Sei sulla pagina 1di 5

+LWLWhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL

FVD\ÕV

1($/52%,1621
´',6&29(5,1*7+(485·$1$&217(0325$5<
$3352$&+72$9(,/('7(;7µ
/RQGRQ6&03UHVV6HFRQG(GLWLRQ

(UVLQ.DEDNF×
5HV$VVW+LWLW8QLYHUVLW\'LYLQLW\)DFXOW\'HSDUWPHQWRI%DVLF,VODPLF6FLHQFHV
dRUXP7XUNH\
HUVLQNDEDNFL#KLWLWHGXWU
RUFLGRUJ

1HDO5RELQVRQLVDZHOONQRZQ:HVWHUQVFKRODURI,VODPLF6WXGLHV1RZ
SURIHVVRU DW 6RJDQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ 6RXWK .RUHD 5RELQVRQ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR
VHYHUDODUWLFOHVKDVIRXUERRNV&KULVWLQ,VODPDQG&KULVWLDQLW\  Islam,
a &RQFLsH IQWURGXFWLRQ  Simple Guide to Islam  DQGKLVPDMRUZRUN
'isFoYeUiQJ tKe 4uU·aQ $ &oQtempoUaU\ $ppUoaFK to a 9eiled 7e[t. Discovering
tKe 4ur·an LV D UHIHUHQFH ERRN HVSHFLDOO\ WR WKH UHDGHUV ZRQGHULQJ UHFHQW
DSSURDFKHVWRWKH4XU·DQLFWH[WLQWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\:HVWHUQVFKRODUVKLS.
7KHIDFWWKDWWKHFXUUHQW:HVWHUQ4XU·DQLFVWXGLHVDUHQRWIROORZHGDVLW
VKRXOGEHLVVHHQDVDQLPSRUWDQWVKRUWFRPLQJIURPWKHSRLQWRI7XUNLVK7DIVLU
DFDGHPLD.17KLVODFNIHHGVDVWDWLFDQGQHJDWLYHSHUFHSWLRQWRZDUGVZHVWHUQ

1 'XULQJ WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI WKLV UHYLHZ LW LV D SURPLVLQJ QHZV WR OHDUQ WKDW WKH 7XUNLVK
WUDQVODWLRQRIWKHERRNKDVMXΖEHHQSXEOLVKHG1HDO5RELQVRQ.ur·an·× .eüIetmeN grtl
%ir 0etne daùdaü %ir <aNlaü×m WUDQV. 6OH\PDQ .DONDQ ͦΖDQEXO .85$0(5 1 .

+LWLWhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVLFVD\Õ
332 (UVLQ.$%$.&,

4XU·DQLF VWXGLHV. 7KHUH DUH RI FRXUVH VRPH MXVWLÀHG UHDVRQV IRU 0XVOLP
VFKRODUVWREHSUHMXGLFHGDJDLQVWWKH:HVWHUQOLWHUDWXUHFRQVLGHULQJWKHIRUPHU
¶KLJKO\ KRVWLOH· ZRUNV RI WKH :HVWHUQ VFKRODUV. +RZHYHU DSSURDFKHV WR WKH
4XU·DQLFWH[WLQWKHZHVWHUQZRUOGDUHERWKG\QDPLFDQGKLJKO\GLYHUVHWRGD\.
(VSHFLDOO\ DIWHU WKH ODVW TXDUWHU RI WKH th FHQtXU\ ZH DUH ZLtQHVVLQJ PRUH
HPSDthHtLF DQG DFDGHPLF DSSURDFhHV tR thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t. ,Q DGGLtLRQ thH
tHUP ¶:HVtHUQ DFDGHPLD· GRHV QRt LPSO\ RQHVLGHG QRQPXVOLP VFhRODUVhLS
DVLtZDVEHIRUH.7RGD\0XVOLPVFhRODUVDUHDVLJQLÀFDQtSDUtRIthH:HVtHUQ
4XU·DQLF6tXGLHV.)URPQRZRQZhDtLVPRVtQHHGHGLVtRNHHSDZD\IURPDQ
¶LUULtDtLQJ·ODQJXDJHDQGtRNHHSthHVtXGLHVLQDQDFDGHPLFDXUD.
,QthLVFRQtH[tDiscovering tKe 4ur·an LVDQLFHZRUNtRLQtURGXFH.7hHERRN
FRQVLVtV RI thUHH PDLQ FhDStHUV Phenomenology &hronology DQG 0orphology,
Structure and &oherence
,QthHÀUVtFhDStHUPhenomenologythHDXthRUGHDOVZLththHYDOXHRIthH
4XU·DQLFtH[tLQthHOLYHVRI0XVOLPV.,QthLVFRQtH[tOLVtHQLQJPHPRUL]LQJ
DQGUHFLtDtLRQRIthH4XU·DQDUHEURXJhttRDJHQGD.7hHRUDOQDtXUHRIthHtH[t
DQGthHRULJLQDOODQJXDJHRIthH4XU·DQ$UDELFDUHHPShDVL]HGDVLPSRUtDQt
IDFtRUV tR HYDOXDtH thH tH[t SURSHUO\. 7hH HͿHFtLYHQHVV RI thH 4XU·DQLF
GLVFRXUVH ¶HYDSRUDtHV· ODUJHO\ ZhHQ tUDQVODtHG LQtR DQRthHU ODQJXDJH VLQFH
thH VtUXFtXUDO DQG Vt\OLVtLF GHYLFHV RI thH RULJLQDO ODQJXDJH GLVDSSHDU S.
1 .6RPHUh\thPLFTXDOLtLHVRIthH4XU·DQLFGLVFRXUVHDUHH[HPSOLÀHGIURP
YDULRXVVXUDhVDQGYHUVHV.6RZhDtLVVtUHVVHGLQthLVSDUtLVthDtthH4XU·DQ
LVQRtVROHO\D¶ERRN·IRUD0XVOLPLtLVDGLVFRXUVHPHPRUL]HGUHFLtHGDQG
OLVtHQHGGXULQJSUD\HUVDQGGDLO\OLIH.0XVOLPVDGRUQthHLUhRXVHVDQGR΀FHV
ZLththHYHUVHVRIthH4XU·DQ.7hH4XU·DQhDVPDQ\RthHUIXQFtLRQVLQthH
OLYHVRI0XVOLPV S.11 .
7hH VHFRQG FhDStHU &hronology, hDV IRXU VXEtLtOHV. +HUH 5RELQVRQ
GHVFULEHVthHhLVtRULFDOPDtHULDOVDYDLODEOHIRUthHFhURQRORJLFDOUHDGLQJRIthH
4XU·DQ.+HZDUQVthHUHDGHUVtREHFDXtLRXVDERXtthHELRJUDShLFDOtUDGLtLRQV
DV thH\ LQFOXGH VHYHUDO ¶H[DJJHUDtHG· QDUUDtLYHV QDPHO\ PLUDFOHV. 2Q thH
RthHUhDQG7hH4XU·DQLFtH[tLtVHOIJLYHVIHZFOXHVDERXtthHtLPHDQGSODFHRI
thHUHYHODtLRQV.7hHDXthRUGRHVQRtFRQVLGHUDOOthHELRJUDShLFDOZRUNVDERXt
thHOLIHRIthHSURShHtDVZRUthOHVVEXthHGLYLGHVthHVHhLVtRULFDOPDtHULDOV
LQtRtZRIURPthHDVSHFtRIthHLUUHOLDELOLt\thHRQHVhDYLQJ¶hLVtRULFDOFRUH·
DQG thH RthHUV ¶DERXQGHG ZLth PLUDFXORXV DQG IRONORULF HOHPHQtV· S.  .
7hXV hH DGYLVHV tR EH ¶FDXtLRXV· DERXt ¶sirahmagha]v· OLtHUDtXUH S.  .
:hDtthHDXthRUFRQFOXGHVLVthDtDOthRXJh,VODPLFOLtHUDtXUHPLJhtLQFOXGH
TXHVtLRQDEOHPDtHULDOVthH4XU·DQLFVFhRODUVVhRXOGtU\tRXQGHUVtDQGDQG

+LWLWhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL2FVD\Õ33
1HDO5RELQVRQ³'LVFRYHULQJ7KH4XU¶DQD&RQWHPSRUDU\$SSURDFKWRD9HLOHG7H[W´ 333

LQtHUSUHtthHtH[tZLththHhLVtRULFDOGDtXPRI,VODPVRthDtthH\FDQJHtthH
FhDQFHRIHYDOXDtLQJthHtH[tFhURQRORJLFDOO\ S. .%\thHZD\thHDXthRU
HYDOXDtHVthH¶UHFRQVtUXFtLRQ·DttHPStVRIHDUO\,VODPLFhLVtRU\E\&URQHDQG
Cook (+agarism, 1 DQG FULtLFL]HV thHLU VkHStLFDO DSSUoDFh E\ DGGUHVVLQJ
VHYHUDO TXHVtLoQV to thHP (S.  . $FFoUGLQJ to thH DXthoU thH UDGLFDO
VkHStLFLVP oI thHVH tZo VFhoODUV LV ´XQZDUUDQtHGµ (S.  VLQFH D hLVtoULFDO
DSSUoDFh FDQQot totDOO\ LJQoUH thH UHODtHG ,VODPLF OLtHUDtXUH.
,Q thLV FoQtH[t the traditional resources for determining chronological order,
QDPHO\ oFFDVLoQV oI UHYHODtLoQV (asEkE annu]€l , aErogating and aErogated ayahs
(DQQkVLkh ZD·OPDQV€kh DQG traditional lists of 0eccan and 0adinan surahs
DUH GLVFXVVHG (S.  . $OO thHVH PDtHULDOV hDYH OLPLtHG YDOXH to FUHDtH DQ
DSSUo[LPDtHO\ OoJLFDO FhUoQoOoJ\ IoU thH 4XU·DQ. )LQDOO\ thH LQIoUPDtLoQ Dt
thH VXUDh hHDGLQJV oI thH (J\StLDQ HGLtLoQ FDQQot EH DFFHStHG ¶VDFUoVDQFt· to
GHtHUPLQH FhUoQoOoJ\ EHFDXVH thHVH DUH thH FoPSLODtLoQV oI thH HGLtoUV IUoP
thH tUDGLtLoQDO PDtHULDOV VtDtHG DEoYH (S.  .
$QothHU VXEMHFt UHODtHG to GHtHUPLQLQJ D FhUoQoOoJLFDO oUGHU IoU thH tH[t
LV thH DttHPStV oI ZHVtHUQ VFhoODUV. (VSHFLDOO\ DItHU thH VHFoQG hDOI oI thH 1th
FHQtXU\ ZH ZLtQHVV VHYHUDO VtXGLHV VHDUFhLQJ IoU D FhUoQoOoJ\ IoU thH VXUDhV
oI thH 4XU·DQ. ,Q thLV FoQtH[t 1oOGHkH6FhZDOO\ DQG %HOO FhUoQoOoJLHV DUH
LQtUoGXFHG EULHÁ\ DQG SUoV DQG FoQV oI thHVH ZoUkV LQ FoPSDUDtLYH to thH
(J\StLDQ FhUoQoOoJ\ DUH VhDUHG E\ thH DXthoU. (S.  .
$V D UHVXOt oI HYDOXDtLoQ oI thH FhUoQoOoJ\ VtXGLHV thH DXthoU FoQFOXGHV
thDt ´thH SUoEOHP oI thH FhUoQoOoJ\ oI thH UHYHODtLoQV LV VtLOO IDU IUoP VoOYHG.µ
(S.  . :hDt thH DXthoU VXJJHVtV LV thDt thH 4XU·DQLF VFhoODUV VhoXOG Go
thHPDtLF VtXGLHV E\ tDkLQJ DOO thH 4XU·DQLF UHIHUHQFHV LQto DFFoXQt ´EXt
ZLthoXt EHLQJ ULJLGO\ tLHG to DQ\ FhUoQoOoJLFDO FODVVLÀFDtLoQ oI thH VXUDhV.µ
(S.  . 6XFh kLQG oI D VtXG\ PLJht tHOO XV D SUoEDEOH FhUoQoOoJ\ oI thH VXUDhV
EXt thDt GoHV Qot EHDU D FHUtDLQt\.
7hH DXthoU oYHU thH FoQFOXVLoQV hH UHDFhHG DEoXt thH DttHPStV oI SUoEDEOH
FhUoQoOoJLFDO oUGHU GLUHFtV thH DttHQtLoQ oI thH UHDGHUV to thH thHPDtLF VtXGLHV
DQG thHQ hH SDVVHV to thH ODVt FhDStHU oI thH Eook ZhLFh GHDOV ZLth thH
VtUXFtXUDO thHPDtLF DQG Vt\OLVtLF FhDUDFtHULVtLFV oI thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t. +H EDVHV
oQ 1oOGHkH FhUoQoOoJ\ IoU hLV IoOOoZLQJ DQDO\VLV EHFDXVH DFFoUGLQJ to thH
DXthoU 1oOGHkH6FhZDOO\ VXUDh FODVVLÀFDtLoQ LV ¶D EHttHU ZoUkLQJ h\SothHVLV·
(S.  thDQ thH VtDQGDUG (J\StLDQ FhUoQoOoJ\.
,Q thH ODVt FhDStHU thH DXthoU EHJLQV hLV DQDO\VLV ZLth the formal elements
of the ¶early 0eccan· surahs 7hH  ¶HDUO\ 0HFFDQ· VXUDhV DFFoUGLQJ to thH
1oOGHkH FhUoQoOoJ\ DUH DQDO\]HG IUoP thHPDtLF DQG IoUPDO DVSHFtV. ,Q thLV

+LWLWhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL2FVD\Õ33
33 (UVLQ.$%$.&,

FoQtH[t XQGHU tHQ VXEtLtOHV thHVH VXUDhV DUH H[DPLQHG surah openings, oaths,
eschatological sections, narrative sections, sign sections, revelation sections, polemical
sections, didactic Tuestions and ansZers, messenger sections, miscellaneous (S. 
1 . (DFh VXEtLtOH LV H[HPSOLÀHG ZLth thH UHODtHG YHUVHV LQ thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t.
,Q thH DQDO\VLV oI thH 0HFFDQ VXUDhV 5oELQVoQ GLYLGHV thH VXUDhV LQto
VHFtLoQV LQYoOYLQJ oQH oU PoUH oI thH VL[ SULQFLSOHV IoOOoZLQJ SoOHPLF
HVFhDtoOoJ\ *oG·V SHUVoQDO FoPPXQLFDtLoQ ZLth thH 0HVVHQJHU thH VLJQV
oI *oG·V SoZHU DQG EHQHÀFHQFH OHVVoQV IUoP hLVtoU\ DQG thH VtDtXV DQG
DXthHQtLFLt\ oI thH UHYHODtLoQ (S. 1 . $FFoUGLQJ to thH DXthoU HDFh oI thHVH
VL[ SULQFLSOHV hDV LtV oZQ ¶UHJLVtHU· thDt LV LtV oZQ VtUXFtXUDO ShoQHtLF oU
VHPDQtLF FhDUDFtHULVtLFV. +H DQDO\]HV thH VXUDhV E\ kHHSLQJ LQ PLQG thDt thHUH
LV D UHODtLoQ EHtZHHQ thH VL[ SULQFLSOHV DQG thHLU GLVtLQFtLYH ¶UHJLVtHUV·.
7hH DXthoU DUJXHV thDt thH structure, sound DQG meaning VhoXOG EH tDkHQ
LQto DFFoXQt LQ tHUPV oI thHLU LQtHUUHODtLoQ to HDFh othHU. 6o LQ thUHH 0HFFDQ
VXUDhV (4 1 1  thH DXthoU DQDO\]HV thH VXUDhV ZLth UHJDUG to thHLU
VtUXFtXUDO ShoQHtLF DQG VHPDQtLF UHODtLoQV LQ D VXFFHVVIXO ZD\ (S. 1 Ϳ. . ,Q
DGGLtLoQ thHUH DUH UHPDUkDEOH H[DPSOHV to VhoZ hoZ HͿHFtLYH DQG IXQFtLoQDO
UoOH VoXQG DQG LQtHUtH[tXDOLt\ hDYH (S. 1 Ϳ. . :LthLQ thLV IUDPHZoUk thH
DXthoU VhoZV thDt thH HQGUh\PHV oI thH YHUVHV hDYH D XQLI\LQJ HͿHFt DV LQ thH
H[DPSOH oI 4 . 6LPLODUO\ hH PDkHV VoPH Ht\PoOoJLFDO DQDO\VHV oI thH ZoUGV
FoQVLGHULQJ thHLU XVDJH LQ YDULoXV VXUDhV (S. 11 DV ZHOO DV FoPSDUDtLYH
UHDGLQJV ZLth thH %LEOLFDO UHIHUHQFHV (S. 11 . CoQVLGHULQJ thHVH IDFtoUV
hHOSV D UHDGHU ÀQG D PoUH FohHUHQt tH[t thDQ thoXJht (S. 1 .
$V IoU thH 0DGLQDQ VXUDhV 5oELQVoQ tULHV DQ DQDO\VLV oI thH OoQJHVt
VXUDh DO%DTDUD E\ GLYLGLQJ Lt LQto ÀYH PDLQ VHFtLoQV 7hH 3UoOoJXH (YY. 1 
CULtLFLVP oI thH ChLOGUHQ oI ,VUDHO (YY. 11  thH $EUDhDPLF /HJDF\ (YY. 1
1  /HJLVODtLoQ IoU thH 1HZ 1DtLoQ (YY. 1  thH 6tUXJJOH to /LEHUDtH
thH .D¶EDh (YY.  DQG thH (SLOoJXH (YY.  . 7hH HSLOoJXH LV Qot
LQFOXGHG LQ thH PDLQ VHFtLoQV. :hDt thH DXthoU DUJXHV LV thDt DV D UHVXOt oI
thLV kLQG oI DQDO\VLV thH DO%DTDUD hDV D ¶FohHUHQt VtUXFtXUH· (S. 1 Ϳ. . :hHQ
FoQVLGHULQJ thH ¶oULHQtDOLVt· FODLPV thDt thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t ODFkV FohHUHQFH
ZLtQHVVLQJ VXFh ZHVtHUQ DSSUoDFh HVSHFLDOO\ E\ thH 0XVOLP VFhoODUV PXVt
UHDOO\ EH VtULkLQJ.
$QothHU LPSoUtDQt SoLQt DUJXHG E\ thH DXthoU LV thDt ZhLOH UHDGLQJ thH
4XU·DQ ZhDt VhoXOG EH kHSt LQ PLQG LV thDt Lt LV oULJLQDOO\ DQ oUDO GLVFoXUVH
Vo Lt EHDUV PDQ\ FhDUDFtHULVtLFV oI thH oUDOLt\. ,Q thLV FoQtH[t thH DXthoU PDkHV
D GHtDLOHG DQDO\VLV oQ thH VXEMHFt oI Zho thH DGGUHVVHU DQG thH DGGUHVVHHV DUH.
6LPLODUO\ VXGGHQ VhLItV oI thH SUoQoXQV (IUoP ÀUVt SHUVoQ VLQJXODU to thLUG

+LWLWhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL2FVD\Õ33
1HDO5RELQVRQ³'LVFRYHULQJ7KH4XU¶DQD&RQWHPSRUDU\$SSURDFKWRD9HLOHG7H[W´ 335

SHUVoQ VLQJXODU ÀUVt SHUVoQ SOXUDO oU VLQJXODU to thLUG SHUVoQ VLQJXODU HtF.
DUH DQDO\]HG LQ tHUPV oI thHLU VtUXFtXUDO DQG thHPDtLF IXQFtLoQV (S.  Ϳ. .
$V IoU thH oUGHU oI thH VXUDhV LQ thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t 5oELQVoQ DUJXHV thDt
DOthoXJh thHUH LV D GHFUHDVLQJOHQJth UXOH thHUH DUH VHYHUDO H[FHStLoQV. ,t LV
GL΀FXOt to H[SODLQ thH oUGHU oI thH VXUDhV oQO\ ZLth thH GHFUHDVLQJOHQJth
UXOH oU thH VXUD JUoXSLQJV EHJLQQLQJ ZLth thH VDPH OHttHUV (DOhXU€I DO²
PXTDttDDh . 7hH HGLtoUV PXVt hDYH EHHQ DͿHFtHG VHYHUDO IDFtoUV Qot DOO oI
ZhLFh DUH oSHQ to XV (S.  .
,Q thH ODVt SDUt oI thH thLUG FhDStHU 5oELQVoQ VhDUHV ,VODhL·V YLHZV oQ
thH oUGHU oI thH VXUDhV. ,VODhL (G. 1  IoOOoZLQJ thH IootVtHSV oI hLV tHDFhHU
)DUDhL (G. 1 LV oQH thH PoVt FLtHG 0XVOLP VFhoODUV oQ thH FohHUHQFH oI
thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t. 7hH VtUHQJthV DQG ZHDkQHVVHV oI ,VODhL·V DSSUoDFh DUH
PHQtLoQHG FOHDUO\ Dt thH HQG oI thLV SDUt (S.  .
)oU thH ODVt IHZ GHFDGHV LQtHUHVt to thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t LQ thH :HVtHUQ
$FDGHPLD hDV FoQVLGHUDEO\ LQFUHDVHG. 2QH oI thH PDLQ IoFL oI thH VtXGLHV LV
thH FoPSoVLtLoQ oI thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t. ,Q thLV FoQtH[t VXFh SUoOLÀF VFhoODUV
DV $QJHOLkD 1HXZLUth 0LFhHO CX\SHUV 0DtthLDV =DhQLVHU CDUO :. (UQVt
5D\PoQG )DUULQ 0DULDQQD .ODU 1HYLQ 5HGD HO7DhUL 0XVtDQVLU 0LU 0LFhDHO
6HOOV DQG hHUH 1HDO 5oELQVoQ hDYH YDOXDEOH DFDGHPLF ZoUkV DSSUoDFhLQJ thH
FoPSoVLtLoQ oI thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t IUoP thHPDtLF VtUXFtXUDO DQG V\PPHtULFDO
SHUVSHFtLYHV. Discovering the 4ur·an a &ontemporary $pproach to a 9eiled 7e[t
LV LQ thLV FoQtH[t D JooG EHJLQQLQJ IoU thH UHDGHUV OookLQJ IoU IUHVh ZHVtHUQ
SHUVSHFtLYHV DEoXt thH 4XU·DQLF tH[t.

+LWLWhQLYHUVLWHVLøODKL\DW)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL2FVD\Õ33

Potrebbero piacerti anche