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plantation) Guide:-
 Rubber Plantation
Introduction of Rubber:-  Basically rubber is an elastic solid material retrieved from latex of
many tropical trees. However, “Hevea brasiliensis” is the most commercially cultivated rubber
plant. Rubber is used for many purposes which may include erasers to tyres, tubes &
industrial products. Rubber tree basically grows up to 30 meter height and begins yielding
latex @ 6 to 7 years age. India is the third largest producer of rubber in the world followed by
Thailand and Indonesia. In India, Kerala is largest state of rubber producer.
Varieties of Rubber in India:- PB 86, Tjir 1, PR 17, BD 5, BD 10, GT 1, PB 28/59, PB 217, PB
235, PB 260, RRII 5, RRII 105, RRII 414, RRII 430, RRIM 600, RRIM 703 and PCK-1, 2.
Climate Required for Rubber Plantation:- The rubber plantation requires heavy and well
distributed rainfall of 200 cm to 300 cm having humidity about 75%. The best growing
temperatures for rubber plant is from 20°C to 35°C. Freezing temperatures will halt the
growth of rubber plants and strong wind areas are not suitable for rubber farming
(http://agrifarming.in/tag/rubber-farming). This plantation requires at least 5 to 6 hours of
sunlight.
Soil Requirement in Rubber Plantation:- Rubber Plants require highly deep weathered soils
which consist of laterite and lateritic soils. They grow best in well drained porous soils with
moderate acidic in nature. However, rubber plant also thrives in red alluvial soils, if there is a
good organic matter in the soil. The soil pH of 5.0 to 6.0 is best for rubber cultivation. For
good aeration and root growth, water table should be below at least 1 meter depth in the soil.
Land Preparation in Rubber Plantation:- The main eld should be cleared of wild growth and
pits with dimensions of  120 cm x 45 cm x 60 cm should be dug along the contour @ suitable
intervals. Usually it takes 200 to 250 pits per 1 hectare land. The rubber planting depends on
the type of land, if it is levelled one, square planting is suitable where as slope lands are best
for rectangular plantation. In hilly areas, row planting is recommended across the slope along
the contour lines. Make sure to form 2m width of terrace. The rubber plant density for 1
hectare land is about 450. Pits of 75 cm x 75 cm x 75 cm should be dug and lled with top
soil having 10 kg organic matter and 150 grams of rock phosphate. Make sure to plant in the
middle of the pit providing mulch (http://agrifarming.in/tag/mulch) and shade.
Planting Season in Rubber Plantation: – In rubber cultivation, June to July is the best season
for its plantation.
Propagation in Rubber Plantation:- Normally in rubber cultivation, propagation is done
through green budding, crown budding and brown budding.
Planting Method and Spacing in Rubber Plantation:-
Manures and Fertilizers in Rubber Plantation:- Normally rubber plants responds very well to
organic matter and fertilizers.
10 to 12 kg of well rotten organic manure and 225 grams of rock phosphate should be applied
to each plant pit while preparing the pit as basal application.  This dosage is recommended up
to 4th year of planting.
In case of soils having magnesium de ciency a fertilizer mixture of 10:10:4:1.5 of N:
P2O5:K2O: MgO @ 100, 400, 500 & 400 kg per hectare should be applied during the 1st, 2nd,
3rd & 4th year of rubber planting.
In case of magnesium rich soils, a fertilizer mixture of 12:12:6 of N: P2O5:K2O @ 85, 340, 430
and 340 kg per hectare should be applied during 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th year of rubber planting.
From 5th years onwards, NPK mixture of 10:10:10 @ 300kg per hectare or 900 grams per tree
is recommended.
In the case of polybag planting, double dose of fertilizers should be applied during the rst
year.
year.
Intercultural Operations and Weed control in Rubber Plantation:-
Intercropping: – In rubber plantation is intercropping will generate good revenue during
rst two years of cultivation. The suitable intercrops in rubber plantation are like ginger
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vegetables (http://agrifarming.in/tag/vegetables), pineapple, banana and medicinal or
herbal plants.
Cover cropping:- Cover cropping is helpful in sloppy regions to prevent soil erosion. This
also helps in enhancing the soil fertility and controls the weed growth along with soil
temperature. Intercropping like Leguminous crops will help in nitrogen xation in the soil.
Calopagonium muconoides, centrosema pubescens, pueraria phaseoloides and desmodium
evalifolium are common cover crops in rubber plantation.
Weed Control: In rubber plantation, weeding is usually carried out manually or chemically
or through a combination of both. The main weeds commonly found in rubber plantation
are Axonopus, Paspalum, Digitaria, Mikania, Sida, Pennisetum, Eupatorium, Chromolaena,
Borreria, Lantana, Mimosa, Clerodendron. As a pre-emergence application, chemical
herbicides like Alachor, Diuron & Simazina should be applied to control the weeds.
Herbicides like Paraquat and Glyphosate can be applied in the post emergent stage.
Pests and Diseases in Rubber Plantation:- Scale insect, Termite (White ant), Mealy bug,
Cockchafer grub and Mites are the main pests in rubber plantation.
The following are the control measures of these pests:
Scale Insect: Spray malathion @ 50 EC 2 ml/liter of water.
Melay bug: Spray sh oil rosin-soap 25 grams/liter.
Termite: Drench the soil @ plant base with chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2 ml/litre of water.
Cockchafer grub: Drench the soil @ plant base in the affected area with chlorpyriphos 20
EC 2 ml/litre of water.
Mites: Spray Sulphur @ 50 WP at 2 grams/liter of water.
Rubber tree is subjected to many diseases  like abnormal leaf fall, secondary leaf fall, Bird’s
eye spot, Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, pink disease, patch canker or bark cankers, dry rot,
stump rot, collar rot or charcoal rot and brown root disease are the main disease found in
rubber farming.
The following are the control measures of these diseases.
Abnormal leaf fall: This can be controlled by single round of spray with about 30 – 35
liters of fungicide oil mixture per hectare (1:5 proportions).
Secondary leaf fall: Abnormal leaf fall control measure will prevent this disease as well.
Powdery mildew: Spraying wettable sulphur of 1 kg in 4000 liters of water should be
enough to control this disease.
Bird’s eye spot: To control this, spray repeatedly with Bordeaux mixture (1%).
Leaf spot: Spraying 1% Bordeaux mixture will control leaf spot disease @ fortnightly (2
week) intervals.
Pink Disease: During the months of July and September, a thorough inspection of trees
should be done to determine the infected rubber plants/trees. Bordeaux paste in the initial
stages up to 30 cm above & below the affected region should be applied.
Patch canker or Bark cankers: The affected area of the tree should be scraped to remove all
the rooting bark & the coagulated rubber. The wound should be washed with Dithane M
45 at the rate of 0.75 %. After the fungicide dries up, wound dressing compound should be
applied.
Dry rot, Stump rot, Collar rot or Charcoal rot: In affected area of tree bark and wood shows
black lines, affected regions should be cleaned with carbendazim solution (0.1%).Wound
should be washed again with fungicide solution and apply dressing compound once it’s
dried up.
Brown root disease: Dried or killed roots should be found and pruned. Partially effected
root system should be washed with fungicide solution of Carbendazim (0.1%). Once,
fungicide dries up, a thin wound dressing compound should be applied. Soil should be
 fungicide dries up, a thin wound dressing compound should be applied. Soil should be
re lled and drench the base with the solution of fungicide.
Plant growth and Tapping in Rubber Plantation:-
Plant growth: Usually, tree girth plays major role in tapping. The tree girth increases every
year. The tree girth grows about 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm in 1st, 2nd and 3 rd year of
plantation respectively. The girth rate would be faster after 3rd year and reaches about 30
cm at the end of 4th year and thereafter, can expect up to 37 to 40 cm of girth. Seventh
year is the end of gestation period and trunk girth can be expected about 50 cm &
becomes ready for tapping. In the rubber cultivation, latex production increases every year
up to 11th year. In the 1st year of tapping, about 65 to 70% of trees become matured for
operation.
Tapping: Tapping operation of trees begin when the rubber tree attains a girth of 50 cm at
height about 125 to 130 cm. usually, the number of tapping days in a year is about 200 to
325. Tapping wages are major component of the cost of production and which greatly
in uence the returns. Adopting low frequency tapping systems are recommended. Tapping
at the rate of once in 3, 4 and 6 days are most desirable to reduce the cost. To increase the
yield of latex, Ethrel is recommended at 5% a.i. concentration with a brush below the
tapping cut @ a width of 5 cm after light scraping of the outer bark. Preferably, the rst
application of Ethrel should be done after a drought period.

Collecting Latex from Rubber Tree

Yield of Rubber:-  In rubber plantation yield depends on the method of propagation. In any
method, usually yield increases year by year. The yield reaches peak after 14 to 15 years of
planting. An annual average yield of rubber is about 375 to 400 kg/hectare from seedlings
trees. In budded plants, an average yield of 800 – 1000 kg per hectare can be obtained.
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Saf ower Cultivation Information Guide

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 Mar 28, 2016  0

Saf ower Cultivation Guide: Introduction of Saf ower Cultivation:– Saf ower (kusum,
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