Transfer of Force at Base of Column COLUMNS

Bearing Capacity of the Column Concrete

—STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
In accordance with ACI Sec. 15.8, load transfer between R6.2.3 A first-order analysis satisfies the equations of
effects for the overall structure using the first-order results.
A second-order analysis satisfies the equations of equi-
equilibrium using the original undeformed geometry of the
a reinforced concrete column and the footing may be structure. When only first-order results are considered, slender-
ness effects are not accounted for. Because these effects can
librium using the deformed geometry of the structure. If
qui-
the second-order analysis uses nodes along compression
. If the second-order analysis uses nodes along compression 1 3 5

affected both by bearing on concrete and by sion members, the analysis accounts for slenderness effects due
to lateral deformations along individual members, as well
as sidesway of the overall structure. If the second-order
2 4 6

reinforcement. to lateral uses

al members,
analysis
ntersections
deformations
as well nodes at along individual
the member members,only,
intersections as well
the
only, ofthethe overall structure. If the second-order
as sidesway
If the second-order
analysis uses nodes at the member intersections only, the 1 3 5
analysis captures the sidesway effects for the overall struc-
The bearing capacity of the column concrete at the ture but neglects individual member slenderness effects. In
this case, the moment magnifier method (6.6.4) is used to 2 4 6
determine individual member slenderness effects.
interface is given by ACI Sec. 10.14.1.
Metd 1
P bn ¼ 0:85f c0 A1 A non-sway column is defined in ACI Sec. 10.10.5.1 as one
in which the secondary moments due to P-delta effects do

¼ 0:553f c0 A1 ½for  ¼ 0:65

not exceed 5% of the primary moments due to lateral
Yes loads. ACI Sec. 10.10.5.2 specifies a story within a struc- No
ΣP u Δ o
- ≤ 0.05
Q = -----------------
V us l c
A1 is the area of the column. Q, stability index,
Vus is the story shear,
å P u is the total vertical load on a story.

Metd 2

Fig. R6.2.6—Flowchart for determining column slenderness effects.

s,
pt pt pt
.6 provides procedures to
slenderness (Pδ) effects B
pt
,____ ______ c
pt
7,---:..-:..------
__ J
D it
,,,, -==----
ti
c
',,°
\1 overall structure using the
,,
1'
,1
I - - --
II
II
1!
/I

,, 11
It culate both indi-
I
I II
I
ti
ti
I
I I sidesway (P∆) effects I I I
t-order results.
A F E A F E
~ z ~~ z :z z

(al frame braced by w all (b) unbraced frame

To use the alignment charts, the stiffn

the stiffness ratios at each end of the column must be calculated,
E I
å lcc c C refers stiffness ratio at the end of a column
C¼ c to the columns meeting at a joint,
E bI b
å lb b refers to the beams meeting at a joint.
lc length of a compression member in a frame, measured from
center-to-center of the joints in the frame

15 ft 15 ft

1 å
EcI c 1 3 å
EcI c 1 5
lc 10 15 lc 10 15
C1 ¼ ¼ ¼ C3 ¼ ¼ ¼
E bI b
å lb 1
15
10 E I
å lbb b 15
1
þ
1 20
15
10 ft

10.10.6.3 — The effective length factor, k, shall be 2 C2 ¼ 1:0 4 C4 ¼ 10 6

permitted to be taken as 1.0.

TABLE C-A-7.1
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR, K
BUCKLED SHAPE OF COLUMN IS (a) ( b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
SHOWN BY DASHED LINE. Effective length of the column. for sway members, k
shall be at least 1.0.
Definition:

-The effective length (or Le or KL) of a column is defined as

the distance between successive inflection points or points of
THEORETICAL K VALUE 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 zero moment.
RECOMMENDED DESIGN
VALUE WHEN IDEAL CONDITIONS 0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.10 2.0
ARE APPROXIMATED
END CONDITION CODE
-Structurally effective length of column is defined as height
ROTATION FIXED AND TRANSLATION FIXED
ROTATION FREE AND TRANSLATION FIXED
between the points of contraflexure of the buckled column i.e.
ROTATION FIXED AND TRANSLATION FREE between two floors basically. The effective length of column
ROTATION FREE AND TRANSLATION FREE depends on whether the frame is sway or no-sway and on the
bending stiffnesses of the beam meeting at the column.
FOR COLUMN ENDS SUPPORTED BY, BUT NOT RIGIDLY CONNECTED TO, A FOOTING OR FOUNDATION, G IS
THEORETICALLY INFINITY BUT UNLESS DESIGNED AS A TRUE FRICTION-FREE PIN, MAY BE TAKEN AS 10
FOR PRACTICAL DESIGNS. IF THE COLUMN END IS RIGIDLY ATTACHED TO A PROPERLY DESIGNED
FOOTING, G MAY BE TAKEN AS 1.0. SMALLER VALUES MAY BE USED IF JUSTIFIED BY ANALYSIS.
6.2.5.1 The radius of gyration, r, shall be permitted to be
calculated by (a), (b), or (c):
Ig
(a) r =
Ag
¼ 
(b) r ¼ 0:30  dimension of a rectangular column
bein in the direction stability is being considered
(c) r ¼ 0:25  diameter of circular column

column, in accordan
column, in accordan the slenderness ratio is
the slenderness ratio is kl u 12M 1
kl u  34   40
 22 r M2
r lu unsupported length of compression member
lu unsupported length of M1 smaller factored end moment on a compression member,
of compression member positive if member is bent in single curvature,
Short Column negative if bent in double curvature
M2 larger factored end moment on compression member
Stocky Column always positive
cant cant
slenderness effects P-6 may be ignored, slenderness effects P-6 may be ignored,

Short Column with Axial Load Short Column with End Moments

For a short column with lateral tie reinforcement, ACI For a short column with spiral reinforcement, ACI The axial load carrying capacity of a column decreases
Sec. 10.3.6.2 gives the design axial load capacity as Sec. 10.3.6.1 gives the design axial load capacity as as end moments are applied to the column. Design of the

 column may then be obtained by means of a computer

 0:85f c0 ðAg  Ast Þ program, such as Structure Point’s spColumn10, based
0:85f c0 ðAg  Ast Þ
P n ¼ 0:85
½
¼ 0:75

P n ¼ 0:80
½
¼ 0:65 þ Ast f y on ACI 318. Alternatively, approximate design values
þ Ast f y may be obtained from the interaction diagrams given in
Reinforcement Requirements App. C through App. H.
Li ain
its Reinforce ents
for ain Reinforc centroids of the longitudinal reinforcement
¼
A overall diameterofof the column
tg = Ast or Long Column
g overall dim. in the direction that resists bending
0.01 # tg # 0.08 Slender Columns
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX C Interaction Diagram: Tied Square Column
TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN Interaction Diagram: Tied Circular Column
ðf 0c ¼ 4 kips=in2 ; f y ¼ 60 kips=in2 ;  ¼ 0:60Þ
By interpolation, ðf 0c ¼ 4 kips=in2 ; f y ¼ 60 kips=in2 ;  ¼ 0:60Þ

. 4.5 ACI 318 requires that the design of long columns be

.~~~,:.·~
:;~;·... .
4.5 h
. . ρ = 8%
h ρ = 8%
γh based on the factored loading from a second-order
4.0
"'
,;
·.
I~
.. .... . .. . . 4.0
γh
ρ = 6% analysis, which must satisfy one of three potential
0 ·. .
ρ = 6% 3.5
: . ··. ..·
' n •
3.5
analysis approaches: nonlinear second-order analysis,
ρ = 4% h
3.0 ρ = 4% 3.0
elastic second-order analysis, or moment magnification.
Pu /Ag, kips/in2

The nonlinear second-order analysis is too complex to be

Pu /Ag, kips/in2

2.5 ρ = 2%
2.5 ρ = 2%
demonstrated in this chapter, as is the elastic second-
-pitch
~ 2.0
2.0

order analysis. Both are typically performed using frame

ties ties
-t 1.5 1.5
analysis software. More commonly, the moments due to
1.0
1.0 second-order effects are estimated by multiplying the
0.5 0.5 first-order solution by appropriately defined moment
magnification (or amplification) factors.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.1
(a) (b)
Mu /Agh, kips/in2 Mu /Agh, kips/in2
tied column spiral column
APPENDIX D
Interaction Diagram: Tied Circular Column
APPENDIX G
Interaction Diagram: Tied Square Column As a practical alternative to account for the effect
ðf 0c ¼ 4 kips=in2 ; f y ¼ 60 kips=in2 ;  ¼ 0:75Þ
ain Reinforce ents ain Reinforce ents ðf 0c ¼ 4 kips=in2 ; f y ¼ 60 kips=in2 ;  ¼ 0:75Þ
of cracking on the rigidity of reinforced concrete mem-
• Longitudinal bars must have a clear distance between • Longitudinal bars must have a clear distance between
4.5
ρ = 8%
h
4.5
ρ = 8% h bers, ACI Sec. 10.10.4.1 permits a first-order analysis
γh

bars of at least 1.5 times the bar diameter, but not less bars of at least 1.5 times the bar diameter, but not less
4.0 4.0 using approximate moments of inertia (0.35Ig for beams;
ρ = 6% ρ = 6%
than 1.5 in (ACI 318 Sec. 7.6.3] . than 1.5 in (ACI 318 Sec. 7.6.3] . 3.5 3.5 0.70Ig for columns, and so forth, where Ig is the mo-
γh h
3.0 ρ = 4% 3.0 ρ = 4% ment of inertia of the gross concrete cross section).
Xmin= 1.5db >1.5"
Pu /Ag, kips/in2

Pu /Ag, kips/in2

Xmin= 1.5db >1.5" 2.5 ρ = 2% 2.5 ρ = 2%

.
.. ~~.~..,:.;~:.;.·...·..~.
Magnified Moments for Columns Without Sidesway
2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5
Magnified Moments for Columns with Sidesway
1.0 1.0
. Concentrically Loaded Long Columns Long Columns with End Moments the ACI code magnifies the end moments due to fac-
given)
··. 0 ·.

..· .
0.5
0.5
tored forces associated with the sway, δs M1s and δs M2s ,
given) For positive curvature, the minimum value for t he The design procedure
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Mu /Agh, kips/in2
2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
moment is given by and adds these magnified moments to the corresponding
• At least four longitudinal bars are needed for columns • At least six longitudinal bars are to be used for spiral Mu /Agh, kips/in2
step 1: Calculate forces on the column using first-order
with square or circular ties [ACI 318 Sec. 10.9.2]. non-magnified, non-sway end moments.
columns [ACI 318 Sec. 10.9.2J. APPENDIX E
Interaction Diagram: Tied Circular Column
APPENDIX H
Interaction Diagram: Tied Square Column
analysis.
s ðf 0c ¼ 4 kips=in2 ; f y ¼ 60 kips=in2 ;  ¼ 0:90Þ
ðf 0c ¼ 4 kips=in2 ; f y ¼ 60 kips=in2 ;  ¼ 0:90Þ
M 1 ¼ M 1ns þ s M 1s
~~ ~~,:.·
:;:;~;·~;·..... .
Min 4 Bars Min. 6 Bars step 2: Calculate end restraints and effective length.
.~~~,:.·~
Min 4 Bars 4.5
·. h 4.5

~~ :;.~;·.. ....~~. .
.~~~,:.·~ = P,,emin M 2 ¼ M 2ns þ s M 2s
ρ = 8% h
·.
·. γh ρ = 8% [positive curvature!
.. ...
..... . ...... .
.· 4.0 γh

.. ....~~ step 3: Calculate Cm, Pc, , and Mc.

4.0
ρ = 6%
·.
0 ·.
·.
. 3.5
3.5
ρ = 6%
Any of three alternative methods may be used to deter-
0

··. ..·
·. .
··.0 ·. ..· Mc = δM2  M2  Pu(0.6  0.03h)? The minimum eccentricity mine δs M1s and δs M2s .
= 0.6 + 0.03h
3.0 ρ = 4%
ρ = 4% h
3.0 emin
h = Larger Side • an “exact” second-order elastic analysis
Pu /Ag, kips/in2

Pu /Ag, kips/in2

2.5 ρ = 2%
Cm  1:0
¼
2.5 ρ = 2%
M2 = the larger moment.
Lateral Reinforcement Lateral Reinforcement 2.0
Pu • an iterative approximate second-order analysis
2.0 Columns that are part of a braced structure are consid- 1 = the factored axial load,
Pu is
( TIES ) ( SPIRALS ) 1.5
1.5 ered to be long columns if K L/ r > 22. 0:75P c • an approximation of the factor δs using ACI Eq.
• inal bars is required. The minimum ratio of volume of 1.0
1.0
10-18 applied to M1 and M2 calculated by first-
• For rectangular columns, the minimum tie size speci- spiral reinforcement to volume of core is given by ACI 0.5 W hen long columns in a story are braced, t he design is The factor Cm corrects for a nonuniform bending moment order elastic analysis
fied by ACI Sec. 7.10.5 is no. 3 for longitudinal bars of Sec. 10.9.3 as 0.5
carried out using a factored axial load obtained from a on a column and is defined by ACI Sec. 10.10.6.4 as such as from wind, blast, or earthquake. For sidesway
no. 10 or smaller and no. 4 for longitudinal bars larger    d min= 3/8" The quantity Mi/ M2 is negative when the column is bent

.~~~,:.·~
:;~;·... .
Ag fc b 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
first-order analysis and for a moment, Mc, given by 0:4M 1 in double curvature. (When M1 = M2 = 0, use Mi/ M2 = 1 The magnification factor for end moments produced instability, every column in a particular story buckles
−1 C m ¼ 0:6 þ
Mu /Agh, kips/in2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
ρs = 0.45 4
½ACI
than
than no.
no. 10. Themaximum
10. The maximum vertical
vertical spacing
spacing of
of ties
ties isis Mu /Agh, kips/in2 [ACI 318 Sec. 10.10.6.4]). by the loads that cause sway is given by ACI simultaneously; thus, the moment magnifier for sway
Ach fyt . .... . . . M2
 #10 #3 Ties min. Ach is the area of concrete core . . . ¼ 1:0 for columns with transverse
Sec. 10.10.7.4 as moments involves the summation of the factored axial
. 0 ·. . M2 forces and critical loads for every column in the story.
. . 
Long. Bars measured to the outside of the spiral. ··. ..· Mc= p 1 ⎧
COMMENTARY
Design for Large Eccentricity l - - - u- loads between supports s ¼  1:0 Ms
given)
" ' #11 
given) • The minimum spiral wire diameter is 3/s in [ACI 318 0.75Pc å Pu  ⎪
⎪
·.
Long. Bars
#4 Ties min.
Sec. 7.10.4.2]. The maximum practical spiral diameter Euler critical load Euler critical load 1 P ⎨
,;
:
I~
. is 5/s in . Short colwnns will fail by compression of the material. 0:75 å P c δ s Ms ≥ 1 − u
The maximum practical t ie size is normally no. 5. Figure 38.4 Relationship Between Nominal and Design Interaction p EI 2
⎪ 0.75 Pc
Pc ¼ Long columns will buckle in the transverse direction that
⎪
Diagrams (per AC/ 318 Chap. 9)
⎩
' n •

maller and no. 4 for longitudinal bars larger ðkl u Þ2 has the smallest radius of gyration. Buckling failure is  1:0
• . The maximum vertical spacing of ties is • The clear spacing between spirals must be at least sudden, often without significant warning. Ms
The flexural rigidity, The load at which a long column fails is known as the
1 in and no more than 3 in. Euler critical load Euler critical load
0:4E c I g critical load or Euler load. The Euler load is the the-
smax  16  longitudinal bar diameters dc
EI ¼ oretical maximum load that an initially straight column Short colwnns will fail by compression of the material.
ties
ddc 1 þ  dns p EI 2
can support without transverse buckling. For columns Pc ¼ Long columns will buckle in the transverse direction that
 48  tie bar diameters assumed that  dns = 0.6. with frictionless or pinned ends, this load is given by the ðkl u Þ2 has the smallest radius of gyration. Buckling failure is
following equation, known as Euler's formula. sudden, often without significant warning.
 least dimension of the column EI ¼ 0:25E c I g of cracking on the rigidity of reinforced concrete mem- The flexural rigidity,
Max. 3" s ρ bers, ACI Sec. 10.10.4.1 permits a first-order analysis
0:4E c I g
The load at which a long column fails is known as the
critical load or Euler load. The Euler load is the the-
EIcol = (Ec )(0.7Ig )
• The specified concrete cover must be at lea.st 1.5 in t Min. 1" maximum
axial load EIbm = (Ec )(0.35)
7Ig )
using approximate moments of inertia (0.35Ig for beams;
0.70Ig for columns, and so forth, where Ig is the mo-
ment of inertia of the gross concrete cross section).
EI ¼
1 þ  dns
oretical maximum load that an initially straight column
can support without transverse buckling. For columns
over the outermost surface of the tie steel [ACI 318 Use M2 = 250 assumed that  dns = 0.6. with frictionless or pinned ends, this load is given by the
1
following equation, known as Euler's formula.
Sec. 7.7.l] .

.
s=
πd2s
d c ρs ::::.:::.---
---
--- ---------- Ec = 57,000 fc normal weight
Ec = 33w1c .5 f lc , psi Other weight
EI ¼ 0:25E c I g
EIcol = (Ec )(0.7Ig )
of cracking on the rigidity of reinforced concrete mem- 10.10.4.1 — It shall be permitted to use the following
bers, ACI Sec. 10.10.4.1 permits a first-order analysis properties for the members in the structure:
using approximate moments of inertia (0.35Ig for beams; (a) Modulus of elasticity...................... Ec from 8.5.1

.~~~,:.·~
:;~;·... .
. . 1.5in min. 1.5in min. <f>Mn Mn Wc=Unit
rmitted to be taken as wc 33 f c′
weight
EIbm = (Ec )(0.35)
7Ig ) 0.70Ig for columns, and so forth, where Ig is the mo- (b) Moments of inertia, I
πd2s diameter spiral, bh3 wc between 90 and 160 lb/ft3. Compression members:
",;' ·.
.. .... . .. . . Demostration:
bending moment, M Ig =
Use M2 = 250
ment of inertia of the gross concrete cross section). Columns .................................................... 0.70Ig
Walls—Uncracked ..................................... 0.70Ig
I~ 12
Ec = 57,000 fc normal weight
—Cracked......................................... 0.35Ig
: . 0 ·. .
For purposes of computing the spiral steel ratio, the step 4: Use interaction diagrams to check the adequacy
' n • ··. ..· Flexural members:
Beams ....................................................... 0.35Ig
length of one wound of the spiral is approximated as Fig. R10.4.2.1—Critical column load combination. of the column. Ec = 33w1c .5 Other weight Flat plates and flat slabs............................ 0.25Ig
to discern without methodically checking each combina- f lc , psi Wc=Unit taken as wc 33 f c′
weight
(c) Area........................................................... 1.0Ag
πdc . The volume of confined core concrete is (πd2c /4)s. rmitted to be
 2 tion. As illustrated in Fig. R10.4.2.1, considering only the bh3 wc between 90 and 160 lb/ft3. Alternatively, the moments of inertia of compression
and flexural members, I, shall be permitted to be
Thus, πds Ig =
• Ties shall be provided, as shown in Fig. 1.17, to support
volume of steel in one wound
πdc
4 πd2s
factored load combinations associated with maximum axial Column qualifies as part of nonsway frame per ACI Sec. 12
computed as follows:

Compression members:
every corner and alternate bar, and no bar shall be more ρs =
volume of concrete in one wound
=  2
πdc
=
dc s force (LC1) and with maximum bending moment (LC2) 10.10.5.1. Axial force Pu and bending moments M1, M2
than 6 in clear from a supported bar. s
does not necessarily provide a code-compliant design for determined for factored loads by first-order analysis. A st⎞ ⎛
I = ⎛ 0.80 + 25 --------
⎝ Ag ⎠ ⎝
Mu P
- – 0.5 ------u⎞⎠ I g ≤ 0.875I g
1 – ---------- (10-8)
2 4 P h u Po

πds A different method applies if the column is exceptionally

other load combinations such as LC3.
Figure 1.17 Column Ties

⩽ 6 in s= slender such that

where Pu and Mu shall be determined from the
d c ρs particular load combination under consideration, or
the combination of Pu and Mu resulting in the
k  1 (conservative). smallest value of I. I need not be taken less than
Figure 38.3 Nominal Interaction Diagram
Ec per ACI Sec. 8.5. r  radius of gyration  Ig /Ag about
lu 35
>
0.35Ig .
• The specified concrete cover must be at lea.st 1.5 in axis of bending. Slenderness ratio  k lu /r (if
100, analyze r Flexural members:

over the outermost surface of the tie steel [ACI 318 Pu

frame by second-order analysis). b w⎞
Sec. 7.7.l] . fc Ag I = ( 0.10 + 25ρ ) ⎛ 1.2 – 0.2 ------
⎝
- I ≤ 0.5I g
d⎠ g
(10-9)

⩽ 6 in
For continuous flexural members, I shall be permitted to
In this case, the values of M1 and M2 are computed be taken as the average of values obtained from

.~~~,:.·~
:;~;·... .
Eq. (10-9) for the critical positive and negative moment
1.5in min. for the sway condition, and then used to compute the sections. I need not be taken less than 0.25Ig .
Cl..
design moment, Mc , by following the flowchart for the
Figure 38.1 Types of Tied Columns .. .... . .. . . -0
<ti M2  Pu(0.6  0.03h)?
yes
M2  Pu(0.6  0.03h) stocky column in Fig. 6.3.
The cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement ratio
used in the above formulas shall be within 10 percent of

compressive balanced
0 ·. . 52 the dimensions and reinforcement ratio shown on the
··. ..· <ti
failure
contract documents or the stiffness evaluation shall be

not needed not needed ·x repeated.

t
<ti

ifX"'6 in if X "" 6 in no
---------
t
``,,,````,```,`,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

M1
tensile
failure
column
bent in single
yes Cm  0.6  0.4 ( )
M2
M1

bending m oment, M
curvature?

no
limit  34  12
M2( )
Fig. R10.7.5.2—Lap splice requirements for columns. M1

fou r bars six bars eight bars

Cm  0.6  0.4
M2( )
 0.4
M1
2.0
INTERACTION
Interaction Diagram
DIAGRAM step 1: If the column size is not known, a.n initial esti-
limit  34  12
M2 ( )
 40
0.10

mate can be obtained from the reinforcement

1.9 f t'c = 4 ksi ratio. For spiral columns,
,~· ··_o η
?e?/h? =

.v ·.·. ·,, tfyγ = 60 ksi h

.· .....~ ~· ~ - 1.8 γ = 0.80 γγηh A _ <PPn klu yes slenderness effects may
r  limit?
~:
:
,. ... . .. ..
: .... ·. o .. .

1.7
9
- 0.85¢(0.85/c(l - p9 ) + Pgf y) be ignored, Mc  M2
0.20

.
·O
. .
. • ·
.
·•·
. no
. . . .. . . bb For tied columns,
1.6 0.08
not needed
if x .,;; 6 in ten bars twelve bars A _ </>Pn compute EI per ACI Eq. 10-14 or 10-15
1.5 0.07 θe Pη
9
0.80¢(0.85/c(l - p 9 ) + p9f y)
n -
0.2Ec Ig  Es Ise 0.4Ec Ig
• Every corner and alternating longitud inal bar EI  or EI 
1  dns 1  dns
0

1.4
0.3

must be supported by a tie corner. The included 0.06 Use an arbitrarily selected value of p9 between
the limits allowed. Since the moment will
angle of the tie cannot be more than 135° [ACI 318 1.3 increase the steel demand a.hove that for no
Sec. 7.10.5.3j. (Tie corners are not relevant to tied 0.05
=0

moment, a value of p9 somewhat smaller than 2EI

the desired target should be selected. Pc 
fts

columns with longit udinal bars placed in a circular 1.2 (klu)2

0

0.04
0.4

pattern.)
0.5

step 2: Select the type of reinforcement pattern desired

f 'c Ag

1.1 and estimate the value of / . Choose the appro-

Pu

• No longitudinal bar can be more than 6 in away from priate interaction diagram. Using a diagTam for
0.03 
Cm
 1.0
a bar that is properly restrained by a corner [ACI 318 a / value smaller than the actual leads to con-
1.0 1
Pu
=

Sec. 7.10.5 .3). servative results.

0.02 0.75Pc
f 'c Ag

0.9 step3: Evaluate the coordinates of Pu/<Pf~ A 9 and of

Pn

P11 e/<f>f~A 9 h (where P,,e= M,,) and plot this

Pρg = 0.01 point on the diagram, assuming a value of</>.
Kn =

0.8 design to resist Pu and Mc

21/f4y
= 12/
The dashed line corresponding to ct = 0.002
ftss (compression-controlled section) and to ct = 0.005 Mc  M2
0.7 (tension-controlled section) on the diagrams can
be used as guides when assuming a value for the
00 strength reduction factor. If the point is outside Figure 6.3 Flowchart for Computing Magnified Moment for
0.6 = 1. the last curve for p 9 =0.08, the section size is too
e/h Column Without Sway
small. In that case, the section size should be
0.5 increased and this step repeated. If the point is
inside the curve for p9 =0.0l, the section is over-
sized . In that case, the dimensions should be
0.4 ε tt = 0.002
E 0.002 reduced and this step should be repeated.
f s == tf y
0.3 step 4: Verify the assumed </> value. In most cases, the
section will turn out to be clearly compression
controlled or tension controlled, and verifica-
Fig. R7.10.5—Sketch to clarify measurements between 0.2 ε tt = 0.005
E 0.005 tion will involve no effort. ln rare situations
where this is not the case, calculate the strain
laterally supported column bars.
0.1 in the extreme tension steel from a strain com-
patibility analysis for the selected size and
arrangement of reinforcement. Determine the
0.0 strength reduction factor on the basis of the
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.6 magnitude of this strain and compare it to the
10.6.2 Minimum shear reinforcement value assumed in step 3. If the calculated and
Pne Pu e assumed values vary by more than a few per-
Rn = = centage points, repeat the preceding steps
10.6.2.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min, f 'c Ag h f 'c Ag h
based on the calculated strength reduction fac-
shall be provided in all regions where Vu > 0.5ϕVc. tor from this step.
2.0 '
1-T -t· ·'It) " Interaction diagram Once the size and steel reinforcement are selected,
0 •
10.6.2.2 If shear reinforcement is required, Av,min shall be 1.9
•--+-
. I\!-
0
ci
;;v
. + ' f~ = 4 ksi the design is completed by selecting the transverse
I
' reinforcement. This step is carried out exactly the
the greater of (a) and (b): II = 60 ksi

U?~
fy same way as in the case of columns with small eccen-
... ~ -,- -1
1.8 <I> 1' = 0.80 tricity. Although seldom an issue in the design of
~-~iii ' columns, the adequacy of the cross section in shear
b s •t.;
(a) 0.75 f c′ w ~0.08;4<. should also be checked when significant bending
csf?
1.7
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0.00 0.05 0. 10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65