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Abstract- In this paper, 100% stator ground fault protection by Therefore their reliability and good functioning are crucial.
application of low frequency (20 Hz) injection for 6.6/132 KV The construction as well as maintenance costs are high
alternators have been investigated. Here, different types of faults depending on the complexity and the size of the generators.
of alternators and possible protections by conventional means Moreover, damaged generators usually have to be returned to
have been discussed. It is shown why conventional method by
the manufacturer to restack and rewind because it is not
differential relay protection is not adequate. Modern approach of
alternator fault protection is reviewed and effective methods of common that companies using generators have the skills to
100% stator ground fault protection of alternators have been repair them. [1] The important role of generators in the power
applied. In this work, it is focused protection of alternators based system and the cost of fixing them in case of damage require a
on sub-harmonic injection method using low frequency band protection system against faults, which means, they must be
pass filter. The design of stator ground fault protection consists protected against the damage caused by irregular situations in
of 20 Hz signal generator, band pass filter, 20 Hz current relay the electrical network or in the generator itself. [2-3].
and protection system model includes alternator, total
capacitance to ground of stator winding, grounding transformer Protection system used for generator protection should be
turns ratio, and neutral resistor. PSPICE simulation of the
robust to extent that it will not interrupt the system for non-
protection scheme is performed and analyzed.
serious faults and on the other hand should be sensitive
Keywords—Alternator; Generator; Filter; Stator; Pspise enough to detect all kinds of faults in the generator windings
simulation with different degrees of seriousness. Therefore, if the
generator protection system is robust and sensitive, the
I. Introduction generator will not be unnecessarily shut down but it would in
case the generator is damaged. Thus, generators have to be
An undetected stator ground fault on a large turbine generator protected against external faults and internal faults. It’s like a
can cause millions of dollars in damage and a larger amount of local fault in one of the coil. The protection scheme to cover
lost operating revenue during the time the generator is out of stator inter turn fault is simply basis the theory of differential
service being repaired. Synchronous generators are very theory. In normal condition, the two coils or multi coils
important elements in power systems since they are in charge individually carry same magnitude of current but with a phase
of providing an uninterrupted power supply to the consumers. displacement.
1
Proc. of The Fourth Intl. Conf. On Advances in Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technology - CEET 2015
Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, USA .All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-63248-069-9 doi: 10.15224/ 978-1-63248-069-9-11
A. 20 Hz Subharmonic Alternator
Schematic Diagram, Parameter
C
Calculation for Analysis
The following shows how to calculate the 20Hz voltage and
MAIN
CIRCUIT current measured by the 64S relay.
BREAKER Here, Grounding Transformer Turns Ratio (N):
BALANCING
Assume that the turns ratio of the grounding transformer is
RESISTANCE equal to:
8600
RELAY N (i)
240
Capacitive Reactance: The total capacitance to ground of the
generator stator windings, bus work and delta connected
TO TRIP transformer windings of the unit transformer is expressed as
CIRCUIT C0. Generator step up transformers have delta connected
Figure 2. Differential protection for generators
windings facing the generator so capacitance on the high side
GENERATOR
is ignored. The corresponding capacitive reactance is
CT1 CT2
calculated as follows:
A
1
EARTHING X co (ii)
RESISTANCE
B 2f oCo
C
The capacitive reactance for 1 micro-Farad is equal to:
MAIN
1
CIRCUIT
X co (iii)
2 (20Hz )(10 6 F )
BREAKER
BALANCING
RESISTANCE
BR PHASE
PHASE FAULT
BR- FAULT RELAY
BALANCING RELAY
RESISTOR ER
ER-EARTH
FAUL = 7,985 Ω primary
RELAY
TO TRIP
CIRCUIT
Reflect the capacitive reactance to the secondary of the
Figure 3. Modified differential protection for the generators
grounding transformer:
7985
III. Result, Discussion and X co (iv)
N2
Analysis 7895
One hundred percent stator ground fault protection is provided = 7.162 Ω
by injecting a 20 Hz voltage signal into the secondary of the (8000/ 240) 2
generator neutral grounding transformer through a band-pass
filter. The band-pass filter passes only the 20Hz signal and Grounding Resistor (RN): The ohmic value of the grounding
rejects out-of-band signals. The main advantage of this resistor can be sized as follows so as to avoid high transient
protection is 100% protection of the stator windings for over voltage due to Ferro-resonance:
ground faults including when the machine is off-line (provided X co
that the 20 Hz signal is present.) Fig.7.1- Illustrates a typical RN (v)
application. A 20 Hz voltage signal is impressed across the 3
7.162
grounding resistor (RN) by the 20 Hz signal generator. The = 2.387 Ω secondary.
band-pass filter only passes the 20Hz signal and rejects out-of- 3
band signals. The voltage across the grounding resistor is also
connected across the voltage input (V N) of the 64S relay. The A value of 2.5 Ω secondary is used for this example. 20 Hz
current input (IN) of the 64S relay measures the 20 Hz current Signal Generator and Band-pass Filter Characteristics:
2
Proc. of The Fourth Intl. Conf. On Advances in Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technology - CEET 2015
Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, USA .All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-63248-069-9 doi: 10.15224/ 978-1-63248-069-9-11
2.5 (7.162 j ) // 45
1A3
1B1 1B4 4A1
2A1
1A1 2A3 = 9.779 mA(Non-Faulted)
Rf
1A3 1A4 Wiring
Neatural Grounding RN 3A2 N
Transformer Shielded
4A3 8
3A3
3A1
C 10u 25V
High AC
Voltage 64s relay
Rn 2.5 20 Hz
20 Hz CT Rs
44 45
59N VN
Low Voltage
52 53
3
Proc. of The Fourth Intl. Conf. On Advances in Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technology - CEET 2015
Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, USA .All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-63248-069-9 doi: 10.15224/ 978-1-63248-069-9-11
Set the pickup of the 64S relay over current element above the
Figure 6. Neutral current measurement of equivalent circuit of 20 Hz current measured during normal operating conditions but
grounding network for low capacitance below the current measured for a ground fault equal to 5,000
ohms primary.
III. Conclusion
The simulation shows that 100% coverage of the stator
windings for ground faults including when the machine is off-
Figure 7. Neutral current measurement of equivalent circuit of 20 Hz line is possible. The total capacitance-to-ground of the
grounding network for high capacitance generator stator windings, bus work and delta-connected
transformer windings of the unit transformer is a very
important factor and must be known to ensure the protection
D. 20 Hz Current Measured by Relay settings are correctly determined. There are cases when it is
during Ground Fault on Stator hard to distinguish between normal operating conditions and
Windings an actual ground fault unless special steps are taken in the
design of this protection. A good rule of thumb to decide if the
A typical value to represent the insulation resistance of the real component of 20 Hz current is necessary is when C0 is
stator winding breaking down during a ground fault is 5,000 greater than 1.5 micro-Farads and the grounding resistor is
ohms primary. If the calculations for a fault resistance equal to less than 0.3 ohms secondary. The real component of the 20
5,000 ohms primary ( 4.5 ohms secondary ), then the 20 Hz Hz current measured by the relay for these cases has been
current measured by the relay is as follows: applied before. But from this thesis work it has been found
that, power relay can be used for distinguish the difference
I N 13.486mA(5,000 primaryground fault) between normal and fault condition. So 100% stator protection
for ground fault condition by using power relay is the new
If the calculations for ( 7 ) through ( 9 )are repeated for a fault possibility for generator protection system.
resistance equal to 1,000 ohms primary (0.9 ohms secondary),
hence the 20 Hz current measured by the relay is follows:
4
Proc. of The Fourth Intl. Conf. On Advances in Computing, Electronics and Electrical Technology - CEET 2015
Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, USA .All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-63248-069-9 doi: 10.15224/ 978-1-63248-069-9-11