Topic 4

Topic 4
Integration
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-1

Topic. 4: Integration - Learning
Objectives
 By the end of this chapter the student

will:
 Have developed an understanding of the
concept of integration.
 Apply techniques to perform basic
integration.
 Approximate the value of an integral using
numerical techniques.

Topic. 4.1: Antiderivatives
 The Concept of Antidifferentiation:
 Reversing the process of finding a
derivative or a differential.
 What does this mean?
 To find a function whose derivative is 8x3
is to find the antiderivative of 8x3.
 Definition of Antidifferentiation:
 An antiderivative of the function f(x) is the
function F(x) such that F '(x) = f (x).
The Antiderivative
 An antiderivative of
the function f(x) is
the function F(x)
such that
F '(x) = f (x).
 If the derivative of a
function is
y' = 6x2 + 6x – 12,
what is the
antiderivative? y = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x
Antidifferentiation
 To find the antiderivative, we reverse

the process of differentiation.
 Steps:
 Increase the given power by ‘1’.
 Divide the term by the new power.

Antidifferentiation
Derivative
Function f(x) = 3x3 - 5x2 – 3
3 4 5 3
Antiderivative F ( x)  x  x  3 x Function
4 3

Topic. 4.2: The Indefinite
Integral
 Integration involves the process of

reversing differentiation.
 Indefinite integral
 f ( x) dx  F ( x)  C the constant
of integration
the integrand the indefinite
integral
The Constant of Integration
 What is f '(x) when f(x) = 4?

 Answer: f '(x) = 0.
 The general statement is:
 If f (x) = C then f '(x) = 0.

 Example:
 If f '(x) = 2x then what is F(x)?
 F(x) = x2.
 But could there not also be other
answers?
 F(x) = x2 + 1
 F(x) = x2 – 1?

 What can we say about the derivative of

these curves?
yx 2


these curves?
yx 2
y  x 1
2


these curves?
yx 2
y  x 1
2
y  x 1
2
y' 2 x We have a family of curves with a

general formula of y = x2 + C.
Notation
 The process of integrating the function

2x to get x2 + C is written:
 2 x dx  x  C
2
 We say: the integral of 2x with respect to x.

Basic Formulas for Integration
1. ∫c du = c du = cu + C
2. ∫[du + dv] = u + v + C
3. ∫un du = un+1 + C, u  1
n+1
Examples
 Solve the following integrals:

1. ∫3 dx = 3 x  C
4 3
2. ∫4x2 dx = x C
3
3. ∫3x2 - 4x +7 dx = x  2 x  7 x  C
3 2
3
2x 2
4. ∫√x dx = C
3 1
5. ∫1/√x dx = 2 x 2 C
Evaluating the Constant of
Integration
 When the constant of integration of an

integral is evaluated, we have moved
from a family of curves to a specific
curve.
 We use a given point to evaluate the
constant of integration.

Example
 Given dy/dx = 1 – 3x, find the curve

that passes through P(2, 3).
 y = x – 3/2x2 + C
 Substituting x = 2 & y = 3
3  2  2  C
3 2
2

Example (continued)
3 2 3 2
y  x x y  x x 7
2 2

Topic. 4.3: The Area Under a
Curve
How do we find the area
under this curve?

Area Under a Curve
We find the area of We do a best
rectangles under the approximation using
curve and add them rectangles.
up.

Area Under a Curve
How many rectangles
do we use to get the
best approximation?

Area Under a Curve
 The more rectangles we use to find the

area under the curve, the closer we get to
the exact value of this area.
 This method illustrated here interprets
finding the area under a curve as a
summation process.

Area Under a Curve
Do we use the
rectangles under the
curve?

Area Under a Curve
Do we use rectangles
above the curve?

Area Under a Curve
Do we take the average of
the rectangles above AND
below the curve?

Area Under a Curve
The number of
rectangles increases
between P and Q …
Q(x +  x, y +  y)
P(x, y)
… the closer
we can
approximate
area.

Area Under a Curve
 The area under a curve can be estimated by

increasing the number of rectangles under
the curve
 The area under a curve can be estimated by

taking the average of the areas of these
rectangles above the curve and below the
curve.

Area Under a Curve
 Let A represent the difference in the areas

between the rectangles above and below
the curve between 2 given points.
 That is: A dA
lim   f ( x)
x 0 x dx
 Then:
dA  f ( x) dx

Area Under a Curve
 Taking the antiderivative:
Aab   f ( x) dx  F b   F a 
b
 Where a and b are the 2 given points or

limits.

Area Under a Curve
y = f(x)
Aab   f ( x) dx  F b   F a 
b
A
x2 = a x1 = b

Integration as Summation
 The area under a curve is found by finding

the limit of the sum of the areas of the
inscribed rectangles as the number of
rectangles approaches infinity.
 This area has been found by summation
& is expressed in terms of integration.

Summary
 In the limit, we can find the exact area under

a curve by using an infinite number of
rectangles of infinitesimal width.
 We can find the area under a curve by
evaluating a definite integral given the upper
and lower limits.
 We can only find the area under a curve for
continuous curves. Check to make sure the
curve is continuous prior to proceeding.

Topic. 4.4: The Definite
Integral
 The definite integral is defined as:
Aab   f ( x) dx  F b   F a 
b

Example:
 Evaluate the integral:
Upper Limit 2
2
 3x dx
Lower Limit 0

Topic. 4.5: Numerical Integration:
The Trapezoidal Rule
 Some data and functions cannot be

readily integrated.
 For these integrals, numerical techniques
can be employed to approximate the
value of an integral.
 The Trapezoidal Rule
 Simpson’s Rule

 We saw earlier that the area under a

curve can be estimated by a series of
rectangles under the curve.
 The Trapezoidal Rule adapts this concept
by approximating the area by a set of
inscribed trapezoids.

 From geometry, we employ the formula

for a trapezoid.
 For the base, the y-coordinate is used.
 The altitudes are h.
 The sum of trapezoids can be
expressed as:
1 1 
AT  h y0  2 y1  2 y2    yn 1  yn 
2 2 
 As AT approximates the area under the

curve, it also approximates the value of
the definite integral:
 f  x  dx   y0  2 y1  2 y2    2 yn 1  yn 
b h
a 2

Example
 Approximate the value of the integral

using the Trapezoidal Rule for the
given value of trapezoids, n.
2
 x  1 dx, n  4
2
0

Topic. 4.6: Simpson’s Rule
 To achieve greater accuracy for

approximations of integrals,
Simpson’s Rule uses the concept of
approximating the area under a
curve by a set of parabolic arcs.
 f  x  dx   y0  4 y1  2 y2  4 y3  2 y4    4 yn 1  yn 
b h
a 3

Example
 Approximate the value of the integral

using Simpson’s Rule for the given
value of parabolas, n.
3
 2 x dx, n  3
2
0


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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-1

 By the end of this chapter the student

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-2

 To find the antiderivative, we reverse

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-5

 Integration involves the process of

 What is f '(x) when f(x) = 4?

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-8

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-9

 What can we say about the derivative of

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-10

 What can we say about the derivative of

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-11

 What can we say about the derivative of

y' 2 x We have a family of curves with a

 The process of integrating the function

 We say: the integral of 2x with respect to x.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-13

 Solve the following integrals:

 When the constant of integration of an

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-16

 Given dy/dx = 1 – 3x, find the curve

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-17

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-19

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-20

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-21

 The more rectangles we use to find the

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-22

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-23

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-24

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-25

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-26

 The area under a curve can be estimated by

 The area under a curve can be estimated by

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-27

 Let A represent the difference in the areas

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-28

 Where a and b are the 2 given points or

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-29

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-30

 The area under a curve is found by finding

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-31

 In the limit, we can find the exact area under

 The definite integral is defined as:

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-33

 Some data and functions cannot be

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-35

 We saw earlier that the area under a

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-36

 From geometry, we employ the formula

 As AT approximates the area under the

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-38

 Approximate the value of the integral

 To achieve greater accuracy for

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 4-40

 Approximate the value of the integral

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