EXPRESIONES CRÍTICAS

para la comprensión del inglés

técnico
 any : ( = ningún ) después de una expresión negativa
…there is a need to ensure that the transmitted signal is undisturbed by
any surrounding noise. (p. 97)

any : (= cualquier) ; antes de grupo verbal o

después de una expresión afirmativa

Any code, (…), can be represented by a table or list of symbols or characters and
their alternative (coded) meanings. ( Text p. 98, par. 1 )

At this point, you can perform any mathematical operations you choose (Text p.98, par.
6)
 Both + sustantivo plural = ambos / as + sust. plural

65. Both designs have advantages and disadvantages. (p.95)

Both + frase nom. 1 + and + frase nom. 2

= Tanto FN 1 como FN 2 …

64. Particle size has a significant effect on both solids and liquid capacity. (p.95)

Further work in package design is underway to try to minimize this

problem. (p.29)

further + sust = sust + “adicional”

9. This operation is rather difficult to perform. (p 93)

rather + adj = “algo / más bien / un tanto “ + adj

 A chip in a ceramic package can operate reliably up to about 120°C.
p. 29 (line 1)

up to: hasta (con sentido ascendente)

Fujitsu’s line of mini-split heat pumps features outdoor condensing units

engineered to operate in temperatures down to -15°F.

down to: hasta (con sentido descendente)

as long as : 1. The machine will operate properly as

conector = siempre long as the maintenance is kept (p 93)
y cuando

We can say that an object which is as long as a as long as :

certain bar under certain conditions is one meter comparativo = tan
long largo como
8. They predict a steady rather than a spectacular growth in this industry. (p 93)

rather than + frase nom.: en lugar de / en vez de

10. This is not a complicated process; rather, it is easy to understand and simple
to use. (p 93)

rather (entre oraciones): más bien / más que (lo anterior)

12. But for the widespread use of chemicals, the factory would have closed.
(condicional tipo III) p. 93

But for: si no hubiera sido por… / de no ser por…

14. Water quality was poor because it was very turbid p.93
13. Water quality was poor because of high turbidity. p.93
Water quality was poor due to high turbidity.

because + oración : porque + oración

because of + frase nom : debido a + frase nom
due to + frase nom : debido a + frase nom
 as + frase nom = como + frase nom
15. The mixture reacted as boiling oil.
(valor comparativo)
p93

16. The reaction appeared as one substance as + oración = a medida que

began to dissolve. p93 / mientras / cuando
(valor temporal)
17. As the reaction was not the one expected,
the experiment was repeated p93 as + oración = dado que / ya
que / como / porque
(valor de causa)

70. This effect can be reduced by making either X or Y =

the mud either more inhibitive o (bien) X o Y / ya sea X o Y
or less inhibitive so as to reduce the
hydrational and adhesive forces. so as to + verbo inf. =
para + infinitivo

Either system can supply energy. either + frase nom = cualquier / a (de
Neither the motor mounting nor the los dos)
mechanical coupling… neither X nor Y = ni X ni Y
 45. The result is likely to be zero p.94 be likely to + infinitivo =
ser posible que + subjuntivo

2. The method is no longer used in industry.

p.93 no longer = ya no
3. The above instructions no longer apply in
this case p.93
5. Tubes made of usual materials other than other than =
glass do not break when first bent. p. 93 salvo / excepto / que no sea

18. The problem was complicated, so that so that ( después de coma)

it was useless to insist. p. 93 = así que / por lo cual
19. We use ct rather than t so that both
scales can have the same unit and the so that ( sin coma )
same scale. (text Topic 14, par. 2, p. 96) = para que + subjuntivo
27. The instrument might be damaged if you fail fail to + infinitivo =
to observe the above instructions. p. 94 no + verbo
28. The new device has failed to reduce the flow conjugado
and transfer of heat. p. 94

33. Engineers will substitute a new metal substitute X for Y =

structure for the old wooden frame p.94 reemplazar Y por X

p. 94 - oraciones 34 a 44 inclusive