UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXPIREMENT No. 1
INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES AND OHM’S LAW

Submitted by:
ILAJAS, MARJORIE B.
2011-1153-425

Subject and Section:

NEE 220 – 1CE

Group 4

28 November 2017 19 December 2017

Date of Performance Date Submitted

Submitted to:
Engr. Antonio C. Rebong
Professor
 LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT AND THEIR DESCRIPTION

UniTrain-I Interface
The UniTrain Interface is the central unit of the UniTrain system. It incorporates all inputs
and outputs, switches, power and signal sources and measurement circuitry needed to
perform experiments. The interface is controlled via the connected PC.
Equipment:
 32-bit processor with storage memory for measurements
 USB interfaces, transfer rate 12 Mbits/s
 Simultaneous connection of any number of Experimenters via serial bus system.
 Analog output, ±10V, 0, 2, A, DC – 1 MHz, via BNC and 2-mm sockets.
 2 analog differential amplifier inputs with 4 MHz bandwidth, safe for voltages u to
100 V, sampling rate 40 mega samples, 9 measuring ranges, memory depth 2 x 16 k x
10 bit, inputs via BNC or 2-mm socket.
 16-bit digital signal output, of which 8 bits are accessed via 2-mm sockets, TTL /
CMOS, sampling rate 0 – 100 kHZ, electric strength ±15 V,
 8 relays 24 V DC / 1 A, of which 4 are accessed via 2-mm sockets dimensions: 28 x 19
x 9 cm
 Weight: 1.7 kg
 Power supply with wide range input 100-250 V, 50-60 Hz outputs 2 x ±15 V/O, 4 A; 2
x 5 V/1 A.

UniTrain-I Experimenter
UniTrain-I Experimenter for coupling to the UniTrain-I Interface or to other experiment
modules.
Equipment:
 Connects to the UniTrain-I Interface and additional experimenters via UniTrain-I bus
 UniTrain-I bus connection for experiment cards
 Direct connection to the standard UniTrain-I power supply for use without an
UniTrain-I Interface
 Fixed and variable voltages available via 8 2-mm sockets.
 Accommodates UniTrain-I experiment cards
 Accommodates a breadboard for experimenting with discrete components and
integrated circuits
 Accommodates a multimeter using IrDA interface
 Dimensions: 28 x 19 x 9 cm
 Weight: 0.5 kg
Metrahit Multimeter
Universal precision lab multimeter and temperature meter with IR interface for high-
quality, universal measurement and testing in educational settings, power plants, process
control installations etc.
 3 ¾ digit multimeter; resolution: ±3, 100 digits
 Measurement classification CATII-1000V can be connected to UniTrain-I system via
IR interface
 Voltage and current measuring ranges: 30mV-1000V DC, 3V1000V AC; 3mA-16A DC;
30mA-10A AC.
 Resistance ranges: 30ohm-20Mohm
 Special functions: ℃ for temperature measurement using PT100/1000 thermocouple
 Continuity and diode testing
 Automatic range selection and battery shut-off, min./max. and data hold function
 Safety fuse for current measurement range up to 300mA
 Protection against high currents in the mA range for nominal voltage of 1000V
 Display with bar chart and backlighting
 Includes protective sleeve, measuring leads, 1x spare fuse, 9V battery, and calibration
certificate.

Experimental Card DCCL No.1 and Connection Plugs Shunt Resistors

On a PCB, for current measurement using the analog inputs of the UniTrain-I system.
 6 shunt resistors: 2 x 1 ohm, 2 x 10 ohm, 2 x 100 ohm screen print of symbols for
identifying resistors, the voltage taps and current inputs 24 x 2 –mm sockets.
 Dimensions: 100 x 40 mm
 Set of connection cables 2mm (22 pcs) for UniTrain-I consisting of :
 8 x connection leads 2mm, 15 cm, blue
 4 x connection leads 2mm, 15 cm, yellow
 2 x connection leads 2mm, 45 cm, black
 2 x connection leads 2mm, 45 cm, yellow
 2 x connection leads 2mm, 45 cm, red
 2 x connection leads 2mm, 45 cm, blue
 2 x adapter leads 4mm to 2 mm, 50 cm, white
 10 x 2mm connector plugs / plugs spacing 5 mm
 DATA

Table 1. 1

Measured and computed value of resistance for different loading resistor connection

Trial Loading Resistor Connection Measured Calculated

value in k value in k
1 Four resistors in series 4.920 4.832
2 Three resistors in Series 3.630 3.624
3 Two resistors in series 2.424 2.416
4 One resistor 1.208 1.208
5 One resistor in parallel with three in series 0.914 0.908
6 One resistor in parallel with two in series 0.805 0.805
7 Two resistors in parallel 0.602 0.604
8 Two resistor in parallel with 2 resistors in series 0.515 0.483
9 Three resistors in parallel 0.416 0.403
10 Four resistors in parallel 0.309 0.302
Measured value of resistance of One Resistor: 1.208 k

Table 1.2

Measured value of resistance of Potentiometer at different position settings

Trial Position Setting of Measured value of

Potentiometer resistance ()
1 0% 4.33
2 25% 2.380k
3 50% 4.49
4 75% 6.37
5 100% 8.48
Table 1.3

Voltage-Current Relations with fixed value of resistance

Trial Position Setting of Current Power
Potentiometer (mA) (mwatts)
1 2 3 6
2 4 6.1 24.4
3 6 9.1 54.6
4 8 12.2 97.6
5 10 15.2 152

Table 1.4

Resistance-Current Relations with fixed value of voltage

Trial Resistance Current Power

(ohms) (mA) (mwatts)
1 5000  2.0 20
2 3704  2.7 27.002
3 2564  3.9 38.998
4 1299  7.7 77.018
5 980  10.2 101.959
6 870  11.5 115.058
7 658  15.2 152.024
8 529  18.9 188.964
9 442  22.6 225.756
10 336  29.8 298.381
 QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. State the general rule in connecting ammeters and voltmeters in a circuit.

Ans. Ammeters should be connected or hooked in a series load or device to measure the
current while voltmeters should be connected to a parallel to load or device to measure
its voltage.

2. What will happen to the voltmeter and to the circuit if the voltmeter is accidentally
connected in series with load? Explain.

Ans. If a voltmeter is accidentally connected in series with the load it will not give the
correct reading on voltmeter. Since, voltmeters have a huge or infinite resistance so
current can not just pass through it, the circuits will have no current because the
voltmeter has huge resistance that can stop the flow of a current.

3. What will happen to the ammeter and to the circuit if the ammeter is accidentally
connected in parallel or across the load? Explain.

Ans. If ammeter is connected in a parallel with a load, it will burn out the ammeter
because the ammeter has a very small resistance about 1milliohms. If an ammeter is
connected in a parallel with a load in a circuit, the current of a circuit will enter either
side of the ammeter and will bypass the load causing the ammeter to burn out.

4. Why do voltmeters have immensely high resistance?

Ans. Voltmeters has an immensely high resistance because they are to be connected in a
parallel with a load so that it will not affect the resistance of loads in a circuit.

5. Why do ammeters have very low resistance?

Ans. Ammeters have very small resistance because they are to be connected in series so
the current will pass through freely and easily in the ammeter and to get the reading of
current in a circuit.

6. Calculate the amount of current that will flow through a resistor of 10 k resistance if
the potential difference across it is 10 volts. How much power is dissipated in the
resistor?

Given: R= 10k= 10,000

V= 10v
I= ?
𝑉
Solution: 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅, where 𝐼 = 𝑅 Solve for Power:
10
𝐼 = 10000 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉
𝐼 = 1𝑥10−3 = 1𝑥10−3 A x 10
𝑃 = 0.01 VA or 0.01 watts
 COMPUTATIONS

For table 1.1

1. R + R + R + R = 1.208+1.208+1.208+1.208 = 4.832
2. R + R + R = 1.208+1.208+1.208 = 3.624
3. R + R = 1.208+1.208= 2.416
4. R= 1.208
1 1 1 1
5. = + = 1 1 = 0.908
𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅+𝑅+𝑅 +
1.208 1.208+1.208+1.208
1 1 1 1
6. = + = 1 1 = 0.805 
𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅+𝑅 +
1.208 1.208+1.208
1 1 1 1
7. = + = 1 1 = 0. 604 
𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅 +
1.208 1.208
1 1 1 1 1
8. = + + = 1 1 1 = 0.483 
𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅+𝑅 𝑅 + +
1.208 1.208 1.208+1.208
1 1 1 1 1
9. = + + = 1 1 1 = 0.403 
𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 + +
1.208 1.208 1.208
1 1 1 1 1 1
10. = + + + = 1 1 1 1 = 0.302 
𝑅𝑡 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 + + +
1.208 1.208 1.208 1.208

For table 1.3

1. 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉 2. 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉 3. 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉

= 2 𝑥 3𝑚𝐴 = 4 𝑥 6.1𝑚𝐴 = 6 𝑥 9.1𝑚𝐴
𝑃 = 6 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃 = 24.4 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃 = 54.6 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

4. 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉 5. 𝑃=𝐼𝑥𝑉
= 8 𝑥 12.2𝑚𝐴 = 10 𝑥 15.2𝑚𝐴
𝑃 = 97.6 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑃 = 152 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

For table 1.4

𝐼 2 (𝑅) 2.02 (5000) 𝐼 2 (𝑅) 11.52 (870)

1. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 20 6. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 115.058
1000 1000 1000 1000

𝐼 2 (𝑅) 2.72 (3704) 𝐼 2 (𝑅) 15.22 (658)

2. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 27.002 7. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 152.024
1000 1000 1000 1000

𝐼 2 (𝑅) 3.92 (2564) 𝐼 2 (𝑅) 18.92 (529)

3. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 38.998 8. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 188.964
1000 1000 1000 1000

𝐼 2 (𝑅) 7.72 (1299) 𝐼 2 (𝑅) 22.62 (442)

4. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 77.018 9. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 225.756
1000 1000 1000 1000

𝐼 2 (𝑅) 10.22 (980) 𝐼 2 (𝑅) 29.82 (336)

5. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 101.959 10. 𝑃 = 𝑃= = 298.381
1000 1000 1000 1000
 DISCUSSION

In this activity we have assigned our group a personnel to perform the task to be
performed, we have done with the division of labor so that every member of group 4 will
understand and be able to participate to the said activity. At first it is very hard for our
group to perform specially when we got the device with no switches, we often get the
wrong data or inconsistent result.
But this not stop us from getting the result were looking for, we have discussed within
the group to review our knowledge in physics to refresh from the formulas and for the
upcoming activities.
We also have discussed about the different types of measuring devices for
current/circuits etc.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion for measured value and calculated value in table 1.1 is almost similar.
However, there is still should be difference between two value. It appears in the calculated
value that results are lower while in the measured value where the results are higher and
depending to the numbers of resistors present. This maybe also the tolerance of the
resistor itself.
It was observed that measured and calculated value is inversely proportional with
loading resistor connection from 1st to 10th trial.
For table 1.2 we have estimated/positioned five points to get the value from minimum
to maximum (0% to 100%).
The voltage current relation with a fixed value of resistance is directly proportional
when the voltage increased; the current (mA) also increases resulting to the increasing of
its power (watts).
Therefore, this changes of current will vary to the resistors being used, and voltage-
current directly proportional, while resistance-current inversely proportional.

REFERENCE:

Http://physics.stackechange.com
(Electric current – connecting ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit)

Http://courses.lumelearning.com
(Voltmeters and Ammeters | Boundless Physics)

http://Khanacademy.com.org
(Voltmeters and Ammeters)

Http://www.allaboutcuircuits.com
(Measuring Resistance, in Circuit and out)

Http://study.com
(Ohm’s Law: Definition & Relationship between Voltage and Ampere)
GRAPHS / DRAWING