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ROTATING VESSELS

Centrifugal (CF) / Reversed Normal Effective Force


𝑊 𝑣2 𝑊 2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛 = = ⍵ 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 𝑔
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔

Considering the force polygon


𝑊 2
𝐶𝐹 ⍵ 𝑥 ⍵2 𝑥
𝑔
tan 𝜃 = = =
𝑊 𝑊 𝑔
𝑑𝑦 ⍵2 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔
ROTATING VESSELS
⍵2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 =
𝑔
Integrating both sides

⍵2 𝑥 2
𝑦=
2𝑔
For container of radius r, height h of paraboloid:
2 2
⍵ 𝑟
ℎ=
2𝑔
ROTATING VESSELS

RECALL:
Squared property of parabola:

𝑥 2 𝑟2
=
𝑦 ℎ
Volume of paraboloid of revolution by
PAPPUS THEOREM 2

𝑉 = 𝐴 . 2𝜋𝑧
Conversion:
𝜋
1𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
30
Sample Problem
• An open cylindrical vessel 1.2m dia and 2.1m high is 2/3 full of
water. Compute the amount of water in liters that will be spilled
out is the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a constant
angular speed of 90rpm

• A 1.90m diameter closed cylinder, 2.75m high is completely


filled with oil having sp gr. Of 0.80 under a pressure of 5kg/cm^2
at the top.
– What angular speed can be imposed on the cylinder so that the
maximum pressure at the bottom of the tank is 14kg/cm^2.
– Compute the pressure force exerted by oil on the side of the tank in kg.
For closed cylindrical containers more than half full of liquid,
rotated about its vertical axis (h>H/2)
For closed cylindrical containers more than half full of liquid,
rotated about its vertical axis (h>H/2)
Plate No. 1
2. The drum 2m high is filled to the top
with oil and placed on the platform.
Determine the pressure the oil will
exert on the cap at A as shown in
figure 2 if the maximum pressure at
the bottom of the drum is 80KPa. Take
density of oil = 900kg/m^3.
Plate No. 1
4. A 1m diameter closed cylindrical
tank 3m high is filled with oil (sg=0.9) p=80KPa
at 2.5m depth. The air inside the tank
is under a pressure of 80KPa.
Determine the pressure at the center
and circumference of the tank if it is
rotated at 25 rad/sec.
Plate No. 1
4. A 1m diameter closed cylindrical
tank 3m high is filled with oil (sg=0.9) p=80KPa
at 2.5m depth. The air inside the tank
is under a pressure of 80KPa.
Determine the pressure at the center
and circumference of the tank if it is
rotated at 25 rad/sec.
Plate No. 1
• 1. Suppose the U-tube in figure 1 is
not translated but rather rotated
about its right leg at 95rpm. What
will be the height of water in the left
Rest Level
leg if L=18cm and D=5mm.
Plate No. 1
• 1. Suppose the U-tube in figure 1 is
not translated but rather rotated
about its right leg at 95rpm. What
will be the height of water in the left
Rest Level
leg if L=18cm and D=5mm.
Plate No. 1
• 10. If the rate of
rotational speed of the
3-tube system shown in
figure 4 is ⍵=10 rad/s, Rest Level
determine the water
heights in each tube leg.
Plate No. 1
• 10. If the rate of
rotational speed of the
3-tube system shown in
figure 4 is ⍵=10 rad/s, Rest Level
determine the water
heights in each tube leg.
Sample Problem
• (CE BD Nov. 1993) An open vertical cylindrical vessel, 2m in
diameter and 4m high is filled with water to the top. If
rotated on its own vertical axis in order to discharge a
quantity of water to uncover a circular area at the bottom of
the vessel 1m in diameter.
– Determine the angular speed in rpm.
– How much water is left in the cylinder after rotation.
Sample Problem
• (CE BD Nov. 1993) A 1.90m diameter closed cylinder, 2.75m
high is completely filled with oil having sp.gr. of 0.80 under a
pressure of 5kg/𝑐𝑚2 at the top.
• What is the angular speed can be imposed on the cylinder
so that the maximum pressure at the bottom of the tank is
14kg/𝑐𝑚2
• Compute the pressure force exerted by oil on the side of the
tank in kg.
HYDRAULICS COURSE OUTLINE

• MIDTERM TOPICS •
FINAL TERM TOPICS
Fluid Flow in Pipes
• FINAL TERM TOPICS
• Fundamentals of Fluid Flow  Reynolds Number • Hydrodynamics
 Discharge  Velocity Distribution in Pipes  Force against Fixed Flat Plates
 Energy and Head  Shearing Stress in Pipes
 Force against Fixed Curved Vanes
 Head Losses in Pipe Flow
 Power and Efficiency  Force against moving Vanes
 Pipe Discharging from Reservoir
 Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem  Pipe Connecting Two Reservoirs  Force developed on Closed Conduit
 Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines  Pipes in Parallel  Drag and Lift
 Equivalent Pipe  Water Hammer
• Fluid Flow Measurement  Pipe Network
 Device Coefficients References:
• Open Channel • C.T. Crowe, J.A. Roberson and D.F. Elger,
 Head Lost in Measuring Device  Specific Energy “Engineering Fluid Mechanics” 9th Edition,
 Orifice  Chezy Formula Copyright 2005 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 Venturi Meter  Uniform Flow
 Boundary Shear Stress
 Nozzle  Normal Depth
• DIT Gillesania “Fluid Mechanics and
 Pitot tube Hydraulics Revised Edition”
 Most Effective Sections
 Gates  Velocity Distribution in Open Channel
 Alternate Stages of Flow • 4. J.F. Cruise, M.M. Sheriff, V.J Singh,
 Tubes Elementary Hydraulics” International
 Non-uniform or Varied Flow
 Unsteady flow  Hydraulic Jump Student Edition, Copyright 2007, Thompson,
 Weirs  Flow around Channel Bends Canada
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

Discharge or Flow Rate, Q:


Volume flow rate Q= Av
Mass Flow rate M=ρQ
Weight Flow rate W= γQ
Laminar Flow Uniform Flow
• Paths of individual particles do not • Ave. velocity at every cross section is
cross the same
• Re<2100

Turbulent Flow
• Paths of individual particles do not
cross Continuous Flow
• Re>2100 ; can go as high as 50,000 • (for incompressible fluids)
• Q = A₁v₁ = A₂v₂
Steady Flow
• Q at a given cross section is constant • (for compressible fluids)
with time • M= ρQ = ρ₁A₁v₁ = ρ2A₂v₂ = constant
• W= γQ= γ₁A₁v₁ = γ2A₂v₂ = constant
Sample Problem
• Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity of
3m/sec. Find :
a) Volume Flow rate in m^3/sec and lit/sec a. 13 liters
b) The mass flow rate in kg/sec b. 13 kg/sec
c) Weight flow rate in N/sec c. 127 N/sec

• What is the rate of flow of water passing through the pipe with
diameter of 20mm and speed of 0.5mm/sec.
Q = 1.57 m^7/sec
Sample Problem
• A 100mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank
filled with oil with sp.gr of 0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how
many N/s of oil is being forced out at a 30mm diameter hole?
W= 3.78 N/s

• What is the rate of flow of water passing through the pipe with
diameter of 20mm and speed of 0.5mm/sec.
Q = 1.57 m^3/sec
ENERGY AND HEAD POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy: Elevation Energy
• kinetic energy • Energy possessed by virtue of its position
• potential energy or elevation with respect to a datum
Head
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
• energy per pound (lb) or Newton (N)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
KINETIC ENERGY 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧
𝑊
• Ability of fluid mass to do work by
virtue of its velocity Pressure Energy
1 2
1𝑊 2 𝑝
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊
2 2𝑔 γ

𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 2𝑔 𝑊 γ
ENERGY AND HEAD POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy: Elevation Energy
• kinetic energy • Energy possessed by virtue of its position
• potential energy or elevation with respect to a datum
Head
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
• energy per pound (lb) or Newton (N)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
KINETIC ENERGY 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧
𝑊
• Ability of fluid mass to do work by
virtue of its velocity Pressure Energy
1 2
1𝑊 2 𝑝
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊
2 2𝑔 γ

𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑣2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚= 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 2𝑔 𝑊 γ
TOTAL FLOW ENERGY
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
= 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑠
(1738-Daniel Bernoulli)
• Total energy in a steady flowing fluid
𝑣2 𝑝 system is constant along the flow
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝐸 = + +𝑧
2𝑔 γ path. The INCREASE in the fluids
SPEED must therefore be matched by
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
a DECREASE in its PRESSURE.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄γ𝐸
𝐸1 + 𝐸+ − 𝐸− = 𝐸2
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, η = 𝑥100%
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

To be memorized:
1hp= 746 watts = 550ft-lb/sec
1 watt = 1 N.m/s = 1 J/s
ENERGY EQUATION W/O HEAD LOSS ENERGY EQUATION W/ HEAD LOSS
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2 𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ

Note: Values are ideal or theoretical values Note: Values are actual values
ENERGY EQUATION W/ PUMP ENERGY EQUATION W/ TURBINE/MOTOR
𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2 𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑧2 𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ + + 𝑧1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿1−2 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 γ 2𝑔 γ
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄. γ. 𝐻𝐴 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑄. γ. 𝐻𝐸
Note: Values are ACTUAL values Note: Values are ACTUAL values
ENERGY GRADE LINE (EGL)

• always above the hydraulic grade line by an


amount equal to the velocity head
• graphical representation of total energy of
flow

Characteristics of EGL
• slopes downward in the direction of flow and
will only rise with the presence of pump.
• vertical drop of EGL between two points is
the head lost between those points.
• EGL is parallel to HGL for uniform pipe cross
section.
• EGL is always above the HGL by v2/2g.
• Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL)

• pressure gradient
• graphical representation of potential head
• liquid rises in successive piezometer tubes

Characteristics of HGL
• slopes downward in the direction of flow but
it may rise or fall due to change in pressure.
• HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform pipe cross
section.
• For horizontal pipes with constant cross
section, the drop in pressure gradient
between two points is equivalent to the head
lost between these points.
Sample Problem
• Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2m and a velocity
of 3m/s. It flows down a chute into another channel where the depth
is 1m and the velocity is 10m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the
difference in elevation of the channel floors.
z= 3.64m
• A 300-mm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 100-mm pipe. Points 1
and 2 are at the same elevation, the pressure at 1 is 200 kPa. The
discharge Q is 30 liters per second flowing from 1 to 2 and the energy
lost from 1 to 2 is equivalent to 20 kPa.
• Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is water.
• Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid is oil (sp gr = 0.80).
Sample Problem
• The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 150
mm at A to 450 mm at B. A is 4.5 m lower than B. If the pressure at A
is 70 kPa and that B is 50 kPa, when 140 L/s is flowing.
(a) Determine the direction of flow.
(b) Find the frictional loss between the two points

• In the figure, a 50 mm pipeline leads


downhill from a reservoir and discharges
into air. If the loss of head between A and
B is 44.2 m, compute the discharge.

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