PPC 315: CARBOHYDRATES

Objectives:

1.) To be able to trace the biosynthetic pathway in the formation of carbohydrates.

2.) To be able to enumerate the sources of carbohydrates.
3.) To identify the different qualitative methods of analysis for carbohydrates.
4.) To determine the importance of carbohydrates and to identify their applications in pharmacy.

Carbohydrates- biomolecule consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

-they are poly hydroxy which either ALDEHYDE or KETONE

-polymer of monosaccharide joined by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS.
-abundant in plants, rather animal.

BIOSYNTHESIS

- Carbohydrates is widely distributed in plants and animal and synthesized in green plants.
- Photosynthesis=
o LIGHT REACTION
o DARK REACTION

METABOLISM

- Animals and humans break down carbohydrates to convert into energy.

- GLYCOLYSIS
- GLYCOGENESIS
- GLYCOGENOLYSIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Based on physical characteristics

- Crystalline
o MONOSACCHARIDES
o DISSACHARIDES
- Fibrous
o OLIGOSACCHARIDE
o POLYSACCHARIDE

Based on functional groups

- Aldose- with aldehyde functional groups

- Ketose- with ketone functional groups
 MONOSACCHARIDES

Based on Carbon atoms

- Diose- 2 carbon atoms

- Triose- 3 carbon atoms
- Tetrose- 4 carbon atoms
- Pentose- 5 carbon atoms
o Arabinose from gum Arabic, plum and cherry
 Has no physiologic function, used in metabolism studies of bacteria

o Ribose- from nucleic acid of meats and seafoods.

 Structural element of nucleic acid, ATPS, coenzymes
o Ribulose- metabolic process: Glucose breakdown, Penttose phosphate pathway.
o Xylose- from boiled corn cobs, straw or same material + diluted acid- hydrolyze the
xylan property
 Normally absorbed in small instetinebut not metabolized to a significant extent
by mammalian enzymes.
 Relative excretion of this means intestinal mal-absorption=> CROHN’s dse,
PELLAGRA, RADIATION ENTERITIS and SURGICAL RESECTION
- Hexose-6 carbon atoms
o Dextrose aka : α-D (+)-glucopyranose, glucose, blood sugar, D-glucose.
o Found in grapes and other fruits.
o Obtained by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.
o Nutrient
o Present in anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution and anticoagulant
citrate phosphate dextrose solution.
 DERIVATIVES:
 Dextrose excipient- a crystalline dextrose monohydrate,
undergo in a LESS rigorous purification
o Pharmaceutical necessity
 Dextrates- purified mixture of saccharide (~93% destrose)
o Prepared BY CONTROLLED ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS of starch
o Sweeteners, can substitute for sucrose in syrups..
o Tablet binder and coating agents
 Liquid glucose- INCOMPLETE HYDROLYSIS OF starch.
 o Contains dextrose, dextrin, maltose and water.
o Pharmaceutical necessity
 Calcium Gluconate- calcium salt of gluconic acid, used as electrolyte
replenisher.
 Calcium Gluceptate and Calcium Levulinate- from starch or can sugar by
boiling with HCl.
o The salts are calcemic and for parenteral purposes to obtain
therapeutic effects of calcium
 Ferrous Glucoante- ferrous salt of gluconic acid
o Hematinic
 Fructose- D-fructose, levulose, fruit sugar, α-D (-)-fructopyranose, α-D (-)-
fructofuranose
 Naturally most sweet fruit.
 From separation of SUCROSE.
 From enzymatically prepared high-fructose syrup or may be obtained
from hydrolysis of INULIN
 For diabetic patients
 Found in infant formulations
 Ingredients in fructose injections; fructose and sodium chloride
injection.
 Galactose- metabolized to glucose in liver
 Synthesized in body to make lactose and
constituent of glycolipids
 Most rapid absorbed in small intestine
 Mannose
 Fround in legumes
 Hydrolysis of plant mannosans and gums
 Constituent of polysaccharide of ALBUMIN,,
GLOBULINS, MUCOIDS.