ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

ISSUE’S TO BE DISCUSSED
• PROJECTIONS AND ITS TYPES
• ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
• 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE PROJECTION
 PROJECTION
• Any kind of representation of an object on a
paper, screen or similar surface by drawing
is called projection of that object.

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 TYPES OF PROJECTION
• Pictorial Projection : Length, breadth and
height of an object is shown in one view.

• Orthographic Projection : Projection

obtained when projectors are parallel to
each other but perpendicular to the plane of
projection.

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 Orthographic Projections

• An orthographic projection consists of the view

obtained view when the object is viewed from
very far away, so that the resulting rays are all
parallel.
• The parallel rays that are used for constructing the
views are called projectors.
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view

Front Right side

view view
 THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view
History

Depth
Width
Height
Defining the Six
Principal Views
or Orthographic
Views

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 Plane of projection
• Principal Planes
• Vertical Plane
• Horizontal Plane
• Auxiliary Plane
• Profile Plane
• Ground Line
• Front View or Elevation
• Top View or Plan
• Side View or Profile View 10
Principal planes in
drawing

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
 Front View When the observer looks at the object from the front, the
view obtained is called the front view (FV) or Elevation. FV is seen on the
VP.
 Top View When the observer looks at the object from above, the view
obtained is called top view (TV) or plan. TV is seen on the HP.
 Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side, i.e., from his
left-hand side or right hand side, the view obtained is called side view (SV).
SV is seen on the PP.
 Left-Hand Side View When the observer views the object from his
left-hand side, the view obtained is called left-hand side view (LHSV).
 Right Hand Side View When the observer views the object from his
right-hand side, the view obtained is called as right-hand side view
(RHSV).
 Bottom View When the observer looks to the object from below, the view
obtained is called bottom view (BV) or bottom plan.
 Rear View When the observer looks to the object from back, the view
obtained is called rear view (RV) or back view or rear elevation. 12
 PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European country First Quadrant
- ISO standard

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand

Third
Quadrant 13
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line


Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line
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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

1st angle system 3rd angle system

Right Side View Front View Top View

Top View Front View Right Side View

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The relationship on plane paper of the various
views in I angle

Right Front Left

View View View

Top
View
The relationship on plane paper of the various
views in III angle

Top
View

Left Front Right

View View View
 PROJECTION SYMBOLS

First angle system Third angle system

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 Difference in first and third angel projection

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First angle
projection
method

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Third angle
projection
method

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Why we are not using second and fourth angle projections ?

The second and

fourth angel
methods are not
used in practice
because after
rotating the
horizontal plane by
90° in clockwise
direction the front
view and top are
overlapping. So we
can not differentiate
the front and top
vies.
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Orthographic Writing
Steps
 WRITING STEPS

1. Select the necessary views

2. Layout the views.
3. Project the views.

4. Dimension the views.

1. SELECT THE NECESSARY VIEWS
 2. LAYOUT THE VIEWS

A4

152

64

25

45

152

Choose an 1:1
appropriate scale
PROJECT THE VIEWS
DIMENSION THE VIEWS
x
x

y
y
x x
y

y
PART NAME

NOTES
1. Dimensions in millimeters.
2. ….
 TRANSFERING
THE DEPTH DIMENSION
1. Direct measurement

3
27

2
1
0
1 2 3 27
0 Starting point
 TRANSFERING
THE DEPTH DIMENSION
2. Use miter line

45°

Views too close

 TANGENT & INTERSECTION
No line is formed when curved surface tangent
to a plane surface.

Line is formed when curved surface intersects

a plane surface.

No line

tangent intersect

No line

tangent intersect
 Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features
 OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or

more edges.

Edge Edge No edge

Corner No corner No corner

 OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.

Limitingelem is a line that represents the last visible

ent part of the curve surface.

Surface Surface Surface

Limit
Limit
Line Convention
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.

Leave
space

Correct

Join

No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

L Correct
T

No !
Object

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Viewing
Direction

Picture
Plane

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 Viewing
Direction

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 Viewing
Direction

 
 

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Drawing three views in III
angle

TOP

FRONT LEFT 47
Drawing three views in III
angle

TOP

FRONT LEFT 48
 Drawing three views in III
angle

? TOP

FRONT LEFT 49
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8

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×

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