The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898 where Filipino

revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of
the Philippine islands from Spanish colonization after the latter was defeated at the Battle of Manila
Bay on 1 May 1898 during the Spanish-American War. It was declared a national holiday and was
witnessed by thousands of people who gathered in Kawit to witness the historic event.

The declaration, however, was not recognized by the United States or Spain, as the Spanish
government ceded the Philippines (and other Spanish colonial territories) to the United States in the
1898 Treaty of Paris signed on 10 December 1898 in consideration for an indemnity for Spanish
expenses and assets lost.

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared and written by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
in Spanish, who also read the said declaration. A passage in the Declaration reminds one of another
passage in the American Declaration of Independence. The Philippine Declaration was signed by
ninety-eight persons, among them an American army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The Act
declared that the Filipinos “are and have the right to be free and independent,” and that the nation
from ”this day commences to have a life of its own, with every political tie between Filipinas and Spain
severed and annulled”.

The event saw the National Flag of the Philippines, designed by General Aguinaldo and made in
Hongkong by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza unfurled for the first time.
This was followed by the performance of the “Marcha Filipina Magdalo” now known as “Lupang
Hinirang”, the National Anthem. The composer, Julian Felipe. was a music teacher from Cavite. The
lyrics to the anthem were sourced a year after from the poem of Jose Palma entitled “Filipinas”.

General Aguinaldo explained the symbolism of the Filipino flag. Each of the three colors has an
appropriate meaning:

a. the lower red stripe represents patriotism and valor

b. the upper blue stripe signifies peace, truth and justice
c. the white triangle stands for equality

The three stars indicate the three geographical areas of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.

The eight rays of the sun refer to first eight provinces of Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Bataan, Laguna, Batangas and Cavite which took up arms against Spain and were placed under
martial law by the Spaniards at the start of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

Sources: Agoncillo and Guerrero, History of the Filipino People

Zaide, S. The Philippines: A Unique Nation
Wikipedia