THE STUDY --------------------------------------------------------------------- i

APPROVAL SHEET --------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

ABSTRACT --------------------------------------------------------------------- vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

Introduction ----------------------------------------------------- 1

Objectives ----------------------------------------------------- 2

Definition of Terms ------------------------------------------------------ 4

Scope and Limitations ------------------------------------------------------ 6

Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------------- 7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8

Related Literature ------------------------------------------------------------ 8

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 12

Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------- 12

iv
CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA AND RESULTS --------------------------------------------- 18

Testing of Aggregates -------------------------------------------------- 18

Design Mix --------------------------------------------------- 19

Results --------------------------------------------- ----- 21

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION &

REFERENCES 22

Summary --------------------------------------------- 22

Conclusion --------------------------------------------- 23

Recommendation --------------------------------------------- 24

References --------------------------------------------- 25

APPENDIXES --------------------------------------------- 27

Documentation ------------------------------------------------ 28

Curriculum Vitae --------------------------------------------- 33

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