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LITERATURE- derived from the Latin term “ Littera”, which means HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF LITERATURE

“letters”.
- Literature in the West, originated in the Southern Mesoptamia
- Described as Linguistic evidence of the mental and Region of Sumer in the city of URUK and flourished in Egypt.
emotional attempt of people to shed light on human In GREECE – written word having been imported form the Phonecians,
struggles and aspirations. and from there to ROME.

- Body of written works


ENHEDUANNA- highest priest of UR
- Writingings with excellence of form or expression and
- first author of literature in the world.
expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. - wrote hymns inpraise of the Sumerian Goddess INANNA.

JOHN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE- introduced the concept of


PICTOGRAPHIC – oldest form of writing
World Literature (Weltliteratur).
CUNEIFORM – form of writing made up of wedge-shaped characters
HIEROGLYPHICS- writingseen in some pyramids found in Egypt and in
Aims of Literature other ancient countries.
Inspire and Uplift the taste- appreciate literature and become a
better person. ANCIENT PERIODS ( BEGINNINGS TO 100A.D)
To read for pleasure- INVENTION OF WRITING AND EARLIEST LITERATURE
Widens experience- reader experience the things which they have Earliest written documents contain commercial, administrative,
not encountered before. legal documents.

Values derived from Literature EPIC OF GILGAMESH –THE FIRST GREAT HEROIC NARRATIVE.
1. Intellectual – feeds our hungry minds “STORY OF THE FLOOD” discover 1872 -part of Epic of Gilgamesh
2. Emotional – personal appeal
which is similar to the biblical story of the flood.
3. Aesthetic- beauty enclosed in a particular literary work
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4. Didactic - imparts moral aspect that improves customs and norms.
POETRY & THOUGHT IN CHINA
5. Functional –defines the use of literature
THE CLASSIC OF POETRY – lyrical poetry collection that stands at
Literary Standards the beginning of the Chinese Literature
Artisty –it appeals to the sense of beauty
Intellectual Value- stimulate one’s intellect Ssu-ma Ch’ien – produced the popular Historical Records,
Suggestiveness –stirs deeply the feeling and imagination chronicling the lives of ruling families and dynasties in a
Spiritual Value –bring out moral values comprehensive history of China up to the time of emperor Wu’s
Permanence – endures , can be read repeatedly reign.
Universality – timeless and timely --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Style – unique way in which a particular writer sees life , forms ideas
INDIAS HEROIC AGE
Primary Scriptures of Hinduism:
2 Literary Genres
1. Fiction – produced by the imagination
ARYANS
2. Non-fiction – reflects the author’s outlook/ point of view and based on VEDAS
real life events. - consist of four books of sacred hymns that are typically chanted
by the priest at ceremonies marking it rites of passage.
Ingredients of Literature
1. Form – verbal and artistic structuring of idea in any literary piece. Two epics that express the core values of Hinduism
(Stanza, rhyme, meter, plot etc.) - RAMAYANA
2. Subject –refers to a person or idea, human condition the literary piece
- MAHABHARATA
is dealing with.
3. Point of View – angle of vision of the narrator
First Person – usually marked by the “ I “
DHARMA – is the guiding principle of human conduct and
Omniscient preserves the social, moral and cosmic integrity of the universe.
Modified Omnicient

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CATULLUS – adapted the aspects of Greek Alexandrian works to
his own end.
Three spheres:
ARTHA (wealth / profit / political power) ART OF LOVE – Ovid’s erotic poetry, may be read as political
KAMA (love/ sensuality) critique of the moral reforms instituted by AUGUSTUS.
MOKSHA (release/ liberation)
METHAMORPHOSES –can be read as an Anti- Aeneid.

Fours Castes of Hindus


BRAHMANS –Priest
CHRISTIANITY – was inwardand spiritual emphasizing between
KSATRIYAS – Warriors the individual and God.
VAISHYAS- merchants
SUDRAS- laborers
Four Gospels:
BHAGAVAD VIDAS- able to synthesize tenets and ideas from other Matthew
religions. Mark
Luke
TRIAD OF GODS
John
BRAHMA – THE CREATOR
VISHNU- THE PRESERVER
SHIVA- THE DESTROYER- responsible for the lives of the creatures on a
VULGATE- means the common or popular version.
cosmic scale.
- Worshipping Shiva and Vishnu helps creatures escape karmic 146 CE- Romans conquered Greece.
rebirth.

CLASSICAL SANSKIT LITERATURE- LITERATURE THAT DEALS WITH GOLDEN AGE OF JAPAN
COURTLY CULTURE AND LIFE.
KAVI- LEARNED POETSWHO WERE UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF MAN’ YOSHU (THE COLLECTION OF THOUSAN LEAVES)
KINGS. - INTENDED AS ANTHOLOGY OF POETRY ANTHOLOGIES
KAVYA- HIGHLY STYLIZED FORM OF POETRY, CONSIST OF OF
FOUR MAIN GENRES-COURT EPIC, SHORT LYRIC, NARRATIVE AND TALE OF GENJI BY MURASAKI SHIKIBU
DRAMA. - FIRST SIGNIFICANT NOVEL WRITTEN IN THE EARLY 11TH
CENTURY.
TALES THAT HAVE INFLUENCE THE TALES AROUND THE WORLD:
1. PANCATANTRA
2. KATHASARITSAGARA THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
Took place in the late 15,16,17th Century in Britain.

- AFRICAN
The Roman Empire The MALI EPIC OF SON JARA- FOUNDING OF MALI
BORROWING FROM GREEK SOURCES BY ROMAN WRITERS WAS EMPIRE.
DONE OPENLY. - 8 NOVEMBER 1519 – SPANISH CONQUISTADOR HERNAN
CORTES AND BATALLION OF 400 SOLDIES ENTERED AND
AENEID- authored by VIRGIL SEIZED TECHNOTITLAN
-base on the Homeric epics but TROJAN WAR as theme. - EARLY TUDOR PERIOD- THE WAR OF ROSES ENDED
- ELIZABETHAN PERIOD- Shakespeare period
116 POEMS by CATULLUS - JACOBEAN PEIOD
-about the imitation of Greek Poets - CAROLINE AGE
- Long poems of Greek Mythology themes - COMMONWEALTH OR PURITAN INTEEGNUM
- scurrilous personal attacks on the Contemporary Politicians John Milton/ Andrew marvell/ sir Thomas Browne
- VERNACULAR LITERATURE IN CHINA
OVID- focused on the themes associated with the sophisticated
and racy lives of the Roman Urban Elite.

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Continuation…..

- OTTOMAN EMPIRE – LITERARY CRITICISMS


Evilya Celebi – dreamed that the Prophet Mohammad
appeared to him. DECONSTRUCTION CRITICISM
- Book of Travels – unparalleled account of life in the FEMINIST CRITICISM
Ottoman empire MARXIST CRITICISM
NEW CRITICISM
LATER PERIODS OF LITERATURE NEW HISTORICISM
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
- THE ENLIGHTENMENT –INCREASED REVERENCE FOR QUEER THEORY OR GENDER STUDIES
LOGIC READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
- RESTORATION PERIOD – marks the british king’s
restoration to the throne LITERARY DEVICES
- THE AUGUSTAN AGE – TRANSITION TO ROMANTICISM COLLECTION OF UNIVERSAL ARTISTIC STRUCTURES THAT ARE
- IN JAPAN SO TYPICAL OF AL WORKS OF LITERATURE FREQUENTLY
RISE OF POPULAR ARTS EMPLOYED BY THE WRITERS.
IHARA SAIKAKU –FOUNDER OF NEW POPULAR REALISTIC
LITERATURE. ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE:
MATSUO BASHO- Haiku 1. PLOT- LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
2. SETTING –TIME AND PLACE
- ROMANTIC PERIOD- STRONG EMOTIONS AND 3. PROTAGONIST – MAIN CHARACTER
INDIVIDUALITY IN ENGLAND 4. ANTAGONIST – CHARACTE IN CONFLICT WITH
- VICTORIAN PERIOD – SENTIMENTAL NOVELS PROTAGONIST
ELIZABETH BROWNING/ ALFRED LORD TENNYSON/ 5. NARRATIVE METHOD-MANNER OF PRESENTATION
CHARLES DICKENS 6. NARRATOR – PERSON WHO TELLS THE STORY
PRERAPHAELITES- ROSSETTIS.WILLIAM MORRIS 7. DIALOGUE- CONVERSATION OF THE CHARACTERS
AESTHETICISM AND DECADENCE- INTELLECTUAL 8. MOOD –ATMOSPHERE
MOVEMENTS. MARKS THE END OF VICTORIAN PERIOD. 9. THEME- CENTRAL IDEA

- MODERN PERIOD- COMMON LITERARY TECHNIQUES


LOST GENERATION- also called the writers of JAZZ AGE
Hemingway/ fritzgerald 1. IMAGERY- VISUAL PRESENTATION
THE HARLEMRENAISSANCE – marks the rise of black THE ROOM IS DARK AND GLOOMY
writers such as Baldwin and Ellison.
REALISM – dominant fashion, but the disillusionment 2. SIMILE – USES THE WORD LIKE O AS
with World War lead to new experimentation. 3. METAPHOR- DIRECT COMPARISON
- POST MODERN PERIOD – 4. HYPEBOLE- EXAGGERATION
- T.S Eliot / Fowles/ Calvino 5. ALLITERATION- REPETITION OF CONSONANTS
- experiment with metafication and fragmental poetry 6. ALLEGORY- ABSTRACT IDEA IS GIVEN A FORM OF
CHARACTERS, ACTIONS, OR EVENTS.
MAGIC REALIST- SURREALISTIC 7. IRONY- CONTRADICTING IDEAS
WRITINGSEMBROIDERED IN THE CONVENTION OF 8. FORESHADOWING – GIVES ADVANCE HINT OF WHAT IS
REALISM. TO COME
9. IN TV SERIES WE CALL IT “CLIFF HANGER”
10. FLASHBACK –BACKGROUND INFO ON EVENTS.
11. SYMBOLISM –USE OBJECTS TO REPRESENT AN IDEA.

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