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Side effects are minimal.[6][7] At high doses liver problems may occur.[6] Normal amounts are
safe for use during pregnancy.[1] Nicotinamide is in the vitamin B family of medications,
specifically the vitamin B3 complex.[8][9] It is an amide of nicotinic acid.[6] Foods that contain
nicotinamide include yeast, meat, milk, and green vegetables.[10]
Nicotinamide was discovered between 1935 and 1937.[11][12] It is on the World Health
Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a
health system.[13] Nicotinamide is available as a generic medication and over the counter.[8] In
the United Kingdom a 60 g tube costs the NHS about £7.10.[5] Commercially, nicotinamide is
made from either nicotinic acid or nicotinonitrile.[12][14] In a number of countries grains have
nicotinamide added to them.[12]
Contents
1 Medical uses
1.2 Acne
2 Side effects
3 Chemistry
3.2 Biochemistry
4 Food sources
5 Compendial status
6 Research
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Medical uses
Niacin deficiency
Nicotinamide is the preferred treatment for pellagra, caused by niacin deficiency.[4] While niacin
may be used, nicotinamide has the benefit of not causing skin flushing.[4]
Acne
Nicotinamide cream is used as a treatment for acne.[5] It has anti-inflammatory actions, which
may benefit people with inflammatory skin conditions.[15]
Skin cancer
Nicotinamide decreases the risk of skin cancers, other than melanoma, in those at high risk.[19]
Side effects
Nicotinamide has minimal side effects.[6][7] At high doses liver problems may occur.[6] Normal
doses are safe during pregnancy.[1]
Chemistry
The structure of nicotinamide consists of a pyridine ring to which a primary amide group is
attached in the meta position. It is an amide of nicotinic acid.[6] As an aromatic compound, it
undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions and transformations of its two functional groups.
Examples of these reactions reported in Organic Syntheses include the preparation of 2-
chloronicotinonitrile by a two-step process via the N-oxide,[20][21]
Nicotinamide to 2-chloronicotinonitrile.png
NAD+, the oxidised form of NADH, contains the nicotinamide moiety (circled in red)
Industrial production
The hydrolysis of nicotinonitrile is catalysed by the enzyme nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus
rhodochrous J1,[24][25][14] producing 3500 tons per annum of nicotinamide for use in animal
feed.[26] The enzyme allows for a more selective synthesis as further hydrolysis of the amide to
nicotinic acid is avoided.[27][28] Nicotinamide can also be made from nicotinic acid. According
to Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, worldwide 31,000 tons of nicotinamide were
sold in 2014.[12]
Biochemistry
The active Nicotinamide group on the molecule NAD+ undergoes oxidation in many metabolic
pathways.
NAD+ acts as an electron carrier that helps with the interconversion of energy between nutrients
and the cell's energy currency, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In oxidation-reduction reactions,
the active part of the coenzyme is the nicotinamide. In NAD+, the nitrogen in the aromatic
nicotinamide ring is covalently bonded to adenine dinucleotide. The formal charge on the
nitrogen is stabilized by the shared electrons of the other carbon atoms in the aromatic ring.
When a hydride atom is added onto NAD+ to form NADH, the molecule loses its aromaticity, and
therefore a good amount of stability. This higher energy product later releases its energy with
the release of a hydride, and in the case of the electron transport chain, it assists in forming
adenosine triphosphate.[31]
Biological role
Food sources
Nicotinamide occurs in trace amounts mainly in meat, fish, nuts, and mushrooms, as well as to a
lesser extent in some vegetables.[32] It is commonly added to cereals and other foods. Many
multivitamins contain 20–30 mg of vitamin B3 and it is also available in higher doses.[33]
Compendial status
British Pharmacopoeia[34]
Japanese Pharmacopoeia[35]
Research
A 2015 trial found nicotinamide to reduce the rate of new nonmelanoma skin cancers and actinic
keratoses in a group of people at high risk for the conditions.[36]
Nicotinamide has been investigated for many additional disorders, including treatment of
bullous pemphigoid nonmelanoma skin cancers.[37]
There is tentative evidence for a potential role of nicotinamide in treating acne, rosacea,
autoimmune blistering disorders, ageing skin, and atopic dermatitis.[37] Niacinamide also
inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP-1), enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand
breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.[39] ARCON (accelerated radiotherapy plus
carbogen inhalation and nicotinamide) has been studied in cancer.[40]