TECHNICAL QUESTIONS

Q.What should be the value of Earthing resistance?

A ground resistance value of 5.0 ohm or less is recommended by IEEE.

Earthing ∝ Losses

PEMPAK’s earthing resistance value is 2.5 Ω.

Q.Why Electrical Motor rating in KW instead of KVA &

Transformer in KVA instead of Kw?
1. The transformer has to supply transfer both active and reactive power from one
AC circuit to the other.

And hence, it has to transform total power, i.e. nothing but apparent power

The "S" is having unit of the VA and hence transformers are rated in terms of KVA
or MVA.
2. At the time of manufacturing of the transformer it is not known that which type
of load the transformer is going to serve (i.e. R, RL, RC or RLC or any other)
hence its beneficial to rate it in terms of total apparent power "S". (KVA or MVA).

3. The transformer has two types of losses, Copper loss, which are dependent on
current(Current is having unit Ampere)& Iron losses, which are dependent on
voltage(voltage is having unit Volts) Hence total losses=Iron Losses + Copper
losses, which are dependent on the VA.

4. Motor is a load while Transformer is not a load, but the load is connected to it.
5. Motor has fixed Power factor, i.e. motor has defined power factor and the rating
has been mentioned in KW on Motor nameplate data table. That’s why we are
rated Motor in kW or HP instead of KVA. Moreover the motor power factor does
not depend on the load and it works on any P.F because of its design.

Q. What are motor starting methods. Why We Need to Install a

Starter with a Motor in the series?
1. DOL (Direct online)

2. ASD (Automatic star-delta)

3. VFD (Variable Frequency Drives )

4. Soft starter

5. Stator Resistance method

Motor below 1 HP is directly connected without a starter because their armature

resistance is very high and they have the ability to afford higher current due to high
resistance. So the Armature winding safe from the high starting current. But a large
size of motors has a very low armature resistance. If connect this type of motor
direct to Supply (3-phase Supply) then the large current will destroy the armature
winding due to low resistance because the motor is not running in this time.
Obviously, because there is no Back E.M.F in the motor. The back E.M.F of the
motor is reached at full rate when motor is running at full speed. So this is the
answer that why we connect a starter with motor in series.

Example:

When we start the motor, armature current is high.

As we know armature current can be found out by this formula.

Ia=(V-Eb)/Ra,

Where,
V = terminal potential difference
Eb = back emf produced by the motor
Ra = Resistance of armature

Suppose we take a 5Hp motor with 440volt having armature resistance 25 Ω.

Normal full load current is 50 A.

If we connect DC supply without any starter result will be,

Ia = (440–0)/.25 A
Ia =1760 A

This current will destroy armature winding as this is 35.2 times higher than the
normal full load current. This is the reason why we connect starter with motor in
series. And starter decreases the initial high current and allow the motor to start.
After that we decreases starter resistance by turning starter handle and we can get
high current .So, the motor will rotate at high speed.

Q. What is human body resistance?

The NIOSH states "Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human
body may be as high as 100,000 Ω. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's
resistance to 1,000 Ω.," adding that "high-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks
down human skin, reducing the human body's resistance to 500 ohms".The internal
body resistance is about 300 Ω.

Q.What are the effects of current on human body?

 • Difference in current values due to bond density
• 60 Hz AC is much more dangerous than DC or 10 kHz AC. This is because
of the way the body works: to get a muscle to move, the brain has to send a
tiny electrical signal along the nervous system to the muscle. The most
important signals that we’re concerned with are the ones being sent to the
heart muscles: most people have a heart that beats at a frequency of about
60-100 Hz.
• DC and high frequency AC electricity are still very dangerous, but because
they apply current continuously (or the current pulses so fast that your body
thinks it’s applying current continuously), it takes more current to override
your body’s natural electrical signals. Kind of like how your eyes can only
see the world at 60 frames per second and you just don’t recognize faster
speeds.
• Breakdown voltage of human skin is 500 volts.

Q. Why is a parallel circuit arrangement best for house wiring?

• Allows for additional components
• Consistent voltage
• Independent of components
• Simple, safe and reliable

Parallel connectivity has its advantages over the series because in series
connectivity, there is only one switch for every appliance, which would use
excessive current. Another thing is, if one appliance gets spoiled, every appliance
would stop working, whereas in parallel connectivity, there are separate switches
and different connections for every appliance. So, series connectivity is not useful
for household wiring.

Important points:

Feasibility report of a system

❖ The system should be off

❖ Load /equipment value depends on the user end
❖ K-rating (short circuit level)
Q. What causes tripping of circuit breakers?
• User end must check
• Overload
• Inductive load breaker should be checked
• Leakage current in neutral
1. Due to UPS
2. Because of not good grounding

Important point:

• Engineer need two meters

1. Clamp meter
2. Tester

Q. Why fault occurs in the power system?

• Short circuit
• Loose connections (reverse current by battery)

Q. Why 630 A changeover is used in ATS PANEL?

630A changeover is used because it depends on the load. For current , always
check user side.

Q. What is current in the 11kV transmission line?

There is not a feasible answer to this question. It depends on the value of load or
how much ampere does the load has.
Q. How to calculate the current of the 75KW motor? Design its
PFI?
Q. What is the value of current in Air conditioner?
A "ton" in air conditioning circles is a reference to the heat capacity of a ton of
melting water ice, over the period of one day. It is defined as 12000 BTU/hr, or
3517 watts.

Considering the AC as single phase

Just apply it in formula P=V I Cos phi

I = 1300 / (220 X 0.8)

= 7.3 Amps.

The starting current will be 1.2 to 1.5 times of rated current so it will be

I1= 7.38x1.2= 8.86

I2= 7.38x1.5= 11.07

Q. What are the safe approach limits for humans?

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/electrical-safety-standards-
for-lvmvhv-part-3
 Q. What is an impulse test?
Impulse testing systems are designed to generate impulse voltages that simulate
lightning strikes and switching surges. The complete test system consists of a
charging rectifier, impulse stages according to the "Marx Circuit", an impulse
voltage divider and impulse voltage measurement system. It is a test used to check
if there is any path of current in the panel. Impulse voltage test systems are used
for impulse voltage testing of transformers, cables, gas-insulated switchgears
(GIS), arresters, and other high-voltage devices.

Application
To generate impulse voltages for testing:

• Transformers
• Cables
• Gas-insulated switchgears (GIS)
• Arresters and other high-voltage devices
• For material testing in research or training programs
• For both factory and on-site testing

Q. Why does line-line voltages is called 3-phase voltages?

Because it is connected to 3-phase laod that’s why it is called 3 phase voltages.

Q. Why does red phase has a greater voltage than other phases
in three phase system?
Due to wavelength of red phase as compared to other phases.
Q. What is the effect of frequency(50&60Hz) on home
appliances?
As long as the voltage is still correct, some appliances wont care. It depends on the
voltage as well.

RPM ∝ Hz
• 60 Hz motor will run 20% slower on 50 Hz power supply
• 50 Hz motor will run 20% faster on 60 Hz power supply
“Ns = 120f/P”
This is because impedance of 50 Hz machine increases if operate in 60 Hz supply
which also lowers the running ampere, while if 60 Hz machine run in 50Hz power
system will experience increase in running ampere and overheating that will result
to reduced life expectancy of the equipment.

Q. What are types of capacitor and their uses?

There are two types of capacitors:

• Fixed capacitor
• Variable capacitor
Fixed value capacitors are used in power supplies, motor start circuits while
variable capacitors are mostly used in tunable circuits where the resulting
frequency of the RLC circuit must change (by varying the capacitance of the
circuit). These capacitors were used to select radio stations by changing the tuned
frequency of receivers and transmitters.

Q. Differentiate between normal split AC and inverter AC?

A normal AC first over cools the room and cuts off the compressor till the room
again gets warm, then it will restart. Thus a normal AC first makes the room 1 or 2
degrees colder than the set temperature and then shuts down the compressor, and
only the fan continues to work. When the compressor is off, the room starts to get
warmer. When the room becomes 1 or 2 degrees warmer than the set temperature,
the AC compressor will again start and cool the room.

So with a normal AC, the room becomes too cold for a short while and then it
becomes too warm. This is does not lead to a comfortable sleep. Also with the AC
compressor running at high speeds when it is on, and with the constant restart of
the AC compressor, a normal AC consumes a lot of current making a normal AC
very inefficient and costly to use.
An inverter AC on the other hand controls the temperature of the room by running
the compressor at different speeds, at very slow speed when the room is at the right
temperature and speeds up a little if the temperature starts going up. Thus a room
cooled by an inverter AC stays at a constant comfortable temperature enabling a
very good sleep.

Comparing inverter AC vs normal AC, an inverter AC uses about 40% less electric
power and you get a much better sleep with constant cool temperature. The
inverter AC is very silent and lasts much longer than normal AC, because the
inverter AC runs at slower speeds and there is no wear and tear of the compressor
stopping and starting constantly.