Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.

Chapter 17 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
−1 ⎡ ⎛ π⎞ ⎤ π ⎛ π π⎞ 2π
1. sin ⎢sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = − ∵− < sin −1
x< 7. sin −1 x + sin −1 y =
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ 3 ⎦ 3 ⎜⎝ 2
⎟
2⎠ 3
π π 2π
−1 ⎛ 5π ⎞ −1 ⎛ 3⎞ π ⇒ − cos −1 x + − cos −1 y =
2. sin ⎜ sin ⎟ = sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − 2 2 3
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3
π
3. The principal value of ⇒ cos −1 x + cos −1 y = .
3
⎡ ⎛ 2 π⎞ ⎤ ⎛ π⎞ π π
sin −1 ⎢sin ⎜ π − −1
⎟⎠ ⎥ = sin sin ⎜ ⎟ = . 8. θ = sin −1 x + cos −1 x − tan −1 x = − tan −1 x
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎦ ⎝ 3⎠ 3 2
−1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 π π
4. Put cot ⎜ ⎟ = θ ⇒ cot θ = We know − < tan −1 x <
⎝ ⎠ 2 2 2 2

2 π π π π
∴ sin θ = . Pu t co s −1 x = φ, then x = co s φ ⇒ > − tan −1 x > − ∴ 0 < − tan −1 x < .
5 2 2 2 4
⎛ 1⎞ 1
2 5 −1
9. sin(co t x) = sin ⎜ sin
−1
⎟= .
Also ∵ tan φ = , ∴ x = cos φ = . 2
5 3 ⎝ 1+ x ⎠ 1 + x2

⎛ 5π ⎞ 5π ⎞ π
−1 ⎛
−1
5. cos −1 ⎜ cos 10. tan x( x + 1) + sin −1 x 2 + x + 1 =
⎝ ⎟⎠ + sin ⎜⎝ sin ⎟⎠ 2
3 3
tan −1 x( x + 1 ) is defined, when x( x + 1) ≥ 0 ...(i)
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
= cos ⎢cos ⎜ 2π − ⎟ ⎥ + sin −1 ⎢sin ⎜ 2π − ⎟ ⎥
−1

⎣ ⎝ ⎠
3 ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦
sin −1
x 2 + x + 1 is defined, when
π π
= − = 0. 0 ≤ x( x + 1) + 1 ≤ 1 or 0 ≤ x( x + 1 ) ≤ 0 ...(ii)
3 3
From (i) and (ii), x(x + 1) = 0 or x = 0 and –1.
11π
6. Given equation is 2 cos −1 x + sin −1 x =
6 Hence, number of solutions is 2.
11π
⇒ co s −1 x + (co s −1 x + sin −1 x) =
6

−1 11π π −1 4π
⇒ cos x = − ⇒ cos x = , which is not
6 2 3
possible as co s −1 x ∈[0 , π] .
17.2 t em tics

INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
⎡ −1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎤
⎡4 1 1 16 ⎤
1. tan ⎢sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + cos ⎜⎝ ⎟⎥ 6. α = sin −1 ⎢ 1 − + 1 − ⎥
⎣ 5 13 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣5 9 3 25 ⎦

⎛ −1 3 2⎞ ⎡8 2 3 ⎤ ⎛ 8 2 + 3⎞
= tan ⎜ tan + tan −1 ⎟ = sin −1 ⎢ + ⎥ = sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 3⎠ ⎣ 15 15 ⎦ ⎝ 15 ⎠
⎛ 3 2 ⎞ 8 2 +3 π
+ Since < 1, ∴α <
⎜ −1 4 3 ⎟ 15 2
= tan ⎜ tan
3 2⎟
⎜ 1 − . ⎟ ⎛π 4 π 1⎞ π
⎝ 4 3⎠ β = ⎜ − sin −1 + − sin −1 ⎟ = (π − α ) >
⎝2 5 2 3⎠ 2
⎡ −1 17 12 ⎤ 17
= tan ⎢ tan × ⎥= . ⇒ α < β.
⎣ 12 6 ⎦ 6
1 1 x y
+ 7. cos −1 + cos −1 = θ
1 1 π 2 3
2. tan
−1
+ tan −1 = tan −1 2 3 = tan −1 1 = .
2 3 1 1 4
1− . x y ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ y2 ⎞
2 3 ⇒ . − ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟ = cos θ
2 3 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 9⎠
1 2 ⎡1 4 2 1⎤
3. sin −1 + sin −1 = sin −1 ⎢ 1 − + 1− ⎥
3 3 ⎣3 9 3 9⎦ ( xy − 6 cos θ) 2 = (4 − x 2 )(9 − y 2 )
⎡ 5 + 4 2⎤
= sin −1 ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ 9 x 2 − 1 2 xy co s θ + 4 y 2 = 36 (1 − co s 2 θ)
⎣ 9 ⎦ = 36 sin 2 θ.
5+4 2 3
Therefore, x = .. 8. sin −1 2 x = sin −1 − sin −1 x
9 2
−1 −1 3 12 ⎡ 3 3 ⎤
4. Given, sin C = sin + cos −1 = sin −1 ⎢ . 1 − x 2 − x 1 − ⎥
5 13
⎣ 2 4 ⎦
3 5 3 x
∴ sin −1 C = sin −1 + sin −1 ∴ 2 x = 1 − x2 −
5 13 2 2

−1 ⎧
⎪3 25 5 9 ⎫⎪ 2
= sin ⎨ 1− + 1− ⎬ ⎛ 5 x⎞ 3
∴ ⎜ ⎟ = (1 − x 2 ) or 28x2 = 3
⎩⎪ 5 169 13 25 ⎪⎭ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4

⎛ 56 ⎞ 56 3 1 3 ⎛ 1 3⎞
−1 ⇒x= = , ⎜ not − ⎟.
= sin ⎜
⎝ ⎟⎠ ⇒ C = . 28 2 7 ⎝ 2 7 ⎠
65 65
12 3 63 ⎡x y ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ y2 ⎞ ⎤
5. tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 9. We have co s −1 ⎢ . − ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ ⎥ = α
5 4 16 ⎢a b a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠⎥
⎝
⎣ ⎦
48 + 15 63
= π + tan −1 + tan −1 xy ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ y2 ⎞
20 − 36 16 ⇒ − ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ = cos α
(xy > 1) ab ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b ⎠
2
xy x2 y 2 x2 y 2
63 63 ∴ ⎛⎜ − cos α ⎞⎟ = 1 − 2 − 2 + 2 2
= π − tan −1 + tan −1 = π. ⎝ ab ⎠ a b a b
16 16
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.3

x2 y 2 2 xy x2 y 2 x2 y 2 ⇒ θ = tan −1 (as ) + tan −1 (bs ) + tan −1 (cs )

+ cos 2 α − cos α = 1 − 2 − 2 + 2 2
a 2b2 ab a b a b 3 ⎤
−1 ⎡ as + bs + cs − abcs
x2 2 xy y2
⇒ θ = tan ⎢ 2 2 2⎥
⇒ − cos α + 2 = 1 − cos 2 α = sin 2 α. ⎣1 − abs − bcs − cas ⎦
2
a ab b
⎡ (a + b + c) − abcs 2 ⎤
a(a + b + c) b( a + b + c )
⇒ tan θ = s ⎢ 2 ⎥
=0
10. θ = tan −1 + tan −1 ⎣1 − (ab + bc + ca ) s ⎦
bc ca
c(a + b + c) [∵ abcs 2 = (a + b + c)]
−1
+ tan
ab Trick: Since it is an identity so it will be true for any
value of a, b, c. Let a = b = c = 1, then
2 a+b+c
Let s =
abc θ = tan −1 3 + tan −1 3 + tan −1 3 = π, tan θ = 0 .

∴ θ = tan −1 a 2 s 2 + tan −1 b 2 s 2 + tan −1 c 2 s 2

INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
2x
1. 2 tan −1 (cos x) = tan −1 (cosec2 x) −1
5. Since, 2 tan x = tan
−1
1 − x2
⇒ tan −1 ⎛⎜ 2 co s x ⎞⎟ = tan −1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ 2
⎝ 1 − co s 2 x ⎠ ⎝ sin 2 x ⎠ −1 1 ⎡ −1 1 ⎤ −1 5
∴ 4 tan = 2 ⎢ 2 tan = 2 tan
2 cos x 1 5 ⎣ 5 ⎥⎦ 1
1−
⇒ = 25
sin 2 x sin 2 x
20
π 10 120
⇒ 2 cos x = 1 ⇒ x = . = 2 tan −1 = tan −1 24 = tan −1
3 24 100 119
1−
2. sin −1 x = 2 tan −1 x 576

2x 1
−1 1 120 1
−1
⇒ sin x = sin
−1
So, 4 tan − tan −1 = tan −1 − tan −1
1+ x 2 5 239 119 239
2x 120 1
⇒ = x ⇒ x3 – x = 0 −
−1 119 239
1 + x2 = tan
120 1
1+ .
⇒ x( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = {−1, 1, 0} . 119 239

⎧⎛ π (120 × 239 ) − 119

−1 ⎞ −1 ⎫ π = tan −1
3. sin ⎨⎜ − 2 tan x⎟ + 2 tan x⎬ = sin = 1. (119 × 239 ) + 120
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭ 2

a a π
4. Let cos −1 = θ ⇒ cos θ = = tan −1 1 = .
b b 4
π ⎛ π⎞
⎡π 1 a⎤ ⎡π 1 a⎤ 6. If x = –1, L.H.S. = , R.H.S. = 2 × ⎜ − ⎟ . So, the
tan ⎢ + cos −1 ⎥ + tan ⎢ − cos −1 ⎥ 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⎣4 2 b⎦ ⎣4 2 b⎦ formula does not hold.

1 +t 1 −t If x < –1, the angle on the L.H.S. is in the second

= + , where quadrant while the angle on the R.H.S. is 2 × (angle
1 −t 1 +t
in the fourth quadrant), which cannot be equal.
θ (1 + t 2 ) 2 2b
t = tan =2 2
= = . If x > 1, the angle on the L.H.S. is in the second
2 1 −t cos θ a quadrant while the angle on the R.H.S. is 2 × (angle
17.4 t em tics

in the first quadrant) and these two may be equal. As x, y are positive integers, x = 1, 2 and
If – 1 < x < 0, the angle on the L.H.S. is positive and corresponding y = 2, 7
that on the R.H.S. is negative and the two cannot be
equal. ∴ Solutions are (x, y) = (1,2), (2,7).

7. Let x = tan θ. Then 9. α = 2 tan −1 ( 2 − 1 )

π
2x 2 tan θ = 2 tan −1 tan
sin −1 2
= sin −1 = sin −1 (sin 2 θ) 8
1+x 1 + tan 2 θ
π π 1
2x = 2 × = = co s −1
∴ 2 tan −1 x + sin −1 = 2θ + sin −1 (sin 2θ) 8 4 2
2
1+ x
π π 7π
π π 2x β = 3. − =
If − ≤ 2θ ≤ , 2 tan −1
x + sin −1 4 6 12
2 2 1 + x2 1 1
∴ β > α. Also, <
= 2θ + 2θ = 4 tan −1 x ≠ independent of x. 3 2
1 1 π
π π −1 −1 2x ⇒ cos −1 > cos −1 =
If − ≤ π − 2θ ≤ , 2 tan x + sin 3 2 4
2 2 1 + x2
So, γ > α
= 2θ + sin −1 [sin(π − 2θ)] = 2θ + π − 2θ
1
= π= independent of x. Again cos −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ belongs to the first quadrant and β
⎝ 3⎠
⎡ π π⎤ ⎡π 3 π⎤ is in the second quadrant.
∴ θ ∉ ⎢ − , ⎥ but θ ∈ ⎢ , ⎥ and from the
⎣ 4 4 ⎦ ⎣4 4 ⎦ ∴ β > γ.
principal value of tan x.
–1
a b
10. Let tan −1 = θ, tan −1 = φ
⎛ π π⎞ π π b a
θ ∈ ⎜ − , ⎟ . Hence, θ ∈ ⎛⎜ , ⎞⎟ a b
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝4 2 ⎠ ⇒ ∴ tan θ = , tan φ =
b a
∴ θ ∈ ⎛⎜ π , π ⎞⎟ ⇒ tan −1 x + sin −1 2 x = π.
⎝4 2 ⎠ 1 + x2 a3 ⎛1 a ⎞ b3 ⎛1 b⎞
cosec2 ⎜ tan −1 ⎟ + sec2 ⎜ tan −1 ⎟
π 2x 2 ⎝2 b⎠ 2 ⎝2 a⎠
Also at θ = , 2 tan −1 x + sin −1
4 1 + x2
a3 b3 a3 b3
π π π = + = +
= 2. + sin −1 1 = + = π. ⎛ θ⎞ ⎛ φ ⎞ 1 − cos θ 1 + cos φ
4 2 2 2 sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ 2 cos 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎡π π⎞
∴ The given function = π= constant if θ ∈⎢ , ⎟ .
⎣4 2 ⎠ a3 b3
i.e., x ∈ [1 , + ∞) . = +
b a
1− 1+
1 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
8. tan −1 x + tan −1 = tan −1 3
y
⎡ a 3 [ a 2 + b 2 + b] b3 [ a 2 + b 2 − a ] ⎤
1
−1 = a 2 + b2 ⎢ + ⎥
or tan = tan −1 3 − tan −1 x ⎢⎣ (a 2 + b 2 ) − b 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) − a 2 ⎥⎦
y
1 3− x (rationalized)
or tan −1 = tan −1
y 1 + 3x
= a 2 + b 2 [a{ a 2 + b 2 + b} + b{ a 2 + b 2 − a}]
⇒ y = 1 + 3x
3− x = a 2 + b 2 [ a 2 + b 2 (a + b)] = (a 2 + b 2 )(a + b).
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.5

1 π
1. Let θ = tan -1 x & x = tan θ 9. sin -1 5 + cos -1 x = 2
1 1 1 π
` cos θ = = ` sin -1 5 = 2 - cos -1 x = sin -1 x
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + x2
1
1 `x= 5.
Hence cos θ = cos(tan -1 x) =
1 + x2 1 2
10. sin -1 3 + sin -1 3
2. tan^sec -1 1 + x 2 h = tan^sec -1 1 + tan 2 θ h
1 - 9 D = sin -1 ;
5 +4 2E
= sin -1 : 3
1 4 2 1
(Putting x = tan θ) 1- 9 + 3 9
= tan (sec -1 sec θ) = tan θ = x . 5 +4 2
Therefore x = 9 .
3. sec -1 [sec (- 30 o)] = sec -1 (sec 30 o) = 30 o
11. sin -1 c 2 m =- sin -1 c 2 m =- 3 .
- 3 3 π
4. The principal value of
12. cot :cos -1 a 25 kD = cot 8cot -1 ` 24 jB = 24 .
7 7 7
sin -1 b 2 l = sin -1 sin ]- 30 °g =- 6 .
1 π
π 3π
5. Let tan -1 2 = α & tan α = 2 13. We have 2 # x # 2
-π π -π π
and cot -1 3 = β & cot β = 3 & 2 # x-π # 2 & 2 # π-x # 2

sec 2 (tan -1 2) + cosec 2 (cot -1 3 ) & sin -1 {sin (π - x)} = π - x .

= sec 2 α + cosec 2 α = 1 + tan 2 α + 1 + cot 2 α 14. It is given that π # x # 2π

= 2 + (2) 2 + (3) 2 = 1 5 & - π $ - x $ - 2π & π $ 2π - x $ 0

1-x 1 & cos -1 "cos(2π - x) , = 2π - x
6. We have tan -1 1 + x = 2 tan -1 x
π π
15. Since 3π 1 10 1 3π + 2 & 0 1 10 - 3π 1 2
& tan -1 :1 + tan θ D = 2 θ (Putting x = tan θ)
1 - tan θ 1
-π
π & 2 1 3π - 10 1 0
& tan -1 > H = θ2
tan 4 - tan θ
π & sin -1 "sin (3π - 10) , = 3π - 10
1 + tan 4 tan θ
16. We have,
& tan -1 tan ` 4 - θ j = 2 & 4 - θ = 2
π θ π θ
tan -1 a 1 + x k = tan -1 1 - tan -1 x = 4 - tan -1 x
1-x π
π π 1
& θ = 6 = tan -1 x & x = tan 6 = π
3 Since 0 # x # 1 & 0 # tan -1 x # 4
7. cos acos 6 k = cos $cos ` π + 6 j.
7 π π -π π π
-1 -1
& 0 $ - tan -1 x $ 4 & 4 $ 4 - tan -1 x $ 0

cos -1 `- cos 6 j = π - cos -1 cos 6 = π - 6 = 6 & 4 $ tan -1 a 1 + x k $ 0

π π π 5π π 1-x

1 17. Let sin -1 x = y. Then x = sin y

8. Let cos -1 x = θ & x = cos θ & sec θ = x
-π
1 1 Since - 1 # x # 0 , therefore 2 # sin -1 x # 0
& tan θ = sec 2 θ - 1 = - 1 = x 1 - x2
x2 -π
and so 2 # y # 0 We have cos y = 1 - sin 2 y
Now sin cot -1 tan θ = sin cot -1 ` x 1 - x 2 j
1
& cos y = 1 - x 2 , for 0 # y # π …..(i)
Again, putting x = sin θ
π π
Now - 2 # y # 0 & 2 $ - y $ 0
sin cot -1 ` x 1 - x 2 j = sin cot -1 c sin θ m
1 1 - sin 2 θ
& cos^- yh = 1 - x 2 {from (i)}
= sin cot -1 (cot θ) = sin θ = x
& - y = cos -1 1 - x 2 & y =- cos -1 1 - x 2
17.6 t em tics

18. :sin a tan -1 4 kD = :sin asin -1 5 kD = a 5 k = 25

3 2 3 2 3 2 9 a+x a-x π
26. Given equation is tan -1 a + tan -1 a = 6
JK a + x a - x NO
19. sin -1 asin 3 k = sin -1 c - 2 m =- 3
5π 3 π K + O π
& tan KK aa + x aa- x OOO = 6
-1 K

K1 - a . a O
20. Given, tan -1 x = sin -1 ;
3
E L P
10 2a 2 π 1
& 2 = tan 6 = & x2 = 2 3 a2
& x = tan 'sin -1 ; E1= tan {tan -1 3}
3 x 3
10 2π
&x=3. 27. sin -1 x + sin -1 y = 3
π π 2π
21. tan a90 o - cot -1 3 k= cot .cot -1 3 = 3
1 1 1 & 2 - cos -1 x + 2 - cos -1 y = 3
3 3 2π π
22. Let cot -1 4 = θ & cot θ = 4 and & cos -1 x + cos -1 y = π - 3 = 3 .

28. cos -1 a 17 k + 2 tan -1 a 5 k

1 1 4 15 1
sin θ = = =5
1 + co t 2 θ 1 + (9 /16 )
= cos -1 a 17 k + cos -1 a 1 + 1/25 k
15 1 - 1/25
3 5 4 5
Hence cot -1 4 + sin -1 13 = sin -1 5 + sin -1 13
= cos -1 a 17 k + cos -1 a 13 k
15 12
= sin -1 : 5 . 1 - 169 + 13 . 1 - 25 D
4 25 5 16
= cos -1 c 17 # 13 - 1 - a 17 k 1 - a 13 k m
15 12 15 2 12 2
= sin -1 : 5 . 13 + 13 . 5 D = sin -1 : 65 D = sin -1 65
4 12 5 3 48 + 15 63

= co s -1 b 221 l.
140
23. Given that cos -1 x + cos -1 y + cos -1 z = π
& cos -1 (x) + cos -1 (y) + cos -1 (z) = cos -1 (- 1) 3 1 3 1
29. sin -1 5 + tan -1 7 = tan -1 4 + tan -1 7

= tan -1 c 1 - (3/4) # (1/7) m

& cos -1 (x) + cos -1 (y) = cos -1 (- 1) - cos -1 (z) (3/4) + (1/7)
& cos -1 _xy - 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 i = cos -1 "]- 1g] z g,
= tan -1 a 25 k = tan -1 1 = 4
25 π
& xy - (1 - x 2) (1 - y 2) =- z
π
30. tan -1 (1 + x) + tan -1 (1 - x) = 2
& (xy + z) = (1 - x 2) (1 - y 2)
π
& tan -1 (1 + x) = 2 - tan -1 (1 - x)
Squaring both sides we get x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 1 .
1 & tan -1 (1 + x) = cot -1 (1 - x)
Trick : Put x = y = z = 2 , so that
& tan -1 (1 + x) = tan -1 a 1 - x k
1
1 1 1
cos -1 2 + cos -1 2 + cos -1 2 = π
1
Obviously (d) holds for these values of x, y, z. & 1 + x = 1 - x & 1 - x2 = 1 & x = 0
x-1
24. We have tan -1 x + 2 + tan -1 x + 2 = 4
x+1 π 31. x + y = tan -1 33 & y = tan -1 33 - tan -1 3
RS x - 1 x + 1 VW 33 - 3 30
SS W = tan -1 1 + 9 9 = tan -1 100 & y = tan -1 (0.3) .
& tan -1 SS x +x - 2 + x + 2 WW = π
32. sin asin -1 2 + co s -1 2 k = sin 2 = 1.
SS1 - a 1 ka x + 1 k WW 4 1 1 π
S x + 2 x + 2 WW
T X 33. The given equation may be written as
2x (x + 2)
&; 2 E = tan π
4 2π
x + 4 + 4x - x 2 + 1 tan -1 x + cot -1 x + cot -1 x = 3
2x (x + 2) π
& 4x + 5 = tan 4 = 1 2π π π
& co t -1 x = 3 - 2 = 6 & x = 3 .
5 1 1
& 2x 2 + 4x = 4x + 5 & x = ! 2 34. a cot -1 2 = cos -1
5
25. cos -1 1 - x + sin -1 1 - x = sin -1 x + cos -1 x = π
2 Hence given equation can be written as
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.7

1 π Note: Students should remember this question as a

sin -1 x + cos -1 = 2
5 formula.
1 38. Given that A = tan -1 x
&x= .
5
35. cos acos 3 k + sin -1 asin 3 k
5π 5π 2 tan A 2x
-1 Now x = tan A & sin 2A = = .
1 + tan 2 A 1 + x 2
= cos -1 8cos `2π - 3 jB + sin -1 8sin `2π - 3 jB
π π 1
39. co s (2 sin -1 x) = 9
π π 1
= 3 -3 =0 & co s (sin -1 2x 1 - x 2 ) = 9
36. We know that 4 sin -1 x + cos -1 x = π 1
& cos (cos -1 1 - 4 x 2 + 4 x 4 ) = 9
-1 -1 -1
& 3 sin x + sin x + cos x = π
1 1 8
π π & 1 - 2x 2 = 9 & 2x 2 = 1 - 9 = 9
& 3 sin -1 x = π - 2 = 2
4 2
π 1 & x2 = 9 & x = ! 3
& sin -1 x = π/6 & x = sin 6 = 2 .
40. We have tan -1 (cos x) = tan -1 (2 cosec x)
37. tan -1 (x) + tan -1 (y) + tan -1 (z) = π
& tan -1 a k = tan -1 (2 cosec x)
2 cos x
& tan -1 x + tan -1 y = π - tan -1 z 1 - cos 2 x
x+y 2 cos x
& 1 - xy =- z & x + y =- z + xyz = 2 cosec x & 2 cos x = 2 sin x or
sin 2 x
& x + y + z = xyz sin x = cos x
π
Dividing by xyz, we get &x= 4 .
1 1 1
yz + xz + xy = 1.

π π ⎛ m⎞
sin −1 2 x + . For domain sin–1 2x + 1−
1. y = ≥0 m⎞
−1 ⎛ −1 ⎜ n⎟
6 6 tan ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜
⎝ n⎠ m⎟
⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ n⎠
π π 1
⇒– ≤ sin–1 2x ≤ ⇒ – ≤ 2x ≤ 1
6 2 2 m m π
= tan −1 + tan −1 1 − tan −1 = .
1 1 n n 4
⇒– ≤ x ≤
4 2 4. (tan–1 x)2 – 3 tan–1 x + 2 ≥ 0
1
2. (tan–1 x – 1) (tan–1 x – 2) ≥ 0
5 1
1 we know that
1
25 −7 ⎛ π π⎞
2. = tan–1 x ∈ ⎜ − , ⎟
1 17 ⎝ 2 2⎠
2.
1+ 5 .1
1 so tan x ≥ 2 (not possible) or tan–1x ≤ 1
–1

1
25 ⇒ x ∈ (–∞, tan1]
π
3. Using properties ∴ tan–1 x + cot–1 x = 2 5. f(x) = sin–1 (|x – 1| – 2). For domain – 1 ≤ |x – 1| – 2
≤1
a x
⇒ = ⇒ x = ab statement-1 is true ⇒ 1 ≤ |x – 1| ≤ 3
x b
⇒ x – 1 ∈ [–3, –1] ∪ [1, 3] ⇒ x ∈ [–2, 0] ∪ [2, 4]
17.8 t em tics

6. π ≤ x ≤ 2π π π
11. sin–1 x + sin–1 y = – cos–1 x – cos–1 y +
cos–1 cos x = 2π – x 2 2
⎛π − 1 3⎞ −1 3 −3
7. = cot ⎜ + sin
⎝2 ⎟⎠ = tan sin = . = π – (cos–1 x + cos–1 y) = 2π
5 5 4 3
⎡ ⎛ 50π ⎞ ⎛ 31π ⎞ ⎤ π
8. sec ⎢sin −1 ⎜⎝ − sin −1
⎟⎠ + cos cos ⎜⎝ − ⎟ ⇒ cos–1 x + cos–1 y =
⎣ 9 9 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 3
⎡ ⎛ 50π ⎞ ⎛ 31π ⎞ ⎤ 12. tan2 (sec–1 2) + cot2 (cosec–1 3)
= sec ⎢ − sin −1 ⎜⎝ sin −1
⎟⎠ + cos cos ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎣ 9 9 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⇒ tan2 (tan–1 3 ) + cot2 (cot–1 8)
⎡ −1 ⎛ 4π ⎞ −1 ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎤
= sec ⎢ − sin ⎜⎝ − sin ⎟⎠ + cos ⎜⎝ − cos ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⇒ 3 + 8 = 11.
⎣ 9 9 ⎦
13. (sin–1 x + sin–1 y)2 = π2
⎡ 4π 4π ⎤
= sec ⎢ + π − ⎥ = sec π = –1.
⎣ 9 9 ⎦ ⇒ sin–1 x + sin–1 y = ± π
9. tan2(sin–1x) > 1 π
⇒ sin–1 x = sin–1 y =
either tan (sin x) > 1
–1 2

⇒ sin–1 x > tan–1 1 π

or sin–1 x = sin–1 y = –
2
1 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 2.
⇒ sin–1 x > sin–1
2 2
1 1 14. Hint: y = cos −1 x
⇒x > ⇒ <x<1 1+ x
2 2
2
or Now, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
1 +x
tan(sin–1 x) < –1 ⇒ sin–1x < tan–1(–1)
15. ∴ –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ...(1)
⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ sin–1x < sin–1 ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ x∈R ...(2)
2
1 x ≤ –1
⇒ –1 < x < −
2 or x ≥ 1 ...(3)
⎡− 2 2 ⎤
so x ∈ (–1, 1) – ⎢ , ⎥. By (1) ∩ (2) ∩ (3)
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
⇒ x ∈ {–1, 1}.
10. f(x) = cot −1 ( x + 3) x + cos −1 x 2 + 3x + 1
π
16. θ = sin–1 x + cos–1 x – tan–1 x = – tan–1 x
for domain 2
Domain x ∈ [–1, 1] But given x ≥ 0
x(x + 3) ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ x2 + 3x + 1 ≤ 1
⇒ x ∈ [0, 1]
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [0, ∞)
π
and x2 + 3x + 1 ≥ 0 and x2 + 3x ≤ 0 ⇒ θ = – tan–1 x = cot–1 x
2
⇒ x ∈ [–3, 0]
for x ∈ [0, 1]
Taking intersection
∴ x ∈ {–3, 0}. π π
⇒ ≤ θ < .
4 2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.9

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ π
17. sin −1 ⎜ tan ⎟ − sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ − = 0
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ x⎠ 6 23.

3 π
⇒ sin–11 – sin–1 =
x 6
3 3
⇒ =
2 x
e–x = |ln x|
⇒ x = 2
24. cosec–1 (cos x) is defined if
x = 4.
cos x ≥ 1 or
2π π π 5π
18. x = + + = cos x ≤ – 1
3 4 3 4
⇒ cosx = ±1
⎛1 ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎞
y = cos ⎜ sin − 1 ⎜ sin ⎟ ⎟ ⇒ x = nπ
⎝2 ⎝ 8 ⎠⎠
⎛ 1⎞ π
⎛1⎛ 5 π⎞⎞ 3π 25. sin–1 x + cot–1 ⎜ ⎟ =
= cos ⎜ ⎜ π − ⎟ ⎟ = cos . ⎝ 2⎠ 2
⎝2 ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎠ 16
19. Domain of f(x) is x ∈ { –1, 1} 1 π
⇒ sin–1 x + cos–1 =
5 2
π π π
f ( −1 ) = − − +π=
2 4 4
1
⇒ x = .
⇒ f (1 ) = π + π + 0 = 3 π . 5
2 4 4
1
20. By property if x < 0 tan–1 = cot–1 x – π 26. Since x . x + y > 1 , then the equation is equal to
x y x−y
1 1
∴ tan–1 x + tan–1 = tan–1 x + cot–1 x – π = – π ⎡ x x+ y ⎤
x x ⎢ y+ x−y ⎥ 3π
−1
1 π π + tan ⎢ ⎥ = π + tan −1 ( −1) =
⇒ tan–1 x + tan–1 =− . x
⎢1 − × x + y ⎥ 4
x 2 ⎢⎣ y x − y ⎥⎦
21. 4 – x2 ≥ 0 and –1 ≤ x2 – 5 ≤ 1 Hence (c) is the correct answer.
x ≤4
2
and 4≤x –5≤6
2
27. Since –1<x<0, − π < sin −1 x < 0 .
So x = 4 which satisfy the given equation
2 2

So x = ±2 number of solution = 2. Let sin–1x = a i.e. sin α = x. Then

22. tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 = cosec–1 x x

tan α =
⇒ π + tan–1(–1) = cosec–1 x 1 − x2
−1 x
π ⇒ α = tan
⇒π – = cosec–1 x 1 − x2
4
3π x
⇒ = cosec–1 x ⇒ sin −1 x = tan −1
4 1 − x2
⎧ π π⎫ Hence (b) is the correct answer.
⇒ no solution. ⎨ − ≤ cosec −1 x ≤ ⎬ .
⎩ 2 2⎭
17.10 t em tics

28. We have ⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
⎛ 3 − 1⎞ −1 ⎛ 3 − 1⎞
= sin −1 ⎢cot ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cos ⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 2 − 3⎞ ⎞⎤ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦
12
sin −1 ⎢cot ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cos −1 + sec −1 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎥ = sin −1 [ cot 90°] = sin −1 0 = 0. .
⎣ ⎦
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 3 − 1⎞ ⎞⎤
−1 −1 3 −1 1
= sin ⎢cot ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cos 2 + cos ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦

Single Option Correct 4. Clearly, (b) also satisfies (i), (ii), (iii) but not
(iv) but (a) satisfies all the condition.
π 1 π 1
1. tan ⎛⎜ + cos −1 x⎞⎟ + tan ⎛⎜ − cos −1 x⎞⎟ x ≠ 0
⎝4 2 ⎠ ⎝4 2 ⎠ ⎛ x2 x3 ⎞ ⎛ x 4 x6 ⎞
5. sin–1 ⎜ x − + − ...⎟ + cos −1 ⎜ x 2 − + + ...⎟
⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 4 ⎠
1 π
let θ = cos–1 x 2 θ ∈ [0, π] – ⎧⎨ ⎫⎬ π
2 ⎩2⎭ =
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 2
= tan ⎜ + θ⎟ + tan ⎜ − θ⎟
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠ −1 ⎛ x ⎞ −1 ⎛ x2 ⎞ π
⇒ sin ⎜ ⎟ + co s ⎜ 2 ⎟=
⎝ 1 + (x / 2 )⎠ ⎝ 1 + (x / 2 )⎠ 2
1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ ⎛ 1 + tan 2 θ ⎞
+
= 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ = 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − tan 2 θ ⎠ 2x 2 x2
= ⇒ 2x + x3 = 2x2 + x3
2 + x 2 + x2
2 2 2
= cos 2θ = −1
= x = 0, 1. But ∴ |x| > 0 So x = 1 is the only answer.
cos cos x x
6. Given that cot −1 ( cos α ) − tan −1 ( cos α ) = x ...(i)
⎧ 1 − sin x + 1 + sin x ⎪⎫ π
2. cot −1 ⎪⎨ ⎬ <x<π We know that, cot −1 ( cos α ) − tan −1 ( cos α ) =
π
⎪⎩ 1 − sin x − 1 + sin x ⎪⎭ 2 2
Rationalize the term in the bracket ...(ii)
⎛ 2 + 2 1 − sin 2 x ⎞ On adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
= co t −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ −2 sin x ⎟⎠ π ⎛π x⎞
2 cot −1 ( cos α ) = + x ⇒ cos α = cot ⎜ +
⎝4 ⎟
2 2⎠
−1 ⎛ 1 − co s x ⎞ −1 ⎛ x⎞
= co t ⎜ ⎟ = cot ⎜⎝ − tan ⎟⎠
⎝ − sin x ⎠ 2
x x x
cot −1 cos− sin
π −1 ⎛ x⎞ ⇒ cos α = 2 ⇒ cos α = 2 2
= − tan ⎜⎝ − tan ⎟⎠ x x x
2 2 1 + cot cos + sin
2 2 2
x ⎛ π π⎞ π x
= π + tan −1 tan x since ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ = + . α
2 2 2 ⎝ 4 2⎠ 2 2 1 − sin x 1 − tan 2
⇒ co s α = ⇒ 2 = 1 − sin x
3. sin– 1sin 5 = 5 – 2π 1 + sin x α 1 + sin x
1 + tan 2
⇒ x2 – 4x – 5 + 2π < 0 2

( ( )) ( x − ( 2 + ))
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get
⇒ x − 2 − 9 − 2π 9 − 2π < 0
⎛ α⎞
sin x = tan2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
(
⇒ x ∈ 2 − 9 − 2π , 2 + 9 − 2π )
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.11

7. Given that, sin–1 x = 2 sin–1 α ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞⎞ ⎡ 3⎤

⇒ h(x) = co s −1 ⎜ sin ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎟ co s −1 ⎢ −1 , ⎥ range of h(x):
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎦
π π e = e
Since , – ≤ sin–1 x ≤
2 2 [eπ/6 , eπ]
π π ⎛ 2 x2 − 1 ⎞
⇒– ≤ 2 sin–1 α ≤ 10. 2.cos–1x = cot–1 ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎜⎝ 2 x 1 − x 2 ⎟⎠
π
⇒– ≤ sin–1 α ≤ π Let cos–1x = θ
4 4
⎛ cos 2θ ⎞
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π⎞ 2θ = cot–1 ⎜ ⎟
⇒ sin ⎜ − ⎟ ≤ α ≤ sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 cos θ sin θ ⎠
⎝ 4⎠ 4
Case I: If cosθ > 0, x > 0 ⇒ 0 < x < 1, then
1 1
⇒– ≤α≤ 2θ = cot–1cot 2θ = 2θ (identity)
2 2
Case II: cos θ < 0, which not satisfy the equation.
1
⇒ |α| ≤ .
2 π ⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞
11. sin −1 1 − x 2 + = cot −1 ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠
8. f(x) = cot–1x
⎛ π⎞
R+ → ⎜ 0 , ⎟ ; Let θ = sin–1 x, − π ≤ θ ≤ π , x ≠ 0, θ ≠ 0
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
g(x) = 2x – x2 R→R π
so sin–1cos θ + = cot–1cot θ
2
f(g(x)) = cot–1 (2x – x2), where x ∈ (0, 2)
⎛π ⎞ π
and 2x – x2 ∈ (0, 1] sin–1sin ⎜ − θ⎟ + = cot–1cotθ
⎝2 ⎠ 2
⎡π π⎞ π
hence f(g(x)) ∈ ⎢ , ⎟ . Case I: If 0 < θ ≤
⎣4 2 ⎠ 2
π
then 0 < − θ < π
⎛ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
cos −1 ⎜ sin ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎟ 2 2
⎝ ⎝ 3⎠⎠
9. f(x) = e
π π π
⇒ −θ+ = θ ⇒ θ =
⎛ π⎞ π π 3π 2 2 2
Domain –1 ≤ sin ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 1 + ≤ x + ≤
⎝ 3⎠ 2 3 2
sin θ = 1 = x
π 7π
⇒ ≤ x ≤ π
6 2 Case II: If − ≤θ<0
2
⎛ 4 − 2 cos x ⎞
g(x) = cosec–1 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ π π π
3 ⇒ 0 < –θ ≤ ⇒ ≤ –θ<π
2 2 2
4 − 2 cos x ⎛π ⎞ π
⇒ ≥1 then π – ⎜⎝ 2 − θ⎟⎠ + 2 = π + θ
3
1
or cos x ≤ π+θ=π+θ
2
π
− ≤ θ < 0 ⇒ –1 ≤ sinθ < 0 ⇒ –1 ≤ x < 0
⎡π 5 π⎤ 2
⇒ x ∈ ⎢ , ⎥
⎣3 3 ⎦ 12. ∵ α > 0 ⇒ (α, sin–1α) lies in 1st quandrant
⎡π 7 π⎤
Domain of h(x): x ∈ ⎢ ,
⎣ 3 6 ⎥⎦ ⇒k > 0
17.12 t em tics

Also the extreme point on the graph of y = sin–1 x is ⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤

⎛ π⎞ −1 ⎢ ⎜ −1 ⎛ 3 − 1⎞ −1 3 −1 1 ⎟ ⎥
⎜⎝1 , ⎟⎠ = sin ⎢cot sin ⎜ ⎟ + cos + cos
2 ⎜ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2⎟⎥
π ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
⇒1 + –k<0
2 = sin-1 [cot (15° + 30° + 45° )]
π
⇒k > 1 + = sin-1 [cot 90°] = sin–1 0 = 0
2
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
⎛ π ⎞
⇒ k ∈ ⎜ 1 + , ∞⎟ . 5π 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
16. We have (tan–1x)2 + (cot–1x)2 =
8
2( x 2 + 1 ) + 1 1
13. Let y = =2+ 2
( x2 + 1 ) ( x2 + 1 ) ⎛π ⎞ 5π
⇒ (tan–1x + cot–1x)2 – 2 tan–1x ⎜ − tan −1 x⎟ =
⎝2 ⎠ 8
⇒2 < y ≤ 3
2 2
5
Now, sin sin y ≤ π – ⇒ π – y ≤ π –
–1
5 ⇒ π − 2 π tan −1 x + 2 (tan −1 x) 2 = 5 π
2 2 4 2 8
5 3π 2
⇒y ≥ ⇒ 2(tan x) – πtan x –
-1 2 –1
=0
2 8
π
2 ⇒ tan–1 x = – ⇒ x = – 1
⇒ 2x + 3 ≥ 5 4
x2 + 1 2 Hence (a) is the correct answer.
Now it can be solved.
(
17. We have, A = 2tan-1 2 2 − 1 )
14. < an > is 1, 2, 2 , ... 2 2 n–1
2π
= 2 tan-1 (1.828) ⇒ A > 2 tan-1 3 ⇒A>
< bn > is 1, 1 , 1 , ..., 1 3
3
2 22 2n−1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎡ 1 ⎛1 ⎞ ⎤
⎛ ⎞ Also, 3 sin-1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin −1 ⎢3 . − 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎥
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦
tr = cot–1(2ar + br) = tan–1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ 2.2r −1 + r −1 ⎟ ⎛ 23 ⎞
⎝ = sin-1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin-1 (0.852)
2 ⎠ ⎝ 27 ⎠
⎛ 2r −1 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
= tan ⎜ ( r −1) ( r −1) ⎟ ⎛ 1⎞
⇒ 3 sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ < sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
–1
⎝ 2.2 .2 + 1⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 2.2r −1 − 2r −1 ⎞ π
= tan ⎜ −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎟ = tan 2.2 – tan 2
–1 –1 r–1 –1 r–1
⎝ 1 + 2.2r −1.2r −1 ⎠
⇒ 3 sin ⎜ ⎟ <
⎝ 3⎠ 3
n ⎛ 3⎞
⎛ 3⎞
Now nlim
→∞
∑ tr = (tan–12 – tan–11) Also, sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin-1 (0.6) < sin −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
r =1

+ (tan–1 2.2 – tan–1 2) + ...+ (tan–1 2.2n–1 – tan 2n–1) −1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ π

⇒ sin ⎜ ⎟ <
⎝ 5⎠ 3
π π π
= tan–1∞ – tan–11 = − = ⎛ 1⎞ − 1 ⎛ 3⎞ π π 2π
2 4 4 Hence, B = 3 sin-1 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ < + +
3 5 3 3 3
15. We have
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 2 − 3⎞ ⎞⎤
−1 12
sin −1 ⎢cot ⎜ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cos + sec −1
2 ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.13

⎧ π π2 ⎡ 2
⎛ π⎞ ⎤ π
2
( ) π
−1
⎪⎪ tan x, if 0 ≤ tan −1 x < = + 2 ⎢ sec −1 x
2
− 2 sec −1 x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ −
2 4 4 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎥ 8
18. Since |tan-1x| = ⎨ ⎣⎢ ⎦
⎪ − tan −1 x, if π
− < tan −1 x < 0 2
⎪⎩ 2 ⎛ −1 π⎞ π2 π2
= 2 ⎜ sec x − ⎟ + ⇒ I ≥
⎝ 4⎠ 8 8
−1
⎪⎧ tan x, if x≥0
= ⎨ Hence (d) is the correct answer.
−1
⎪⎩ − tan x, if x<0
22. Graphs of y = sin-1 (sin x) and |y| = cos x meet exactly
⇒ |tan-1x| = tan-1 |x| ∀ x ∈ R five times in [–2π, 3π]
⇒ tan |tan-1 x| = tan tan-1 |x| = |x|
Similarly it can be shown that options (c) and (d)
are also correct. However (b) is not correct for if we
take x = – 1, cot |cot–1x| = 1, which is not equal to – 1,
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

(
19. 2 sin-1x = sin-1 2 x 1 − x
2
) Hence (d) is the correct answer.
⎡ π π⎤
Range of right hand side is ⎢ − , ⎥ 23. Given, [sin-1x] + [cos-1x] = 0 and x ≥ 0
⎣ 2 2⎦
π π π π ⇒ [sin-1 x] = 0, [cos-1x] = 0
⇒ − ≤ 2 sin −1 x ≤ ⇒ − ≤ sin −1 x ≤
2 2 4 4 ⇒ x ∈ [0, sin 1) , x ∈ (cos 1, 1]
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⇒ x ∈ (cos 1, sin 1).
⇒ x ∈ ⎢− , ⎥.
⎣ 2 2 ⎦ Hence (d) is the correct answer.
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
−1 −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
π 24. tan (1) + cos ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ + sin ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠
20. cot x + cot y + cot z =
–1 –1 –1 2 2
2
π 2π π 3π
= + − =
⎛π ⎞ π 4 3 6 4
⇒ ∑ ⎜ − tan −1 x⎟ =
⎝2 ⎠ 2
Hence (c) is the correct answer.

⇒ ∑ tan −1 x = π ⇒ (∑ tan x) =
tan −1
0 25. tan–1(x – 1) + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1 3x – tan–1 x

∑ tan ( tan −1 x ) = ∏ tan ( tan x ) −1 2x 2x

⇒ ⇒ 2
=
2−x 1 + 3x 2
⇒ x + y + z = xyz
⇒ 4x3 – x = 0
Hence (b) is the correct answer. 1
⇒ x = 0, ±
21. Let I = (sec–1 x)2 + (cosec–1 x)2 2
= (sec–1 x + cosec–1 x)2 – 2sec–1 x. cosec–1 x None of which satisfies 1 < x < 2 .
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
π2 ⎛π ⎞
= − 2 sec −1 x ⎜ − sec −1 x⎟ Multiple Options Correct
4 ⎝2 ⎠
2 26. (a) f(x) = eln(sec–1 x) = sec–1x, x ∈ (–∞, – 1] ∪ (1, ∞)
(
= π + 2 sec −1 x )
2 −1
− π sec x
4 g(x) = sec–1x, x ∈ (–∞, – 1] ∪ [1, ∞)
non-identical functions
17.14 t em tics

(b) f(x) = tan (tan–1 x) = x, x ∈ R

g(x) = cot (cot–1 x) = x, x ∈ R
identical functions
⎧ 1 x>0
⎪
(c) f(x) = sgn (x) = ⎨ 0 x = 0
⎪ −1 x < 0 Not bijective
⎩
(d) f(x) = x3 sgn x
⎧ 1 x>0
⎪
⇒ g(x) = sgn(sgn x) = ⎨ 0 x = 0
⎪ −1 x < 0
⎩
Identical functions
(d) f(x) = cot2 x . cos2 x, x ∈ R – {n π}, n ∈ I
g(x) = cot2 x – cos2 x ⎧ x3 , x>0
⎪
= cot x (1 – sin x) = cot x. cos x
2 2 2 2
= ⎨ 0 , x=0
⎪ 3
x ∈ R – {n π}, n ∈ I ⎩− x , x<0
Identical functions Not bijective.

3π 1 1 + t2
27. sin x + sin y + sin z =
–1 –1
⇒x=y=z=1
–1
30. sin cot cos tan t = sin cot
–1 –1 –1 =
2 1 + t2 2 + t2
9
⇒ x
100 100
+y
100
+z – = 0. 1 + 2t 2
x101 + y101 + z101 Similarly cos tan–1 sin cot–1 2t =
28. f(x) = ln (sin–1(log2 x)) 2 + 2t 2
Domain 0 < log2 x ≤ 1, x ∈ (1, 2] 1 ⎪⎧ sin cot cos tan t ⎪⎫ ⎪ 1 + 2t 2 ⎫⎪
−1 ⎧ −1
so ⎨ ⎬.⎨ ⎬
2 ⎩⎪ cos tan −1 sin cot −1 2 t ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 2 + t 2 ⎭⎪
⎛ π⎤
Range ⎜ −∞ , ln ⎥
⎝ 2⎦
1 1 + t2 1 + 2t 2
29. f: [–1, 1] → [–1, 1] ×
2 2 + t2 2 + t2
(a) f(x) = sin (sin–1 x) = x, x ∈ [–1, 1] =
1 + 2t 2
Bijective function y ∈ [–1, 1] 2 1 + t2
2 2x 1 + t2 1
(b) f(x) = sin–1 (sin x) = , = = 1−
π π 2+t 2
2 − t2
x ∈ [–1, 1]
1 1 1 1
0< ≤ ; ≤ 1− 2 <1
2 2
Not bijective y ∈ ⎡⎢ , ⎤⎥
2
t +2 2 2 t +2
⎣ π π⎦
1 − x2
(c) f(x) (sgn x) (ln ex) 31. tan–1
1+ x
⎧ x , x ∈ (0,1] since 0 < x < 1
⎪
= ⎨0 , x=0
⎪ − x , x ∈[ −1, 0) ⎛ sin θ ⎞ θ
⎩ = tan–1 ⎜ (let cos–1 x = θ 0 < θ < )
⎝ 1 + co s θ ⎟⎠ 2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.15

= tan–1 tan θ
2
{
= lim tan −1 ( k + 1) + tan −1 k 2 − tan −1 1 − tan −1 0
k −∞
2
}
π π π 3π
θ ⎛ π⎞ θ 1 = + − −0=
∵ ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ = = cos − 1 x ...(1) 2 2 4 4
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2 2 ⎛ 3+ 2 ⎞
Also tan–12 + tan–13 = π + tan–1 ⎜
⎝ 1 − 3.2 ⎟⎠
θ
also cos θ = 2 cos2 –1 Since xy = 6 > 1
2
cos
θ
2
=
1 + x (taking cos–1 on both side)
2
=
3π
4
(
and sec −1 − 2 =
3π
4
. )
1 1
⎛ 1 + x⎞ 34. tan x = ,−
θ θ ⎛ π⎞ 2 2
cos–1 cos = = co s −1 ⎜ ⎟ since 2 ∈ ⎜⎝ 0 , 4 ⎟⎠
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
If tan α =
θ ⎛ 1+ x⎞ 2
⇒ = cos − 1 ⎜ ...(2)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ x = nπ ± α
θ 1+ x n ∈ z.
similarly sin =
2 2 π
35. If – 1 ≤ x < 0, then – ≤ sin–1 x < 0.
θ θ 1− x 2
sin −1 sin = = sin −1 ...(3)
2 2 2 Also 0 < 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) < 2π
θ 1+ x π
also = tan −1 ...(4) ∴– < sin–1 x + 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) < 2π
2 1 x 2
32. Let θ = cos–1x ∴ there is no solution in this case.

⎛ ⎛ π⎞⎞ thus x can not be negative ...(i)

f(x) = θ + cos–1 ⎜ cos ⎜⎝ θ − ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ π
Now if x ≥ 0, then 0 ≤ sin–1x ≤
⎧ π π 2
⎪θ + θ − 3 3 < θ ≤ π
⎪ ⇒ 3π ≤ cot–1 (y2 – 2y) < π
=⎨ 2
⎪ π π
⎪θ − θ + 0≤θ≤
⇒ y2 – 2y ≤ – 1
⎩ 3 3
⇒y = 1
⎧ −1 π 1
⎪2 cos x − 3 −1 ≤ x < 2 since for y = 1, we have 2 cot–1 (y2 – 2y) = 2 cot–1 (–1)
⎪ 3π
=⎨ =
⎪ π 2
1
⎪ ≤ x ≤1 π
⎩ 3 2 ∴ sin–1 x =
2
i.e. x = 1 ∴ the solution is x = 1, y = 1
π
(i) f(2/3) = 36. Domain of f(x) = ln cos–1 x is x ∈ [–1,1)
3
1 π ∴ [α] = – 1 or 0.
(ii) f(1/3) = 2 cos–1 − .
3 3
∞ ⎛ 1⎞ π
4n 37. (a) sin ⎜ tan − 1 3 + tan − 1 ⎟ = sin = 1
33. ∑ tan −1 n4 − 2 n2 + 2
⎝ 3⎠ 2
n =1
⎛π 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 3
{ } (b) cos ⎜ − sin − 1 ⎟ = cos ⎜ cos − 1 ⎟ =
k
= lim ∑ tan
k −∞
−1
( n + 1) 2 −1
− tan (n − 1) 2
⎝2 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 4
n =1
17.16 t em tics

⎛1 63 ⎞ so sin θ + cos θ = 1 + sin 2θ = 3 = 3 2

(c) sin ⎜ sin − 1
⎝4 8 ⎟⎠ 5 10

63 ⎧ −1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ −1 ⎫
Let sin − 1 =θ ⎨As cot − ⎜ ⎟ ∈ (0, π), sin 2 θ will be positiv e⎬ .
8 ⎩ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎭

40. (a) cos ^tan -1 ^tan ]4 - πghh

63 1
so sin θ = if cos θ =
8 8
= cos ]4 - πg = cos ]π - 4g =- cos 4 > 0
we have cos θ = 1 + cos θ = 3 (b) sin ^cot -1 ^cot ]4 - πghh
2 2 4
= sin ]4 - πg =- sin 4 > 0 (as sin 4 < 0)
θ
θ
1 − co s
2 = 1 (c) tan ^cos -1 ^cos ]2π - 5ghh
sin =
4 2 2 2 = tan ]2π - 5g =- tan 5 > 0 (as tan 5 < 0)
⎛1 − 1 63 ⎞ 1 (d) cot ^sin -1 ^sin ]π - 4hh = cot ]π - 4g =- cot 4 < 0
Now log 2 sin ⎜ sin = log 2
41. f ] xg = sin -1 sin kx + co s -1 ]co s kxg
⎟
⎝4 8 ⎠ 2 2

=−
3 Let g ] xg = sin -1 sin x + co s -1 ]co s xg
2 Z]
]] 2x, 0 # x # π
5 5 ]] 2
−1 ]]
g ] xg = [] π, 2 < x # 2
(d) cos = θ cos θ = π 3 π
3 3
]]
⎡1 4π ⎞ ⎤ ]]
−1 ⎛
38. cos ⎢ cos cos ⎜ 2π + ⎟ ⎥ ]] 4π - 2x, 3 π < x # 2π
2 ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ 2
⎣ \
g(x) is periodic with period 2π and is constant in the
continuous interval :2 nπ + 2 , 2 nπ + 2 D
⎛ 1 4π ⎞ 2π π 3π
= cos ⎜⎝ × ⎟⎠ = cos
2 5 5
(where n ! I ) and f ] xg = g ]kxg .
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
= cos ⎜ π − ⎟ = − cos ⎜ ⎟ So, f(x) is constant in the interval
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠

2π ⎛ π 2π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
: 2 nπ + π , 2 nπ + 3 π D
k 2k k 2k
and cos = sin ⎜ − ⎟ = sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
5 ⎝2 5⎠ 10 π 3π π π π
Thus, 4 = 2k - 2k or k = 4 or k = 4
1 ⎛ 3⎞
39. Let cot −1 ⎜ − ⎟ = θ 42. The given relation is possible when
2 ⎝ 4⎠
a 2 a3
expression = sinθ + cosθ = 2 (sin(θ + π/4)) a - 3 + 9 + ... = 1 + b + b 2 + ...

⎛1 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎞ a 2 a3
= 2 sin ⎜ cot −1 ⎜ − ⎟ + cot −1 (1)⎟ Also, - 1 # a - 3 + 9 + ... # 1 and
⎝2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎠ - 1 # 1 + b + b 2 + ... # 1
⎛π π 1 3⎞ a 1
= 2 sin ⎜ − tan −1 1 + − co t −1 ⎟ & b < 1 & a < 3 and a = 1-b
⎝2 2 2 4⎠ 1+ 3
3a 1
⎛ 1 4⎞ or a + 3 = 1 - b , there are infinitely many
= 2 sin ⎜ π − tan −1 (1) − tan −1 ⎟ solutions
⎝ 2 3⎠
−3
or 3a - 3ab = a + 3 or 2a - 3ab = 3
Also cot 2θ = 2a - 3 3
4 or b = 3a and a = 2 - 3b
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.17

Comprehension type ⎛ −1 ⎞
(ii) co s ⎜ sin x ⎟ = 0
Passage - 1 (Question. 43 To 45)
⎝ y ⎠
43. −1
sin x π
⇒ = ( 2n + 1 )
y 2

and y ≠ 0
n=0
π π π
sin–1 x = y { −π ≤ y ≤ ⇒ –1 ≤ y ≤ 1}
2 2 2 2
When y = 1, x = 1
y = –1, x = –1
44. Clearly π – x. n = –1
45. = tan (t), t = – x ∈ [–1, 1]
–1
π
sin–1 x = – y
2
When y = 1, x = –1 y = –1, x = 1
Other values of n and y are out of range.
1. (0, 1) and (– 1, 2)
2. (1, 1), (1, –1), (–1, 1), (–1, –1)
3. one one onto
Passage - 2 (Question. 46 To 48) Passage - 3 (Question. 49 To 51)
49. A = (tan– 1 x)3 + (cot– 1 x)3
⎛ co s −1 x ⎞
(i) sin ⎜ ⎟ =1 A = (tan– 1 x + cot– 1 x)3
⎝ y ⎠
– 3 tan– 1 x cot– 1 x (tan– 1 x + cot– 1 x)
cos −1 x π
⇒ = 2nπ + and y ≠ 0 3
y 2 ⎛ π⎞ π
⇒ A = ⎜ ⎟ − 3 tan − 1 x cot − 1 x .
π ⎝2 ⎠ 2
⇒ cos–1 x = (4n + 1) y
2
π π3 3π ⎛π ⎞
⇒A = − tan − 1 x ⎜ − tan − 1 x⎟
when n = 0 ⇒ cos x = y–1
8 2 ⎝2 ⎠
2
when y = 1, x = 0 2
π3 3π ⎛ −1 π⎞
⇒A = − ⎜ tan x − ⎟
π 32 2 ⎝ 4⎠
{0 < y < π y = 2, x = –1 ⇒ 0 < y < 2}
2
π3 π3
when as x > 0 ≤ A<
32 8
n = 1 or > 1
50. B = (sin– 1 t)2 + (cos– 1 t)2
5π
cos–1 x = y or more(reject) B = (sin– 1 t + cos– 1 t)2 – 2 sin– 1 t cos– 1 t
2
n = – 1 or < – 1 π2 ⎛π ⎞
B= − 2 sin − 1 t ⎜ − sin − 1 t ⎟
−3π 4 ⎝2 ⎠
cos–1x = y or more(reject)
2
17.18 t em tics

2 54. (x – 1) (x21 + 1) > 0 ⇒ x > 1

π2 ⎛ −1 π⎞
B= + 2 ⎜ sin t− ⎟
8 ⎝ 4⎠ ∴ sin ⎡ 1 tan −1 ⎛ 2 x ⎞ − tan −1 x ⎤
⎢2 ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ 1 − x2 ⎠ ⎦
π2 π2 π2
Bmax = + 2. = ⎡1 ⎤
8 16 4 = sin ⎢ ( − π + 2 tan − 1 x) − tan − 1 x⎥
⎣2 ⎦
π3 π2 λ π
51. l = µ= = ⎛ 1⎞
32 4 µ 8 = sin ⎜ − ⎟ = − 1.
⎝ 2⎠
λ − µπ π − 7π
= −π= Integer Type
µ 8 8
2
−1 ⎛ λ − µπ ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ π 55. Period of e–sin x is π and that of tan 2x is π/2
cot cot ⎜ = cot − 1 cot ⎜ − =
⎝ µ ⎠ ⎟ ⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ 8
Passage - 4 (Question. 52 To 54)

⎛ 4x ⎞ −1 ⎛ x⎞
52. sin − 1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ + 2 tan ⎜⎝ − ⎟
⎝ x + 4⎠ 2⎠

⎛ x ⎞
⎜ 2. ⎟
= sin − 1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ − 2 tan − 1 x
⎜ ⎛ x⎞ 2 ⎟ 2
⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + 1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ so number of solutions in (0, π) is 2
−1 x x
= 2 tan − 2 tan − 1 = 0 Number of solutions in [0, π] is 2
2 2
so number of solution in [0, 10π] = 20
x
Here ≤1
2 56. cos–1x + cos–1y + cos–1z = π
| x | ≤ 2 ⇒ –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 – 1 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1

−1 6x π let x = cos A, y = cos B, z = cos C

53. cos 2
=− + 2 tan − 1 3 x
1 + 9x 2 where 0 ≤ A, B, C ≤ π
π 6x π A+B+C=π
⇒ − sin − 1 2
= − + 2 tan − 1 3 x
2 1 + 9x 2 x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
6x + 2 cos A cos B cos C
⇒ sin − 1 2
= π − 2 tan − 1 3 x
1 + 9x ⎛ 1 + cos 2 A ⎞
= ∑ ⎜⎝ 2
⎟⎠ + 2 cos A cos B cos C
2 .3 x
⇒ sin − 1 = π − 2 tan − 1 3 x
1 + (3 x) 2 3 1
= + (–1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C)
Above is true when 3x > 1 2 2
+ 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1.
1
⇒ x> 57. Case I: x ≥ 0
3
⎛1 ⎞ Let cot–1 x = θ
x ∈ ⎜ , ∞⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎛ π⎤
∴ θ ∈ ⎜ 0 , ⎥
⎝ 2⎦
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.19

⇒ x = cot θ ⎛ 2 1 − x2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞ 1
1 58. sec tan −1 ⎜ −1
⎟ = sec tan ⎜ ⎟=
∴ sin θ = ⎜⎝ 2 x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ x
1 + x2
1
⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1
1 + x2
1
⇒ θ = sin–1
1 + x2
Case II: x < 0 10
⎛ 1⎞
⎛π ⎞ ∑ f ⎜⎝ r ⎟⎠ = 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 54
Let cot–1 x = θ ∴ θ ∈ ⎜ , π⎟ r=2
⎝2 ⎠
⇒ cot θ = x ⎛ 3 sin 2θ ⎞ π
59. sin −1 ⎜ =
⎝ 5 + 4 co s 2θ ⎟⎠ 2
1
∴ sin θ = Taking sin on both side
1 + x2
3 sin 2θ
1 =1
⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1 5 + 4 co s 2θ
1 + x2
1 ⇒ 3sin 2θ = 5 + 4 cos 2θ
⇒ π – θ = sin–1
1 + x2
6 tan θ ⎛ 1 − tan 2 θ ⎞
1 ⇒ = 5 + 4 ⎜ ⎟
⇒ θ = π – sin–1 1 + tan 2 θ ⎝ 1 + tan 2 θ ⎠
1 + x2
Therefore, tan2 θ – 6 tan θ + 9 = 0
⎧ −1 −1 1 ⇒ tan θ = 3
⎪ co s tan sin sin , if x ≥ 0
1 + x2 60. Given equation is |cos x| = sin–1 (sin x) –π ≤ x ≤ π
L.H.S. = ⎪⎨
⎪co s tan −1 sin ⎛ π − sin −1 1 ⎞
, if x < 0
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
⎩ ⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠

1
= cos tan–1 sin sin–1 ;
1 + x2
1
x ∈ R = cos tan–1
1 + x2
1
Let φ = tan–1
1 + x2

1
As ∈ (0, 1]
1 + x2 Number of solution = 2
⎛ π⎤ 61. sin−1x + cos−1 (1 − x) = sin−1 (− x)
∴ φ ∈ ⎜ 0 , ⎥ 2sin−1x + cos−1 (1 − x) = 0
⎝ 4⎦
here x ∈ [0, 1]
1 1 + x2
∴ tan φ = ∴ cos φ = for x ∈ [0, 1] 2sin−1 x ∈ [0, π]
1 + x2 2 + x2
⎡ π⎤
and cos–1(1– x) ∈ ⎢0 , ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
17.20 t em tics

There sum is equal to zero when both terms equal to Therefore, p = fmin ] xg
zero it gives x = 0 is only solution.
= f ]- 1 g =- 2 + 2 b 4 l + 9 - 3 = π + 6 .
π π
k
Therefore, the range of f ] xg is 6- π - 2, π + 6 @.
k (k + 1 )
62. ∑ r3 =
2
Hence, ^ p + q h = 4 .
r =1

66. ^cot -1 xh^tan -1 xh + b 2 - 2 lcot -1 x -

⎛ k ⎞ 1 π
⇒ cot −1 ⎜1 + 2
⎜⎝ ∑ r 3 ⎟⎟ = cot −1 1 + k (k + 1)
⎠
3 tan -1 x - 3 b 2 - 2 l > 0
k =1 π
= cot–1(k + 1) – cot–1k
& cot -1 x b tan -1 x - 2 l + 2 cot -1 x - 6
π
n
∞ ⎧⎪ 1 ∞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎫⎪
- 3 b tan -1 x - 2 l > 0
π
∑ π∑ ⎨ cot −1
⎜1 + 2
⎜⎝ ∑ ⎟⎟ ⎬
3
r
⎪ k =1 ⎠ ⎭⎪
&-^cot -1 xh2 + 5 cot -1 x - 6 > 0
n =1 ⎩ r =1

& ^cot -1 x - 3h^2 - cot -1 xh > 0

∞ n
⎛ 1⎞ 1/ 4 1
= ∑ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = 1
= .
4 3
n =1 1−
4
& ^cot -1 x - 3h^cot -1 x - 2h < 0

63. cos -1 ] xg + cos -1 ]2xg + cos -1 ]3xg = π & 2 < cot -1 x < 3

or cos -1 ]2xg + cos -1 ]3xg = π - cos -1 ] xg & cot 3 < x < cot 2 [as cot -1 x is a decreasing
function] & Hence, x ! ^cot 3, cot 2 h
= cos -1 ]- xg
& cot -1 a + cot -1 b = cot -1 ]cot 3g + cot -1 ]cot 2g = 5
or cos 7]2xg]3xg - 1 - 4x
-1 2
1 - 9x A2
67. Let tan -1 u = α or tan α = u
= cos ]- xg -1
tan -1 v = β or tan β = v
2 2 2
or 6x - 1 - 4x 1 - 9x =- x
tan -1 w = γ or tan γ = w
or ]6x + xg = ]1 - 4x g]1 - 9x g
2 2 2 2
tan ^α + β + γ h = 11 - s 3
s -s
2
0 - ]- 11g 11
or x 2 + 12x3 = 1 - 13x 2
1 - ]- 10g 11
= = =1
or 12x3 + 14x 2 - 1 = 0
` α + β + γ = tan ]1 g = 4
-1 π
& a = 12; b = 14; c = 0
& 3 cosec 2 ^tan -1 u + tan -1 v + tan -1 wh = 6
& b - a - c = 14 - 12 + 1 = 3
64. tan -1 ]3xg + tan -1 ]5xg = tan -1 ]7xg + tan -1 ]2xg
Matching Column Type

or tan -1 ]3xg - tan -1 ]2xg = tan -1 ]7xg - tan -1 ]5xg

a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c)
68. (a) Let x = , y= ,
bc ac
or tan -1 c m = tan -1 c m
3x - 2x 7x - 5x
1 + 6x 2 1 + 35x 2 c (a + b + c)
x 2x z= , x, y, z > 0
or = ab
1 + 6x 2 1 + 35x 2
& x = 0 or 1 + 35x 2 = 2 + 12x 2 ⇒ θ = tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z
1 1
& x = 0 or x = or - Now,
23 23
65. f ] xg = sin x + 2 tan x + ] x + 2g2 - 3
-1 -1 x+y+z

Domain of f ] xg is 6- 1, 1@. a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) c (a + b + c)
= + +
Also f ] xg is an increasing function in the domain.
bc ac ab
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.21

( a + b + c )3 / 2 ⎧ 3 12 5 4 ⎫ ⎛ 16 ⎞
= = sin −1 ⎨ . − . ⎬ + cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎩ 5 13 13 5 ⎭ ⎝ 65 ⎠
abc
⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞ π
= sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ = .
( a + b + c )3 / 2 ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠ 2
and xyz =
abc 1
70. (a) sin– 1 (3x – 4x3) = π − 3 sin − 1 x if
< x <1
⇒ x + y + z = xyz 2
∴ lim+ f(3x – 4x3) = lim (π − 3 sin − 1 x)
⇒ tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1z = π x→
1 1
x→ +
2 2
Hence θ = π = π − 3 lim sin − 1 x
1
x→ +
(b) Let α = tan–1(cot A) ⇒ β = tan–1(cot3 A) 2
∴ a=π
cot A + cot 3 A
⇒ tan(α + β) = ∴ [a] = 3
1 − cot 4 A
⎛ 3 x − x3 ⎞
π (b) f(x) = tan − 1 ⎜ −1
R.H.S. is negative ⇒ π < α + β < ⎟ = 3 tan x,
2 ⎝ 1 − 3 x2 ⎠
cot A tan 2 A 1 1
⇒ tan (α + β – π) = =− when − <x<
1 − cot 2 A 2 3 3
⎛ tan 2 A ⎞
⇒ α + β = π – tan–1 ⎜⎝ ⎟ 1 1
2 ⎠ if − <a< , then
3 3
G.E. = π independent of A.
f ( a + 3 h) −f ( a ) 3
1 lim =
(c) If x < 0, then {cos– 1(2x2 – 1) + 2cos–1 x} h→0 3h 1 + a2
2
⇒ x = cosθ , π/2 < θ < π 3
⇒ f ′(a) =
1 1 + a2
{cos– 1(2x2 – 1) + 2cos–1 x
2 ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
f ⎜ + 6 h⎟ − f ⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠ 12
= {cos– 1(cos 2θ) + 2cos–1 x} = hlim = f ′ (1 / 2 ) =
2 →0 6h 5
−1
1 co s (co s 3 θ ) = 3θ − 2π
= {cos– 1(cos 2θ) + 2cos–1 x} (c) cos (4x – 3x) =
–1 3

2
1 (∵ 2π / 3 < θ π)
= {–2θ + 2π + 2θ} = π
2 = –2π + 3cos–1x
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞
(d) sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ − cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ ∴ [a + b + 2] = [–2π + 3 + 2] = –2
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 13 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠
(d) f(x) = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) = cos–1 (cos 3θ)
−1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 12 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 16 ⎞
= sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ − cos ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + cos ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
5 13 65 ⎧ π
⎪ 3θ, 0 <θ<
⎧ 2 2⎫
= ⎪⎨
3
−1 ⎪ 3 ⎛5 ⎞ 5 ⎛3 ⎞ ⎪ ⎪2π − 3θ, π 1
= sin ⎨ . 1 − ⎜ ⎟ − 1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ <θ<
⎪⎩ 5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13 ⎝5 ⎠ ⎪ ⎪⎩ 3 2
⎭
⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎧ −1 1
+ co s −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎪⎪ 3 co s x, < x <1
⎝ 65 ⎠ 2
= ⎨
⎪2π − 3 co s − 1 x, 0 < x < 1
⎪⎩ 2
17.22 t em tics

⎧ −3 1 a = lim1 f ′ ( x) = − 2 3
⎪ , < x <1 x→ +
1 − x 2 2 2
∴ f ′(x) = ⎪⎨
⎪ 3 , 0 <x<
1 b = lim1 f ′ ( x) = 2 3
⎪ 1 − x2 2 x→ −
⎩ 2

∴ a + b – 3 = – 3.

4. y = 4x + 3
−1 1
1. <x< y−3
3 3 ⇒x =
4
x = tan θ y−3
⇒ f–1 (y) = g(y) = .
−π π 4
<θ<
6 6 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ π
5. Since, sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cosec −1 ⎜ ⎟ =
tan y = θ + tan tan 2θ = θ + 2θ = 3θ
–1 –1 ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 2

3 tan θ − tan 3 θ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ π
y = tan 3θ = ⇒ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + sin −1 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =
1 − 3 tan 2 θ ⎝ 5⎠ 5 2
3
3x − x
y= . ⎛ x⎞ π ⎛ 4⎞
1 − 3x 2 ⇒ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = − sin −1 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
⎝ 5⎠ 2 5
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
2. 2y = x + z ⇒ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = co s −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
⇒ 2 tan–1 y = tan–1 x + tan–1 (z)
−1 ⎛ x ⎞ −1 ⎛ 3 ⎞
⇒ sin ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⇒ x = 3
−1 ⎛
2y ⎞ −1 ⎛ x + z ⎞ ⎝ 5⎠ 5
tan ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜⎝ 1 − xz ⎟⎠
⎝ 1 − y2 ⎠ x
6. f(x) is defined if –1 ≤ –1 ≤ 1 and cos x > 0
x+z x+z 2
⇒ =
1 − y2 1 − xz x π π
or 0 ≤ ≤ 2 and – < x <
2 2 2
⇒ y2 = xz or x + z = 0
π π
⇒ x = y = z or 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 and – <x<
2 2
⎛ 5⎞ ⎡ π⎞
− 1 ⎛ 3⎞ ∴ x ∈ ⎢0 , ⎟ .
3. Since cosec–1 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = tan ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎣ 2⎠
3 4
⎡3 2⎤
⎛ −1 3 −1 2 ⎞ ⎢4 + 3⎥ y
cot ⎜ tan + tan ⎟ = cot tan ⎢
–1
⎥ 7. Given that, cos–1 x – cos–1 = α ⇒ cos–1
⎝ 3⎠ 2
4 ⎢1− 1 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
⎛ xy y2 ⎞
⎡ ⎛ 17 ⎞ ⎤ ⎜ + 1 − x2 1 − ⎟ =α
⎢ ⎜⎝ 12 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎜⎝ 2 4 ⎟⎠
= cot tan–1 ⎢ ⎥ = cot ⎡ tan −1 ⎛⎜ 17 ⎞⎟ ⎤ = 6
⎢ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎥ ⎢ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 17
⎜ ⎟ ⎣
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ xy y2
⇒ + 1 − x2 1 − = cos α
2 4
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.23

2 1 1
⇒ 2 1 − x 2 1 − y = 2 cos α – xy ⇒ − <α<
2 2
4
On squaring both sides, we get 1
⇒ |α| ≤
2
4(1 − x 2 )(4 − y 2 ) = 4 cos2α + x2y2 – 4xy cos α
4
10. Given that cot–1 ( cos α ) – tan–1 ( cos α ) = x
⇒ 4 – 4x2 – y2 + x2y2 = 4 cos2α + x2y2 – 4xy cos α
...(i)
⇒ 4x2 – 4xy cos α + y2 = 4 sin2α
We know that, cot–1 ( cos α ) + tan–1 ( cos α ) =
⎛ 2x ⎞ π
8. f(x) = tan–1 ⎜ = 2 tan–1 x for x ∈ (–1, 1) ...(ii)
⎝ 1 − x 2 ⎟⎠ 2
⎛ π π⎞ On adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
If x ∈ (–1, 1) ⇒ tan–1 x ∈ ⎜ − , ⎟ π
⎝ 4 4⎠ 2 cot–1( cos α ) = + x
2
⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ π x⎞
⇒ 2 tan–1 x ∈ ⎜ − , ⎟ Clearly, range of ⇒ cos α = cot ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
⎛ π
π⎞
cot
x
−1
f(x) = ⎜ − ,
⎟ for f to be onto, co-domain = range
⎝ 2
2⎠ ⇒ cos α = 2
⎛ π π⎞ x
∴ Codomain of function = B = ⎜ − , ⎟ . 1 + cot
⎝ 2 2⎠ 2
x x
9. Given that , sin–1 x = 2 sin–1 α cos − sin
⇒ cos α = 2 2
π π x x
Since , – ≤ sin–1 x ≤ cos + sin
2 2 2 2
1 − sin x
π π ⇒ cos α =
⇒– ≤ 2 sin–1 α ≤ 1 + sin x
2 2
α
1 − tan 2
π π
⇒ 2 = 1 − sin x
⇒– ≤ sin–1 α ≤ α 1 + sin x
4 4 1 + tan 2
2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⇒ sin ⎜ − ⎟ ≤ α ≤ sin ⎜ ⎟ Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
⎛ α⎞
sin x = tan2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
17.24 t em tics

Single Option Correct 2x 2 x2

=
2 + x 2 + x2
23
1. cot ∑ cot 1
(1 + 2 + 4 + 6+ ... + 2n) 2x + x3 = 2x2 + x3
n= 1
x = 0, 1
⇒ cot ∑cot–1(1 + n(n + 1))
But ∴ |x| > 0
( n + 1) − n so x = 1 is the only answer.
cot ∑ tan–1
1 + n (n + 1)
Multiple Options Correct
23
⇒ cot ∑ ( tan −1 (n + 1) − tan −1 n) 6 6 4 4
n= 1 5. α = 3sin–1 > 3sin–1 and β = 3cos–1 > 3cos–1
11 12 9 8
cot(tan–1 24 – tan–1 1)
π
⎛ 24 − 1⎞ ⇒α> and β > π
⇒ cot ⎜ tan −1 ⎟ 2
⎝ 1 + 24 ⎠ 3π
⇒α+β>
⎛ −1 25 ⎞ 25 2
⇒ cot ⎜ cot
⎝ ⎟ =
23 ⎠ 23 Integer Type
2 1/ 2
⎡⎧ ⎤
⎢ ⎪ x cos cos − 1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎫ ⎥ 6. f(x) = (sin–1) x ∈ [0, 4π]
⎜ ⎟ ⎪
⎢⎪ ⎝ 1+ x 2 ⎠
⎪ ⎥
2. 1 + x2 ⎢⎨ ⎬ − 1⎥ 10 − x x
⎢⎪ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎪ ⎥ and f ( x) = =1−
⎢ ⎪ + sin ⎜ sin − 1 ⎟ ⎥ 10 10
⎢⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎪ ⎥
⎣ 1 + x ⎭ ⎦

2 1/ 2
⎡⎛ ⎤
x2 1 ⎞
= 1 + x ⎢⎜ 2
+ ⎟ − 1⎥
⎢⎝ 1 + x 2 1 + x2 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

= 1 + x 2 . x Hence (c) is correct. so, 3 solution.

⎛ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ sin θ ⎞
7. tan −1 ⎜ = sin −1 ⎜
3. sin cot–1 (1+x) = cos (tan–1 x) ⎟
⎝ co s 2θ ⎠ ⎝ co s θ ⎟⎠
If α = cot–1 (1 + x) and β = tan–1 x df
∴ f(θ) = tan θ ∴ =1
1 1 d tan θ
Then = ⇒ x = – 1/2 Matching Column Type
x2 + 2 x + 2 1 + x2
π
8. sin–1 (ax) + cos–1y + cos–1 (bxy) =
⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞ ⎛ x 4 x6 ⎞ 2
4. sin ⎜ x − + ...⎟ + cos −1 ⎜ x 2 − + + ...⎟ π
⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 4 ⎠ (a) a = 1, b = 0 ⇒ sin–1(x) + cos–1(y) + cos–1 (0) =
2
π ⇒ sin–1x + cos–1y = 0
=
2 ⇒ cos–1y = – sin–1x
⎛ x ⎞ −1 ⎛ x2 ⎞ π
⇒ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ + co s ⎜ 2 ⎟= ⇒ cos–1 y = cos–1 1 − x 2
⎝ 1 + (x / 2 )⎠ ⎝ 1 + (x / 2 )⎠ 2
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 17.25

π
(b) sin–1 (x) + cos–1y + cos–1 (xy) =
2
⇒ cos–1 (y) + cos–1(xy) = cos–1x.
2
( 2 2 2
⇒ cos–1 xy − (1 − y ) (1 − x y ) = cos–1x. )
⇒ xy2 – (1 − y 2 )(1 − x 2 y 2 ) = x 1/ 2
⎛ 1 2 4 4⎞
⇒ 1 – x2 – y2 + x2y2 = 0 = ⎜ 2 . y (1 − y ) + y ⎟ =1
⎝y ⎠
⇒ (1 – x2) (1 – y2) = 0
π
(c) sin–1 (x) + cos–1 y + cos–1 (2xy) =
2
⇒ cos–1 ⎛⎝2 xy 2 − (1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y ) ⎞⎠ = co s
2 2 2 −1
x.

⇒ 2xy2 – (1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y ) = x
2 2 2
(Q) cos x + cos y = – cos z sin x + sin y = – sin z
square and add 2 + 2 cos (x – y) = 1
⇒ 2xy2 – x = (1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y )
2 2 2
⇒ cos (x – y) = –1/2
⇒ 4x y + x – 4x y = 1 – y – 4x y + 4x y
2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
⎛ x − y⎞
⇒ 2cos2 ⎜ – 1 = –1/2,
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1. ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
π ⎛ x − y⎞
(d) sin–1(2x) + cos–1y + cos–1 (2xy) = ⇒ cos ⎜ = 1/2
2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⇒ cos–1 ⎛⎝2 y 2 x − (1 − y ) (1 − 4 x y ) ⎞⎠
2 2 2
⎛ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎞
(R) cos 2x ⎜ cos ⎜ − x⎟ − cos ⎜ + x⎟ ⎟ + 2 sin2 x
⎝ ⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠⎠
= cos–1(2x)
= 2 sin x cos x
⇒ 2y2x – 1 − y 2 − 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 4 = 2x.
cos 2x ( 2 sin x) + 2 sin2 x = 2 sin x cos x
⇒ 1 – 4x2 – y2 + 4x2y2 = 0
⇒ (1 – 4x2)(1 – y2) = 0. ⇒ 2 sin x [cos 2x + 2 sin x – 2 cos x] = 0

1/ 2 Either sin x = 0 or cos2 x – sin2 x = 2 (cos x – sin x)

⎛ ⎛ cos (tan −1 y ) ⎞ 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
−1
9. (P) ⎜ 1 ⎜ + y sin(tan y ) ⎟ + y 4 ⎟ sec x = 1 OR cos x = sin x ⇒ sec x = 2
⎜ 2 ⎜ −1 ⎟ ⎟
⎜ y ⎜ cot(sin y ) ⎟ ⎟ (S) cot (sin–1 1 − x 2 ) = sin (tan–1(x 6 ))
⎜ ⎜⎝ + tan(sin −1 y ) ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

2 1/ 2
⎡ ⎡⎛ ⎞⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢⎜ 1 y. y ⎥
⎢ + ⎟⎥ ⎥
1 ⎢ ⎜⎝ 1 + y 2 1+ y ⎠2⎟⎥
= ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ + y4 ⎥
⎢ y2 ⎢ ⎛ 1 − y2 ⎥
⎢ y ⎞⎥ ⎥ x x 6
⎢⎜ + ⎟⎥ =
⎢ ⎢ ⎜⎝ y 2⎟⎥ ⎥ ⇒ 1 + 6x2 = 6 – 6x2 ⇒ 12x2 = 5
⎢⎣ ⎣ 1− y ⎠ ⎦ ⎥⎦ 1− x 2
1 + 6 x2
5 1 5
x= =
12 2 3
17.26 t em tics

Subjective Type 1
Let φ = tan–1
10. Case-I: x ≥ 0 1 + x2
Let cot–1 x = θ 1
As ∈ (0, 1]
⎛ π⎤ 1 + x2
∴ θ ∈ ⎜ 0 , ⎥
⎝ 2⎦
⎛ π⎤
⇒ x = cot θ ∴ φ ∈ ⎜ 0 , ⎥
⎝ 2⎦
1
∴ sin θ = 1
1 + x2 ∴ tan φ =
1 + x2
1 1 + x2
⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1 2 ∴ cos φ =
1+ x 2 + x2
1 1 + x2 1 + x2
⇒ θ = sin–1 ∴ L.H.S. = cos cos–1 = = R.H.S.
1 + x2 2 + x2 2 + x2
Case-II: x < 0
Let cot–1 x = θ
⎛π ⎞
∴ θ ∈ ⎜ , π⎟
⎝2 ⎠
⇒ cot θ = x
1
∴ sin θ =
1 + x2
1
⇒ sin–1 sin θ = sin–1
1 + x2

1
⇒ π – θ = sin–1
1 + x2
1
⇒ θ = π – sin–1
1 + x2
Therefore,
L.H.S. =
⎧ −1 −1 1
⎪ co s tan sin sin , if x ≥ 0
⎪ 1 + x2
⎨
⎪co s tan −1 sin ⎛ π − sin −1 1 ⎞
, if x < 0
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
⎩ ⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠
1
= cos tan–1 sin sin–1 ; x∈R
1 + x2
1
= cos tan–1
1 + x2