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Deals with all forms of water: liquid, solid, ice Deals with water
and snow, water vapor
Study space, time, and frequency Does not cover the water cycle
characteristics of the quantity and quality of
waters encompassing their occurrence,
movement, distribution, circulation, storage,
exploration and development.
Large spatial and temporal scope for The scope of spatial and temporal study is
investigation so highly empirical and employs bigger than fluid mechanics but lesser than
averaging hydrology
HYDRAULIC APPLICATIONS
TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER RESOURCES PROBLEMS
1.) FLOOD CONTROL AND DROUGHT MITIGATION
7.) MILITARY OPERATIONS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, NAVIGATION, RECREATION
2.) WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
3.) URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
4.) AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND LAND
CONSERVATION
5.ENERGY RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, AND FOREST
AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
6.LAND USE CHANGE, DESIGN OF HYDRAULICS
STRUCTURES
7.) MILITARY OPERATIONS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT,
NAVIGATION, RECREATION
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULICS
1.) Source of Water
Surface water hydraulics River Hydraulics
Lake or reservoir hydraulics
Canal hydraulics
Vadose zone hydraulics
Ground Water hydraulics
2.) Type of conduits
Open channel hydraulics
Pipe flow hydraulics
Watershed hydraulics
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULICS
3.) Properties of Water
Biological hydraulics
Chemical hydraulics
Biological hydraulics
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULICS
4.) Scientific Content
Physical Hydraulics For application in civil and water resources engineering
Biological Hydraulics
Agricultural Hydraulics, desert hydraulics, marsh and wetland hydraulics, forest hydraulics
Probabilistic hydraulics
Stochastic hydraulics
Small Scale Studies in flumes, flow over spillway, weirs, orifices and culverts
Flow in pipes
Medium scale Parking lots, drainage ditches, pipe networks, flow routing in canals
“The mass or weight of fluid passing into or out of a system/section per unit
time is constant” which is mathematically expressed as continuity equation
pA1V1 = pA2V2 or
ýA1V1 = ýA2V2
For a control volume continuity equation is :
Rate of mass inflow – rate of mass outflow = rate of mass accumulation
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
“Energy can be neither created nor destroyed”
Mathematically expressed as energy equation usually in terms of heads such as
The Bernoulli equation:
½ V2 /g + P/y + z = ET
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION (IDEAL)
F = d/dt (mV)
F=ma
F dt = m dV then integrating over time t1 and t2
Ft = m ( V2 – V1) = Impulse –Momentum Equation
Scientific Approach to hydraulic problems
Initial and Boundary Conditions
The governing hydraulic equations has infinite number of solutions for flow pattern
obtained thus initial and boundary conditions are necessary.