Bases

Group 3

Members:
Ivy Jane Tumulak
Jessavhielle Cabanog
Rona Monique Gomez
Ashley Ybanez
 In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that
donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases
hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution.
 They tend to be slippery to the touch can taste bitter,
react with acids to form salts, and catalyze certain
reactions
 A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an
acid-base reaction

Types of Bases
• Bases may be categorized according to their
degree of dissociation in water and reactivity.
• A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in
water or is a compound that can remove a proton
(H+) from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases
include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium
hydroxide (KOH).
• A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its
aqueous solution includes both the weak base and
its conjugate acid.
• A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a
strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate
acids. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride
(NaH)
• A neutral base is one which forms a bond with a
neutral acid such that the acid and base share an
electron pair from the base.
• A solid base is active in solid form. Example include
silicon dioxide (SiO2). Solid bases may be used in
anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous
acids

Acidity of bases
The number of ionizable hydroxide (OH-) ions present in
one molecule of base is called the acidity of bases.[ On the
basis of acidity bases can be classified into three types:
monoacidic, diacidic and triacidic.

Monoacidic bases
• When one molecule of a base via
complete ionization produces one hydroxide ion, the
base is said to be a monoacidic base. Examples of
monoacidic bases are:
• Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, silver hydroxide
Diacidic bases
• When one molecule of base via
complete ionization produces two hydroxide ions, the
base is said to be diacidic. Examples of diacidic bases are:
Barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide
Triacidic bases
• When one molecule of base via
complete ionization produces three hydroxide ions, the
base is said to be triacidic.Examples of triacidic bases are:
• Aluminium hydroxide, ferrous hydroxide,
 What are the difference between Acids
and Bases
• Such substances that donate their hydrogen ion (H+)
(proton donor) and accepts the electron to another
is called an acid. They have pH less than 7.0. But
such substances that accept the proton and donate
electron is called as the base. They have pH more
than 7.0. Acids are sour, while bases are bitter.

Properties of Bases
• Produce OH+ ions in water
• Taste bitter , chalky
• Are electrolytes (strong and weak)
• Feel soapy , slippery
• Reacts with acids to form salts and water
(Neutralization)
• pH greater than 7
• Turns red litmus paper to blue “Basic Blue “
• Won’t react with metals

Importance:
Bases are very essential to the human body.
They function to balance the pH levels in
the body. Unbalanced acids and bases can
cause many problems in the body. One of
 the most common unbalances is in the
blood

 Here the example of unbalances of

blood in bases acidosis or alkalosis
 Cause of alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis is
caused by too much bicarbonate in the
blood
 Acids and bases are important in living
things because most enzymes can do their
job only at a certain level of acidity. Cells
secrete acids and bases to maintain the
proper pH for enzymes to work. ...
 The enzyme pepsin, which helps break
down proteins in the stomach can only
function optimally in the low pH
environment.
 cause of acidosis Acidosis is caused by
an overproduction of acid that builds up in
the blood or an excessive loss of
bicarbonate from the blood (metabolic
acidosis) or by a buildup of carbon dioxide
in the blood that results from poor lung
 function or depressed breathing
(respiratory acidosis).
 Ang nitrogeneous base of dna kay
adenine,cytosine,guanine and thymine

COMPOSOTIONS OF BASES
The ratio of guanine + cytosine (GC) to adenine +
thymine (AT) nucleotides in a nucleic acid; BC is usually
expressed as a guanine + cytosine (G+C) value—e.g., 60%
G+C. The GC content is of interest given that guanine and
cytosine share three hydrogen bonds in double-stranded
nucleic acids, compared to the two shared by adenine
and thymine; the higher the GC content, the more stable
the nucleic acid.
WHAT ARE BASES MADE UP OF?
Usually these bases are created by adding pure
alkali metals such as sodium into the conjugate
acid. They are called superbases, and it is
impossible to keep them in water solution
because they are stronger bases than the
hydroxide ion.

General Structure
 The bases come in two categories:
thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines, while
adenine and guanine are purines ().


 The pyrimidine structure is produced by

a six-membered, two-nitrogen molecule;
purine refers to a nine-membered, four-
nitrogen molecule.