Density

The density of air ρ (Greek: rho) (air density) is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere.

Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude.

It also changes with variation in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity.

At 101.325 kPa (abs) and 15°C, air has a density of approximately 1.225 kg/m3 (1.225 x10−3 g/cm3,
0.0023769 slug/(cu ft), 0.0765 lb/(cu ft)) according to ISA (International Standard Atmosphere).
 Boyls Law

 Solid

State Liquid

 Gas / Vapor

 Plasma
  Boiling

 Boiling point

 Condensation

 Critical line

 Critical point

 Crystallization

 Deposition

 Evaporation

 Flash evaporation

 Freezing

 Chemical ionization
Transitions
 Ionization

 Lambda point

 Melting

 Melting point

 Recombination

 Regelation

 Saturated fluid

 Sublimation

 Supercooling

 Triple point

 Vaporization

 Vitrification
In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state
variables which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such
as pressure, volume, temperature (PVT), or internal energy.[1]

Equations of state are useful in describing the properties of fluids, mixtures of fluids, solids, and the
interior of stars.

The most prominent use of an equation of state is to correlate densities of gases and liquids to
temperatures and pressures.

One of the simplest equations of state for this purpose is the ideal gas law, which is roughly
accurate for weakly polar gases at low pressures and moderate temperatures.

However, this equation becomes increasingly inaccurate at higher pressures and lower
temperatures, and fails to predict condensation from a gas to a liquid. Therefore, a number of more
accurate equations of state have been developed for gases and liquids.
At present, there is no single equation of state that accurately predicts the properties of all
substances under all conditions.

Equations of state can also describe solids, including the transition of solids from one crystalline
state to another.
In a practical context, equations of state are instrumental for PVT calculations in process
engineering problems, such as petroleum gas/liquid equilibrium calculations.
A successful PVT model based on a fitted equation of state can be helpful to determine the state of
the flow regime, the parameters for handling the reservoir fluids, and pipe sizing.

Boyle's law (1662)[edit]

Boyle's Law was perhaps the first expression of an equation of state
Charles's law
If the pressure on a gas is kept constant, the volume of the gas will vary
directly with the temperature. Charle’s law shows that cooling a gas
decreases the volume of the gas
In other words:
The volume of a given amount of air expands when it is heated because molecules of
gas become more energized by the heat energy and move around faster.
The volume contracts as air is cooled because the molecules move around less. One
can see this when a balloon is put somewhere that is cold and the balloon shrinks.
Real gases obey Boyle’s law at sufficiently low pressures, although the
product pv generally decreases slightly at higher pressures, where the gas
begins to depart from ideal behaviour.

Charls Law
heating a gas will increase the speed of the gas particles. After all, temperature is just a measure of
the average kinetic energy of the particles. The higher the temperature of the particles, the faster the
gas particles will be moving.

According to the kinetic molecular theory, faster gas particles are going to spread out. This causes
the gas to take up more space.
Well, what happens when fewer particles are taking up the same amount of space?
To help you answer this, imagine you have two cubes filled with gas molecules. These cubes are
exactly the same size. The first cube has 5 molecules inside it, and the second cube has 50
molecules inside of it. The one holding 50 will have more mass than the one holding 5, and though
they are the same volume, their masses are different, so their densities will be different. When
particles in a substance spread out and move farther away from each other, the substance becomes
less dense.( Density= mass/volume, volume increased so density reduced)
So, back to our hot air balloon: all the torch is really doing is heating the air inside the balloon,
causing the air particles to move faster and spread out, which makes the balloon less dense than the
air around it, which causes it to float!
This phenomenon - hot air rising because of a decreased density - is also what causes it to be windy
outside. The hot air that rises is replaced by cooler air. As the cooler air moves to replace the
warmer air, you feel that movement as wind.
In the late 1700s, Jacques Charles researched this relationship between the temperature of a gas
and its volume. He discovered that if the pressure of a gas is held constant, as that gas is heated, its
volume will increase. The reverse of that is also true: cooling a gas will cause its volume to
decrease. This relationship is known as Charles' Law.
 Lord Kelvin used the law to find absolute zero.

This idea is what helped Lord Kelvin discover absolute zero. He measured the volume of several
different gases at different temperatures, and he found the same relationship as Charles, but this
time, he wondered what would happen if he could cool something enough to make the volume equal
to zero. He then extrapolated his data all the way down to a volume of zero and the corresponding
temperature at this volume was consistently around -273 degrees Celsius. This temperature became
known as absolute zero.
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold. It is measured with
a thermometer calibrated in one or more temperature scales.

 A physical quantity is a physical property of a material that can

be quantified by measurement.

temperature is one of the seven fundamental base quantities.

The SI base units and their physical quantities are

1. the meter for measurement of length,

2. the kilogram for mass,
3. the secondfor time,
4. the ampere for electric current,
5. the kelvin for temperature,
6. the candela for luminous intensity, and
7. the mole for amount of substance.

Avagadros Law