International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438

Design and Implementation of a Career Guide

Information System for Secondary School Leavers
An Object Oriented Approach
Ojekudo Nathaniel Akpofure (Ph.D)1, Tombari Tete2
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

I.C.T Center, Ignatius Ajuru, University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract: Career Guide Information System (CGIS) provides an automated online platform where students no matter their locations
can get real online guide on their future careers and subjects choices and combinations that will help them realize their dreams. In
developing this application a cutting-edge software development technology, the Object-Oriented design approach, is adopted which is
an evolutionary and iterative process that encompasses abstractions of the system attributes and behaviours using necessary tools such
as Unified Modeling language (UML) and implemented using PHP programming Language and MySQL, which offers lots of benefits
that help the application to customize operations running on a server. The Career Guidance Information System enjoys additional
benefit running on XAMPP technology which is robust and allows the application to use TCP/IP for intranet packet sharing and
file/information transfers across system. The system provides an interactive friendly environment between online counselors and
students. The students and Counselors are to be registered on the Career Guidance Information System (CGIS) by providing their bio-
data and user names and passwords. The Counselors will in addition provide their areas of expertise. Once they are activated by admin,
the student can login and choose his/her preferred Career Counselor and send his/her queries. The interaction between Counselors and
Students can continue until issues are solved.

Keywords: Career, Guidance and Counselling, Information Technology, System, Design and Implementation

1. Introduction present the system in a real and fascinating manner for

Providing or offering guidance to students on career choices
have been of great concern to teachers, parents and even
policy makers. Fitzjkenny (2013), stated that though there
are many careers to choose from, individuals without
guidance and counseling on future career choice decisions
can be limited in their career options, especially if they are
not prepared for the requirements of the workplace,
underestimate their capabilities, or are unaware of the range
of workplace opportunities that can broaden their career
options.
the students and more important it is robust for simple
users. The numbers of systems connected can be many so
there may be no need for the extra performance that
Apache provides. The technology allows the application
to use TCP/IP for intranet packet sharing and file /
information transfers across the system. The versatility of
MySQL and PHP also offers lots of benefits that can help
the user of CAREER GUIDANCE to customize tasking
operations running on the server. This offers a great
benefit above the languages that ran only on the CGI core
in the server side.

This article discuses how such concerns can be addressed
and designed and developed a Career Guide Student
Information System (CGSIS), that will completely remove
the problem of lack of speedy and ready access to
information of subject combinations that can lead to various
career choices, job opportunities for such careers and
associated benefits.; making the students to be the architect
of their careers.
To achieve the above purpose, the study will:
1) Design the system using the object oriented approach to
system design, which has enormous benefits. It is an
evolutionary and iterative process that encompasses
abstractions of the system attributes and behaviours using
necessary tools such as Unified Modeling language
(UML).
2) The implementation of design will use XAMMP
Technology which has PHP and MySQL as part of the
system. PHP programming Language and MySQL,
which offers lots of benefits that help the application to
customize operations running on a server, PHP will
PHP as programming language is increasingly being used in
server technology. It is also a programming language model
that is organized by objects and actions, data and logic. PHP
allows the usage of different software methodology since it
allows Object-oriented programming. It can well identify
objects sets of data and define their relationship to each
other. These objects are then generalized into a grouping
called class. Actions into methods or sequences of logic are
applied to classes of objects. Methods provide computational
instructions and class attributes are the data members that is
acted upon by the object. Objects interact in the network
using specifically defined interfaces called messages.
These messages are sent across the network sockets which
are distributed. Packets are also sent across the network
using different system devises. A PHP interpreter executes
the program on the source server and sends the result which
is usually data or simple XHTML or other mark-up codes.
The behavior of this kind of system offers portability and
reusability that characterizes PHP and its related technology.

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
2. Systems Design
System design involves the evaluation of alternative
development solutions and the specification of detailed
computer – based solution. The key designs here are object-
oriented design. Whereas the analysis focuses on the logical,
implementation independent aspects of a system, design
deals with the physical or implementation dependent aspect
of the system. Since we are developing a career guidance
system, it is appropriate to use a use case diagram in the
design. In design of the system the analysis is used as a
guide in developing the interface between the career
guidance provider and the students and the system users.
There interrelationships also depends largely on how issues
affecting the guidance information are handled. In design,
the object-oriented approach involves the classification of
the entire system into classes that are capable of interacting
with each other. These classes are then abstracted and
designed in such a way as to build the system in a
conceptual form. The structured approach in the other hand
is a process-oriented technique for breaking up a larger
program into a hierarchy of modules that result in a
computer program that is implemented and maintained. The
concept is simple. Design the program as a top-down
hierarchy of modules. Module is a group of instructions a
block, top-down hierarchy of modules. Modules is a group
of instructive a block, subprogram, a procedure or function.
The top-down structure of these modules is developed
according to various design rules and guidelines. Structured
design is considered a process technique because its
emphasis is on the process building blocks in the career
guidance system.
2.1 PHP Object Oriented System Design
The Object-oriented technique involves the entire system
and addressed all the system concerns throughout the
software engineering process. Those considering object-
oriented technology must assess its impact on the entire
software engineering process. Object-Oriented Design
(OOD) involve the Domain design of the system use case
using manual or Object –Oriented Computer Aided Software
Engineering (OOCASE) tool.
The O-O design process is evolutionary and iterative. It
encompasses abstraction of the system attributes and
behaviors and using the necessary tools in building there
design, UML are often used for OO design Process. Unlike
the structured strategy OO paradigm considers both data and
actions to be of equal importance. A simplistic way of
looking at an object is as a unified software component that
incorporates both the data and the actions that operate on
that data.
Figure 2.1: A representation of Career Guidance in Object-
Oriented Class
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In figure 2.1 the element of object- oriented software
development model shows a Career Guidance class model
with attributes (data) and operations or behaviors (action).
Hence data is encapsulated in the action of every class,
object and message. Objects are identified in real life,
classified and defined in terms of attributes and operations.
Objects are identified in software from the problem
statement (or by performing a “grammatical parse” on the
narrative) in the system to be built. Objects are determined
by underlining each noun or noun clause and entering it in a
simple table. If the object is required to implement then it is
part of the solution space. On the other hand if it necessary
only to describe a solution it is part of the problem space.
Objects can be:
 External entities (e.g., other systems, device, people) that
produce a computer based system.
 Things (e.g., guidance_reports, displays, letters, signals)
that are part of the information based system.
 Occurrence or events (such as a admission or the
completion of a series of exams or a click of mouse
button) that occur within the content of system operations:
 Roles (e.g., Guidance and Councilor, manager, Instructor)
played by people when they interact with the system.
 Organizational units (e.g., Schools, division, group, team)
that are relevant to an application
 Places (e.g. School buildings, or lading dock) that
establish the context of the problem and the overall
function of the system; or
 Structures (e.g., sensors, or computers that define a class
of object or in the extreme, related classes of object.
I/O Design
The I/O design has to do with the Input –Output design of
the system. It handles the design or plan on how data get
into the career guidance information system and also how
processed information get out of the system.
Input Design
The inputs include the user name and password to login. But
if the student is new there will be a need for supplying a
Registration Information. This is used to identify the various
entities. These details are keyed in by the admin via the use
of the text entry keys. The information is processed; the
computer generates summaries report and send to database
for storage. The Registration information is of character type
enabling a variance of maximum number of characters to be
used considering the required information; the password is
also a character type variable enabling the user to enter a
maximum of eight(8) characters while the career guide user
data is a set to operate together. The input is designed using
Input controls such as Textbox, Label, and List.
 Textbox: - Allows text inputs. Uses the <input> attribute.
 Label: - Specifies the URL. Uses the <do> attribute.
 List: - Allows users to select among various alternatives.
Uses the <select><option>attribute.
Output Design
The interface is projected using the Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol (HTTP). It contains the outcome of the input
process. What the user will see on the screen. The output
design is projected in form of interface, which are interactive
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
with the students. The relationship between user and Online  Request Special Career Information
Device is an interface.

User Interface Design

A user interface is a system that permits the interaction
between human being and a computer. In order words, the
interface design defines how users interact with the Career
Guidance system and how the system captures information
from the users. This project has a user interface design
because of the level of interaction between the users and the
Career Guidance Counselors’ web information.

Use Case Object-Oriented Models

Use cases are object-oriented design scenarios for
understanding system diagrams. A use case is an interaction
between users and a system; it captures the goal of the users
and the responsibility of the system to its users. The use-case
model describes the uses of the system and shows the
courses of events that can be performed. It is directed
primarily towards the users or the “actors” of the systems,
not its implementers.

Use Case Description:

The purpose of the use case diagram is to portray:
 A set of use cases for a system. Figure 3.2: Use case diagram for a Career Guidance System
 The actors (The initiators) which refers to the users and
the Career Guidance. In figure 3.2 the use case diagram illustrate the interaction of
 The relations between the actors and the use cases. the career guidance counselor with the system as well as the
interaction of the users (students and school leavers) with
Here, we introduce five Use cases. the system. The users and Career counselor are the actors of
 Request for relevant Career the system and the system in turn responds to the actors by
 Request for change of Career. carrying out certain operations indicated in the use case
 Change of Login Data or Forgotten Password. design.
 Updates on changes in the system Data.
 Generate User Guide to Careers. The Career Guidance is
responsible for the last two functions.
Table 2.1: Use Case Narrative of Career Guidance system
Use Case E-Career Guidance
Goal in content Individuals can receive Career Guidance as both students and school leavers.
Level This is an E-Career Guidance use case
Parameters In: User Name and Password Out: Interface with welcome message and Career Guidance statement
Preconditions User is registered, user is a Student or school leaver (i.e. user name and password are valid)
Post-conditions (success end) Viewing of Career and decision derived makes the system successful.
Post-conditions (failed end) Viewing of Career and no decision derived makes system unsuccessful, and user need to retry
Actor Councilor, Student or School leaver
Trigger An individual’s request to Career Guidance with E-Career Guidance.
Description (event flow) Actor action System respond Affected data object with operation
1. Request to operate the E- 2. Displays welcome and login Display Login
Career Guidance platform by page for user to enter his
selecting the correct directive username and Password
3. Enter username and 4. Verify username and Read and verifies username and
Password and press the Signin Password Password from data file
button
5. If login is successful, view 6. Display E-Career Guidance Update Career data file with date and
Career information. options time.

The following scenarios show use-case interactions between The Student (actor): This is one of the bona fide users of
the actor (students or school leavers) and the Career the system who makes request for Career Guidance service.
Guidance counselor:
The Career Guidance Counselor (actor): This is the
Career Guidance Operations: The students interact with guidance provider for the school leavers and the students.
the Career Guidance system by requesting to be registered.
After the approval process, the Career Guidance client can Request for Career information: The existing students and
perform the operation. school leavers of the Career Guidance requests for his/her
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
registration information based on the submission he has
made. The Career Guidance checks the database to verify if
the username and password are correct and assigns a
permission to the user If yes, the Career Guidance proceeds
with the processing if no, access is denied by the user.
The user must supply username whenever he/she opens the
permitted application. Here are the steps in the Career
Guidance operation use-case:
 After the students has been connected to the Career
Guidance system. .
 Perform the Approval Process by entering username and
password
 Request the career guidance information.
 Enter type of career.
 Career Guidance Performs activities.
 If there are no more transaction is to be performed,
Career Guidance alerts students of necessary
information.
 Exit Application.
2.2 System Activity Diagram
The purpose of an activity diagram is to provide a view of
flows and what is going on inside a use case or among
several classes. The activity diagram specified for the Career
Guidance system shows some activities that can be
performed by a Career Guidance client using an online
device or the internet. The activity diagram is shown on the
diagram below:
 On logging on, the user is prompted for the username and
password
 If the username and password is valid, the user is
prompted in and the Welcome screen is displayed listing
the career guidance services available
 The user selects an area to get guidance
 If no more information are to be processed, the user exits
the Career Guidance system, else he performs more
tasks.
2.3 Processing Design
The first step is to open the Career Guidance, after which
customers can begin to enjoy the Career Guidance services.
2.3.1 Flowchart of the Career Guidance System
The flow chart below describes the flow of the system
processes. It attempts to give a summary of the operations
executed in the Career Guidance System. It displays the
processes involved in the human-interface interaction of the
Career Guidance application. The user begins by registering
his user name and password, if he is already a user of the
Career Guidance and has an existing and working account
with the Career Guidance. The numerous Career Guidance
services are then displayed for him to decide that which he
wishes to do and then he carries out his operations duly. If
on the other hand, the user is not a registered customer of the
Career Guidance and does not have any existing account,
access would be denied until he has completed all necessary
registration requirements. The diagram on the next page is
the flowchart diagram of the system:

Figure 2.3: Activity Diagram for the career Guidance

System
Figure 2.4: Program Flowchart for the Career Guidance
System
The activities involved in the diagram are explained as
follows:
2.3.2 System Scenarios
 At Start stage, the user logs on to the Career Guidance’s
A scenario can be seen as a simple story, a means of
website
recording how things happen currently in the problem
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
domain, and of visualizing how users would like them to
happen in the future system. In this project, we have
identified six principal use cases: Log in, check career
information, make career request, view Course direction
statement and make special career information request. This
section reveals how the use cases can be fleshed out by
constructing scenarios;
2.3.3 Sequence
A sequence illustrates an interaction arranged in a time
sequence. It shows the objects participating in the interaction
by their lifelines (i.e. an object’s existence during the
interaction) and the messages they exchange, arranged in a
time sequence.
LOGIN
We are going to give a typical scenario for a Career
Guidance user who attempts to log into the Career
Guidance’s website via the internet. The scenario represents
the usual sequence of events specified for all other use cases
in this project.
The sequence diagram is given below;
 User specifies the URL of the Career Guidance
 User is prompted for username
 User provides username
 User is prompted for password
 User provides password
 Career Guidance verifies username and password
 Login OK
 Website displays Welcome screen and lists of services
available.
Check Career
The use case checks career works on the premise that log in
post condition is successful. The scenario and sequence
diagram for the check career is given below:
 User logs in successfully into the Career Guidance
system
 Online/Internet device displays Career services available
 Careers are displayed
 User exits the option
Change of Career
The “Transfer of Career” scenario also, known as the
“Career- Change” function works on the assumption that the
student successfully logs into the Career Guidance System.
The scenario describes the event that a studentwishes to
transfer from one career to another from his present career
out-look to another and vice versa. The corresponding
sequence is given below:
 User logs in successfully into the Career Guidance
system
 Online/Internet device displays services available
 User selects the “Career” option
 User is prompted to key in the username of the sender
 User is prompted to key in the Career selected
 User clicks the submit button
 A result page showing a successful service delivery.
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Career Trade Option
This scenario explains the actions that take place when a
user selects the Career of Trade option. Selecting this option
enables a user to view in a tabular form all the Trade options
available for him. The sequence describing this scenario is
given below:
 User logs in successfully into the online/internet Career
Guidance system
 Online device displays selection of Trade services
 A table showing all trade options including the details of
the trade is displayed
 User exits the system or goes back to the option page
2.4 Database Design
A database management system (DBMS) is a set of
programs that enables the creation and maintenance of a
collection of related data. A DBMS and associated programs
access, manipulate, protect, and manage the data. The
fundamental purpose of a DBMS is to provide a reliable,
persistent data storage facility and the mechanisms for
efficient, convenient data access and retrieval. The database
designed for the Career Guidance system is designed with
the concept of creating a database for the user’s, career
information, and activity. Each table in the database consists
of a primary key and foreign key which is used to link other
related tables.
Entity Relationship Diagram
We are going to use the ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)
as our database design tool. The ERD uses symbols to
indicate entity sets, relationships and relationship types to
produce an easily read, easily organized and easily expanded
database blueprint.
This explains the relationships that exist between the entities
in our E-Career Guidance system shown in the below;
 (1:N) => This means that one user can request for only
one or many services.
 (1:N) => This means that a Career Guidance can register
for one or more users.
 (1:1) => this means that a customer can enter in one user
at a time.
 (1:1) => this means that a career is contained in a service.
2.5 Systems Architecture
From the server-side we have PHP which is a script, Apache
server which serves as the web server to enable the
interactions between users and My SQL which queries a
database. These server-side applications respond to the
request(s) made by the Clients (HTML script) via a special
protocol known as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). A
diagram of the system architecture of the Career Guidance
system and its server are shown below:
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438

Figure 2.5 System Architecture of the Career Guidance Web Client and Server Design of Career System

In the design of the CAREER GUIDANCE SYSTEM , we
use a LAN with an internet Protocol. It compromises of a
switch that connects user I, user 2 and user 3 and allows
them to communicate. The wireless switch is an intelligent
network device that segments networks. It makes efficient
use of the network resources.
On receiving data packets, from the wireless router, it
forwards it to the user 1, user 2 and user 3. This speeds up
the network and reduces congestion. The switch plays active
role in bringing down the overall network traffic. The
wireless switch is connected to a wireless router. The
wireless router maintains a routing table that contains
information regarding the routing of data packets. The
wireless router sends data packets from the server through
the network to the users.
A server is a computer in the network that renders services
to the users. It makes available to the user printer, disk
drives. The wireless switch is hanged in a corner in a way to
transmit the network signal within the area of coverage.
When user enters the area he is connected. Similarly user 2
and user 3 are also connected when they come into area of
coverage. Smart phones equally get connected on entering
the area of coverage provided their connecting device allows
them to connect.
All the connected devices are registered in the network and
can easily communicate hence user 2 can easily send
information to phone 1 or to user 1, 2 and 3. User 3 can also
run application that is multiple users from the server as a
client. User 1 can share files stored in the server with smart
phones can also send information for printing in the printer.
The server can also use the printer making the printer shared
resources within the CAREER GUIDANCE system.
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3. Architecture Within the CGS System
XAMPP is an acronym for Windows, Apache, MySQL, Perl
and PHP technology. Windows is an operating system with
many Versions including Windows 95, 98, XP, NT e.t.c.
Internet Information Service is a web server that allows the
user to do more than just send plain web pages when
browsers request them. MySQL is a powerful relational
database management system. It's a very good software
package. MySQL database server provides the ultimate in
scalability, sporting the capacity to handle deeply embedded
applications with a footprint of only 1MB to running
massive data warehouses holding terabytes of information.
Platform flexibility is a stalwart feature of MySQL with all
flavors of Linux, UNIX, and Windows being supported.
And, of course, the open source nature of MySQL allows
complete customization for those wanting to add unique
requirements to the database server. MySQL is the de-facto
standard for high-traffic web sites because of its high-
performance query engine, tremendously fast data inserts
capability, and strong support for specialized web functions
like fast full text searches. These same strengths also apply
to data warehousing environments where MySQL scales up
into the terabyte range for either single servers or scale-out
architectures. Other features like main memory tables, B-
tree and hash indexes, and compressed archive tables that
reduce storage requirements by up to eighty-percent make
MySQL a strong standout for both web and business
intelligence applications.
PHP is a server side scripting language for making logic
driven websites. Ever wonder how they made that "contact
us" form on their site, which sends out e-Career Guidance?
Well, they used PHP. Or, how they made that image upload
too? Well, they used PHP. PHP written scripts can use
databases to keep track of the students and visitors activities
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
on your site, send out periodical advisory to general users or
subscribers, upload files or images and drive the content on
your site dynamically. The possibilities are endless. Most of
the social networking websites you visit are written in PHP.
Yep! PHP is that powerful.
3.1 Unified Modeling Language (UML) USE – Case
The unified modeling language (UML) has become the
preferred graphical modeling language for designing object
oriented system.
Figure 3.1: UML Showing Career Guidance Object
interaction
Also, UML is a standard language for specifying visualizing,
constructing and documenting the artifacts of software
systems as well as for business modeling and other non-
software systems. The UML represents the collection of best
engineering practices that proven success in the modeling of
large and complex systems.
4. Conclusion
In paper, we have discussed the challenges associated with
manual career guidance system and have developed a
software application career guide information system for
students both in junior and senior secondary school as well
as for school leavers. This will remove the problem of lack
of speedy and ready access to information of subject
combinations that can lead to various career choices, job
opportunities for such careers and associated benefits.;
making the students to be the architect of their careers with
aid from the career guides as torch bearers.
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