positive displacement pumps, NPSHA is often

expressed as net positive inlet pressure available

(NPIPA) and net positive inlet pressure required (NPIPR).
These terms reflect the use of pressure units rather than
feet. Once feet of head are calculated, it is easily
converted to psi.
This article explores acceleration head—a
component that is frequently forgotten or given too little
Solving Pump thought in calculating NPSHA. So, what is this often
overlooked phenomenon? Remember, positive
displacement pumps by design, especially reciprocating
Inlet Problems types, start and stop flow with every stroke. Depending
on the number of pistons or chambers, complete
Written by Gary L. Cornell, BLACOH Fluid Control, Inc. stoppage can occur or some overlap can exist from
chamber to chamber. The liquid mass in the suction line
Flow and pressure downstream are important, but to the pump must be started and stopped with every
inlet pump conditions also require attention during pump stroke. The pump must expend energy to
design. accelerate the liquid into the pump during the suction
stroke and then stop the inlet flow on the discharge
Positive displacement pumps, specifically reciprocating stroke.
and peristaltic types, create pulsating flow that results in This is the acceleration head component of NPSHA
damaging vibration and pressure spikes. These flow for reciprocating pumps and can be calculated using the
pulses occur because the pump’s liquid chamber or generally accepted formula shown below. This equation
chambers are repeatedly filled with liquid on the inlet is not inclusive enough to account for fluid
stroke and then expelled on the discharge stroke. compressibility or elasticity of components but will serve
Typically, the discharge flow from the pump is not well in most applications.
linear. The flow from a piston or diaphragm pump for
example, accelerates at the start of the pump stroke, LVnC
ha =
reaches maximum velocity at midpoint and decelerates Kg
to zero flow at the end of the stroke. While the flow is
accelerating and decelerating, the fluid pressure at the where:
pump’s discharge is increasing and decreasing.
ha = Acceleration head in feet
Peak flow from the pump can be as much as 3.14
L= Length of suction line in feet
times the average or mean flow, creating an acceleration
V= Velocity in suction line in feet per second (fps)
head phenomenon that must be considered when
n= Pump speed in cycles per minute (cpm)
designing a liquid pumping system.
*C = Constant (by pump type)
The design and construction of a liquid pumping
system is often concentrated on ensuring that the *Constant Pump Type
desired pressure and flow are achieved downstream of 0.200 duplex single-acting (diaphragm pump)
the pump. This is critical, of course, but acceleration 0.115 duplex double-acting
head is another important factor to consider. 0.066 triplex single or double-acting
Frequently, pump inlet conditions are not given 0.040 quintuplex single or double-acting
proper consideration in system design. With positive 0.028 septuplex single or double-acting
displacement pumps, especially reciprocating types, it is 0.022 nonuplex single or double-acting
crucial to include a complete design analysis of pump
inlet conditions. *K = A factor representing the reciprocal of the
Two components of the inlet or suction side of a fraction of the theoretical acceleration head
pump that must be considered to achieve the required which must be provided to avoid a
system pressure and flow are net positive suction head noticeable disturbance in the suction line
required (NPSHR) and net positive suction head
available (NPSHA). NPSHR is a function of the pump’s *K Liquid
design and determines the amount of NPSHA at the 2.5 Hot oil
pump inlet required to prevent more than a 3 percent 2.0 Most hydrocarbons
capacity drop in stated fluid flow, including consideration 1.5 Amine, glycol, water
for acceleration head. 1.4 De-aerated water
NPSHR must be supplied by the pump manufacturer. 1.0 Urea and liquids with small amounts of
NPSHA is the absolute pressure above fluid vapor entrained gases
pressure available at the pump inlet. When dealing with
 g= Gravitation constant (32.174 ft/sec2)
The velocity component in the equation can be found in
readily available tables or calculated as:
Q and triplex pumps, typically have lower acceleration
V= 0.4085
D2
where: V= Velocity in feet/second
Q= Flow rate in gallons per minute
D= Pipeline inside diameter
Acceleration head, sometimes referred to as inertia
pressure, on the suction side of a pump can be positive,
negative or both, but it must always be considered in
several different ways.
Steady State Flow
As stated previously, positive displacement pumps have
a maximum flow per stroke of more than three times the
mean flow due to the nature of their pumping action.
One of the biggest single mistakes made by system
designers is to start NPSHA calculations by referring to
standard pipe pressure loss tables and using mean flow
numbers determined by system design requirements.
These tables show pressure loss based on steady state
flow. However, momentary peak flow rates will be higher
on every stroke, and this higher rate should be used for
friction loss determination.
The difference in loss on the discharge side of a
pump can usually be overcome by added pump energy,
but small differences on the inlet side can be critical to
the limitations of NPSHA. Larger pipe diameter, elevated
supply source or shorter suction piping may be required.
This is a simple and common mistake that can have
serious consequences to anticipated flow projections.
Cavitation
Because liquid in the inlet piping has been stopped
during the discharge stroke of the pump, it must be
accelerated by the pump on the inlet stroke. To do this,
especially under low NPSHA conditions, a low pressure
area at the pump inlet is created. If the acceleration
pressure required lowers the inlet pressure below the
vapor pressure of the liquid, then vaporization and
subsequent cavitation can occur. NPSHA calculations
must be made, including acceleration loss, because inlet
systems have positive pressure under steady state
conditions that can go negative at the start of the pump’s
inlet stroke.
Suction Lift
One of the advantages of positive displacement pumps
is their ability to self-prime under suction lift conditions.
Air-operated diaphragm and peristaltic pumps, for
example, can self-prime up to as much as 20 feet of lift,
while controlled volume metering pumps are usually
limited to 3 to 5 feet.
Acceleration head loss under these conditions must
be calculated carefully and may be the difference
between being able to self-prime at all and requiring
some sort of assistance—such as check or foot valves in
the inlet piping. The size and interior surface finish of the
inlet piping can also influence suction lift.
Multiple Chamber Pumps
Pumps with multiple pumping chambers, such as duplex
head losses primarily because, once liquid is in motion,
at least theoretically, a small amount of continuous flow
overlap exists as one chamber’s inlet valve closes and
the next chamber’s inlet valve opens. Pump rpm and
valve closure timing can have an impact on this.
Lack of complete pump chamber fill can occur as
liquid is first accelerated to one chamber and then must
be redirected to the next chamber. If sufficient time is not
available for the stroke rate to allow each chamber to fill
completely, pump damage can occur. An accumulator-
type inlet stabilizer can usually minimize this condition by
accumulating a quantity of liquid available at the pump’s
inlet.
Positive Inlet Pressure
While acceleration head on the inlet or suction side is
generally a negative and subtracts from NPSHA, it can
be positive. In fact, it can be too positive. Depending on
pipe profile, supply tank elevations, pump speed and
valve closure sequence, too much positive pressure can
result.
Under most conditions of application, the pump’s
inlet valve(s) are quick closing valves. When a valve
closes quickly against a flowing liquid, rapid velocity
change occurs and a pressure spike, often referred to as
water hammer can occur. The magnitude of the pressure
spike is a function of the liquid’s mass, flow rate velocity
and the rate of the change in velocity. If the water
hammer or pressure spike is of sufficient magnitude, it
can damage system inlet components such as plastic
pipe, gauges, seals and other components.
In duplex pumps, especially air-operated double-
diaphragm pumps, this pressure spike can be
particularly dangerous for the pump’s diaphragms. As
liquid flow is stopped by the closing of one inlet valve,
the opposite chamber’s inlet valve is opening. The
pressure spike carried by the flow of diverted liquid
rushes into the chamber being filled and slams into the
diaphragm, stretching and weakening it until premature
failure occurs. To minimize this pressure spike, the flow
rate of the liquid must be held below a critical velocity for
the system. To prevent the pressure spike from
occurring in the first place, an inlet accumulator can be
installed at the pump inlet to capture liquid during valve
closure.
Minimize Acceleration Head
Other factors beyond this discussion should be
considered when designing any pump’s inlet
configuration, but clearly, when positive displacement
reciprocating pumps are involved, acceleration head is a
critical factor that must be addressed. Minimizing the
negative effects of acceleration head on the suction side
of the pump can be accomplished in many ways. Some
are discussed in this section.
Pumps and Piping
The following changes and additions to pumps and
piping may influence acceleration head:
ƒ Increase pipe diameter to reduce friction loss and
liquid velocity.
ƒ Make sure there is straight pipe for at least 10 to 15
pipe diameters at the pump inlet to minimize
turbulence.
ƒ Move the pump as close as possible to the source of
supply to reduce mass that must be reaccelerated
on every stroke and to reduce friction loss.
ƒ Eliminate as many turns and elbows in the suction
line as possible. Use sweeping elbows rather than
90-degree elbows.
ƒ Use a larger pump to allow for slower stroke speed.
(This can be an expensive solution.)
ƒ Use suction piping 1.5 to 2 times the size of the
pump’s inlet port to reduce friction loss and help
ensure an adequate supply of liquid into the pump
chamber(s). Caution: Larger suction piping can
adversely affect suction lift.
ƒ Use pumps with multiple chambers to reduce
acceleration head loss. This is an expensive fix, and
multiple chamber pumps may raise cavitation
concerns.
Standpipes
Standpipes can be used to help control acceleration
head by providing an area of accumulation and release
of pumped liquid as the pump’s inlet valve alternately
opens and closes. The standpipe needs to be at least
1.5 times the diameter of the pipe it is mounted on and,
generally, as tall as the supply tank to the pump. It must
be mounted within 25 pipe diameters from the pump’s
inlet (preferably within 10 pipe diameters).
It must also be capped and typically vented to the
supply tank. Standpipes can never be used in a suction
lift application because air could be sucked into the
supply piping. The other disadvantage of standpipes is
that they can become waterlogged and rendered
ineffective when trapped air at the top becomes
entrained in the liquid accumulated in the standpipe.
Inlet Stabilizers
Essentially a pulsation dampener, an inlet stabilizer has
a flexible internal diaphragm or bladder to prevent mixing
of the system liquid with the stabilizer’s gas charge.
Properly sized and installed in a tee within 10 pipe
diameters of the pump inlet, it can usually reduce
acceleration pressure loss to less than 3 or 4 psi. It does
this by accumulating liquid during the pump’s discharge
stroke and releasing the liquid back into the suction line
during the pump’s inlet stroke.
In effect, the inlet stabilizer uses the stored energy
of the compressed gas to reaccelerate the liquid back
into the suction line. It will only have an effect on the
liquid between it and the pump’s inlet so proper location
is critical.
An inlet stabilizer essentially operates for free
because the energy expended by the pump to stop flow
by closing the inlet valve on the discharge stroke is
returned when that same energy stored in the stabilizer’s
compressed gas pushes accumulated liquid back into
the suction line as the inlet valve of the pump opens.
This, of course, minimizes the pump’s job of
reaccelerating the liquid in the suction line. Pulsation and
pressure fluctuations are minimized, and a near constant
flow of liquid is available at the pump inlet.
Traditionally, both standpipes and inlet stabilizers
have required positive pressure available to the pump,
but neither was particularly effective in suction lift
applications. However, inlet stabilizer models are now
available that can be used in both positive pressure and
suction lift applications. These models have a venturi
control arrangement that can either direct pressure into
the inlet stabilizer for positive pressure applications or
create a partial vacuum to assist in suction lift
applications.
In suction lift applications, liquid can move away
from the pump inlet as the inlet valve closes. The
vacuum on the gas side of the stabilizer will pull product
into the unit and momentarily hold it until the inlet valve
opens on the pump’s suction stroke.
Again, the idea is to accumulate liquid close to the
pump inlet so that the entire column of liquid does not
have to be accelerated. This type of inlet stabilizer will
not assist in initial pump priming but will reduce pump
energy once the pump is primed.
As a general rule, a pulsation dampener at the pump
discharge must be at least 15 times the volume of the
pump’s liquid chamber, depending on the number of
pumping chambers. An inlet stabilizer must be at least
the same size and preferably 1.5 times the size of the
pulsation dampener. The inlet, or nozzle, on the
stabilizer must be at least the same size as the pipe on
which it is mounted. The gas charge on the inlet
stabilizer will be determined by the specific application
according to guidelines provided by the manufacturer.
Conclusion
This article is meant to be a general guideline to make
the reader aware of factors that must be considered
when designing the layout of inlet piping for positive
displacement pump systems, particularly those
applications using reciprocating and peristaltic pumps.
Acceleration head, often overlooked and misunderstood,
was emphasized.
While no attempt was made to give specific
engineering guidelines for designing inlet systems, the
goal was to provide useful information on design criteria
for efficient and effective liquid handling systems.
Pumps & Systems, January 2011

Gary Cornell is Chairman/CEO of BLACOH Fluid Control,

Inc., a manufacturer of pulsation dampeners, surge
suppressors, inlet stabilizers and other fluid control
products and based in Riverside, Calif. With a BS
degree from California Polytechnic University, Cornell
has worked in the reciprocating pump industry for more
than 35 years and is a member of the Hydraulic Institute
and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. For
more information, contact BLACOH at 951-342-3100 or
800-603-7867 (toll free), or visit www.blacoh.com.

BLACOH Fluid Control, Inc.

601 Columbia Ave, Bldg D
Riverside, CA 92507 USA
951.342.3100 or 800.603.7867
Sales@blacoh.com
www.blacoh.com

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