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UNIT -1 : ELECTROSTATICS 5. Define relative permittivity. 10. The electric field lines never intersect. Justify.
TWO MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS  Relative permittivity is defined as the ratio of  No two electric field lines intersect each other.
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1. State law of conservation of electric charge. permittivity of the medium to the permittivity  If two lines cross at a point, then there will be
 The total electric charge in the universe is of free space. two different electric field vectors at the same
𝜀
constant and charge can neither be created nor  𝜀𝑟 = point.
𝜀0
 As a consequence, if some charge is placed in
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be destroyed.
 For vacuum or air, 𝜀𝑟 = 1 and
 In any physical process, the net change in the intersection point, then it has to move in
 For all other media 𝜀𝑟 > 1.
charge will always be zero. two different directions at the same time, which
is physically impossible.
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6. State superposition principle of electric charge.
2. What is meant by quantization of charges?  Hence, electric field lines do not intersect.
The total charge acting on a given charge is
 The charge q on any object is equal to an
equal to the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all
integral multiple of this fundamental unit of 11. Define Electric dipole.
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the other charges.
charge e.  Two equal and opposite charges separated by a
 q = ne small distance constitute an electric dipole.
7. Define Electric field.
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 Here n is any integer (0, ±1, ±2, … . )  Examples: CO, H2O, NH3, HCl
 Electric field at a point P at a distance r from
 This is called quantization of electric charge. the point charge q is the force experienced by a
unit charge. 12. What is general definition of electric dipole
3. State Coulomb’s law. 1 𝑞 moment?
 𝐸= r
Coulomb’s law states that the electrostatic force 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2  The magnitude of the electric dipole moment is
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is directly proportional to the product of the  It is a vector quantity. equal to the product of one of the charges and
magnitude of the two point charges and inversely  Its SI unit is NC-1 the distance between them.
 p = q2a
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proportional to the square of the distance between
the two point charges. 8. Write Coulomb’s law in terms of electric field.  It is a vector quantity.
 If the electric field at a point P is 𝐸 , then the  Its SI unit is C m
4. Write down Coulomb’s law in vector form and force experienced by the test charge 𝑞0 placed
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mention what each term represents. at the point P is 𝐹 = 𝑞0 𝐸 13. Define electric potential difference.
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
 F21 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 r12  This is Coulomb’s law in terms of electric field. The electric potential difference is defined as
0 𝑟
the work done by an external force to bring unit
 F21 - force on the charge 𝑞2 exerted by the
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9. What is meant by Electric field lines? positive charge form one point to another point.
charge 𝑞1 .
 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 - two point charges. Electric field lines are the imaginary curved
path along which a unit charge tends to move in an 14. Define electrostatic potential.
 r – distance between the two point charges
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electric field. The electric potential at a point P is equal to the
 r12 - unit vector from 𝑞1 𝑡𝑜 𝑞2 . work done by an external force to bring a unit positive
 𝜀0 – permittivity of free space. charge with constant velocity from infinity to the point P
 𝜀0 = 8.85 x 10−12 𝐶 2 𝑁 −1 𝑚−2 in the region of the external electric field E.
P.ILAIYARAJA M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,PGDCA., PG Asst in Physics, Govt Hr Sec School, Pappanadu, Thanjavur Dt. Page 1
15. What is equipotential surface?  The electrons in a dielectric are bound within THREE MARKS
An equipotential surface is a surface on which the atoms. 1. Discuss the basic properties of electric charges.
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all the points are at the same potential.  Examples: Ebonite, Glass, and Mica Electric charge:
 The electric charge is an intrinsic and
16. Give the relation between electric field and electric 21. What is Polarisation? fundamental property of particles.
 The SI unit of charge is coulomb.
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potential.  Polarisation P is defined as the total dipole
 The electric field is the negative gradient of the moment per unit volume of the dielectric. Conservation of charges:
electric potential.  P = χe Eext  The total electric charge in the universe is
𝑑𝑉
 𝐸=− constant and charge can neither be created nor
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𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 22. What is dielectric breakdown? be destroyed.
 𝐸= − 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘
 When the external electric field applied to a  In any physical process, the net change in the
charge will always be zero.
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dielectric is very large, it tears the atoms apart
17. Define electrostatic potential energy. Quantization of charges:
so that the bound charges become free charges.
The electrostatic potential energy is defined as
 Then the dielectric starts to conduct electricity.  The charge q on any object is equal to an
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the work done to bring a test charge from one point integral multiple of this fundamental unit of
 This is called dielectric breakdown.
to another point in an electrostatic field. charge e.
23. What is dielectric strength?  q = ne
18. Define electric flux.  Here n is any integer (0, ±1, ±2, … . )
The maximum electric field the dielectric can
 The number of electric field lines crossing a  This is called quantization of electric charge.
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withstand before it breakdowns is called dielectric
given area kept normal to the electric field lines
strength.
is called electric flux. 2. What are the differences between Coulomb force
 It is a scalar quantity.
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24. Define capacitance. Give its unit. and gravitational force?
 Its unit is N m2 C-1  The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as Gravitational force Coulomb force
the ratio of the magnitude of charge on either of It can be attractive or
19. What is meant by electrostatic energy density? the conductor plates to the potential difference It is always attractive repulsive, depending
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 The energy stored per unit volume of space is existing between the conductors. between two masses. upon the nature of
defined as energy density. 𝑄 charges
1  𝐶 = G = 6.626 x 10−11 N m2 kg−2 k = 9 x 109 N m2 C−2
2 𝑉
 Energy stored is 𝑈𝐸 = 2 𝜀0 𝐴𝑑 𝐸
 Its SI unit is coulomb per volt or farad (F) It depends on nature of
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 Energy density is 𝑢𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2 It is independent of the the medium in which
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25. What is action at points or corona discharge? medium the two charges are
The leakage of electric charges from the sharp kept at rest.
20. What is dielectric or an insulator? If the charges are in motion,
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It is same whether two
 A dielectric is a non-conducting material has no points of the charged conductor is called as action yet another force (Lorentz
point masses are at rest force) comes into play in
free electrons. at points or corona discharge.
or in motion addition to coulomb force.
3. Write a short note on superposition principle of  No twos electric field lines intersect each other.  A sensitive electrical instrument which is to be
electric charge.  The number of electric field lines that emanate protected from external electrical disturbance is
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Superposition principle of electric charge: from the positive charge or end at a negative kept inside this cavity.
The total force acting on a give charge is equal charge is directly proportional to the magnitude  This is called electrostatic shielding.
to the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the of the charges.  Faraday cage is an instrument used to
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other charges. demonstrate this effect.
 Consider a system of n charges, namely 5. What are the properties of an equipotential surface?
𝑞1 , 𝑞2 , 𝑞3 , … … 𝑞𝑛 .  The work done to move a charge q between any 8. Differentiate between non-polar and polar
two points A and B, 𝑊 = 𝑞(𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ) molecules.
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𝑞1 𝑞2
 F12 = 𝑘 r  If the points A and B lie on the same Non – polar molecules Polar molecules
𝑟 2 21
equipotential surface, work done is zero In polar molecules, theIn polar molecules, the
𝑞1 𝑞3 because 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 centers of positive andcenters of the positive
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 F13 = 𝑘 r
𝑟 2 31  The electric field is normal to an equipotential negative charges
and negative charges
coincide. are separated even in
surface.
 By continuing this, the total force acting on the the absence of external
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electric field.
charge due to all other charges is given by 6. Discuss the various properties of conductors in They have no permanent They have a permanent
electrostatic equilibrium. dipole moment. dipole moment.
 F1tot = F12 + F13 + ⋯ + F1n  The electric field is zero everywhere inside the Ex: H2, O2, CO2 Ex: H2O, N2O, HCl
conductor. This is true regardless of whether
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𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞1 𝑞𝑛
 F1tot = r
𝑟 2 21
+ r
𝑟 2 31
+⋯ r
𝑟 2 𝑛1
the conductor is solid or hollow. 9. Obtain an expression for the capacitance of a
 There is no net charge inside the conductors. parallel plate capacitor.
The charges must reside only on the surface of  Consider a capacitor with two parallel plates
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4. What are the properties of electric field lines?
the conductors. each of cross-sectional area A and separated by
 They start form a positive charge and end at
negative charge or at infinity.  The electric field outside the conductor is a distance d.
perpendicular to the surface of the conductor  The electric field between two infinite parallel
 For a positive point charge, the electric field
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𝜍 𝜍
lines pint radially outward and has a magnitude of 𝜀 plates is uniform and is given by 𝐸 = 𝜀
0 0
𝑄
 For a negative point charge, the electric field  The electrostatic potential has the same value  Where σ is the surface charge density, 𝜍 =
𝐴
lines point radially inward. on the surface and inside of the conductor.  If d2 << A, then the above result is used even
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 The electric field vector at a point in space is for finite – sized parallel plate capacitor.
tangential to the electric field line at that point. 7. Write a short note on electrostatic shielding. 𝑄
 The electric field between the plates is 𝐸 =
 The electric field lines are denser in a region  Consider a cavity inside the conductor 𝐴𝜀 0

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where the electric field has large magnitude and  Whatever the charges at the surfaces and The electric potential between the plates is
𝑄𝑑
less dense in a region where the electric field is whatever the electrical disturbances outside, the 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝐴𝜀
0
of smaller magnitude. electric field inside the cavity is zero.
𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴 𝜀0 𝐴
 The capacitance , 𝐶 = =  As 𝐶 = and V = Ed  The metal body of the bus provides
𝑉 𝑑 𝑑
1 electrostatic shielding.
 𝐶∝𝐴  𝑈𝐸 = 2 𝜀0 (𝐴𝑑)𝐸 2
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1  Since, the electric field inside is zero.
 𝐶∝𝑑  𝐴𝑑 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 of the space between the  During lightning, the charges flow through the
capacitor plates. body of the conductor to the ground with no
 The energy stored per unit volume of space is
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effect on the person inside that bus.
𝐸𝑈
defined as energy density, 𝑢𝐸 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
1 13. Write a short note on lightning arrester or lightning
 The energy density, 𝑢𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2
2
conductor.
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 From the above equation, the energy is stored
 Lightning arrester is a device used to protect
10. Obtain the expressions for the energy stored in the in the electric field existing between the plates
tall buildings from lightning strikes.
capacitor and energy density. of the capacitor.
 It works on the principle of action at points or
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 Capacitor not only stores the charge but also it  The energy density depends only on the electric
corona discharge.
stores energy. field and not on the size of the plates of the
capacitor.  This device consists of a long thick copper rod
 When a battery is connected to the capacitor,
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passing from top of the building to the ground.
electrons fo total charge –Q are transferred
11. What are the applications of capacitor?  The upper end of the rod has a sharp spike or a
from one plate to the other plate.
 Capacitors are used as flash capacitors in sharp needle.
 To transfer the charge, work is done by the
digital camera to release the energy as flash.  The lower ned of the rod is connected to the
battery.
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 Capacitors are used in heart defibrillator copper plate which is buried deep into the
 This work done is stored as electrostatic
device to give a sudden surge of a large ground.
potential energy in the capacitor.
amount electrical energy to the patient’s chest  When a negatively charged cloud is passing
 To transfer charge dQ for a potential difference
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to retrieve the normal heart function. above the building, it induces a positive
V, dW = V dQ
 Capacitors are used in the ignition system of charge on the spike.
 Where V = Q / C
Q automobile engines to eliminate sparking.  Since the induced charge density on thin sharp
Q Q2
 W   dQ   Capacitors are used to reduce power spike is large, it results in a corona discharge.
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0
C 2C  This positive charge ionizes the surrounding
fluctuations in power supplies and to increase
 This work done is stored as electrostatic the efficiency of power transmission. air which in turn neutralizes the negative
potential energy (UE) in the capacitor. charge in the cloud.
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Q2 12. Is it safer to be sit inside a bus than standing under  The negative charge pushed to the spikes
1
 𝑈𝐸 = = 2 𝐶𝑉 2 a tree during lightning accompanied by thundering? passes through the copper rod and is sagely
2C
 During lightning accompanied by a diverted to the Earth.
 This stored energy is directly proportional to
 The lightning arrester does not stop the
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the capacitance of the capacitor and the square thunderstorm, it is always safer to sit inside a
bus than in open ground or under a tree. lightning: rather it diverts the lightning to the
of the voltage between the plates of the
ground safely.
capacitor.
FIVE MARKS  We never come across 1 coulomb of charge in  The electrostatic force obeys Newton’s third
1. Explain in detail Coulomb’s law and its various practice. law. F12 = −F21
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aspects.  Most of the electrical phenomena in day – to –  The expression for Coulomb force is true only
Coulomb’s law: day life involve electrical charges of the order for point charges.
Coulomb’s law states that the electrostatic of 𝜇𝐶 or 𝑛𝐶.  But the point charge is an ideal concept.
 In SI units, Coulomb’s law in vacuum takes the
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force is directly proportional to the product of the  However we can apply Coulomb’s law for two
magnitude of the two point charges and is 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
form F21 = r12 . charged objects whose sizes are very much
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2
inversely proportional to the square of the smaller than the distance between them.
 In a medium of permittivity 𝜀 , the force
distance between the two point charges.  In fact, Coulomb discovered his law by
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1 𝑞1 𝑞2 between two point charges is given by
F21 = r 1 𝑞1 𝑞2 considering the charged spheres in the torsion
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 12 F21 = r
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 12 balance as point charges.
 The distance between the two charged spheres
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Important aspects of Coulomb’s law:
is much greater than the radii of the spheres.
 The force on the charge q2 exerted by the
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charge q1 always lies along the line joining the 2. Define electric field and discuss its various aspects.
two charges. Electric field:
 r12 is the unit vector pointing from charge q1 to  The electric field at the point P at a distance r
q2. form the point charge q is the force experienced
1 𝑞
 Likewise, the force on the charge q1 exerted by by a unit charge and is given by 𝐸 = r
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4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 2
q2 is along – r12  It is a vector quantity
1  Since 𝜀 > 𝜀0 , the force between two point
 In SI units, 𝑘 = 4𝜋𝜀 and its value is  Its SI unit is NC-1
0 charges in a medium other than vacuum is
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9 x 109 N m2 C −2 . always less than that in vacuum. Important aspects of Electric field:
 Here 𝜀0 is the permittivity of fee space or  Relative permittivity, 𝜀𝑟 =
𝜀  If the charge q is positive then the electric filed
𝜀0 points away from the source charge
vacuum and the value of
 For vacuum or air, 𝜀𝑟 = 1  If q is negative, the electric filed points
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−12 2 −1 −2
𝜀0 = 8.85 x 10 𝐶 𝑁 𝑚
 For all other media, 𝜀𝑟 > 1
 The magnitude of the electrostatic force towards the source charge q.
 Coulomb’s law has same structure as Newton’s
between two charges each of one coulomb and  If the electric field at a point P is 𝐸 , then the
law of gravitation.
separated by a distance of 1 m is calculated as force experienced by the test charge q0 placed
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 Both are inversely proportional to the square of
follows: at the point P is 𝐹 = q0 𝐸
9 x 10 9 x 1x1
the distance between the particles.
 F= 9
= 9 x 10 N  The electrostatic force is directly proportional  This is the Coulomb’s law in terms of electric
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 This is a huge quantity, almost equivalent to the filed.
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to the product of the magnitude of two point
weight of one million ton. charges and gravitational force is directly  The electric field is independent of the test
proportional to the product of two masses. charge q0 and it depends only on the source
charge q.
 As distance increases, the electric filed ∆𝑞1 , ∆𝑞2 , ∆𝑞3 … . . ∆𝑞𝑛 , and each charge Surface charge distribution:
decreases in magnitude. element ∆𝑞 is taken as point charge.  Surface charge density is defined as the charge
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 Test charge is made sufficiently small so such  The electric field at a point P is given by per unit area.
1 𝑛 ∆𝑞 𝑖 𝑄
that it will not modify the electric field of the E ≈ 𝑖=1 𝑟 2 r𝑖𝑃 ------------- (1)  𝜍=𝐴
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑖𝑃
source charge.
 However the above equation is only an  Its unit is C m-2

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For continuous and finite charge distributions,
approximation.  The charge present in the infinitesimal area dA
integration techniques must be used.
 To incorporate the continuous distribution of is 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜍𝑑𝐴
 There are two kinds of electric field: uniform
charge, we take the limit ∆𝑞 → 0.  The electric field due to the line of total charge
electric field and non – uniform electric field.
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1 dq 𝜍 𝑑𝐴
 Equation (1) now becomes, E = r Q is given by 𝐸 = 𝑟
 Uniform electric filed will have the same 4πε 0 r2 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2
direction and constant magnitude at all points
Linear charge distribution:
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in space.
 Non – uniform electric field will have  Linear charge density is defined as the charge
different directions or different magnitudes or per unit length.
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𝑄
both at different points in space.  𝜆= 𝐿
 This non – uniformity arises, both in direction  Its unit is C m-1
and magnitude, with the direction being  The charge present in the infinitesimal length dl
radially outward or inward and the magnitude is 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙
changes as distance increases.
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 The electric field due to the line of total charge
𝜆 𝑑𝑙
Q is given by 𝐸 = 𝑟 Volume charge distribution:
3. How do we determine the electric field due to a 4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟2
 Volume charge density is defined as the charge
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continuous charge distribution? Explain.
 Consider the following charged object of per unit volume.
𝑄
irregular shape as shown in figure.  𝜌=𝑉
 Its unit is C m-3
O O 

The charge present in the infinitesimal volume
element dV is 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉
The electric field due to the line of total charge
Q is given by 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀
𝜌
0
𝑑𝑉
𝑟2
𝑟
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The entire charged object is divided into a large
number of charge
elements
P.ILAIYARAJA M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,PGDCA., PG Asst in Physics, Govt Hr Sec School, Pappanadu, Thanjavur Dt.
Page 6
4. Calculate the electric field due to an electric dipole 5. Calculate the electric field due to an electric dipole 6. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by
at points on its axial line. at points on its axial line. a dipole due to a uniform electric field.
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 AB is an electric dipole.  AB is an electric dipole.  Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment
 A point C is located at a distance r from the  A point C is located at a distance r from the 𝑝 placed in a uniform electric field E .
midpoint O of the dipole along the axial line. midpoint O of the dipole on the equatorial  The charge +q will experience a force 𝑞𝐸 in the
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plane.
𝑞 direction of the field.
 𝐸+ = 𝑘 (along BC)
 The charge -q will experience a force 𝑞𝐸 in the
𝑟 2 +𝑎 2
direction opposite to the field.
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𝑞 𝑞
 𝐸+ = 𝑘 𝑝 ( 𝑝 acts along BC )  𝐸− = 𝑘 (along CA)  Since the external field is uniform, the total
(𝑟−𝑎)2 𝑟 2 +𝑎 2
force acting on the dipole is zero.
 E + and E – are resolved into two components:
𝑞  These two forces acting at different points will
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 𝐸 − = −𝑘 𝑝  Perpendicular components E + sin θ and
(𝑟+𝑎)2 constitute a couple and the dipole experience a
E − sin θ are oppositely directed and cancel torque.

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 E tot = E + + E – each other. This torque tends to rotate the dipole.
 The total electric field is due to the sum of the  The total torque is perpendicular to the plane of
1 1 parallel components E + cos θ and E − cos θ the paper and is directed into it.
 𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑘𝑞 − (𝑟+𝑎)2 𝑝
(𝑟−𝑎)2  𝜏 = 𝑂𝐴 x −𝑞𝐸 + 𝑂𝐵 x 𝑞𝐸
 The direction of total electric field is along −𝑝
 𝜏 = 𝑂𝐴 qE sin 𝜃 + 𝑂𝐴 qE sin 𝜃
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4𝑟𝑎
 𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑘𝑞 𝑝  E tot = − E + cos θ 𝑝 − E − cos θ 𝑝  𝜏 = 2𝑞𝑎𝐸 sin 𝜃
(𝑟 2 −𝑎 2 )2
 𝜏 = 𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜃
 The total electric field is along E +, since +q is
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closer to C than –q.  E tot = −2 E + cos θ 𝑝 (∵ E + = E − )  𝜏=𝑝 x 𝐸
 Torque is maximum when 𝜃 = 90°
2𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃  Torque is zero when 𝜃 = 0°
 𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −𝑘 𝑝 
𝑟 2 +𝑎 2
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If the electric field is not uniform, then there
will be net force acting on the dipole in
 If r >> a, then (r 2 − 𝑎2 )2 = r 4 2𝑞𝑎 𝑎 addition to the torque.
4𝑎𝑞  𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −𝑘 3 𝑝 ∵ cos θ =
 𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑝 (𝑟 ≫ 𝑎) 𝑟 2 +𝑎 2 2 r2 +𝑎2
O
𝑟3

1 𝑝
 2𝑎𝑞 𝑝 = 𝑝 and 𝑘 = 4𝜋𝜀  𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = −𝑘 3 ∵ 𝑝 = 2𝑞𝑎𝑝
0 𝑟 2 +𝑎 2 2
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 At very large distances, r >> a
1 2𝑝 1 𝑝 1
 𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = (𝑟 ≫ 𝑎)  𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎 (𝑘 = )
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟 3 𝑟3 4𝜋𝜀 0
0
7. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential due  Potential due to collection of point charges is 1 1
calculation for calculation for
to a point charge.  𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑉4 r1 r2
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 Consider a positive charge q kept fixed at the By the cosine law for By the cosine law for
origin. 𝑞1 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑘 𝑟1
+ 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 … … + 𝑟𝑛 triangle BOP triangle AOP
 Let P be a point at distance r from the charge q. 2 3 𝑛
r12  r 2  a 2  2 ra cos  r22  r 2  a 2  2 ra cos 
n
𝑟 1 qi

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 The electric potential at P is 𝑉 = − ∞
𝐸 . 𝑑𝑟  Vtot 
𝑞 4 0 i1 ri
 𝐸 = 𝑘 𝑟2 𝑟  a2 2a   a2 2a 
𝑟 𝑞
r12  r 2 1  2  cos   r22  r 2 1  2  cos  
 𝑉 = −𝑘 ∞ 𝑟2
𝑟. 𝑑𝑟  r r   r r 
U
𝑟 𝑞
 𝑉 = −𝑘 ∞ 𝑟2
𝑑𝑟 (∵ 𝑟. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟)
𝑞 a2 a2
 After integration, 𝑉 = 𝑘 𝑟 Neglecting 2 Neglecting 2
r r
T
1 𝑞 1
 𝑉 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
∵ 𝑘 = 4𝜋𝜀 since r >> a since r >> a
0 0
  2a   2a 
For positive charge, V > 0 r12  r 2 1  cos   r22  r 2 1  cos  
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 For negative charge, V < 0  r   r 
1 𝑞
 For negative charge, 𝑉 = −
1 1
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟  2a 2  2a 2
r1  r1  cos   r2  r1  cos  
 The potential due to positive charge 8. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential due  r   r 
decreases as the distance increases.
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to an electric dipole.  12  12
 The potential due to negative charge  Consider two equal and opposite charges 1 1 2a  1 1 2a 
 1  cos    1  cos  
increases as the distance is increased. separated by a small distance 2a. r1 r  r  r2 r  r 
 The point P is located at a distance r from the
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 At infinity, electrostatic potential is zero. Using Binomial theorem Using Binomial theorem
 A positive charge moves from a point of midpoint of the dipole. 1 1 a  1 1 a 
 Let θ be the angle between the line OP and  1  cos    1  cos  
higher electrostatic potential to lower r1 r  r  r2 r  r 
dipole axis AB.
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electrostatic potential. 𝑞
 A negative charge moves from a point of  Potential at P due to +q, 𝑉1 = 𝑘
𝑟1 1 a  1 a 
lower electrostatic potential to higher 𝑞  𝑉 = 𝑘𝑞 1  cos    1  cos  
 Potential at P due to - q, 𝑉2 = −𝑘 𝑟 r r  r r 
2
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electrostatic potential. 1 1
 Total potential at P, 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑞 −𝑟
𝑟1 2 2 aq cos 
 Suppose if the point P is far away from the  Vk
r2
dipole, such that r >> a, then equation can be
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p cos 
expressed in terms of r.  Vk p  q2a 
r2
1 p cos   1   Now if the charge 𝑞2 is brought from  Similarly to bring the charge 𝑞3 to the point C,
 V  k  
4 0 r 2  4 0  infinity to that point at a distance r from 𝑞1 , work has to be done against the total electric
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  then 𝑊 = 𝑞2 𝑉 field due to both charges 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 .
 V
1 p .ˆr
r  a   p cos   p .ˆr   This work done is stored as the electrostatic  𝑊 = 𝑞3 (𝑉1𝐶 + 𝑉2𝐶 )
4 0 r 2
potential energy U of a system of charges
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𝑞 1 𝑞3 𝑞 2 𝑞3
Special cases: 𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 separated by a distance r.  𝑈=𝑘 +
𝑞 𝑞 𝑟13 𝑟23
 𝑈 = 𝑞2 𝑉 = 𝑘 1 2 2  The total electrostatic potential energy for the
1 p 𝑟
 If   0 , then V   The electrostatic potential energy depends only system of three charges is
4 0 r 2
U
on the distance between the two point charges. 𝑞 1 𝑞2 𝑞 1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
 𝑈=𝑘 + +
1 p  Three charges are arranged in the following 𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23
 If   180 , then V    This total potential energy U is equal to the
4 0 r 2 configuration as shown in Figure.
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total external work done to assemble the three
 If   90 , then V  0
charges at the given locations.
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10. Derive an expression for electrostatic potential
energy of the dipole in a uniform electric field.
 Consider a dipole placed in the uniform electric
field 𝐸 .
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 A dipole experiences a torque when kept in an
uniform electric field 𝐸 .
 This torque rotates the dipole to align it with
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the direction of the electric field.
 To calculate the total electrostatic potential  To rotate the dipole form its initial angle 𝜃 ′ to
energy, we use the following procedure. another angle 𝜃 against the torque exerted by
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9. Obtain an expression for potential energy due to a  Bringing a charge 𝑞1 from infinity to the point the electric field, an equal and opposite external
collection of three point charges which are A requires no work, because there are no other torque must be applied on the dipole.
separated by finite distances. charges already present in the vicinity of charge  The work done by the external torque to rotate
 The electric potential at a point at a distance r 𝑞1 . the dipole from angle 𝜃 ′ to 𝜃 to at constant
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𝑞1
from point charge 𝑞1 is given by 𝑉 = 𝑘 𝑟  To bring the second charge 𝑞2 to the point B, 
 This potential V is the work done to bring a work must be done against the electric field
angular velocity is W   ext d 
'
unit positive charge from infinity to the created by the charge 𝑞1 .
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 𝜏𝐸 = 𝑝 x 𝐸
point.  𝑊 = 𝑞2 𝑉1𝐵
𝑞 𝑞  𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝜏𝐸 = 𝑝 x 𝐸 = 𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜃
 𝑈=𝑘 1 2
𝑟 12
  The electric field of the point charge is directed  It is seen that the total electric flux is the same
 W   pE sin  d radially outward at all points on the surface of for closed surfaces A1, A2 and A3.
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'
the sphere.  Gauss’s law states that if a charge Q is enclosed
 
W  pE cos '  cos  d  Therefore , the direction of the area element 𝑑A by an arbitrary closed surface, then the total
 This work done is equal to the potential energy is along the electric field E and θ = 0° electric flux 𝜙𝐸 through the closed surface is
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difference between the angular positions 𝜃 and Q encl
E 
𝜃′ . 0
 𝑈 𝜃 − 𝑈 𝜃 ′ = ∆𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸 cos 𝜃 + 𝑝𝐸 cos 𝜃 ′
 Q encl denotes the charges inside the closed
 𝐼𝑓𝜃 ′ = 90°, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑈 𝜃 ′ = 0
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 The potential energy stored in the system of surface.
dipole kept in the uniform electric field is given
12. Obtain the expression for electric field due to an
by 𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸 cos 𝜃 = −𝑝 . 𝐸
T
infinitely long charged wire.
 𝐼𝑓𝜃 = 180°, dipole is aligned anti – parallel to
 Consider an infinitely long straight wire having
the external field and the potential energy is
uniform linear charge density 𝜆.
S
maximum.
 cos 0  1  Let P be a point located at a perpendicular
 𝐼𝑓𝜃 = 0°, dipole is aligned parallel to the 
  E  E dA
distance r from the wire.
external field and the potential energy is
minimum.   E  E dA   The electric field at the point P can be found
using Gauss’s law.
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Q
 dA  4r and E  k
2
  A1 and A2 are the two small charge elements on
r2
the wire which are at equal distances from the
Q
 E  point P.
Z
------------ (1)
0  The resultant electric field due to these two
 The above equation is called Gauss’s law. charge elements points radially away from the
 The equation (1) is equally true for any charged wire and the magnitude of electric field
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arbitrary shaped surface which encloses the is same at all points on the circle of radius r.
charge Q.  Let us choose a cylindrical Gaussian surface of
radius r and length L.
 The total electric flux in this closed surface is
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11. Obtain Gauss’s law form Coulomb’s law.  
 A positive point charge Q is surrounded by an  E   E . dA
imaginary sphere of radius r.      
 Total electric flux through the closed surface of   E   E . dA   . dA 
E  . dA
E
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  Curved Top Bottom
 
the sphere is  E  E .dA  E dA cos  surface surface surface
   
 For the curved surface, E . dA  E . dA  E   E . dA
  0, cos 0  1      
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Q encl

 
For the top and bottom surfaces, E . dA  0  E . dA   E . dA   E . dA 
Curved P P'
0
  90, cos 90  0 surface
 At curved surface, E and dA are perpendicular
D
 Therefore, the total electric flux through the
to each other.
curved surface is
 At P and P’, E and dA are parallel to each
  Q
  E   E . dA  encl other.
U
0 Q encl
 E .dA   E .dA 
Curved
surface 
0
 Qencl  L P P'
T
 Q encl  A
L
 E  dA  A
Curved
0  2E  dA 
0
S
surface
P
  dA  2rL
Curved
  dA  A
P
surface
A
L  2EA 
 E .2rL  0
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0
13. Obtain the expression for electric field due to a 
1   E
 E charged infinite plane sheet. 2 0
2 0 r
Z
 Consider an infinite plane sheet of charges with 
 1   
 E ˆr uniform surface charge density σ.  E n
2 0 r  Let P be a point at a distance of r from the
2 0
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 The electric field due to the infinite charged sheet.
1 1  Since the plane is infinitely large, the electric
wire depends on 𝑟
rather than 𝑟2
for a point
field should be same at all points equidistant
charge. from the plane and radially directed at all
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 The electric field is always along the points.
perpendicular direction to wire.  A cylindrical shaped Gaussian surface of length
 If 𝜆 > 0 then 𝐸 points perpendicular outward 2r and area A of the flat surfaces is chosen such
D
from the wire. that the infinite plane sheet passes
 If 𝜆 < 0 then 𝐸 points perpendicular inward. perpendicular through the middle part of the
Gaussian surface.
14. Obtain the expression for electric field due to two 15. Obtain the expression for electric field due to a At a point on the surface of the spherical shell
parallel charged plane sheets. uniformly charged spherical shell. ( r = R):
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 Consider two infinitely large charged plane At a point outside the spherical shell (r >R):  1 Q
E r (r = R)
sheets with equal and opposite charge densities  Let us choose a point P outside the shell at a 4 0 r 2
+σ and –σ which are placed parallel to each distance r from the center.
At a point outside the spherical shell (r <R):
 The charge is uniformly distributed on the
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other.
 Consider a point P inside the shell at a distance
 The magnitude of the electric field due to an surface of the sphere.
r form the center.
  Hence the electric field must point radially
infinite charged plane sheet is and it  A Gaussian sphere of radius r is constructed.
outward if Q > 0 and point radially inward if 
U
2 0  Q
points perpendicularly outward if σ > 0 and
Q < 0.
  Q
  E . dA  
Gaussian 0
points inward if σ < 0.   . dA   0
E surface
T
 At the points P2 and P3, the electric fields due to Gaussian Q
surface  E .4r 2 
both plates are equal in magnitude an opposite
Q 0
in direction.  E  . dA  
S
 Since Gaussian surface encloses no charge,
 As a result, electric field at a point outside the Gaussian 0
surface Q = 0.
plates is zero.

 dA 4r
 2 E = 0.
 But inside the plate, electric fields are in same
Gaussian  The electric field due to the uniformly charged
direction. surface
spherical shell is zero at all points inside the
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 The total electric field at P1 is Q shell.
    E .4r 2 
E inside    0
2 0 2 0  0
Z
1 Q
 The direction of the electric field inside the  E
4 0 r 2
plates is directed from positively charged plate
 1 Q
to negatively charged plate and is uniform  E r
O
everywhere inside the plate. 4 0 r 2
D O
16. Explain the process of electrostatic induction.  Since the ground can always receive any realings the charges so that an internal electric
amount of electrons, grounding removes the field is produced.
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electron from the conducting sphere.  The magnitude of the internal electric field is
 When the grounding wire is removed from the smaller than that of external electric field.
conductor, the positive charges remain near the  Therefore the net electric field inside the
D
charged rod. dielectric is no t zero but is parallel to an
 Now the charged rod is taken away from the external electric field with magnitude less than
conductor. that of the external electric field.
 As soon as the charged rod is removed, the  For example, let us consider a rectangular
U
positive charge gets distributed uniformly on dielectric slab placed between two oppositely
the surface of the conductor. charged plates.
 The uniform electric field between the plates


Consider an uncharged conducting sphere at
rest on an insulating stand.
Suppose a negatively charged rod is brought
near the conductor without touching it.
The negative charge of the rod repels the
electrons in the conductor to the opposite side.
field is induced inside a dielectric.
Dielectrics:
S T
17. Explain dielectrics in detail and how an electric
 A dielectric is a non – conducting material and

has no free electrons.
 The electrons in a dielectric are bound within
the atoms.


acts as an external electric field which polarizes
the dielectric placed between plates.
The positive charges are induced on one side
surface and negative charges are induced on the
other side of surface.
But inside the dielectric, the net charge is zero
even in a small volume.
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As a result, positive charges are induced near
the region of the charged rod while negative  Ebonite, glass and mica are some examples.  So the dielectric in the external field is
charges on the farther side.  When an external electric field is applied, the equivalent to two oppositely charged sheets
 with the surface charge densities   b and
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Before introducing the charged rod, the free electrons are not free to move anywhere but
electrons were distributed uniformly on the they are realigned in a specific way.
 b
surface of the conductor and the net charge is  A dielectric is made up of either polar
zero. molecules or non – polar molecules.  These charges are called bound charges.
O
 Once the charged rod is brought near the  They are not free to move like free electrons in
Induced electric field inside the dielectric: conductors.
conductor, the distribution is no longer uniform
with more electrons located on the farther side  When an external electric field is applied on a
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of the rod and positive charges are located conductor, the charges are aligned in such a
closer to the rod. way that an internal electric field is created
 But the total charge is zero. which cancels the external electric field.

D
Now the conducting sphere is connected to the  But in the case of a dielectric, which has no
ground through a conducting wire. free electrons, the external electric field only
 This is called grounding.
18. Explain in detail the effect of a dielectric placed in  Since  r  1, C  C 0 19. Explain in detail the effect of a dielectric placed in
a parallel plate capacitor When the capacitor is a parallel plate capacitor when the battery remains
 Thus insertion of the dielectric increases the
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disconnected from the battery: connected to the capacitor.
capacitance.
 Consider a capacitor with two parallel plates  The potential difference V0 across the plates
 r  0 A A
each of cross –sectional area A and are  C  remains constant.
d d  But it is found experimentally that when
D
separated by a distance d.
 The capacitor is charged by a battery of voltage  The energy stored in the capacitor before the dielectric is inserted, the charge stored in the
Vo and the charge stored si Qo. 1 Q 02 capacitor is increased by a factor  r .
insertion of dielectric is U 0 
 The capacitance of the capacitor without the 2 C0  Q   r Q0
U
dielectric is Co = Vo / Qo  The energy stored in the capacitor after the
 The battery is then disconnected from the  C   r C0
U
capacitor and the dielectric is inserted between insertion of dielectric is U  o 0A
T
r  C0 
the plates. d
 The introduction of dielectric between the  Since  r  1, U  U 0
A
C
S
plates will decrease the electric field.  There is a decrease in energy because, when the 
d
E0 dielectric is inserted, the capacitor spends some 
 E The energy stored in the capacitor before the
r energy in pulling the dielectric inside.
1
insertion of dielectric is U 0  C 0 V02
 E0 is the electric field inside the capacitors 2
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when there is no dielectric.  The energy stored in the capacitor after the
  r is the relative permeability of the dielectric. insertion of dielectric is U   r U o
 Since  r  1, E  E 0


between the plates is also reduced.
constant once the battery is disconnected.
V  Ed 
E0
r
V
d 0
r
Z
As a result, the electrostatic potential difference
But at the same time, the charge will remain
O


C
Q0
V
D
Q
O
C   r 0   r C0
V0
C   r C0
20. Derive the expression for the resultant capacitance, 21. Explain in detail how charges are distributed in a  q 2  4r22  2
when capacitors are connected in series and in conductor.
 1r1   2 r2
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parallel.  Consider two conducting spheres A and B of
Capacitors in series Capacitors in parallel radii r1 and r2 respectively connected to each   r  constant
Three capacitors of other by a thin conducting wire.
Three capacitors of
capacitance C1, C2 and  The distance between the spheres is much
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capacitance C1, C2 and C3
C3 are connected in
are connected in parallel. greater than the radii of either sphere.
series.
Charge Q across each Potential difference  If a charge Q is introduced into any one of the
capacitor is same across each capacitor is spheres, this charge Q is redistributed into both
U
same. the spheres such that the electrostatic potential
V  V1  V2  V3 Q  Q1  Q 2  Q 3 is same in both the spheres. 22. Explain in detail the construction and working of a
 They are now uniformly charged and attain
T
Q = CV Q = CV Van de Graff generator.
electrostatic equilibrium. Principle: Action of points and Electrostatic
Q Q Q Q  C1V  C 2 V  C3 V  Let q1 be the charge residing on the surface of
V   induction.
S
C1 C 2 C 3 sphere A.
Construction:
Q Q  CP V  Let q2 be the charge residing on the surface of
V the sphere B.  A hollow metallic sphere A is mounted on
CS insulating pillars.
 Q = q1 + q2  A pulley B is mounted at the centre of the
Q Q Q Q C P V  C1V  C 2 V  C3 V  The charges are distributed only on the surface
  
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sphere.
C S C1 C 2 C 3 and there is no net charge inside the conductor.  Another pulley C is mounted near the bottom.
1 1 1 1 C P  C1  C 2  C3  The electrostatic potential at the surface of the  A silk belt moves over the pulleys.
  
 The pulley C is driven continuously by an
Z
C S C1 C 2 C 3 q1
sphere A is given by VA  k electric motor.
r1
 The comb shaped conductors D and E are
 The electrostatic potential at the surface of the mounted near the pulleys.
 A positive potential of 104 V is given to D by a
O
q2
sphere A is given by VB  k power supply.
r2
 E is connected to the inner side of the hollow
 The surface of the conductor is an sphere.
O
equipotential. WORKING:
 VA  VB
ACTION OF POINTS:
q1 q 2
 
D
r1 r2  Because of high electric field near D, the air
gets ionized due to action of points.
 q1  4r 1
1
2
 The negative charges in air move towards the
needles and positive charges are repelled on
Y
towards the belt.
 These positive charges stick to the belt, move
up and reach near E.
D
ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION:
 As a result of electrostatic induction, the comb

E acquires negative charge and the sphere
U
acquires positive charge.
 The acquired positive charge is distributed on
the outer surface of the sphere.
T
 The high electric field at E ionizes the air.
 The negative charges are repelled to the belt,
neutralizes the positive charge on the belt
S
before the belt passes over the pulley.
 Hence the descending belt will be left
uncharged.
Leakage of electric charge:
 Thus the machine continuously transfers the

positive charge to the sphere.
Y
 As a result, the potential of the sphere keeps
Z
increasing till it attains a limiting value.
 After this stage leakage of charge to the
surrounding starts due to the ionization of the
O
air.
Prevention of leaking electric charge:
 The leakage of charge from the sphere can be
reduced by enclosing it in a gas filled steel
O
chamber at a very high temperature.
Uses:
 It is used to produce large electrostatic potential
difference of the order of 107 V.
D
 This high voltage is used to accelerate positive
ions (protons, deuterons) for the purpose of
nuclear disintegration.
P.ILAIYARAJA M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,PGDCA., PG Asst in Physics, Govt Hr Sec School, Pappanadu, Thanjavur Dt.
Page 16

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HSC PLUS TWO

 At curved surface, E and dA are perpendicular

 A dielectric is a non – conducting material and

constant once the battery is disconnected.

But at the same time, the charge will remain

 As a result of electrostatic induction, the comb

Leakage of electric charge:

 Thus the machine continuously transfers the

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