PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINA

Level of Awareness of Selected Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Students

on Antimicrobials Resistance and Development of Superbugs in Antibiotics

STEM 201

TAGUINOD, Stefani (Leader)

taguinod_stefani@yahoo.com

Members:

BUENVIAJE, Kyle

kylebuenviaje@yahoo.com

CATUBIG, Marvin

Catubig302@gmail.com

GLORIA, Clark

Clarkgloria13@yahoo.com

LIBAO, Reynaldo

Naldlibao2015@gmail.com

MARBELLA, Dexter

Marbelladexter23@gmail.com

MIASCO, Christian

Christianmiasco11@gmail.com

ARANETA, Judy

Judyaraneta041@gmail.com

DESPOJADO, Lea Joy

leajoydespojado@gmail.com

HERNANDEZ, Claire

anachbanana@gmail.com

TERUEL, Cristine

cllabres26@gmail.com

Research Adviser: Rachel Gundayao Statistician: Raiselin Obina

Submitted to: Amiel Calasan

MARCH 2019

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Chapter 1: Introduction
Background of the Study

Antimicrobials are substances that kill the growth of an organism. When a person
is ill, the most common medication for the sickness is an antibiotic. Though when taken
too often, AMR could develop. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is the phenomena when
microorganisms learned how to resist certain drugs. Doctors also call them, 'multi-
resistant bacteria' or superbugs.

AMR is becoming a serious health concern among Filipinos, especially for those
being treated with infectious diseases. (Montemayor, T., 2018) The leading causes of the
development of superbugs include misuse and overuse of antibiotics and self-medication
practices of Filipinos. AMR is not only affecting humans, but it also affects the global
economy. Continuous advancement of expensive medicine will occur if superbugs will
continue to learn to evolve, becoming more resistant to more drugs. All years of research
spent in creating the present drugs will all be wasted if the phenomena continue to
happen.

The 2014 report of the World Health Organization revealed that AMR is putting
at risk the ability to treat common infections in communities and hospitals. Without
urgent action, the world will enter a post-antibiotic era wherein common infections which
have been treatable for decades, can once again kill. (WHO, 2015)

Based on the alarming report of the WHO, it is the duty of the media to shift the
public attention to this nationwide problem. Raising awareness for Antimicrobial
Resistance became one of the government's major concern. The government reminds
everyone to complete their medications and not 'saved-for-the-future'. Through
collaboration with the different sectors of the government, information about AMR will
reach even to the barrio communities, where medical professionals are scarce.

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Review of the Related Literature

The following literatures are from foreign news and articles that states the features
Antimicrobial Resistance.

Foreign

I. According to the article of Molnar, A (2019) entitled: “Antimicrobial

Resistance Awareness and Games” he states that:

"Awareness campaigns aimed at educating the general public

often use posters and leaflets, TV and radio advertisement,
and other web-based resources. However, passive methods of
delivering information have been shown in other contexts not
to promote long-term retention or deep understanding of
critical concepts. Games could be considered as a way to
complement existing campaigns that want to raise awareness
about antibiotic resistance." (Molnar, 2019)

Although games are not the full solution to raise awareness, they could
complement campaigns. Games are active methods of delivering information same as
with seminars.

II. Dall., C (2018) in this literature entitled: “Antibiotic resistance-awareness

efforts might backfire for some

"The researchers argue that the association between the lack

of AMR awareness, the belief that antibiotics help flu-like
symptoms, and the self-reported likelihood of requesting
antibiotics suggests that a well-designed public information
campaign about inappropriate antibiotic use and AMR could
reduce antibiotic requests for respiratory conditions." (Dall,,
2018)

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This implies that many people often request for antibiotics when experiencing
common illnesses such as flu. On the contrary, people should just take paracetamol,
intake water, and rest.

III. Miller, K. (2015) in this literature entitled: “Superbugs: What They Are and
How You Get Them” she stated that:

"Instead, doctors often use phrases like "multidrug-resistant

bacteria." That's because a superbug isn't necessarily
resistant to all antibiotics. It refers to bacteria that can't be
treated using two or more. Misusing antibiotics (such as
taking them when you don't need them or not finishing all of
your medicine) is the "single leading factor" contributing to
this problem, the CDC says. The concern is that eventually
doctors will run out of antibiotics to treat them." (Miller,
2015)

This literature talks about the factors that a person can acquire bacteria called superbug.
Misusing antibiotics leading to this. This literature has connection in the present study
whether the respondents know about the factors of misusing antibiotics.

IV. Stop the spread of Superbugs, help fight drug-resistant bacteria

“For nearly a century, bacteria-fighting drugs known as

antibiotics have helped to control and destroy many of the
harmful bacteria that can make us sick. But in recent decades,
antibiotics have been losing their punch against some types of
bacteria. In fact, certain bacteria are now unbeatable with
today’s medicines. Sadly, the way we’ve been using antibiotics
is helping to create new drug-resistant “superbugs.”.
Superbugs are strains of bacteria that are resistant to several

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types of antibiotics. Each year these drug-resistant bacteria

infect more than 2 million people nationwide and kill at least
23,000, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis,
gonorrhea, and staph infections are just a few of the dangers
we now face. Antibiotics are among the most commonly
prescribed drugs for people. They’re also given to livestock to
prevent disease and promote growth. Antibiotics are effective
against bacterial infections. Unfortunately, many antibiotics
prescribed to people and to animals are unnecessary. And the
overuse and misuse of antibiotics helps to create drug-resistant
bacteria.”

This literature generally talks about the positive and negative effects of using
antibiotics. This medicine destroys bacterial infections that someone has. Where as
misusing antibiotics create superbugs that infect and can kill people. This literature has
connection in the present study in terms of getting to know if the chosen respondents are
aware in this topic.

V. What to know about antibiotics?

“Some medical professionals have is concerned that people

are overusing antibiotics. They also believe that this overuse
contributes toward the growing number of bacterial infections
that are becoming resistant to antibacterial medications. A
doctor prescribes antibiotics for the treatment of a bacterial
infection. It is not effective against viruses. Know whether an
infection is bacterial or viral helps to effectively treat it. If
people overuse antibiotics or use them incorrectly, the
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bacteria might become resistant. This means that the antibiotic

becomes less effective against that type of bacterium, as the
bacterium has been able to improve its defenses.” (Christian
Nordqvist,2019)

This may help to analyze some knowledge about antibiotics. It is used to treat
disease cause by bacteria and cannot treat viral infections. Also using it incorrectly or
overusing of it may lead to resistance which means may not work to kill bacteria. Follow
the instructions or prescription of the doctor so it can be effective.

Local

I. M. Montemayor (2018) reveals in his reference work entitled: “DOH

intensifies drive to boost antimicrobial resistance awareness” that:

"Health Secretary Franscisco Duque II urged the public to

avoid "self-medication behavior", which is common among
Filipinos who want to avoid medical consultation costs."
(Montemayor, M., 2018)

This study seeks to develop an awareness about antimicrobial that can avoid the number
of people dying due to misuse and overuse of it. Antibiotics is not just a medicine, it is an
antimicrobial drug which must be prescribed by a doctor to be used carefully.

II. According to Servallos (2018) entitled “PH escalates fight vs antibiotic

resistance” he stated that:

"But the problem lies mostly with the peopl’e who are
unaware of the risks of misuse of antibiotics, according to
doctors. Patients are advised to take antibiotics only when
needed and prescribed for bacterial infections and to follow

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the doctor’s advice. The doctors also warned against taking
antibiotics prescribed for a different infection or sharing a
prescription antibiotic (called prescription sharing) to a
person who has not yet consulted a medical professional."
(Servallos, 2018)

The problem is that in humans because they do not know the misuse of antibiotics is
causing people's risk to be treated by doctors and reminding patients to use antibiotics only
if necessary and assigned to infected wounds and should follow the doctor It is wrong to
take antibiotics and use it to never talk to a doctor.

III. R. Mabasa (2018) reveals in his reference work entitled: “Public warned:
Improper antibiotic use can be catastrophic, costly” that:

"The campaign calls for the use and prescription of antibiotics

only when needed – right drug, right dose, right time, right
route, right species, and right patient among veterinarians and
practitioners." (Mabasa, 2018)

When it comes to the improper use of antibiotics will affect people and it will be costly
for them should their users be correct patients according to veterinarians and practitioners.

IV. Drug companies told to do more to tackle ‘superbug’ crisis

" A lot more work needs to be done to ensure appropriate

use of medicines — both new ones and the thousands of tonnes
of older pills churned out each year by generic companies."
(Reuters, 2018)

Every individual needs to study more to know how to take or use the medicines
properly. A huge number of pills are produced every year by generic companies.

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V. DOH calls for regulation on use of antibiotics in medical missions

"The distribution of antibiotics in medical missions and

pharmacies without prescription, she said, contributed to the
common misconception of using antibiotics as regular
medicine or even vitamins instead of specialized medicine
used to treat specific diseases." (Takumi, R., 2016)

Giving an antibiotic in medical missions and pharmacies without remedies;

common mistake of using antibiotics as regular medicine or vitamins instead of particularly
medicine used to treat diseases.

Review of Related Studies

Foreign

The following foreign Review of Related Studies are the studies, investigations,
researches etc. that is already conducted or completed in relevance to the present study,
which is Antimicrobial Resistance.

I. Educating in antimicrobial resistance awareness: adaptation of the Small

World Initiative program to service-learning

"Through crowd-sourcing strategy to tackle antibiotic

issues, post-survey-based evaluation of the program reveals
a satisfactory achievement of goals: acquiring scientific
abilities and general or personal competences by university
students, as well as promoting academic decisions to inspire
vocations for science- and technology-oriented degrees in
younger students, and successfully communicating scientific

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culture in antimicrobial resistance to a young stratum of

society." (Valderrama, 2018)

With numerous storage techniques to deal with antibiotic issues, program-based

review checks show the satisfying achievement of goals: acquiring scientific and general
abilities or personal capabilities university students, as well as promoting academic
decisions to arouse vocational sciences - and grade-oriented technology for younger
students, and successfully communicating in cultures scientists in antimicrobial resistance
to a young social foundation.

II. Effectiveness of interventions to improve the public's antimicrobial

resistance awareness and behaviours associated with prudent use of
antimicrobials: a systematic review.

"In terms of improving the public's awareness, mass

media interventions were most common, followed by school-
based and printed material interventions." (Price, 2018)

The public is the main beneficiary of antimicrobial with its idea on how to improve its
use and promote its material and intervention through schools and printed material.

III. Awareness of antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance among interns

in a tertiary care hospital
"The antibiotic resistance crisis has been attributed to the
overuse and misuse of these medications. Judicious use of
antibiotics is the only solution for which awareness is
required at the level of both health care providers and
patients."(Akalu, et.al, 2017)

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The medications usage we’re mislead due to the crisis being exposed to public.
Justification on its usage has been presented and found as a solution to healthcare
benefactors and patients.

IV. Knowledge, practices & attitude toward antibiotics use and bacterial
resistance in Jordan: A cross-sectional study

"The researchers revealed major defects in the public

knowledge about appropriate antibiotics use, as well as lack
of awareness on “antimicrobial resistance” problem.
Awareness about appropriate antibiotic use and the serious
consequences of antibiotic misuse should reach everyone in
the community regardless of their educational or economic
status." (Yusef., D. 2018)

When you take antibiotics without prescription for your ill, it could take some serious
problem inside you internally rather. You couldn’t see it but if you just let it for some quite
time, and you abused your body it will depend on the drugs you’ve taken continuously.

V. Antimicrobial resistance and the nurse’s role

“The main cause of antimicrobial resistance is misuse and

abuse of antibiotics. Antibiotics are very often prescribed to
treat viral infections where antibiotics have no power and it just
encourages the growth of resistance bacteria and contributes
to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Many patients do not
use the whole course of antibiotics prescribed or use antibiotics
for long-time, prophylactically and also are able to purchase
antibiotics 11 over the counter.” (Agne, 2016)

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Having knowledge about medicine is great but when you feeling something off to
your body and you just search and read some articles about it. Then you buy some
antibiotics without prescription to your ill and continuously using it your abusing your
body and you letting your knowledge over come you.

Local

The following Local Studies are antimicrobial resistance researches, projects that
are conducted in the Philippines. It contains the different unpublished materials like thesis,
manuscripts etc. that are associated with AMR.

I. Awareness, Knowledge, and Practice of Community Residents on

Antimicrobials and The Development of Antimicrobial Resistance

"Alarmingly, poor practices on the use of antimicrobials

were also observed. Malpractices such as non-compliance to
complete antibiotic therapy for seven days, not discarding the
leftover antibiotics, and giving away leftover antibiotic drugs
were noted. These practices could contribute to
antimicrobial resistance." (Bandiola,, 2016)

Poor practice of using antimicrobials were observed, such as not taking antibiotic
therapy completely for seven days and giving away leftover antibiotic could add to
antibiotic resistance.

II. Prevalence and correlates of antibiotic sharing in the

Philippines: antibiotic misconceptions and community-level
access to non-medical sources of antibiotics

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"Antibiotic sharing was common and was associated with
misconceptions about proper antibiotic use. Antibiotics were
widely available in sari-sari stands, and usually without
expiration information." (Barber, et.al, 2017)

By taking antibiotics, it needs a doctor’s prescription to take the proper dosage of the
medicine, that’s why it is not advisable to sell antibiotics in any variety store.

III. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates

from fresh produce and the impact to food safety

"The study focused on the assessment of antimicrobial

resistance of these enteric bacteria from different kinds of
fresh produce from various open-air markets and
supermarkets in the Philippines. Based on the results, fresh
produce act as a reservoir of these antibiotic resistant
bacteria which may pose health threat to consumers." (Vital,
2016)

The consumers are lacking of information about that product that they’re buying or
selling. They should also know the risk of it.

IV. Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise

“Antimicrobial resistance is increasingly becoming a problem

in the Philippines. Drug-resistant organisms have been on the
rise as evidenced by the antimicrobial tests in our institution,
the Corazon Locsin Montelibano Memorial Regional Hospital
(CLMMRH). We have observed an increase in drug-resistant
bacteria – a significant clinical and public health concern.
This means that there’s a possibility that available last-resort

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antibiotics would be rendered useless if resistance to these
bacteria continues to surge.”

If the anti microbial resistant bacteria continue to spread out, there is possiblitity that
antibiotics will no longer treat infections and kill bacterias.

V. PH escalates fight vs antibiotic resistance

“AMR currently accounts for 700,000 fatalities per year

globally. Experts said that if no action is taken, it is estimated
that about 10 million deaths would occur yearly by 2050.
Medical doctor Mario Panaligan, president of the Philippine
Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, said that while
antibiotics have served as the cornerstone of modern medicine, it
could lead to adverse effects when misused.” (Servallos, 2018)

Since antibiotics serves as the corner stone of medicine now a days, misusing of antibiotics
can lead to a lot death

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Theoretical Framework

Source: McQuail & Windahl (1993)

The agenda-setting theory was proposed and published by Maxwell McCombs

and Donald Shaw in 1972. It describes the power of media - the ability to tell us what
issues are important (University of Twente, 2017). The agenda-setting theory rests on the
assumption that the more media publicize an issue, the more likely the public will
consider that issue to be important, even if they do not experience it personally or do not
register as a prominent issue in their minds. However, the theory doesn't work for people
who have made up their minds on an issue (Karell, D., 2018). Therefore, this theory is
perfect in raising public awareness on a certain issue.

The media sets which issue is important. Depending on how the media publicized
various news, the public determines which of that news are important. Then, the decision
of policymakers is influenced by the media and the public.

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Disseminating the
survey to selected
Grade 12 Science, Infomercial about
Technology,
Antimicrobial
 Level of Awareness Engineering and
of Selected Grade 12 Mathematisc (STEM)
Resistance (AMR)
Science, Technology, students of Pamantasan
Engineering and ng Lungsod ng and Development of
Mathematics (STEM) Marikina
Students  Searching for relevant Superbugs
information and data in
libraries and the
internet.
 Analyzing the data by
calculating the general
weighted mean.

For the input, the data is the level of awareness of selected grade 12 STEM students.
On the other hand, the process used in the study are disseminating the survey, searching
relevant information, and analyzing by calculating the general weighted mean. Lastly,.the
output of this study it to conduct an infomercial about Antimicrobial Resistance.

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Statement of the Problem

1. What is the level of awareness on Antimicrobials of Selected Grade 12 Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Students of Pamantasan
ng Lungsod ng Marikina?
2. What will the student perceive as important in improving their level of
awareness of Antimicrobials and the development of Superbugs in terms of;
2.1 Education
2.2 Mass Media/Internet
2.3 Family/Friends
2.4 Seminars
2.5 Games
3. What is the recommended action in order to improve the students’ awareness
on Antimicrobials Resistance?

Hypothesis
1) Through education, awareness about antimicrobial resistance and
development of superbugs will be strengthen.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following:

Students. Students could use this study for a better understanding about the Antibiotics.

Teachers. Teachers will be able to teach the students about the awareness of Antimicrobial
resistance and development of superbugs in antibiotics.

Netizens. Netizens will be aware of the phenomena.

Future Researchers. These researchers will conduct a study related to ours. This study

would be beneficial for them as it will guide and provide them an example.

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Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following terms have been defined:

Antibiotics - a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or
destroys microorganisms

Antimicrobial - medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act

primarily against.

Antimicrobial Resistance - the development by a disease-causing microbe, through

mutation or gene transfer, of the ability to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent that
was previously an effective treatment.

Bacterium - a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell

walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some which can cause
disease.
Beneficiary – It will give benefits

Gonorrhea - a venereal disease involving inflammatory discharge from the urethra or

vagina.
Mandates - an official order or commission to do something
Misuse - use (something) in the wrong way or for the wrong purpose.
Pills – a medicine

Practitioners - a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially

medicine.

Practitioners - a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially

medicine.

Prophylactically - A prophylactic is a medication or a treatment designed and used to

prevent a disease from occurring.
Retention - the action of absorbing and continuing to hold a substance.
Superbugs - a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotic drugs.

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Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the methods in conducting this research. Methodology is the
specific procedure used to identify, select, process and analyze the information about the
study. These chapter contains the research design, sampling design, research respondents,
research instruments, the process in gathering data, data analysis and the statistical
treatment.

2.1 Research Design

The starting point of the research is to know the level of awareness of the
respondents on Antimicrobials and the development of Superbugs/Antimicrobial
Resistance. The researchers used descriptive research to describe the characteristics of a
phenomena being studied which is Antimicrobials. Survey methodology was used in this
study to know the level of awareness of the selected Grade 12 Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.
In addition, researchers used Action Research for their research design. After the study,
an infomercial will be created about the development of Antimicrobial Resistance in
order to raise awareness to the public.

2.2 Sampling Design

Purposive Sampling was utilized in this study. The researchers used purposive
sampling as a sampling design to control the number of respondents. The researchers
determined the (30) thirty respondents through criteria and purposive sampling. In this
study, the respondents for the sampling are the Selected Grade 12 students who take the
strand Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM).

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2.3 Research Respondents

The researchers selected Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM) students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina to be the
respondents of the study. The researchers had come up with (30) thirty Respondents.

Selected Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) students

of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina were chosen as the respondents because they were
the ones that has studied more science subjects than the other strands.

2.4 Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire was used by the researcher to gather data. A survey

questionnaire consists of well organize series of questions intended to elicit information
about the study. The questionnaire was made in a 4-point Likert Scale with 3 different
definition: Strongly Aware, Aware, Unaware, and Strongly Unaware; Strongly Agree,
Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree; and Strongly Important, Important, Not Important,
and Strongly Not Important. It consists of 15 item questions. Also, the questions stated in
the Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1 was used to formulate the statements in the
questionnaire.

2.5 Data Gathering Procedure

First, the researchers introduced their selves to the participants then explained the
title of the study. The survey questionnaire, the instrument used by the researchers, was
personally administered to the respondents. Researchers distributed the survey to the
selected Grade 12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina. The purpose and aim
of the research were stated to the respondents before answering. They were given a
maximum of 15 minutes to answer the questionnaire to avoid disturbance. After the
respondents were finished answering the questionnaire, it was collected. The outcome of
the questionnaires was tallied and tabulated by the researchers with the help of the
statistician. Likert Scale was used in the questionnaire given.
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2.6 Data Analysis

In specifying the level of awareness of selected senior high school students on

Antimicrobial Resistance, the Likert Scale has been used. The Likert Scale is primarily
used in questionnaires to obtain participant’s preferences or degree of agreement with a
statement or set of statements. The coding used was from 4 – 1, from 1 – not aware to 4 –
very much aware; from 1 – Strongly Disagree to 4 – Strongly Agree; and from 1 – not
important to 4 – very important.

Strongly Aware Aware Unaware Strongly Unaware

4 3 2 1

Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

4 3 2 1

Strongly Not
Strongly Important Important Not Important
Important
4 3 2
1

2.7 Statistical Treatment

The researchers made use of the weighted mean to assess and interpret the data
gathered in the study. The formula for the weighted mean is used to determine the average
score of the respondents in the questionnaire that will be given. The margin of error is 5%

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1. Weighted Mean

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINA

Senior High School Department

N. Roxas St. Cor. Diego Silang, San Roque, Marikina City
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Good day! We are Grade 12 students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina, Senior High School
in the strand of STEM. We are here to conduct a survey about the Level of Awareness on Antimicrobial and
the Development of Superbugs. It will be a big help to our research project.
We are hoping for your cooperation. Thankyou.
Sincerely,

Grade 12 Students

RESEARCH TITLE: Level of Awareness of Selected Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM) Students on Antimicrobials and the Development of Superbugs in Antibiotics

SCALE DEFINITION/ DEPINISYON

4 STRONGLY AWARE/ MATAAS NA KAMALAYAN

3 AWARE / MAY KAMALAYAN

2 UNAWARE / WALANG KAMALAYAN

1 STRONGLY UNAWARE / MABABANG KAMALAYAN

4 3 2 1
AWARENESS
SA A U SU

I am aware that Incorrect use of antibiotics can lead to

ineffective treatment.

(Alam ko na ang maling paggamit ng antibiotics ay maaaring

humantong sa hindi epektibong paggamot.)

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I am aware that if antibiotics are taken too often, they are

less likely to work in the future.

(Alam ko na ang madalas na pag-inom ng Antibiotics ay mag

dudulot ng hindi pagiging epektibo nito sa hinaharap.)

I am familiar with Superbugs/Antimicrobial Resistance.

(Pamilyar ako sa Superbug o Antimicrobial Resistance)

I am aware that I can develop antimicrobial resistance if I

take antibiotics too often.

(Nalalaman ko na maaari kong magkaroon ng antimicrobial

resistance kung madalas kong kumukuha ng antibiotics.)

I am aware that a lot of people die due to Antimicrobial

Resistance.

(Alam ko na maraming tao ang namatay sa kadahilananan

ng Antimicrobial Resistance.)

(Source: Bandiola T., (2016) Awareness, Knowledge, And Practice Of Community

Residents On Antimicrobials And The Development Of Antimicrobial Resistance)

SCALE DEFINITION/ DEPINISYON

4 STRONGLY AGREE / LUBOS NA SUMSANG-AYON

3 AGREE / SUMASANG-AYON

2 DISAGREE / LUBOS NA HINDI SUMASANG AYON

1 STRONGLY DISAGREE / HINDI SUMASANG-AYON

4 3 2 1
Factors that influence the level of awareness
SA A D SD

I learned Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial

Resistance in my science subject.

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(Natutunan ko ang Antimicrobials at Antimicrobial

Resistance sa aking paksang agham.)

I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance

from an online article.

(Nalaman ko ang Antimicrobials at Antimicrobial

Resistance sa isang artikulo galling sa Internet.)

I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance

through watching televisions/or listening to radio.

(Nalaman ko ang Antimicrobials at Antimicrobials

Resistance sa pamamagitan ng panonood ng mga

telebisyon at pakikinig sa radio.)

I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance

due to a personal experience.

(Nalaman ko ang Antimicrobials at Antimicrobials

dahil sa personal na karanasan.)

I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance

because of the health programs offered by the

government.

(Nalaman ko ang Antimicrobials at Antimicrobial

Resistance dahil sa mga programa sa kalusugan na
inaalok ng pamahalaan. )

SCALE DEFINITION/ DEPINISYON

4 STRONGLY IMPORTANT/ LUBOS NA MAHALAGA

3 IMPORTANT / MAHALAGA

2 NOT IMPORTANT / HINDI MAHALAGA

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1 STRONGLY NOT IMPORTANT/ LUBOS NA HINDI MAHALAGA

Sources of information that is important in

improving the level of awareness on 4 3 2 1

Antimicrobials and the development of SI I NI SNI

Superbugs

Education

(Edukasyon)

Mass Media/Internet

Family/Friends

(Pamilya/ Mga kaibigan)

Seminars

Games

(Mga Laro)

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Chapter 3

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter includes presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered

that is collectively tabulated and organized by the researchers that determined the level
of awareness of the respondents; factors that the respondents perceived that influence
their level of awareness; and the sources of information that the respondents perceived
as significant in influencing the level of awareness of a student.

Respondents’ Level of Awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance

The level of awareness of respondents on Antimicrobial Resistance was evaluated

through the statements given by the researchers in the survey.

Table 1

Level of Awareness of selected Grade 12 STEM students on Antimicrobial

Resistance

Statements 4 3 2 1
Total Mean Interpretation
SA A U SU
Incorrect use of
antibiotics can lead to 23 5 2 0 30 3.7 Strongly Agree
ineffective treatment.
If antibiotics are taken
too often, they are less
13 12 5 0 30 3.27 Strongly Agree
likely to work in the
future.
I am familiar with
Superbugs/Antimicrobial 4 5 15 6 30 2.23 Disagree
Resistance.

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I am aware that I can
develop antimicrobial
4 11 11 4 30 2.5 Disagree
resistance if I take
antibiotics too often.
I am aware that a lot of
people die due to
5 8 13 4 30 2.47 Disagree
Antimicrobial
Resistance.
Grand Weighted Mean 2.83 Agree

As shown in Table 1, level of awareness of respondents on antimicrobial resistance

resulted to Agree with a grand weighted mean of 2.83. Among the given indicators, the
statement “Incorrect use of antibiotics can lead to ineffective treatment.” obtained the
highest mean of 3.7 and interpreted as Strongly Agree. While the statement "I am familiar
with Superbugs/Antimicrobial Resistance." acquired the lowest mean with an average of
2.23.

Respondents’ Perceived Factors Influencing the Level of Awareness

Table 2 shows the respondents’ perceived factors that influence their level of
awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance.

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Table 2

Factors that influence the Level of Awareness of selected Grade 12 STEM

students on Antimicrobial Resistance

Statements 4 3 2 1
Total Mean Interpretation
SA A D SD
I learned
Antimicrobials
and Antimicrobial 3 13 13 1 30 2.6 Agree
Resistance in my
science subject.
I knew
Antimicrobials
and Antimicrobial 5 10 14 1 30 2.63 Agree
Resistance from
an online article.
I knew
Antimicrobials
and Antimicrobial
Resistance 3 9 17 1 30 2.47 Disagree
through watching
televisions/or
listening to radio.
I knew
Antimicrobials
and Antimicrobial
3 8 18 1 30 2.43 Disagree
Resistance due to
a personal
experience.

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I knew
Antimicrobials
and Antimicrobial
Resistance
2 10 17 1 30 2.43 Disagree
because of the
health programs
offered by the
government.
Grand Weighted Mean 2.51 Agree

Based on Table 2, the factors that influence the level of awareness of respondents
had a grand weighted mean of 2.51 and interpreted as Agree outcome. From the given
statements, " I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance from an online
article.” got the highest mean of 2.63 with an interpretation of Agree, while the statements
"I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance due to a personal experience." and
“I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance because of the health programs
offered by the government.” both gained the lowest average of 2.43, was interpreted as
disagree.

Respondents’ Important Sources of Information on Antimicrobial Resistance

Table 3 shows the respondents’ perception on the importance of major sources of

information that could enhance their level of awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance

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Table 3

Sources of information that is important in improving the level of awareness of

selected Grade 12 STEM students on Antimicrobials and the development of
Superbugs

Indicator 4 3 2 1
Total Mean Interpretation
SI I U SU
Education 25 5 0 0 30 3.83 Strongly Agree
Mass
14 15 1 0 30 3.43 Strongly Agree
Media/Internet
Family/Friends 21 7 2 0 30 3.63 Strongly Agree
Seminars 17 10 3 0 30 3.47 Strongly Agree
Games 5 12 10 3 30 2.63 Agree
Strongly
Grand Weighted Mean 3.398
Agree

As indicated in Table 3, the sources of information that is important in improving

the level of awareness of the respondents gained a grand weighted mean of 3.398 and is
regarded as Strongly Agree. The indicator "Education” attained the highest mean of 3.83.
On the contrary, the indicator “Games” got the lowest mean of 2.63, but still interpreted
as Agree.

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Chapter 4
Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation

Summary of Findings
From the analysis of data and results obtained, the findings were summarized as
follows:
1) Level of Awareness of respondents on Antimicrobial Resistance
In the level of awareness of respondents on antimicrobial resistance,
“Incorrect use of antibiotics can lead to ineffective treatment.” got the highest
mean of 3.7 and was asserted as Strongly Agree and the statement "I am
familiar with Superbugs/Antimicrobial Resistance." got the lowest mean of
2.23 and was remarked as disagree.
2) Factors that influence the Level of Awareness of respondents on
Antimicrobial Resistance
In terms of factors that influence the level of awareness of respondents, the
statement "I knew Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance from an
online article.” obtained a mean of 2.63 and is remarked as Agree. The variable
obtained an overall mean of 2.51 and resulted to Agree.
3) Sources of information that is important in improving the level of
awareness of respondents on Superbugs
In terms of sources of information that is important in improving the level of
awareness of respondents, the indicator "Education" attained the highest mean
of 3.83.

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Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1) Most of the respondents are not aware of Superbugs/Antimicrobial Resistance.
They are not aware of the possible development of Superbugs due to incorrect
treatment practices.
2) Most of the respondents are aware of Superbugs through their science subject
and/or from an online article. This implies that posting online and adding
Antimicrobial Resistance in science subjects are the most efficient way to spread
awareness. On the other hand, the efforts of the government to spread awareness
on Antimicrobial Resistance does not reach most of the respondents.
3) Education in school is the most effective source of information to spread awareness
on Superbugs according to the respondents. This infers that dialogues and
partnerships with the Department of Education and Commission on Higher
Education should be made to facilitate understanding and involvement of everyone
to address the growing concerns of AMR (Ubial, P., 2016).

Recommendation

1) The researchers recommend for the respondents to share their knowledge to other

people about superbugs in order to raise awareness to the Filipino community.

2) The researchers suggest for school instructors to include AMR in their lessons in

science subjects.

3) To the future researchers we recommend to expound this study by conducting a

similar study about superbugs, may this study aid their future studies.

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