METHODS/PROCEDURE

The equipment used in this experiment include; a horizontal mounted track, heat
radiation source and a heat radiation detector(radiometer). The first step was to start the heat
radiation source prior before taking measurement when temperature reaches 50oC by
plugging in the heat source to an electrical source which in this case is a standard 120V plug.
Secondly, crank the machine power on the panel to maximum position and let the machine sit
until the reaches 50oC. After reaching desired temperature, record the radiometer reading R
(Wm-2) starting with 10cm distance between radiometer and the heat soruce, take reading
every 10cm until reaches 60cm (Figure 1.0). The experiment is repeated twice to get average
radiometer reading. All data are listed in a table (Table 1.0) and a table for log-log graph
(Figure 1.1) are also constructed (Table 1.1) based on data on table (Figue 1.0)

Figure 1.0

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION/TUTORIAL
Table 1.0

Distance
100 200 300 400 500 600
X(mm)

1)727 1)378 1)206 1)123 1)82 1)59

Radiometer 2)755 2)393 2)205 2)124 2)84 2)61

Reading Avg:741 Avg:385.5 Avg:205.5 Avg:123.5 Avg:83 Avg:60

R(Wm-2)
Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical
:1989.437 :497.359 :221.049 :124.340 :79.577 :55.262

Table 1.1

Log10
2.000 2.301 2.477 2.602 2.699 2.778
X

Log10
2.8700 2.5860 2.3128 2.0917 1.9191 1.7782
R

2
 Based on heat transferring system, there are many ways to transfer heat from one
medium to another medium, that includes conduction, convection and radiation. What
segregates radiation from conduction and convection is that it can occur without the presence
of object, or a medium of any sort. That being said radiation is much like sun emitting heat
from a vast distance in space, space has no vacuum in and of itself. In this virtual mini-sized
replication of the sun and the earth, the sun is represented by a heat source, any of its kind
and the earth is replaced with a heat radiation detector as shown in previous figure (Figure
1.0). The heat radiation detector in place on a horizontal mounted track, by which it can be
displaced to a certain distance available on the track. This is done to measure the heat
radiation one object feels,or called intensity as it is placed further from the source. This is
what is called the inverse-square law, which follows that the further the object is from the
source, the lower the intensity.

The experiment follows the inverse-square law proportinally, starting with the
apparatus, the heat radiator and the radiometer are placed on a mounted track as stated with
the distance between both heat radiator and the radiometer are increased for 10cm each time
readings for that distance are taken up until the distance of radiometer is 60cm apart from the
heat radiator. For this experiment, the procedure is repeated twice to obtain average
radiometer reading. The data obtain are as below on Table 1.2 where the first row on the
Radiometer readings are the first round and the second row follows as readings on round 2.
Based on the theoratical and average value obtained from experimental value, the same
pattern of intensity decrementing as distance increases is achieved. What is notable is that the
value is different especially on the first two reading, having a difference of more than 1000
and 200 respectively is subtantial. Few possible error are quickly taken into consideration to
minimize the critical reasoning as to why this error occur. One of which is the amount of
contaminent present in the air during radiation. Secondly, the surrounding temperature.
Provided that the experiment is conducted in a lab equiped with air conditioning system and
is operated througout the experiment may have caused certain fluctuation during experiment.
Lastly, the possible error of uneven heat emission from the heat source. Think of it like an
iron for clothes, the iron needs to be stationary until it reaches desired temperature before
ironing. The heat souce probably jumped too high in temperature before slowly decreasing its
temperature to desired temperature.

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Table 1.2

Distance
100 200 300 400 500 600
X(mm)

Radiometer
Reading 1)0.1989 2)0.04974 3)0.02210 4)0.01243 5)0.00796 6)0.00553
-2
YW cm )

1)727 1)378 1)206 1)123 1)82 1)59

2)755 2)393 2)205 2)124 2)84 2)61

Radiometer
Reading Avg:741 Avg:385.5 Avg:205.5 Avg:123.5 Avg:83 Avg:60
R(Wm-2)
Theoretical: Theoretical: Theoretical: Theoretical: Theoretical: Theoretical:

1989.437 497.359 221.049 124.340 79.577 55.262

The inverse-square law coincide with the log-log graph which represents the reading obtain
after conducting the experiment. This is to show that the readings recorded indeed follows the
law therefore the hypotesis can be accepted. The data for the log-log graph table (Table 1.3)
is obtained by logarithm process of the data from Table 1.2.

Table 1.3

Log10
2.000 2.301 2.477 2.602 2.699 2.778
X

Log10
2.8700 2.5860 2.3128 2.0917 1.9191 1.7782
R

The data obtained for the log-log graph shows a negative sloped graph as the X- axis
increases, the value of Y-axis decreases.

Slope of line -
2
Log10 R

Figure 1.1

Log10 X

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TUTORIAL

1. Plot radiometer reading (log10 R) against distance (log10 X)

Log-log graph
3.5

2.5
Log10 Y

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Log10 X

2. Show the Radiometer Reading R (Wm-2) calculation in Appendix of your

experimental report. Radiometer Sensor Surface Area = 1 cm2
- View Appendice*

3. Discuss the factors that affect the radiation heat transfer from the heat
source to the Radiometer (reading).
-Based on the experimental calculation and theoratical calculation, the difference is
substantial. One of the reason this occur is the amount of contaminent present in the
air during radiation process.
-Another factor that influenced the radiation process is the surrounding temperature of
the laboratory, provided that the experiment is conducted in a laboratory equipped
with air conditioning system that is kept running throughout the experiment
conductivity.

5
CONCLUSION

The purpose of this experiment is to show the tile intensity of radiation on a surface is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from radiation
source. The first reading at distance 100mm show the average reading of 741 Wm 2
which is really far from the theoretical value which is 1989.437 Wm 2 and the second
reading at distance 200mm show the average reading of 385.5 Wm 2 and the
theoretical value is 497.359 Wm 2 .Only this two reading show abnormalities might be
due to system error. Based on the result we get from this experiment, we know that
the tile intensity of radiation on surface is inversely proportional to the square
distance from radiation source. This is because when we increase the distance X, the
radiometer reading R will be decrease. Thats mean the further the distance of tile from
the radiation, the less heat will be transfer to the tile surface.

RECOMMENDATIONS
First and foremost we need to let the set the power to maximum position for 10
minutes before adjusting the distance of tile to make sure that the light source heated
of nicely. We also need to wait for 5 minutes after lock the tile at desired distance
before take the reading to make sure the reading is optimum. Lastly, we need to make
sure that the eyes position is directly proportional to the scale of reading to avoid
parallax error.